IIFET 2004 Japan Proceedings

COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES IN EAST A CASE IN BAY AND MAHAKAM DELTA

Helminuddin, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science ,Mulawarman University, ,, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indonesia as an archipelagic country with a coastline of 81,000 Km has the best, wide coastal and marine areas in the world. The abundance of resources in coastal and marine area should be a potential capital to improve the community livelihood. However, the development activity in these areas so far has not been able to increase the welfare of community and tends to be unsustainable, even deteriorates the environmental quality (Dit.Gen.Coast,Beach and Small Island,DoMF,2001) Coastal and marine areas extremely threatened by environmental destruction in East Kalimantan are Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta. BEBSiC (2004) shows that during 10 years, 80% of 15,000 hectares mangrove forests in Mahakam Delta have been converted into shrimp ponds. Mangrove forests in Balikpapan Bay are seriously threatened by the increasing conversion for urban and rural development (such as for Ponds, Housing and Industrial Needs) in Balikpapan City and Panajam Paser Utara , as well as by unsustainable management (YSTB,2004). Therefore, in the case of Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta, human factor is supposed to be the main cause of the environmental degradation.

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background 1. Potency of Coastal and Marine in East Kalimantan Coastal and marine areas in East Kalimantan are rich with natural resources, both vegetative (fauna and flora) and non vegetative (hydrocarbon, mineral, coal, oil and gas). The territorial width of marine is equal to 9,800,000 hectares and the coastal length is 1,185 Km, stretching from the south of Pasir Regency up to the North of Nunukan Regency. Potency in the Economic Exclusive Zone (ZEE) located in Sea, a sea in the east of Nunukan Regency, is 2,750,813 hectares, which potency of resources involved can reach 150,000 ton per year. Potency of culture fisheries there covers marine culture, brackish water, and freshwater. The regencies or cities which have exploited many mangrove forests for shrimp pond activities by using a traditional technology (extension) are Kertanegara Regency, Pasir Regency, Bulungan Regency, and Balikpapan City. While, the regencies which have not exploited exceedingly but have a very big potency are , , City, and Nunukan Regency.

2. Environmental Degradation in Coastal and Marine Areas Degradation of Coastal Resource can be evaluated through the degradation width and the main ecosystem quality (especially the ecosystem in the coastal and marine region, such as

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mangrove forest, coral reefs, sea grass, and sea weeds). The environmental degradation happened in the case of Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta can be seen in the following facts: a. Conversion of coastal and marine areas into other various utilizations such as shrimp ponds, housing, and industrial expansion b. Unclear planning of spatial and coastal regional development. Many happened by the overlapping development activities. c. Hewing of Mangrove for the firewood, construction material, charcoal, and woodchips at the level exceeding the renewable capacity. d. Pollution effects of oil waste, industry and households. e. Sedimentation.

3. The Using Up of Mangrove Forest At a national scale, Silvius, et al (1987) mentioned 3.24 million hectares as the total width of mangrove forests in Indonesia, in which 750,000 hectares of it belonged to East Kalimantan. INTAG Dephut (1996) mentioned 3.53 million hectares (East Kalimantan 618,200 hectares), while Bapedalda Kaltim (2001) mentioned 2.49 million hectares (East Kalimantan 205,447 hectare). Giesen (1993) had calculated the width of mangrove forest degradation in Indonesia from 1986- 1990, which was about 40%; from 4.13 decreasing to 2.49 million hectares (disappearing 410,000 hectares per year). East Kalimantan had lost 61% of mangrove forests, decreased from 680,000 hectares to 266,800 hectares (disappearing 103,300 hectares per year). The Ecology of Kalimantan mentioned that the width of mangrove forests missing in East Kalimantan was much bigger, from 950,000 hectares decreasing to 266,800 hectares. The main cause of this is the use of mangrove forests for shrimp pond activities, especially in the nearby coastline to obtain brine.

B. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to give description of coastal and marine areas environmental condition in Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta.

C. Benefit This paper is hoped to give contribution for a further study to all researchers interested in saving the environment, especially in Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta.

D. Methods The methods used for collecting the data are: 1. Study and interpretation of data satellite 2. Study of demographics and geographical data 3. Interview with governmental organization and non-governmental organization.

