Land to the north of Carter Street (Sheards Land), Uttoxeter, Staffordshire

(NGR: 409090 333454)

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment 2012

© Benchmark Archaeology 2012

Land to the north of Carter Street (Sheards Land), Uttoxeter, Staffordshire

(NGR: 409090 333454)

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment 2012

by

64 Edwards Road Erdington Birmingham B24 9EW

Tel: 07939 066 301 Tel/Fax: 0121 241 5771

E: [email protected] W: www.benchmark-archaeology.co.uk

For:

Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited

Reporting: Richard Cherrington with Andy Buckley and Martin Cook

Benchmark Archaeology will retain the copyright of any commissioned reports, tender documents or other projected documents, under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with all rights reserved, excepting that it hereby provides an exclusive licence to the client for the use of such documents by the client in all matters directly relating to the project as described in the Project Design/Specification/Written Scheme of Investigation.

Cover Image: Extract from Ordnance Survey mapping of 1883

Contents ______

Summary

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE LOCATION, DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY

3.0 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY

4.0 PLANNING AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK GUIDANCE

5.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS

6.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

7.0 ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE

8.0 CONCLUDING STATEMENTS

9.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

10.0 REFERENCES

List of Figures

Figure 1: General Site Location Figure 2: Application Site Figure 3: Proposed Development Figure 4: Extract from Lightfoot’s map of Uttoxeter 1658 Figure 5: Extract from the Uttoxeter Tithe Map of 1843 Figure 6: Extract from Ordnance Survey mapping of 1883 Figure 7: Extract from Ordnance Survey mapping of 1964

List of Tables

Table 1: Assessing the Value of a Cultural Heritage Receptor

For Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited ______

Summary During May 2012, Benchmark Archaeology undertook a programme of Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (ABDA) on land to the north of Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (NGR: 409090 333454). The site is known as ‘Sheards Land’ and lies between Old Saddlers Yard and the White Hart Hotel. The work was commissioned by Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited who will be submitting a planning application to East Staffordshire Borough Council for retail development on the application site (Figure 2) of which Sheards Land forms part. Together with the two earlier desk-based assessment and evaluation reports (Ferris 2004 and Vaughan 2006) covering the Cattle Market site this report completes the archaeological assessment required for the whole application site. This report includes a description of the baseline conditions, examines a range of sources on the archaeological resource of the area (including archaeological and built heritage issues) and identifies any known and potential receptor(s) within the application site or its immediate vicinity. This report concludes that there are currently no known buried archaeological remains or Listed Buildings within the Sheards Land site, though there exists the potential for currently unrecorded below ground remains dating from the Medieval onwards to survive. Such remains, if they exist, may reflect early historic settlement activity within Uttoxeter and may be of between Local and Regional importance. Should archaeological remains be present, the current proposals have some potential to impact upon them. To understand whether archaeological deposits survive within the limit of proposed development it may be prudent that an archaeological evaluation trench be excavated in an open area of the site. This will rapidly confirm the presence or absence of archaeological deposits, along with their form, function, date and significance. The Sheards Land site lies within the Uttoxeter Conservation Area and immediately adjacent to the Grade II Listed Building of the White Hart Hotel. The impact of the proposed development on built heritage assets and the character and appearance of the area will be assessed as part of the Design, Access and Heritage Statement for the project. A final decision regarding the need for any mitigation works on the site will need to be made by the Archaeological Advisor to East Staffordshire Borough Council.

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Site (approx)

Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office: Licence 100046210

1.0km

Figure 1: General site location

Site Assessed in 2004 and 2006

Sheards Land Site

Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office: Licence 100046210

100m

Figure 2: Application site

Sheards Land Site

Figure 3: Proposed development (not to scale) For Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited ______

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

1.1.1 During May 2012, Benchmark Archaeology (BA) undertook a programme of Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (ABDA) on land to the north of Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (NGR: 409090 333454, Figures 1 and 2). The site is known as ‘Sheards Land’ and lies between Old Saddlers Yard and the White Hart Hotel. The work was commissioned by Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited.

1.1.2 A planning application is to be submitted to East Staffordshire Borough Council (ESBC) for retail development on the application site (Figure 2) which includes the Sheards Land site. This report includes a description of the baseline conditions, examines a range of sources on the archaeological resource of the area (which includes archaeological and built heritage issues) and identifies any known and potential receptor(s) within the Sheards Land site and its immediate vicinity.

