PROJECT AZORIAN CHAIRS: KRIS HRISTOV, HOPE PERRY DIRECTOR: WALKER STAMPS Project Azorian

Table of Contents

Contents FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERALS ...... 2 FROM YOUR CHAIR AND CD ...... 3 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION ...... 4 THERMONUCLEAR WAR: AN INTRODUCTION ...... 5 A BRIEF HISTORY ...... 5 THE ATOMIC TRINITY ...... 5 MAD ABOUT YOU: NUCLEAR TACTICS ...... 5 ROCKETMEN: DELIVERY SYSTEMS ...... 6 THE RED BANNER FLEET: SOVIET NUCLEAR NAVY ...... 7 K-129 ...... 7 RECOVERING A NUCLEAR SUBMARINE: USER’S MANUAL ...... 8 QUESTIONS ...... 8 CHARACTER LIST ...... 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

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FROM YOUR DIRECTOR-GENERALS

Dear Delegates, Welcome to PMUNC 2021! We are your Director Generals, Sophia Richter and Bhav Agarwal. We are extremely excited for you all to experience this fully virtual conference, as we have worked very hard to formulate committees that are intellectually stimulating and exciting. First, a little about ourselves. Sophia is a sophomore here at Princeton University. She intends to major in Molecular Biology with a concentration in Global Health and Public Policy. She competed in Model United Nations throughout high school, and joined the Princeton Model United Nations Team her freshman year. She now also serves as the deputy captain of the team. In addition to Model UN, she is a member of the podcast team of Princeton Envision and the outreach committee of Princeton Health and Literacy Equity. Hailing from Montana, she also enjoys hiking, cross-country skiing, and just about any other granola activity you can think of. Bhav is also a sophomore, studying computer science in Princeton’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. This is his 5th year in Model UN, and his second year staffing PMUNC. Outside of Model UN, he serves as the Tour Director for Princeton Debate Panel, and the Whig Party Chair for the Whig-Cliosophic Society. A lifelong Chicagoan, Bhav spends most of his free time vigorously defending Deep Dish Pizza from New Yorkers, reading high fantasy and science fiction, and watching far too many movies and TV shows on Netflix. Ranging from OAS to a crisis committee on Project Azorian, we have a wide array of interesting committees this year. We look forward to seeing delegates debate topics on water insecurity, the economic impacts of coronavirus, or the trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons, issues that challenge even the most experienced real-world delegates in the United Nations today. As usual, cooperation, communication, effective research, and writing skills are critical to succeeding in any of our committees! We’ve spent a lot of time preparing the committees for the transition to the virtual environment, and look forward to seeing all of you this coming February! If you have any questions, you can reach us at [email protected] or [email protected] at any time! Sincerely, Bhav and Sophia

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FROM YOUR CHAIR and CD

Dear Delegates, Welcome to Project Azorian! My name is Kris Hristov and I will be chairing your committee. I speak Bulgarian, English and Russian and major at the School of International Relations and Public Affairs. This is my fourth and final year both on Princeton’s Model UN team and at PMUNC. Outside of Model UN, I am co-founder of Technology in Public Policy and I write for the Daily Princetonian newspaper. This past summer, I wrote, animated and edited videos on the subject of disinformation online in Southeastern Europe with the Center for the Study of Democracy in Sofia Bulgaria. I am continuing my work with disinformation in my senior thesis which will examine the prevalence of state sponsored disinformation in the social media landscapes of Bulgaria and Serbia. I’d be more than happy to answer any questions about this committee, I can be reached at [email protected].

