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ZKLFKDGGUHVVHVSODQQLQJODQGXVHDQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVVXHVLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWDQGLGHQWLILHVDUDQJHRIIXUWKHUVWXGLHVWREHFRPSOHWHG x 3URSRVHVQHZJRYHUQDQFHDUUDQJHPHQWVIRUWKH1LQJDORR&RDVWLQFOXGLQJLQWHULPDUUDQJHPHQWV IRUWKH:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDQ3ODQQLQJ&RPPLVVLRQWRH[HUFLVHGHYHORSPHQWFRQWURORYHUWKH FRDVWDOVWULSLQFOXGLQJ&RUDO%D\ 0DUFK_5HYLVLRQ_3DJH N GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF AUSTRALIA 0 200 400 metres Produced by project mapping section, planning information - mapping and spatial, Department for Planning and Infrastructure, on behalf of the Western Australian Planning Commission Perth WA August 2004 ntw-map17\ \strat_plan\strat_pol\reg_plan\ carn_ning\fpub04\coralbay_sett_planB.z49 Cadastral data supplied by Department of Land Information Western Australia Indian Bills Bay ST Legend SON ROBIN storm surge line F RENCH ST tourist accommodation RD ecotourism accommodation site G BANKSIA hotel / tourist accommodation workers accommodation ROAD workers community area mixed use (public purposes/ community/tourism commercial/retail) ACCESS marine and chemical storage land Robinson and French Streets Ocean pedestrian esplanade foreshore reserve / parks and recreation proposed foreshore reserve / FACILITY parks and recreation proposed day use carparking main vehicular Coral Bay Recreational access to Coral Bay Boating Facility ATING BO G public purposes - general Future Carpark public purposes - servicing SI SI infrastructure special use - service station Monck Proposed SI Head Water Tank Site special use - visitor information centre existing waste disposal site to be decommissioned & rehabilitated Proposed Extension to Townsite Boundary existing tourism settlement boundary future roads (subject to further investigation) Scale: 1:7,000 Date:13/ 3 /2013 Version: 1 Job No: 230187 Shire of Carnarvon Coral Bay Structure Plan Coordinate system: MGA Zone 49 0 100 200 300 400m Figure 4: Coral Bay Settlement Plan, 2004 Source: Ningaloo Coast Regional Strategy, 2004 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land sealed road unsealed road unsealed track pedestrian beach access baiyungu track / node foreshore vegetation being trampled by beach goers at high tide To Airstrip ‘can-ya’ workers accomodation Civic Precinct (FESA / fisheries research and primary school) vacant land (needing infill) exposed ground, potential dust generation dog cemetery Bills Bay key view catchment e v i r bore water cooling dam D h s i f l i a S Entry experience to town is poorly articulated. Glimpses of ocean are enticing to continue westward Sun n Street bat Ad hoc parking hing lling and Snorke Robinso Baz’s Park Ad hoc parking Arrival Fren Fletchers Hill Lookout experience view Arrival to Bills Bay ch Stre experience view to Bills Bay et Ad hoc parking Arrival experience at Fletchers Hill carpark. 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growth Visitor Nights 386,476 843,607 1,077,888 1,061,099 Expenditure ($ million) 25 57 74 73 7DEOH$QQXDO1LQJDORR'HVWLQDWLRQ0RGHO9LVLWRU1LJKWVDQG([SHQGLWXUH'DWD Existing Capacity Ningaloo Coast Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Regional Strategy Holiday Home Caravan Park (2004) growth growth Going to the Beach 369,813 769,842 952,258 945,889 Fishing from Shore 66,194 98,754 113,687 112,675 Fishing from Boat 98,318 158,863 183,680 180,612 Snorkelling 215,365 474,819 600,167 596,051 Eating Out 90,480 172,360 214,109 210,323 Sightseeing 76,867 132,043 164,085 160,656 Shopping 46,341 73,557 86,757 85,306 7DEOH$QQXDO$FWLYLW\/HYHOVLQ&RUDO%D\ Existing Use Ningaloo Coast Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Regional Strategy Holiday Home Caravan Park (2004) growth growth Water (kL) 173,951 357,317 458,986 442,327 Electricity (kWH) 17,538,394 50,604,416 61,015,904 57,236,488 Annual Landfill (m3) 8,493 14,051 16,001 15,866 7DEOH$QQXDO5HVRXUFH8VH Existing