1.1.3 Current development proposals for the Sheards Land site are for the construction of a retail unit to the north of site and a retaining wall to the south. The remainder of the site is to be occupied by a service yard for the development (Figure 3)

1.2 Benchmark Archaeology

1.2.1 BA is an independent archaeological organisation providing a wide range of archaeological services carried out to the highest professional standards. They carry out watching briefs, evaluations, excavations, surveys, desk-based assessments, historic building recording, church and garden archaeology, in addition to other specialist and logistical services. BA is committed to ensuring that the client receives a cost-effective service, while maintaining the highest professional standards, and enhancing the archaeological record. All projects are carried out in accordance with NPPF, the guidance of the Treasure Act (1996), and the guidelines and recommendations issued by the Institute for Archaeologists and English Heritage.

1.2.2 Richard Cherrington is Principal Archaeologist at BA. He has several years experience as a supervising commercial archaeologist working for university and local authority archaeological units in the UK and overseas. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Ancient History & Archaeology, a PG Cert in Environmental Management, and a PG Diploma in Practical Archaeology. Richard is an Associate level member of the Institute for Archaeologists (AIFA), a Fellow of The Royal Geographical Society (FRGS), and a member of the Council for British Archaeology (CBA), Vernacular Architecture Group (VAG), and the British Brick Society (BBS).

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2.0 SITE LOCATION, DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY

2.1 The Sheards Land site is located on land to the north of Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (NGR: 409090 333454, Figures 1 and 2) and lies between Old Saddlers Yard and the White Hart Hotel. Uttoxeter is a historic market town and civil parish in Borough of East Staffordshire, lying near to the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield.

2.2 The Sheards Land site is currently occupied by 20th Century industrial units and associated parking and is under hardstanding cover. The site is bounded by open land (north), Old Saddlers Yard (east), 20th Century buildings fronting onto Carter Street (south), and the White Hart Hotel (west). The site lies at a height of c. 91.00m AOD.

2.3 The town lies at the tip of a promontory overlooking the River Dove to the east, the River Tean to the north and the Picknal Brook to the south. The underlying geology of the site comprises deposits of the Mercia Mudstone Group overlain by superficial glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel (www.bgs.ac.uk). While no site-specific geo-technical data was available at the time of writing it is assumed that there may be quantities of made-ground or sub-base deposits lying beneath modern hardstanding and industrial flooring and possibly remnant foundations of former buildings depicted on 19th Century mapping.

3.0 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 This report comprises an assessment of the Sheards Land site and to the north of Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (NGR: 409090 333454, Figures 1 and 2) which lies between Old Saddlers Yard and the White Hart Hotel.

3.1.2 The archaeological potential of the larger part of the application site (Figure 2) has previously been assessed by means of archaeological desk-based assessment (Ferris 2004) and archaeological field evaluation (Vaughan 2006). A building record of a former public house to the north of the White Hart Hotel was produced as part of the 2006 work.

3.1.3 This report and the documents below provide a full archaeological assessment of the application site for consideration with the proposed planning application:

§ Ferris I, (2004). ‘An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of the Cattle Market and Maltings Carpark Sites, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire’, Iain Ferris Archaeological Consultants. Unpublished

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§ Vaughan T, (2006). ‘Archaeological Evaluation at The Cattle Market, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire’. Worcestershire County Council, Historic Environment and Archaeological Service. Unpublished.

3.1.4 The conclusions of these reports are summarised below (see Section 5.2 below):

3.2 Aims 3.2.1 Early consultation regarding the known and potential archaeological and cultural heritage resource in an area of proposed development, along with the consideration of the implications of proposed development on these resources is key to informing reasonable planning decisions. 3.2.1 The aim of this ADBA is to facilitate such a process. It does this by examining the historic development of the site, to gain an understanding of the survival and extent of known or potential archaeological and cultural heritage receptors that may be impacted by any future proposed development. This enables the future development of appropriate responses to quantify the precise nature of the archaeological and cultural heritage resource, or mitigation aimed at reducing / removing adverse impacts, where necessary. 3.2.2 Available resources that can be utilised include local Sites and Monuments / Historic Environment Records, Local History Centre archives, Aerial Photographs, Historic Maps, Estate Records and other documents. The production of an ADBA helps prepare an informed strategy for any further work required, which may include targeted evaluation, mitigation or a full programme of works. 3.3 Methodology 3.3.1 This report has been carried out in line with the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard & Guidance for Desk-based Assessment (1994, rev.2001, 2008). 3.3.2 The Institute for Archaeologists defines the standard of an ADBA as follows: ‘An assessment of the known or potential archaeological resource within a specified area or site on land, inter-tidal or underwater. It consists of a collation of existing written and graphic, photographic and electronic information in order to identify the likely character, extent, quality and worth of the known or potential archaeological resource in a local, regional, national or international context as appropriate’. 3.3.3 This study has collated and analysed various forms of archaeological, cultural heritage and historical information associated with the site, including order of information from the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record and review of documentary sources. 3.3.4 In addition, a review of a previous Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (Ferris, 2004) and Archaeological Evaluation Report (Vaughan, 2006) covering the wider application site has been ______

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reviewed, along with the Uttoxeter Historic Character Assessment (draft) undertaken as part of the Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey (Shaw and Langley, 2011).