Best of luck, Kris Hristov

Dear Delegates,

My name is Walker and I will be the crisis director for this committee. At Princeton, I am a junior in the Economics department focusing on behavioral economics and finance. This is my third year being a part of PMUNC/Model UN team and this my second time running a committee with Kris. Outside of Model UN, I dance with Sympoh, Princeton’s only urban arts and breakdancing company, and I also direct a magazine within Princeton’s Entrepreneurship club. This past summer, I worked at an event driven hedge fund in Northern California studying markets and learning the fundamentals of businesses. This committee is especially relevant to anyone wanting to engage with the history of the USSR, the USA, and other actors and also to those who enjoy the geopolitics of 20th century great powers. There are many unique approaches that can be taken to successfully maneuver this committee’s focus and I am excited to see what you as delegates come up with. I’d be happy to answer any questions you have about the committee and can provide feedback after the conference as well. I can be reached at [email protected]

Best of luck, Walker Stamps

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PROJECT AZORIAN

Salvaging K-129

COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION Welcome to 1971! The world is almost evenly split between the capitalist West and communist East. As Vietnam seems like an increasingly pointless war, the United States has lost prestige, trust, and influence abroad, emboldening the Soviets to build up their nuclear arsenal and influence globally. For Americans, the future is increasingly uncertain. As a public front, this committee in part seeks to restore American leadership in conquering the last terrestrial frontier: the deep sea. We have gathered the best and brightest minds in American science, industry and high technology here for Project Azorian. As far as the public is concerned, you will evaluate the feasibility of undersea nodule mining and further exploitation of the sea as a means to build a better life on land. Reality is much more interesting. Four years ago, in 1968, four submarines mysteriously disappeared: one American, one Soviet, one French and one Israeli. The USS Scorpion and Soviet K-129 both had nuclear warheads onboard. Through the use of a classified listening system, the Navy was able to approximately locate and confirm the photograph the K-129 with several dives. Given the recent nuclear buildup in the USSR, the President and National Security apparatus has deemed it a priority to recover a Soviet ballistic missile and submarine to evaluate its potential weaknesses. This committee’s focus will be developing and deploying the technology to salvage K-129. As a committee of “power players” in their respective fields, each delegate will wield substantial portfolio powers and connections by default. Due to the limited committee time and format, we will be operating on the following timeline. During committee sessions I-II, we will operate in the year 1971. To ensure semblance of realism, there will be a time skip for committee III, placing us in 1974. This is to give time for crises to realistically occur, no salvage ship can be reliably built, launched, fitted out and run a shakedown cruise within the span of less than two-three years. For the sake of continuity, your characters will be assumed to have the same positions and roles by default in 1971 and 1974, though this was not the case in real life. It is in your best interests to develop longer run, high payoff crises which you can work with later in committee. If you for example, order a salvage ship and prepare a plan to steal the submarine in the second session, you will have the assets in place at the start of the third committee session. Sessions I-II will be structured, with less crisis updates and unmods. Sessions III-VI will be far less formal, with constant updates and a real time model of what’s happening in the Pacific. Emphasis will be placed on timed crises and updates. The benefit to this is that the crisis arc you develop in the first two sessions will come to fruition in the third committee session. I expected the first two to be much more debate heavy, with intermittent crisis updates. Starting from the third session, there will be active updates and ongoing events modeled in real committee time. I recommend this committee to experienced delegates who are ready to manage their time wisely. Crisis will use the Discord platform for its multiple channels and generally reliable servers. A separate sheet will be sent out to delegates selected for Azorian detailing Discord protocol.