Capacity Ningaloo Coast Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Regional Strategy Holiday Home Caravan Park (2004) growth growth Internationals per 100 19 19 22 23 Australian Visitors Showcasing the Region 6 10 10 10 Average visitors per night 1,943 4,027 4,683 4,527 (peak season) 7DEOH6RFLDO,PSDFWV 0DUFK_5HYLVLRQ_3DJH Ningaloo Coast Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Regional Strategy Holiday Home growth Caravan Park growth (2004) Spangled Emperor -22% -27% -28% Corals -3% -4% -4% Whale Sharks -3% -4% -4% 7DEOH(QYLURQPHQWDO,PSDFWV 2QHQRWDEOHUHVXOWIURPWKLVPRGHOOLQJLVWKHDGGLWLRQDOVWUDLQRQWKHVHWWOHPHQW¶VUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJ HOHFWULFLW\ZDWHUDQGODQGIRUZDVWHGLVSRVDO7KH:DWHU&RUSRUDWLRQKDVFRQILUPHGWKDWFXUUHQWSHDNGUDZLV N/SHUGD\7KHVHWWOHPHQW¶VUHYHUVHRVPRVLVZDWHUWUHDWPHQWIDFLOLW\KDVDIXWXUHFDSDFLW\WRGHOLYHUXSWR N/SHUGD\7KHLQFUHDVHLQSRSXODWLRQSURSRVHGE\WKH&%663RYHUWKHQH[W\HDUVFDQEHVXSSOLHG SRWDEOHZDWHUE\WKH:DWHU&RUSRUDWLRQ9HUYH(QHUJ\KDVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHZLQGGLHVHOHOHFWULFDOJHQHUDWLRQ V\VWHPDOVRKDVVXIILFLHQWFDSDFLW\WRVXSSRUWDQDGGLWLRQDOSHRSOHEH\RQGZKDWWKH1&56SUHVFULEHG 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µ%D\YLHZ&RUDO%D\0DVWHU3ODQ9HUVLRQ¶ 0DUFK_5HYLVLRQ_3DJH $SSHQGL[$ &RUDO%D\ 'HWDLOHG$UHD&RQFHSW3ODQV Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans Aurecon | Shire of Carnarvon VFLHQFHGHVLJQ COPYRIGHT STATEMENT FOR: Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans Our Reference: 8887-2815-12R Copyright © 1987-2010 Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd ABN 70 070 128 675 Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), the whole or any part of this report may not be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner, Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd. This includes microcopying, photocopying or recording of any parts of the report. Neither may the information contained in this report be reproduced, transmitted or stored electronically in any form, such as in a retrieval system, without the specific written permission of Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd. Direct all inquiries to: Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 9 Stirling Highway PO Box 50 NORTH FREMANTLE WA 6159 Ph: (08) 9430 8955 Fax: (08) 9430 8977 Rev No. Author Approved for Issue Date Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887 - 2815 - 12R Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887 - 2815 - 12R table of contents Introduction ...... 3 1 Robinson Street ...... 4 2 Robinson Street Turnaround ...... 6 3 Baz’s Park ...... 8 4 Foreshore ...... 10 5 Fletchers Hill Lookout ...... 12 6 Banksia Drive Carpark ...... 14 7 French Street ...... 16 8 Monck Head Drive ...... 18 9 Street Trees ...... 20 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887 - 2815 - 12R Introduction The Coral Bay Detailed Area Plans are intended as a support appendix to the Coral Bay Settlement Structure Plan prepared in collaboration with Aurecon for the Shire of Carnarvon. Being one of Western Australia’s premier tourist destinations, the Coral Bay Settlement is currently experiencing significant residential, commercial and retail growth. This increased growth has placed significant pressure on the public realm and the associated surrounding landscapes. The following Detailed Area Concept Plans provide examples of typical spatial arrangements for a variety of key streetscape and public space areas around the town. Location Plan Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 3 Figure 1, Robinson Street Robinson Street is the main thoroughfare through the town, providing access to the local community infrastructure and tourist accommodation. It features the following design features: x Significantly reduced road width x 4m wide dual use paths x 90° roadside parking x Parallel parking on the southern side of the street, which has capacity for tourist coach pull- over x Extensive street tree planting to provide