3.4 Assessment of the Archaeological Resource 3.4.1 This ADBA identifies the known archaeological and cultural heritage resources within the study area. In addition, it also highlights the potential for encountering features or areas of buried archaeological evidence within the application site. Where evidence is discussed, the potential for associated buried archaeological deposits to survive will be advised according to the following scale:

· None - No recovery of features expected · Low - Features very unlikely to be encountered · Medium - Possibility that features may occur / be encountered · High - Remains almost certain to survive

3.4.2 Where there is either a known or potential for the recovery of archaeological remains within study area, the potential value of this resource will be assessed. 3.4.3 There is currently no standard adopted statutory or government guidance for assessing the importance of cultural heritage receptors and this is instead judged upon factors such as statutory and non- statutory designations, architectural, archaeological or historical significance, and the contribution to local research agendas. In considering these criteria each identified feature can be assigned to a level of importance in accordance with a five point scale (Table 1).

SCALE OF HERITAGE RECEPTOR IMPORTANCE

The highest status of site, e.g. Scheduled Monuments (or undesignated assets of schedulable quality and importance), Grade I and Grade II* NATIONAL Listed Buildings, Extremely well preserved historic landscapes, whether inscribed or not, with exceptional coherence, time depth, or other critical factor(s).

Other designated or undesignated archaeological sites to those listed above, or assets of a reasonably defined extent and significance, or REGIONAL reasonable evidence of occupation / settlement, ritual, industrial activity etc. Examples may include burial sites, deserted Medieval villages, Roman roads and dense scatter of finds.

Comprises undesignated sites with some evidence of human activity, LOCAL which is more limited in historic value than the examples above, or compromised by poor preservation and/or survival of context associations, though which still have the potential to contribute to local ______

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research objectives. Examples include sites such as designated or undesignated structures / buildings of limited historic merit, out-of-situ archaeological findspots, historic field systems and boundaries, agricultural features such as ridge and furrow, and ephemeral archaeological evidence etc.

Assets with little or no surviving archaeological interest. Examples include destroyed antiquities, structures of almost no architectural / NEGLIGIBLE historic merit, or relatively modern / common landscape features such as quarries, drains and ponds etc.

Insufficient information exists to assess the importance of a feature (e.g. UNKNOWN unidentified features on aerial photographs).

Table 1: Assessing the Value of Cultural Heritage Receptors 3.4.4 The importance of already identified cultural heritage resources is determined by reference to existing designations. For previously unidentified sites where no designation has been assigned, an estimate has been made of the likely importance of that resource based on professional knowledge and judgement. 3.4.5 While reference is made to the previous assessment and evaluation work carried out on the wider application site, this report specifically covers land to the north of Carter Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire (NGR: 409090 333454). The site is known as ‘Sheards Land’ lies between Old Saddlers Yard and the White Hart Hotel. 3.4.6 This report is solely for the use of Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited and associated parties. It is prepared utilising information obtained from third party sources and Benchmark Archaeology takes no responsibility for the accuracy of such information. 3.4.7 All work in this report is based on the professional knowledge of Benchmark Archaeology and relevant (May 2012) United Kingdom standards and codes, technology and legislation. Changes in these areas may occur in the future and cause changes to the conclusions or recommendations given. Benchmark Archaeology does not accept responsibility for advising Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited or any other parties they elect to share this information with, the implications of any such changes in the future. 3.4.8 Measurements and distances referred to in the report should be taken as approximations only and should not be used for detailed design purposes. 3.4.9 This report represents an early stage of a phased approach to assessing the cultural heritage resource of the application site to enable the development of an appropriate mitigation strategy, should this be required. It does not comprise mitigation of impacts in itself.

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4.0 PLANNING AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK GUIDANCE

4.1 Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas 4.1.1 Current legislation, in the form of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, provides for the legal protection of important and well-preserved archaeological sites and monuments through their addition to a list, or 'schedule' of archaeological monuments by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. This necessitates the granting of formal Scheduled Monument Consent for any work undertaken within the designated area of a Scheduled Ancient Monument. 4.1.2 Likewise, structures are afforded legal protection in the form of their addition to ‘lists’ of buildings of special architectural or historical interest. The listing of buildings is carried out by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990. The main purpose of the legislation is to protect buildings and their surroundings from changes that would materially alter the special historic or architectural value of the building or its setting. This necessitates the granting of formal Listed Building Consent for all works undertaken to our within the designated curtilage of a Listed Building. This legislation also allows for the creation and protection of Conservation Areas by local planning authorities to protect areas and groupings of historical significance.