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powerful and survivable nuclear personnel carriers, which are very weapons delivery systems. survivable to a non-direct nuclear Thermonuclear War: The Union of Soviet Socialist strike.3. They are still nuclear An Introduction Republics (USSR) was close behind warheads, just with a smaller blast in 1945. Soviet spies informed radius. The following information is Joseph Stalin of the Manhattan Strategic nuclear weapons are highly classified. They are Project before even President weapons of annihilation, to be exclusively for your viewing and not Truman knew of its existence. The targeted at enemy industrial and to be distributed amongst your Soviet industry, ravaged by the population centers. These weapons respective agencies. All information Second World War and focused on are typically mounted on here represents the bleeding edge of rebuilding the country, still managed intercontinental ballistic missiles nuclear war planning in 1971. to produce the Pervaya Molniya (First (ICBMs), which are launched from Useful terms: Lightning) nuclear shot in 1949, ground-based silos, or on ICBM - Inter Continental making the USSR the second submarine-launched ballistic missiles Ballistic Missile nuclear power, a decade before (SLBMs). They can also be air- American planners thought they dropped from strategic bombers SIOP- Single Integrated 2 Operational Plan: The American could accomplish this. Soviet such as the B-52 or Tu-95, but this nuclear war plan nuclear arms buildup has rapidly is a less survivable delivery method increased in the past 15 years, with given present day surface to air Boomer- Ballistic Missile 4 Submarine present day (1971) buildup missiles (See Powers Incident). Drive bus- Guide vehicle for projecting the Soviet nuclear nuclear warheads, usually with stockpile to outnumber the US’s by THE ATOMIC TRINITY small rocket motors for high- the end of this decade. Nuclear triads are critical altitude use The division of nuclear arms into types is highly contested by elements in ensuring weapons reach A BRIEF HISTORY strategists. Presently, there are two their targets. The triad consists of Nuclear weapons were proposed major distinctions. three main deployment systems: Tactical weapons are meant for use ballistic missile subs, strategic across Europe in the 1930’s, as 5 technology began to allow on the battlefield. They are usually bombers and land-based ICBMs. theoretical physics and elements to designed to function against massed The US, USSR and France become real experiments. While armor formations (as would likely be are all believed to possess triads in World War II hampered European seen powering across in Central 1971. It is commonly agreed that developments for all powers, the Europe in the opening phases of ballistic missiles from submarines American Manhattan Project World War 3). These are lower in are both the most survivable and brought nuclear arms into reality yield and tend to have many most likely to have immediate with the 1945 Trinity test.1 deployment methods: air dropped, launch readiness. Following the deployment of the landmines, artillery shells and short- two atom bombs on Hiroshima and medium range ballistic missiles MAD ABOUT YOU: (SRBM & MRBM) respectively. Nagasaki, no nation has used such a NUCLEAR TACTICS weapon in anger. Nevertheless, the These weapons tend to release more US has developed increasingly more radiation rather than heat to be able Nuclear weapons hold to damage tanks and armored extraordinary destructive power.

1 “Trinity Test -1945.” 3 US Army, “Nuclear Operations Field 5 “America’s Nuclear Triad.” 2 Bill Streiger and Irek Sabitov, “The Shock Manual.” of ‘First Lightning’: An Intelligence 4 David Reade, “U-2 Spy Planes: What You Failure?” Didn’t Know About Them!”

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Thus, the doctrine behind their The Nash equilibrium is the but for this simulation assume that your deployment is extremely no launch on both sides, this characters believe in it. I’m more than contentious. It is estimated and outcome is the best possible happy to discuss this outside of committee. roughly modelled by computer scenario for both sides and cannot The exact targets that will simulation that nuclear war is be improved on. It is enforced by receive nuclear strikes are impossible to completely win in the the fact that neither side can launch determined in the 1971 US by the traditional sense. Given this, our without triggering both immediate Single Integrated Operational Plan think-tanks have modelled that launches from ground sites and (SIOP). SIOP details information optimal win conditions are “second strike”, the launch of such as targets, warheads per target eliminating as many enemy weapons hidden missiles on submarines and and launch codes. The plan is as possible on the ground while concealed silos. Second strike is written by the head of the Strategic simultaneously engaging and critical because it may allow for a Air Command, the Secretary of destroying as much of the enemy’s country to lose critical infrastructure Defense and the President of the conventional forces, industrial but still be able to hit back against United States. It is classified, thus capacity and potentially population an opponent. Submarines play this inaccessible to this committee. centers as possible. The exact role well since they’re constantly However, it is safe to assume that it percentages of industrial capacity moving and hidden. A submarine in targets enough population and and population needed to force a the Pacific does not need industrial centers to eliminate the surrender are classified. Washington intact in order to warfighting capability of the USSR. The main doctrine of launch weapons to obliterate nuclear war is commonly referred to Vladivostok, should the ROCKETMEN: DELIVERY as mutually assured destruction circumstances arise. (MAD). Coined by the then This Nash Equilibrium SYSTEMS Secretary of Defense Robert model has been criticized as being Modern nuclear weapons consist McNamara, it is based on the theory very simplistic. It does not take into of two portions. The first is a of Nash equilibrium.6 The game is account missile defense, massive warhead mounted on a drive bus. modelled by two players: the US and networks of survival bunkers or the The second is the missile itself, a USSR and two conditions: launch, amount of missiles that reach their large multi-stage rocket. Each or do not launch. targets. However, since neither typically consists of two stages and missile defense, nor protecting ones can be propelled through either No Launch entire population is economically or solid or liquid fuels. Solid fueled Launch technologically feasible in 1971 and missiles are preferable, especially for No USSR USSR each target will be saturated with submarines as they do not require Launch Intact, Destroyed, more than one missile, we can toxic propellants or energy intensive USA USA assume that it functions in deterring cryogenic cooling. Intact Intact nuclear war between the United A missile is typically kept fueled Launch USSR MAD States and the Soviet Union. and ready to launch in a matter of Intact, Authors note: I use the word minutes. Once it receives USA deter carefully. This document gives you a coordinates, it takes off rapidly and Destroyed 1970s view of nuclear strategy. I personally ascends up to an altitude of over disagree that deterrence works in all cases, 2000 km (1200miles), well over the