amenity, shade and wind protection x Two-way road access Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 4 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 5 Figure 2, Robinson Street Turnaround Further west, Robinson Street terminates with a roundabout, continuing on as a one-way street. This turnaround is a key public space, becoming the arrival point for Coral Bay. It features the following design features: x Views towards Bill’s Bay x Opportunities to access Baz’s Park x Bus bays for tourist coaches x Bus bays for tourist coach drop-off and pick-up x Advanced tree planting x Interpretive signage and toilet facilities x Pedestrian linkages to French street thoroughfare x Maintains and reinforces access to existing and proposed resorts and commercial businesses Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 6 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 7 Figure 3, Baz’s Park Baz’s Park is the primary public park within the settlement of Coral Bay and should be reinforced as a community hub and recreation area providing a gathering space and beach access point. It features the following design features: x Reduced road pavement width with adjacent embayed parking x One-way road access x 4m wide dual use paths x The parkland features subtle mounding and swales to reflect the dunal character x Swales are positioned to capture and treat (remove silt and nutrients) stormwater before it enters the marine environment x Extensive tree planting and shade structures to provide amenity, shade and wind protection x Removal of existing toilet and fish cleaning facilities x Reinforce beach access to protect foreshore vegetation x Connection to Baiyungu track and key interpretive trail node Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 8 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 9 Figure 4, Foreshore The one way street continues on from Baz’s Park adjacent to beach foreshore. It features the following design features: x Reduced road pavement width x One-way road access x 4m wide dual use paths x Maintain protective fencing to dunes x Swales and tree planting to reinforce existing palms with local Cycad species in an informal (clumped) arrangement x Accessibility for emergency vehicles will accommodate Jinker access Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 10 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 11 Figure 5, Fletchers Hill Lookout Fletchers Hill Lookout is a key destination for Coral Bay tourists, providing views across the settlement. It features the following design features: x Tourist coach access x Provision of new toilets x Extensive car parking x 4m wide dual use paths x Connection to Baiyungu track and key interpretive trail node at lookout point x Small pockets of turf parkland to provide for visitor arrival and picnics x Universal ramp provides access to lookout x Dune rehabilitation planting x Adjacent built form nestled in to dunes to ensure minimal visual impact x Baiyungu track heads south towards boat launching facilities Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 12 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 13 Figure 6, Banksia Drive Carpark Banksia Drive and the adjacent car park provide access to the southern part of the settlement heading back towards the proposed road connecting to Fletchers Hill Lookout. It features the following design features: x Extensive street tree planting to provide amenity, shade and wind protection x Formalised 90° roadside parking x Formalised pedestrian circulation to provide access to primary school, FESA facilities and French street pedestrian thoroughfare x Roadside revegetation to control dust Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 14 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 15 Figure 7, French Street The French Street road reserve is proposed to be redeveloped as a pedestrian thoroughfare connected Banksia Drive to the central area of Robinson Street. It features the following design features: x Extensive park