4.2 National Planning Policy Framework 4.2.1 The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) was released on 27th March 2012. It has distilled over 1000 pages of planning guidance down to 50 and in the process has seen the demise of PPS5, which dealt with planning in the historic environment. However, in essence, little has changed overall and there remains a presumption in favour of sustainable development. 4.2.2 From a heritage perspective the framework reiterates the importance of designated assets, which are covered by law (see Section 4.1 above) but it also defines the need to assess and mitigate against adverse impacts (both physical and setting) to non-designated features, in proportion to the asset’s importance. 4.2.3 The NPPF also gives a responsibility for a greater incorporation of consultation with the Local Planning Authorities, through use of the local Historic Environment Record. Where archaeological remains of significance are identified, whether designated or non-designated, developers are required to record and make publicly accessible archaeological assets that are to be destroyed in a manner proportionate to their importance. Where non-designated remains are concluded to be of equivalent significance to a Scheduled Monument, then it should be considered as if it were scheduled and mitigation appropriate to such remains would be progressed.

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4.3 East Staffordshire Borough Council Local Plan (Adopted 2006) 4.3.1 From a local perspective the site falls within the area of East Staffordshire Borough Council (ESBC). The council’s adopted local plan, part of the development plan covering East Staffordshire, and the basis for determining all planning applications received by the authority, was adopted on 20th July 2006. When adopted, the plan was ‘saved’ for three years under the transitional arrangements set out in the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. 4.3.2 Since this time a number of saved policies have been retained under agreement with the Secretary of State. These policies, alongside NPPF are used to determine planning applications submitted. However, in relation to Archaeology and other Heritage issues, no policies from this document have been saved.

4.4 Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey: Uttoxeter Historic Character Assessment 4.4.1 The site lies within an area (HUCA 2) that was covered by the Uttoxeter Historic Character Assessment, as part of the draft Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey (Shaw and Langley, 2011). 4.4.2 As part of this work thirteen Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCA’s) were identified within the Uttoxeter area, with the site falling within the area defined as HUCA 2 (Historic Core). Detailed information is available within the Historic Character Assessment and a range of recommendations were developed to guide development within this area.

5.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS

5.1 Key Planning Considerations 5.1.1 The proposed development site lies within the Uttoxeter Conservation Area, which was designated in 1970. This creates a heritage designation that emphasises the importance of the historic character of town centre. 5.1.2 There are a large number of Listed Buildings within the Conservation Area as a whole. While none fall within the site of proposed development there are eleven Grade II Listed Buildings within a 100 meter search radius of the Sheards Land site (NGR: SK 090901 33456) (Heritage Gateway, 2012). The nearest of these to the site is White Hart Hotel, a tall 17th Century Grade II Listed Building that lies immediately adjacent to the west of the site of proposed development (List entry Number: 1374305). 5.1.3 On the southern side of Carter Street, in a south-easterly direction from the site, lies the Carter Street Congregational Chapel (List entry Number: 1038743). This is a Grade II Listed Building that was built 1827-8. However, due to its location set back from Carter Street this structure is effectively screened from any intervisibility with the Sheards Land site. ______

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5.1.4 There are no World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Parks & Gardens, Registered Battlefields or locally designated areas of archaeological interest in the 100m study area. 5.1.5 While no known archaeological remains are recorded within the limits of the Sheards Land site there does remain a potential for the recovery of previously unknown archaeological remains within the limits of proposed development, outside the footprint of 20th Century development works (see section 5.2 below). 5.1.6 In summary, the key planning considerations are as follows:

§ The site lies within the Uttoxeter Conservation Area. § The site lies immediately adjacent to the Grade II Listed White Hart Hotel. § There may exist a potential for buried archaeological remains dating from the Medieval period onwards to survive within the limits of the site given its position towards the Carter Street frontage. However, such archaeological potential is likely to have been truncated within the limits of 20th Century development of the site, as was demonstrated in the area of the Cattle Market to the north of the site. 5.2 Previous Archaeological Work 5.2.1 There have been two archaeological interventions within very close proximity to the Sheards Land site. These interventions cover the larger part of the application site and comprise:

5.2.1.1 Archaeological Desktop Assessment of the Cattle Market and Maltings Car Park Site (Iain Ferris Archaeological Associates, 2004) · This work recorded that the site lies within the Medieval borough, to the north of the market place. Assessment work relied principally on desktop investigation but concluded that there was no firm indication for archaeological remains pre-dating the 17th Century to survive on site and, where such remains might survive, they are likely to have suffered severe truncation from more recent development works. · The report did suggest there may have been some undeveloped areas within the Cattle Market and Maltings Carpark site that contains the potential for post-seventeenth Century industrial and commercial activity to survive. · Given the proximity of the Sheards Land site to this area, along with the location of the Sheards Land site along the line of the historic Carter Street the same form of potential may be expected to be present in areas free of deeply cut modern development works.