6 David Koepsell and Katerina Stankova, “Non-Proliferation Regimes, Immoral and Risky: A Game Theoretic Approach.”

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horizon on a ballistic trajectory. This also be attached to unguided air indicates that the Soviet Navy will means that the missile will not reach dropped gravity bombs, artillery potentially have fixed wing aircraft orbit, but fall back down to Earth. shells, landmines and torpedoes. carriers to rival the USN’s by the To fall onto its target, the missile end of the decade. uses inertial guidance system and The Red Banner The backbone of the Soviet adjusts itself relative to the stars in Fleet: Soviet Nuclear fleet, however, is submarines. There the sky. This makes it immune to are over 330 nuclear and non- any jamming or interference. By the Navy nuclear submarines of varying class time it is in orbit, all that is left of The Soviet fleet is separated by a and purpose.9 CIA reports indicate the missile is the drive bus and massive landmass, as such it has that in some respects, Soviet nuclear warhead. The rest of the missile has four major fleets to cover each submarines are surpassing their fallen away and burned up in the flank. The Northern Fleet based in American equivalents. Soviet atmosphere. Once the missile is on Murmansk, the Baltic Fleet based in submarines exist in several its final trajectory, the drive bus Leningrad and Kaliningrad, the capacities: nuclear missile launch breaks away, leaving just the heat- Black Sea Fleet based in Sevastopol platforms, land and sea attack shielded warhead. The warhead re- and the Pacific Fleet based in submarines armed with non-nuclear enters Earth’s atmosphere at Vladivostok. Numerous smaller cruise missiles, as well as submarine hypersonic speeds of 22,000–29,000 bases also host vessels and Soviet hunters. Soviet engineering excels in km/h(13,000–18,000 mph).7 This ships are constantly on patrol. At producing both missiles and makes it virtually invulnerable in the any given time, the Soviet naval torpedoes, both of which can be final phase before it detonates over ensign is in every ocean.8 nuclear-tipped. Hence our interest in its target. The Soviet Navy operates under acquiring one of their submarines The only feasible defense against vastly different strategic intact. nuclear missiles is to detonate considerations than the US Navy. defensive nuclear weapons The USSR’s landmass provides somewhere along the oncoming most of its natural resources and K-129 missile’s ballistic trajectory trade routes, leaving few sea-lanes to The K-129 is a Project 629A (preferably at a high enough altitude protect in a World War Three diesel electric powered ballistic to not vaporize friendly cities). scenario. While the Soviet naval missile submarine. The NATO Modern firing computers can vessels operate around the world, reporting code for this class of probably calculate this with some Soviet strategists see the sea as submarine is Golf-II.10 It was accuracy. However, since many another dimension to winning a land launched in 1960 and was based at missiles are launched, the benefit of war in Europe. Thus naval power in Rybachiy Naval Base on the this missile defense tactic is peacetime only conducts diplomatic Kamchatka Peninsula. It likely negligible against an enemy like the missions and long range exercises carries 3-5 nuclear tipped liquid US or USSR, who both possess rather than power projection fueled missiles. Their propellant is numerous missiles. operations. Soviet naval drills are likely an extremely toxic hypergolic Shorter range missiles, launched typically conducted close to home. fuel mix. The cause of its sinking is from aircraft, trucks or silos fly in The Soviet surface navy is in the debated, at present we believe it was parabolic arcs and do not typically process of building itself up to be a due to the fuel reacting with leaking exit the atmosphere. Their guidance direct rival to the United States water and causing an explosion. systems vary. Nuclear warheads can Navy. Current ship launch rate