and street tree planting to provide amenity, shade and wind protection x Graded landscape to channel stormwater x Planting and revegetation using local species x Maintain a passive connection to neighbouring properties x Potential for play and exercise equipment Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 16 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 17 Figure 8, Monck Head Drive At this point Monck Head Drive connects south towards the boat launching facilities and the new service station. It features the following design features: x Roadside revegetation and tree planting to provide amenity, shade and wind protection x Swales to accommodate drainage Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 18 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 19 Street Trees The proposed tree planting for the Coral Bay Settlement advocates the use of locally occurring tree species augmented with the use of existing exotic tree species for high amenity areas. Generally, there should be a shift away from the extensive use of Tamarisk and Coconut Palms due to the risk of coconut injuries and cyclone wind throw. Refer to the street recommendations for images and heights of the trees appropriate to the Coral Bay environment. Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 20 Coral Bay Detailed Area Concept Plans Area 1110 © Ecoscape (Australia) Pty Ltd 8887-2815-12R 21 $SSHQGL[% &RUDO%D\ /DQGVFDSH&KDUDFWHU*XLGHOLQHV CoralBayLandscapeCharacterGuidelines Aurecon|ShireofCarnarvon science+design COPYRIGHTSTATEMENTFOR: CoralBayLandscapeCharacterGuidelines OurReference:8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R Copyright©1987Ͳ2010 Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd ABN70070128675 ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightAct1968(Cth),thewholeoranypartofthisreportmaynotbereproduced byanyprocess,electronicorotherwise,withoutthespecificwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner,Ecoscape (Australia)PtyLtd.Thisincludesmicrocopying,photocopyingorrecordingofanypartsofthereport. Neithermaytheinformationcontainedinthisreportbereproduced,transmittedorstoredelectronicallyinanyform, Guidelines suchasinaretrievalsystem,withoutthespecificwrittenpermissionofEcoscape(Australia)PtyLtd. Directallinquiriesto: Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd Character 9StirlingHighwayPOBox50NORTHFREMANTLEWA6159 Ph:(08)94308955Fax:(08)94308977 RevNo. Author ApprovedforIssue Date Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R ii tableofcontents 1.0 introduction...... 4 1.1 summary...... 4 1.2 keytermsdefined...... 5 1.3 Landscapeassessment...... 5 2.0 landscapevalues...... 6 2.1 landscapeperceptions...... 6 2.2 siteappreciation...... 7 2.3 landscapecharacter...... 8 2.4 biophysicalcontext...... 8 2.5 socioͲculturalcontext...... 12 2.6 summaryofkeylandscapevalues...... 16 3.0 managementstrategies...... 17 3.1 builtform&publicrealm...... 17 3.2 CharacterManagementObjectives...... 23 3.3 Conclusion...... 23 references...... 24 Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R iii 1.0 introduction 1.1 summary TheCoralBayLandscapeCharacterGuidelinesareintendedasasupportappendixtotheCoralBay SettlementStructurePlanpreparedincollaborationwithAureconfortheShireofCarnarvon.The LandscapeCharacterGuidelineswillinformandconservethevisualcharacterofCoralBayandany future development proposed for the settlement and its surrounds. This document has been prepared in response to increased pressure on the Ningaloo Reef World Heritage Area and associatedlandscapesasoneofWesternAustralia’spremiertouristdestinationsandtoexpandthe capacityandrangeofaccommodation,retailandcommercialdevelopmentinCoralBay. Thisreportdocumentsandsummarisesthekeylandscapevaluesderivedfromextensivecommunity and stakeholder consultation and aims to establish appropriate management strategies for protectingthecharacterofCoralBay. Insummary,therecommendationsoftheLandscapeCharacterGuidelinesareto: x Retainandenhanceexistingtopographyandcoastalvegetationinanaturalform