5.2.1.2 Archaeological Evaluation of the Cattle Market, Uttoxeter (Vaughan, 2006) · The second piece of work undertaken was an archaeological evaluation at the Cattle Market, to test the archaeological potential identified above (5.2.1.1), to determine if any significant archaeological features or deposits were present and if so to indicate their nature, date and location. · In total seven trenches were excavated across the site. No significant archaeological remains pre-dating the Post-Medieval period where identified and natural geological deposits were generally identified at a shallow depth. The artefactual and cartographic evidence suggest that the site appears to have remained as undeveloped fields set back from the street frontages ______

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throughout the Medieval and Post-Medieval periods, prior to the establishment of the cattle market in the mid 19th Century. A large pit and adjacent structure may be identified with the sawmill and timber yard off Carter Street, which date from the later 19th Century. · This work suggests that, within the limits of the Sheards Used Car Garage site, there may be the potential for archaeological remains dating to the Medieval period onwards based on the position of the site towards the Carter Street frontage.

6.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

6.1 Overview

6.1.1 There is little evidence for human activity in the Prehistoric or Roman periods and what evidence exists is in the form of chance finds. The name Uttoxeter is derived from the Old English place-name of ‘Wotocheshede’ which probably translates as ‘heath of the man called Wuttuc or Wittic’ (Mills 1998). During the Anglo-Saxon period Uttoxeter was held by the Earls of Mercia. Uttoxeter is first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. At this time a settlement probably existed which focused around two early roads (Shaw and Langley 2011). The Domesday Book entry for Uttoxeter ‘Wotocheshede’ (Williams and Martin 2003) reads:

Land of the King in Offlow Hundred - The King holds UTTOXETER. Earl Aelfgar held it. There is half a hide. There is land for 10 ploughs. In demesne are 2 [ploughs], with 1 slave; 24 villans and 11 bordars with 11 ploughs. There are 16 acres of meadow, [and] woodland 2 leagues long and as many broad. TRE it was worth £7; now £8.

6.1.2 The town was established by the Earl of Derby, in the mid 13th Century when he was granted both market and borough charters. The key Medieval components of the town may still be seen and comprise the church, market place, street pattern and burgage plots. The commercial core of the town contains 54 Listed Buildings and many other undesignated properties. The earliest of these properties date to the late 14th and 15th Centuries, although the majority are probably 17th Century in date. Many of these properties may contain earlier fabric obscured by later additions.

6.1.3 There is little evidence for expansion beyond the Medieval core before the 19th Century when residential development began to the north west of Carter Street. However, a squatter settlement had been established on ‘The Heath’ to the north by at least the 17th Century. This piecemeal development of the settlement pattern within the town continued into the 18th and 19th Centuries and this unique historic character is still evident within the townscape. The majority of Uttoxeter’s suburban development dates to the mid 20th Century. Dairying and the manufacture / selling of cheese and butter has long been important to the economy of the town. Uttoxeter is also famous for being the home of Bamfords Ltd, whose ironworks were located to the south of the town centre, and for being the birthplace of JCB. Elkes’ biscuits were established to the north of the town in the 1920’s. ______

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6.1.4 Historic Urban Character Area 2 (HUCA 2, Shaw and Langley 2011) within which the application site falls, represents the historic core of the town where the key Medieval components are still clearly legible within the townscape. The early settlement pattern, and surviving historic houses, contributes to the local historic character of other historically more significant HUCA’s

6.2 Archaeological Background

6.2.1 The earliest information relating to the application site relates to place name or settlement data (HER 02357). It records that a settlement at Uttoxeter (‘Wotocheshede’) was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. In the mid 13th Century this settlement was granted borough status and a market charter.

6.2.2 During the middle of the Medieval period, the land around this small town was farmed by free tenants under the manorial supervision of the Dukes of Lancaster suggesting that by 1314 all direct demesne arable cultivation had been withdrawn and leased out to separate farmers. This allowed the development of the town as an industrial centre for the production of iron implements and as a market for the farm produce of the region. In addition, the town lay in the Uttoxeter Ward of the Needwood Forest where the Lancastrian interests developed glassmaking in the later Medieval period adding to their iron making interests. Later still, the town developed markets for the local dairying industry, and this was accompanied by becoming a centre for leather working and tanning. During the 18th Century, the brick industry exploited high quality local clays, and in the late 19th Century the Leighton Ironworks became a central employer of the town producing agricultural machinery for worldwide distribution under the label of the Bamford family. The business, later to become JCB Ltd, was established by Henry Bamford, ironmonger, in 1871.