7 Defence Intelligence Ballistic Missile 8 Central Intelligence Agency, “Intelligence 9 Central Intelligence Agency. Analysis Committee, “Ballistic and Cruise Memorandum The Soviet Attack 10 Oleg Bukharin, “629A Golf II.” Missile Threat.” Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations.”

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system such as a recovery claw or magnet needs to be developed to actually make contact with and pick up the submarine. Lastly, Project Azorian is to be conducted in absolute secrecy, under the guise of commercial mining. Since the Soviet intelligence services are well embedded into American society, this operation must be kept hidden from the American public.

Questions A detailed blueprint of the Golf 3. The sub’s propeller. This 1) What technology will be II class submarine class provided by specifically can indicate the level developed to salvage K-129? the Office of Naval Intelligence of acoustic dampening 11 2) How and will the operation (ONI). (See above) technology available to the be concealed from public We are interested in K-129 for Soviet Navy. While K-129 is an scrutiny? three main reasons. All of them older sub, commissioned in the 3) How will the operation be require us to lift the entire early 60’s, we can extrapolate concealed from the Soviet submarine from the ocean floor for from it how advanced present Navy? closer inspection day Soviet designs are. 4) What roles will civil, 1. The nuclear tipped missiles intelligence and military and possibly torpedoes are the RECOVERING A NUCLEAR organizations play in the main item of interest as they can SUBMARINE: USER’S salvage of K-129? give us exact technical details on the status of Soviet nuclear MANUAL technology. K-129 is located under an Character List 2. Cryptographic manuals and estimated 5000 meters (16,400 feet) CIA Director communications equipment of water. This places it well below A veteran of the Office of Strategic which could be used to crack the the reach of any present day Services, Colby comes from old Soviet naval codes and maritime salvage vessel. money and prestige. An alumni of eavesdrop on messages from Considerable financial cost aside, Princeton, Colby has been involved Soviet naval command to assets several engineering and political in the CIA since its formation at the across the globe. This includes problems need to be solved. The end of WW2. He played a crucial the submarine’s sail (the raised operation needs a ship large enough role in Italy during the 1950s with portion about a quarter of the to hold it and stay steady on the Operation Gladius, preventing the sub’s length) contains ocean’s surface as the sub is being rise of Italian communist parties and periscopes, sensors and other pulled up. Before this the facilitating elections. Later during sensitive information gathering submarine’s structural integrity and the early stages of Vietnam, Colby equipment. radiological contamination levels helped develop counter insurgency must be determined. A special tactics, including Vietnamization.

11 “USSR Project 629 B39 Golf 1-Class SSB Submarine.”