II. THE CONDITION OF BALIKPAPAN BAY AND MAHAKAM DELTA

1. Balikpapan Bay The water territorial of Balikpapan Bay is about 16,000 hectares and its continent that includes the river basin (DAS) of Balikpapan Bay is about 190,000 hectares. The width divisions

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in the three governance regions surrounding this bay are Balikpapan City with a proportion of 11%, Paser Utara Regency 87%, and Kutai Kartanegara Regency 2%. There are also 31 small islands surrounding it with the total width of 1,000 hectares. The width of mangrove forest included in Penajam Paser Utara Regency is 15,100 hectares, whereas in the region of Balikpapan City is about 1,800 hectares.

The high number of erosion rate and sedimentation represents one of the problems in Balikpapan Bay. The water contamination caused by oil waste and garbage in the bay that gives bad impact on human being health is another important problem. 2. Mahakam Delta Mahakam Delta, administratively a part of Kutai Kartanegara Regency, is located in a coastal area and consists of several districts namely Anggana, Muara Jawa, Muara Badak, and Samboja. Mahakam Delta has the second widest mangrove forest area in Indonesia (18 % of 27 % area of mangrove forests in the world). Its width is 1,500 Km2 with the population of 18,000 people. Mahakam Delta has become a fascinating area for its oil and natural gas (migas) production activity since early 1970 and for several progressive shrimp pond activities some years lately. The activities have caused a degradation of mangrove forest area as a supporting area of Mahakam Delta. Since 1997, the number of destructed area in Mahakam Delta has reached 80 %. Most is the effect of converting mangrove forest into shrimp ponds (Total Finaelf, 2003). Some factors that quicken the destruction are: a. The availability of mangrove forest area to be converted b. A weak government investigation, especially related to relevant institution and in- existence straightening of law c. Inexistence of detailed Planology in Mahakam Delta d. Lack of congeniality about important mangrove ecosystem e. The price of shrimp that is relatively high in the international market ( Bapedalda Kukar, 2003)

III. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ISSUES

The preparation of management strategy for Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta is based on the strategy issues. The strategy is grouped into three categories, namely short, medium and long term.

The action strategy steps for Balikpapan Bay are as follows: 1. Erosion and Sedimentation Prevention There are three strategies to be implemented: a. Assess the level of critical land, the speed of erosion, and the rate of sedimentation in the watershed. b. Prepare the design of technical guidelines for land rehabilitation activity and land conservation c. Build a commitment and awareness of all related parties related to erosion and sedimentation prevention. 2. Mangrove Forest Management

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The strategies to be taken are as follows: a. Prepare and develop practical guidelines related to mangrove forest management b. Enrich information and knowledge about the importance of mangrove forest and increase the skills of the stakeholders c. Develop the design for mangrove forest utilization that is environmentally friendly d. Conduct the rehabilitation of degraded and critical mangrove areas

3. Water Pollution Management The priorities of the strategy are formulated as follows: a. Conduct analysis, evaluate and develop program to tackle the non and point source of pollution b. Control the distribution of materials that can pollute water c. Anticipate oil spills d. Increase the capability of technical staff and community related to waste management and in water quality monitoring e. Earn a commitment and awareness of the related parties regarding water pollution control

4. Clean Water Supply The handling strategies are as follows: a. Determine the need of clean water for the community b. Provide and maintain clean water sources c. Build a community based mechanism for clean water management

5. Coastal Tourism Development There are two strategies to be applied: a. Build a relationship among stakeholders in planning and implementing coastal tourism management b. Provide and develop coastal tourism facilities

6. Spatial Plan and Land Use Allocation The strategies to be applied are: a. Establish the boundary area of management authorities b. Develop and prepare a spatial plan design of the planning area c. Ensure that the existing development activities is consistent by spatial plan d. Develop coordination pattern between the government and the community in the process of spatial area planning

7. Education and Community Involvement The strategies will include the following steps: a. Prepare a model for learning process on coastal and marine environment for schools and communities b. Develop curriculum and education modules on coastal and marine environment through participative process

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c. Develop an education program on coastal and marine environment for local community and public through participative process d. Design and develop evaluation monitoring system that involved the stakeholders in coastal and marine education as well as in the involvement of the community in bay management e. Get supports from the stakeholders and community participation in bay management

The action strategy steps for Mahakam Delta are as follows:

1. Setting up special RUTR (General Design of Spatial Plan) for Mahakam Delta supported by regional regulation of disposing zonal area for its suitable land use. In arranging the special RUTR for Mahakam Delta, we must keep considering local society’s aspiration and must be supported by all stakeholders. 2. Socializing a variety of regulation against surrounding society including special RUTR of Mahakam Delta 3. Proposing to Central Government to create Mahakam Delta area as a conservation area with status as protected forest, eco-tourism forest, and wildlife conservation. 4. Carrying out a variety of researches such as on the influence of gas/oil activity to shrimp ponds, or feasibility of shrimp pond cultivation. 5. Settling environmental cases out of court; those are the cases assumed to shrimp pond and people’s land pollution as an impact of Pertamina gas/oil activity. 6. There must be legitimacy for the management plan of Mangrove Ecosystem in Mahakam Delta, from the executive and legislative council, as well as the society.

IV. CONCLUSION

1. Sustainable development of coastal and marine management needs an institution to manage it. Local council for sustainable development on coastal and marine area is one of the solutions. The role of institution is very important, especially to improve community development in coastal and marine area. It can also reduce environmental destruction. However, to get realistic solution for coastal and marine area management it is necessary to analyze environment in its relation to economic and social development. 2. It’s urgent to propose a sustainable development strategy in order to maintain a long-term pond activity in such as a way to preserve the environment. 3. Mahakam Delta and Balikpapan Bay areas that have special ecosystem and potency of natural resources, mangrove forest, as well as gas / oil and raw material need all side attentions from government, private, and society, so that the environmental destruction will not go on increasing. Therefore, varieties of recoveries and conservations are necessarily to be carried out conceptually, directly, and integrally, without neglecting justice principle against the surrounding society. Moreover, they can empower the society to reach welfare. 4. Human factor is supposed to be the main factor causing the environmental destruction in Balikpapan Bay and Mahakam Delta. Therefore, program arrangement and

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environmental management plan must be based on community involvement (co – management).

REFERENCES

Bengen, Dietrich G., et.al (2001). Optimizing Development and Environmental Issues of Coastal Area (Problem and Solution for Sustainable of Delta mahakam)

Coastal Resources Management Project/CRMP East Kalimantan (2003). Integrated Management Strategy of Balikpapan Bay.

Direktorat Jenderal Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil DKP (2001). Naskah Akademik Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir.

Dutrleux, Eric (2001). The Mahakam Delta environtment from the 80”s up to now.

Herryadi, et al (2004). Fact Sheet Coastal and Marine Management in East Kalimantan

Malik, Ramli dkk (1999). Aspek Sosial Ekonomi untuk pemanfaatan sumber daya pesisir DAS Teluk Balikpapan dan Desa Jenebora Kalimantan Timur.

Putrawijaya CM (2004). Coastal Community Institutional Capacity Development. Save the Balikpapan Bay Foundation (YSTB)

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SOME ILUSTRATION

Figure 1. Mangrove area in Indonesia Coastal Map (Nontji,1987)

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Figure 2. Problem of Development at Coastal and Marine Areas

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Figure 3. Environmental Destruction in Mahakam Delta

1996

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1999

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2001

Figure 4 : Ecosystem of Balikpapan Bay

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Pulau Kalimantan EKOSISTEM TELUK BALIKPAPAN

Kalimanta 0 2.5 5 n Wilayah DAS Kilometer Teluk Balikpapan

DAS Mahakam Batas DAS Teluk Balikpapan Kabupaten Kutai Batas wilayah Kabupaten / Kota

A+B Perairan Teluk Balikpapan

A Alur Dalam Teluk Balikpapan

B Alur Luar Teluk Balikpapan Kabupaten Pasir DAS Manggar C Garis pembagi cakupan perairan Teluk Balikpapan dengan Selat Kota Balikpapan DGaris pembagi cakupan perairan dalam dan luar Teluk Balikpapan DAS A Klandasan

Sungai Karianga

Tanjung Batu Garis 4 mil batas wilayah kewenangan laut Kabupaten / Kota D Tanjung Penajam Komunitas Karang di dalam wilayah Penajam kewenangan laut Kabupaten Pasir (di luar B Batu- DAS Tunan C Teluk Balikpapan

Tanjung Jumelai DAS Teluk Adang SELAT MAKASSAR

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