6.2.3 Various pieces of documentary work have identified the existence of a Medieval borough (eg Ferris 2003). However, intrusive work (eg Crowe 2003, Cherrington 2003) has so far failed to locate surviving evidence for Medieval activity.

6.2.4 In the immediate vicinity of the application site, buildings or structures (either known from documentary sources or extant) date from the 17th Century. There was a manor house (HER 00692), the site of which is now occupied by modern buildings. The manor house was in existence at the close of the 16th Century and was located almost opposite the White Hart Hotel. It is recorded as Elizabethan or Early Jacobean in style, although the timber framing had been covered with 'slap dash'. No trace of the manor house was found in 1957, with the buildings opposite recorded as being of modern brick. At the northern end of Market Street, a cross (HER 00697) is recorded on a map of

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Uttoxeter from 1658, although no extant remains of a cross of this date survives here.

6.2.5 From the 17th Century, extant Listed Buildings comprise the White Hart Hotel, Carter Street, (HER 08935) which is currently in use as a hotel. The three storey property has stuccoed brickwork and a projecting porch with paired columns; the Coach and Horses Public House, Carter Street, (HER 08936) which is a property of roughcast brickwork with tiled roof; 32 to 36 Carter Street, (HER 08937) a range of timber framed and painted brick cottages of picturesque appearance (a plaque records the residence of Francis Redfern, 1823-1875) and the Former Cross Keys Hotel, High Street, (HER 08993) which is a large property with three gables. The three storey building has a roughcast frontage with tiled roof and has an inscription reading 'Edward Hadley 1697'.

6.2.6 What archaeological evidence there is for earlier periods in Uttoxeter relates to the 17th Century and comes from the periphery of the urban area. For example, the remains of shallow linear gullies and ditches that all appeared to be related to one another, were identified during an archaeological evaluation (HER 51555; Fenton-Thomas 2006). Finds recovered from the features probably related to agricultural activity and as the town was important as a livestock market during the mid 17th Century it was considered likely that these gullies represented the remains of holding spaces for livestock on the edge of town. The mid 17th Century date for the features also raises the possibility that the activity in the field was associated with the English Civil War (1642-1648). Although there were no known significant battles in the vicinity of the town, the Duke of Hamilton's troops did surrender to the Parliamentarians in Uttoxeter at the end of the war. They were subsequently incarcerated in various local churches and their confinement would have necessitated the presence of a garrison or small force of Parliamentary troops, perhaps on the margins of the town.

6.2.7 An archaeological evaluation undertaken on land lying between Town Meadows Way and Bridge Street (HER 51656; Brightman, Marshall and Stafford 2007) was equally unrevealing regarding the Medieval period. There was evidence for possible sand and gravel extraction in this area which may have removed earlier archaeological features in the area to the west of Town Meadows Way. There was some evidence that this extraction had truncated the remains of a Medieval ditch which was partially revealed in one of the evaluation trenches. Other discoveries included a pit, an undated linear feature which appeared to be earlier than a low single course wall and a brick culvert which may represent an early industrial phase of activity, with the linear feature predating both.

6.2.8 From the 18th and 19th Centuries extant Listed Buildings comprise the Congregational Church, Carter Street, (HER 08950) which is a late ______

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18th or early 19th Century building of red brick construction; 9 High Street, (HER 08990), a mid 19th Century red brick building of two- storeys, with a good, late 19th Century shop front. And the Town Hall, High Street, (HER 13977) by Thomas Fradgley of Uttoxeter, dated 1854. The building is red brick with a slate roof and was designed to accommodate a Savings Bank, Police Office, the Council Chamber and a Library for the Literary Institute as well as a hall for dancing and meetings etc. The building is now a Market Hall. Finally, there is the Friends Burial Ground, (HER 50692) which is a small burial ground located to the south of the Friend's Meeting House. The burials are of probable 18th and 19th Century date.

6.2.9 The draft Uttoxeter Historic Character Assessment (Shaw and Langley 2011) identified the area of the application site as having the potential for below ground archaeological deposits, which could inform our understanding of the origins and development of the town, to survive. The periods to which these deposits may relate are:

· The Early Medieval settlement (410 AD – 1065 AD)

· The Medieval settlement (1066 AD – 1499 AD)

· The Post Medieval settlement (1500 AD – 1699 AD)

· The 18th and 19th Century settlement (1700 AD – 1899 AD)

6.2.10 The Uttoxeter Historic Character Assessment is frank about the limits of existing knowledge and it is clear that very little solid evidence currently exists. The form of any Early Medieval settlement is, for the time being, only speculative and the form of the Medieval settlement is based largely upon a back-projection of mid-17th to late 19th Century documentation. It is only in the Post-Medieval period that we have contemporary documentation combined with a good stock of surviving 16th to 17th Century buildings and this situation improves still further in the 18th and 19th Centuries.