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Colby has established himself as an Defense Department: allowing the Weisner is distrustful of the costs of honest figure, distant from the military free reign over budgets. nuclear powered ships, particularly White House and the Pentagon. His Laird’s main proposals include a subs, but firmly believes the control over the premiere American more capital heavy military, with Navy needs to recover K-129 for intelligence gathering service will be more nuclear forces and advanced the purpose of understanding the invaluable to the committee. technology while employing less Soviet level of submarine troops. Laird is believed to have development. Weisner, as with the Secretary of State Henry opposed the strategic bombing of rest of the Navy’s officers, is Kissinger Cambodia and North Vietnam, distrustful of and Kissinger is one of the most well- putting him at odds with the Air the CIA, both of whom he views as known names in American foreign Force and Kissinger. inept and unfit to serve in the policy. A former refugee from In Vietnam, Laird focused on the interests of American national Germany, he has built a reputation human side of the conflict, working security. on being adherent to Machiavellian to bring back American realpolitik, causing controversy POWs and repeal the draft. Rear Admiral (submarine among the American establishment. commander) Frank D McMullen Most recently, Kissinger has begun a Political Scientist Zbigniew McMullen is the submarine policy of detente to ease relations Brzezinski commander of the Pacific Fleet, in with the USSR while reconciling Brzezinski is a Polish-American charge of the Navy’s subs, auxiliary with China and working to end the diplomat, educated in Canada. He is submarine support ships and deep war in Vietnam. Kissinger has been among the strongest anti-Soviet sea recovery vehicles. McMullen is a relatively secretive and is very close voices in the US establishment, seasoned submariner with with President Nixon. He has many opposing both detente and the experience aboard nuclear powered diplomatic back channels directly to current spheres of influence in and conventional attack and ballistic foreign ministries, but is regarded Eastern Europe. Brzezinski has missile submarines. with suspicion by the State supported engaging Eastern McMullen considers the operation Department. His field of expertise is European governments individually to be dangerous, but necessary for not in any way related to nuclear to counteract Soviet influence and the US to understand their submarines and as such is treated power. Brezinski is also concerned Soviet counterparts. He has made a with suspicion by Navy officers. about global economic inequality point of providing proper burial at and supports industrialization and sea for any Soviet sailors recovered. Secretary of Defense Melvin global free trade to build a better McMullen is good friends with Laird future. His connections within his Rickover and supports the Secretary Laird served aboard the native Poland and the wider Eastern development of better, safer nuclear USS Maddox towards the end of Bloc may make him a critical ally in submarines for the US arsenal. WW2. He succeeded his father in the negotiations with the Soviet the Wisconsin State Senate, then leadership. ONI Director: Earl Rectanus advanced to the House of Rectanus began his career in the Representatives and chaired the Pacific Fleet Admiral Maurice Second World War on a Republican Conference. Laird is a Weisner minesweeper in the Pacific. He has relative moderate, opposing Commander in Chief of the Pacific since risen through the ranks, McNamara’s Vietnam strategies and Fleet, Weisner is among the highest visiting the USSR as a naval attaché lack of accountability. Laird is well ranked admirals in the US and forming connections with liked by the military, to whom he is Navy. He is a by the book Soviet naval staff. Rectanus holds delegating defense acquisitions commander who believes the Soviet some authority over the Navy’s decisions, decentralizing the needs to be opposed ship for ship. training and emergency response. As

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chief of the Navy’s intelligence Force around the world as a pilot, Compulsive Disorder and an bureau, Rectanus was among the program director, and instructor, interesting relationship with various first informed about K-129 sinking. and he is now the Commander in addictive substances. He has been Rectanus is wary of the CIA’s Chief of the Strategic Air asked to finance and lend support to competence and prefers that the Command, the this project. The military is not matter be handled entirely by the US Air Force’s bomber command particularly fond of his involvement. Navy and away from the publicity and nuclear strike unit. associated with Howard Hughes and UCD Applied Science Director other civilian agencies. Lockheed Chief Engineer: Edward Teller Clarence “Kelly” Johnson Known colloquially as “the father of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover Born to Swedish immigrants in the hydrogen bomb” due to his Rickover’s Navy career began in Michigan, Johnson was a smart child work on the Manhattan 1922, serving on various ships. After who loved planes, and knew he Project, Edward Teller is a brilliant WW2 he became involved in the wanted to work with them. From theoretical physicist, known both design and implementation of the winning his first price for aircraft for his contributions to nuclear Navy’s nuclear ship propulsion design at 13 to correcting science and for his volatile program, now known as the Lockheed Martin’s Mach 10 design personality. He is a fierce advocate “Father of the Nuclear Navy”. as an undergraduate, Johnson was for nuclear energy as well as other Rickover has made a point of hiring quickly promoted to a full engineer various uses of nuclear technology. only the best of the best in the at Lockheed Martin where he has He established the Department of nuclear submarine fleet. He been for his whole career. Now, he Applied Science at the personally interviews candidates to is the Chief Engineer and served on University of California, Davis the nuclear submarine program and the board of the company, largely where he is currently the Director of maintains extremely strict safety due to his role in projects such as the program. However, he is still standards. So far, no American the SR-71 often consulted on issues related to nuclear powered submarine has had Blackbird and the construction of an nuclear material and energy by the an accident. Rickover's experience airbase at Groom Lake, Nevada, government and the military. handling nuclear subs and their now known as . missiles will make him an invaluable AEC Chairman Dixy Lee Ray technical advisor to the committee. Quirky, brilliant, and pugnacious, Whether or not he will put up with Billionaire Playboy Dr. Dixy Lee Ray is a woman in a them is an entirely different matter. Philanthropist Howard Hughes man’s world, but that has never Business magnate, investor, record- stopped her from speaking her mind SAC Commander in Chief Russel E setting pilot, engineer, film director, and getting things done despite her Dougherty: and philanthropist. Funny how gender and her many eccentricities. Originally planning to become a earning billions allows you to try a With a PhD in biology from lawyer and FBI agent, Dougherty lot of different activities. Howard Stanford as well as saving the Pacific instead left the FBI at the outbreak Hughes, one of the richest men in Science Center from bankruptcy, of WWII and entered into active the world currently, has done it all Ray has shown that she is capable of military service as an aviation cadet. and made friends in all sorts of looking at any problem creatively During the war, he flew in missions places along the way. and come up with a solution. She is and served as an instructor pilot at What he has in money, he makes up a supporter of atomic energy. Air Training Command. His career for with eccentricity as he is known took him through a variety of to have a severe Obsessive- PNNL Director Ed Alpen prestigious positions within the Air