6.2.11 It is clear that any surviving deposits which would throw light upon the above periods of history and upon Uttoxeter's development in general would be considered to be highly significant. With regard to the application site, however, the potential for locating such deposits must be moderated by an evaluation across the wider application site, on the site of the former cattle market (Vaughan 2006) which found that the undisturbed natural subsoil lay at a shallow depth across the site. Identified features were Post-Medieval in date and the artefactual assemblage was also limited to material of this date. It was felt that the site had been agricultural fields on the fringe of the urban area which had subsequently been truncated by the establishment of a sawmill and timber yard in the later 19th Century and the cattle market in the 20th Century.

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6.3 Cartographic Evidence

6.3.1 The earliest available document is the Lightfoot map of 1658 (Figure 4). At this time the application site appears to be occupied by two and three storey town houses fronting Carter Street with back plots extending to the rear. Several boundaries between the plots are depicted running roughly north-south and east-west.

Figure 4: Extract from Lightfoot’s map of Uttoxeter 1658

6.3.2 By the time of Wood's map of 1838 (not reproduced) there had been some sub-division of the back-plots and some of the frontage properties on Carter Street had been extended to the north or perhaps even replaced.

6.3.3 The Uttoxeter Tithe Map of 1843 (Figure 5) depicts the site as divided into three plots by northwest - southeast aligned boundaries and occupied by town houses fronting on to Carter Street which largely extend into the back plots.

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Figure 5: Extract from the Uttoxeter Tithe Map of 1843

6.3.4 Ordnance Survey mapping of 1883 (Figure 6) depicts a very similar arrangement to that shown on the 1843 Tithe Map although the building, now labelled ‘Summer House’, occupying the southwest plot has been extended to the rear. The rear plots are probably gardens under grass cover. The plot boundaries remain as before.

6.3.5 Very little change is depicted on Ordnance Survey mapping covering the period 1901 – 1937. By 1937 the southwest plot appears to be occupied by a single building. Ordnance Survey mapping of 1964 – 1973 shows approximately half of the site occupied by a large structure labelled ‘Garage’ and a forecourt. This arrangement largely exists today.

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Figure 6: Extract from Ordnance Survey mapping of 1883

Figure 7: Extract from Ordnance Survey mapping of 1964

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7.0 ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE

7.1 Known Archaeology 7.1.1 There are no known archaeological remains within the site of proposed development. There exists, however, the potential for currently unrecorded below ground remains to survive (see Section 7.2 below).

7.2 Past Impacts within the Site Boundary 7.2.1 The Sheards Land site is currently occupied by 20th Century garage buildings. The depth and form of the building foundations is unknown, but it is anticipated that any below ground archaeological deposits that do survive within this site will have suffered some level of truncation associated with the construction of this building. 7.2.2 The location of the site towards the Carter Street frontage may testify to a longer settled and therefore deeper level of archaeological survival than in other locations further away from the street frontage. This should be taken into account when considering the potential for archaeological remains to survive.

7.3 Assessment of Archaeological Potential 7.3.1 Based on the location of the site within the Medieval core of Uttoxeter, it’s location towards the Carter Street frontage, and previous cartographic evidence, it is concluded that there exists potential for the survival of archaeological remains. 7.3.2 While the caveat exists that the construction of the 20th Century garage on this site may have truncated certain levels of deposits on this site, it is anticipated that in areas outside of the 20th Century building footprints archaeological remains may survive relatively unharmed and, even in the footprint of the building, there may be the potential for remains to survive if previous development impacts were relatively minimal and archaeological remains quite deep. 7.3.3 Where remains do survive they could be of Medieval – Post-Medieval date. If Medieval in date these remains may be reflective of the original historic settlement of Uttoxeter. For this reason such remains, if present, may be of between Local and Regional importance (see Table 1).

7.4 Design Guidance / Recommendations for Future Works 7.4.1 It is advised that appropriate consideration is given to the site’s location within the Uttoxeter Conservation Area and its proximity to the Grade II Listed White Hart Hotel. 7.4.2 Furthermore, to understand whether archaeological deposits survive within the limit of the site it may be prudent that an archaeological evaluation trench be excavated in the open area across accessible areas of the Sheards Land site. This will rapidly confirm the presence

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of absence of archaeological deposits, along with their form, function, date and significance. Where archaeological remains do survive the depth of such deposits can also be plotted to confirm whether the 20th Century garage buildings may have truncated archaeology, or whether deeper and earlier deposits are likely to survive.

8.0 CONCLUDING STATEMENTS

8.1 This report includes a description of the baseline conditions, examines a range of sources on the archaeological resource of the area (including archaeological and built heritage issues) and identifies any known and potential receptor(s) within the application site or its immediate vicinity. 8.2 This report concludes that there are currently no known buried archaeological remains or Listed Buildings within the Sheards Land site, though there exists the potential for currently unrecorded below ground remains dating from the Medieval onwards to survive. Such remains, if they exist, may reflect early historic settlement activity within Uttoxeter and may be of between Local and Regional importance. 8.3 Should archaeological remains be present, the current proposals have some potential to impact upon them. To understand whether archaeological deposits survive within the limits of the Sheards Land site it may be prudent that an archaeological evaluation trench be excavated in an open area of the site. This will rapidly confirm the presence or absence of archaeological deposits, along with their form, function, date and significance. 8.4 The Sheards Land site lies within the Uttoxeter Conservation Area and immediately adjacent to the Grade II Listed Building of the White Hart Hotel. The impact of the proposed development on built heritage assets and the character and appearance of the area will be assessed as part of the Design, Access and Heritage Statement for the project. 8.5 A final decision regarding the need for any mitigation works on the site will need to be made by the Archaeological Advisor to East Staffordshire Borough Council.

9.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

9.1 The project was managed by Richard Cherrington BA, AIFA, Principal Archaeologist, Benchmark Archaeology who wrote this report with Andy Buckley BA, MIFA and Martin Cook BA, MIFA. The work was commissioned by Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited. HER Data was supplied by Suzy Blake, Historic Environment Record Officer, Staffordshire County Council

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9.2 We are grateful to the team from Lingfield (Uttoxeter) Limited and Thomas Vale Construction for their cooperation and assistance during the project.

10.0 REFERENCES

10.1 AOC Archaeology Group (2005). ‘Warehouse to the rear of 30-34 Market Place, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. Historic Building Recording’. Unpublished

Brightman, J, Marshall, B and Stafford, L, (2007) ‘Town Meadows Way, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire: report on an archaeological evaluation’.

Cherrington, R H, (2003) ‘Former council offices, High Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire: an archaeological evaluation’.

Crowe, C, (2003) ‘Land at Bradley Street, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire: report of an archaeological watching brief’.

Dept. for Culture, Media and Sport, (1996) ‘The Treasure Act’.

East Staffordshire County Council, (2006). ‘Local Plan’ [online] Available at: http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/events/Documents/Adopted%20Local %20Plan%202006-2011%20%28Saved%20Policies1%29.pdf

Fenton-Thomas, C, (2006). ‘Tesco supermarket, Uttoxeter: report on an archaeological evaluation’.

Ferris, I, (2003), ‘An archaeological desktop study of the Lion Buildings, Market Place, Uttoxeter’.

Ferris I, (2004). ‘An Archaeological Desktop Assessment of the Cattle Market and Maltings Carpark Sites, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire’, Iain Ferris Archaeological Consultants. Unpublished

Heritage Gateway, (2012). ‘Advanced search of SK090334’ [online] Available at: http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid =1902194&resourceID=304

Institute for Archaeologists (2010). ‘By-Law Code of Approved Practice for the Regulation of Contractual Arrangements in Field Archaeology’

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Institute for Archaeologists, (1994). ‘Standards and Guidance for Desk-Based Assessment’ (rev. 2001 & 2008)

Mills, A D (1998) ‘Dictionary of English Place-Names’.

Shaw, M, and Langley, D, (2011) ‘Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey: Uttoxeter, East Staffordshire’. (draft copy).

Vaughan T, (2006). ‘Archaeological Evaluation at The Cattle Market, Uttoxeter, Staffordshire’. Worcestershire County Council, Historic Environment and Archaeological Service. Unpublished.

Williams A, and Martin GH (2003) ‘The Domesday Book: A Complete Translation’.

www.bgs.ac.uk (accessed 09.05.2012) ‘A world-leading geoscience centre for survey and monitoring; modelling and research; data and knowledge’.

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Benchmark Archaeology is an independent archaeological organisation providing a wide range of commercial archaeological services. We are committed to ensuring that the client receives a cost-effective service, whilst maintaining the highest professional standards in archaeology.

Our archaeological services include:

• Watching Briefs • Field Evaluation • Excavation • Formal Garden Archaeology • Church Archaeology • Historic Building Recording • Surveys • Desk-Based Assessments • Consultancy • EIA’s • Heritage Statements

For further information please contact: Richard Cherrington (Principal Archaeologist) Benchmark Archaeology 64 Edwards Road, Erdington Birmingham B24 9EW Tel: 07939066301 Tel/Fax: 0121 241 5771

E-Mail: [email protected] Web Address: http://www.benchmark-archaeology.co.uk