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Alpen leads the Pacific Northwest Bibliography Cruise Missile Threat.” National Laboratory, a lab focused 4180 Watson Way US Department of Defense. on issues of energy, the Wright-Patterson AFB, environment, health, and national “America’s Nuclear OH: National Air and security research especially in the Triad.” Accessed Space Intelligence non-destructive uses of nuclear February 1, 2020. Center, June 2017. material. In his role, he oversees https://www.defense.gov/ https://www.nasic.af.mil/P several hundred researchers and Experience/Americas- millions in funding from the ortals/19/images/Fact%20 Nuclear-Triad/. government and private sources. Sheet%20Images/2017% Bill Streiger, and Irek Sabitov. 20Ballistic%20and%20Cr “The Shock of ‘First Sun Oil Company President H. uise%20Missile%20Threa Robert Sharbaugh Lightning’: An t_Final_small.pdf?ver=20 Newly appointed as President of Intelligence Failure?” 17-07-21-083234-343. Sun Oil Company in 1970, American Intelligence Oleg Bukharin. “629A Golf II.” Sharbaugh has made pledges to Journal 31, no. 1 (2013): Weapons of Mass push up stock prices and raising 5. cash dividends for employees and Destruction, 1998. Central Intelligence Agency. stockholders. More importantly, Sun https://fas.org/nuke/guide “Intelligence Oil owns shipyards that could /russia/slbm/629A.htm. Memorandum The potentially be used for more discrete Atomic Heritage Foundation. operation. Personally, Sharbaugh is Soviet Attack Submarine “Trinity Test -1945,” June fairly reclusive and is known as a Force: Evolution and 18, 2014. shrewd but effective businessman Operations.” Central http://www.atomicheritag that loves to haggle in order to best Intelligence Agency, benefit his company and its workers. e.org/history/trinity-test- September 1971. 1945. https://www.cia.gov/librar US Army. “Nuclear Operations y/readingroom/docs/DOC Field Manual.” _0002013695.pdf. Headquarters, David Koepsell, and Katerina Department of the Army, Stankova. “Non- October 29, 1996. Proliferation Regimes, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/ Immoral and Risky: A army/fm100-30.pdf. Game Theoretic “USSR Project 629 B39 Golf 1- Approach.” International Class SSB Submarine.” Journal on World Peace TheBlueprints.com. 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 21. Accessed February 1, David Reade. “U-2 Spy Planes: 2020. https://www.the- What You Didn’t Know blueprints.com/blueprint About Them!” 58, no. 3 s/ships/submarines- (2011): 10. ussr/65255/view/ussr_proj Defence Intelligence Ballistic ect_629_b39_golf_i- Missile Analysis class_ssb_submarine/. Committee. “Ballistic and

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