x Assist in assessing development proposals in terms of scale relative to its local context x Carefully manage building heightsto minimise visual impacts from external vantagepoints x Encourage site responsive built form and orientation to enhance sustainable development x Encourageclustereddwellingarrangementstosupportasocialcontext x Maintain the local architectural vernacular of verandas and sheltered exterior livingenvironments x Lowkey,publiclookoutsondunetopstoprovideequitablevisualaccesstothe vastsurroundinglandscape x Optimisepathsthroughdunes,rehabilitatingdegradedareasandoldpathsand Guidelines minimisevegetativecoverlossandwindͲborndustgeneration Character The Landscape Character Guidelines are based on a landscape assessment that provides a comprehensive and systematic method of identifying, understanding, and mapping the landscape valuesofaplace;andamethodfordeterminingandsensitivelymanagingboththevaluesandthe Landscape impactsofdevelopment.AnoutcomeofthisinteractiveprocesswillbeaStructurePlanthatensures Bay thatthedevelopmentisinharmonywiththesurroundingsandthatenhancesthe‘senseofplace’. Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R 4 1.2 keytermsdefined Forthepurposesofthisstudythefollowingkeytermsaredefined: Environment–referstothebiophysicalandsocialattributesofaplace–typicallycomposedof climate,geologyandlandform,vegetation,waterͲform,faunaandbuiltstructures. Landscape–referstothe‘sensed’environment.It‘sassociatedvaluesareoftenexpressedina diverserangeofaesthetic,socialandhistoricways–bothvisuallyandnonͲvisually. Sensed Ͳ detected by instinct or inference rather than by recognized perceptual cues (wordͲ net.princeton.edu/perl/webwn). LandscapeValues–arethevaluespeoplederivefromtheir‘sensed’interpretationandexperiͲ enceoftheenvironment. Landscape Character Unit – a specific area of land and/or water with common characteristics derivedfromacombinationofclimate,landform,vegetation,waterͲform,andculturallanduse patterns. LandscapeAssessment–asystematicplanningprocessthatdefinesenvironmentalattributesas landscapevaluesexperiencedbypeople. Horizon Line – the point of transition from land or water based feature to the sky from the viewer’svantagepoint.Forthepurposesofthisstudy,itisassumedvantagepointsarelocatedat 1600mmtheaverageeyeͲheightofastandingperson)abovethegroundsurfaceorthesurfaceof the ocean. It should be noted that vegetation and structures contribute to the shape (or silhouette)ofthehorizonͲline. 1.3 Landscapeassessment Thisreporthasincorporatedalandscapeassessmentthatrespondstolandscapesensitivityandhas been adapted specifically to Coral Bay and its surrounding environment. The methodology is as follows: x IdentificationofLandscapeValuesheldbycommunitymembersandstakeholders throughaconsultationprocess x SiteAppreciationͲBioͲphysical&SocioͲculturalCharacter Landscape x LandscapeValues&ManagementStrategies Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845–2815–12R 5 2.0 landscapevalues 2.1 landscapeperceptions In order to assess a landscape and manage the impacts of development on this landscape, it is necessarytoknowwhatisvaluedabouttheparticularplace.Forthisassessment,adesktopanalysis ofthesiteaswellaslocalcommunityinputprovidedthebasisforidentifyingthelandscapevalues. Thefollowingisabriefsummaryoftheliteraturereviewandconsultationthatformedthebasisof understandingthelandscapevaluesofCoralBay. LandscapeSignificance: The assessment of landscape significance identifies the features that are most important to the experienceandenjoymentofpeople.Theyarenormallyseparatedintothreecategories,aesthetic, social and historic. Aesthetic significance is assessed using visual criteria based on assumptions drawn from preference research in Australia and overseas, and from formal aesthetic theory. It assumesthataestheticsignificanceincreaseswith: x topographiccharacter x levelofnaturalcharacterorwilderness x landusecompatibility x presence,extent andedgeofwaterforms x presenceofoutstandingnaturalfeatures x legibilityoffeatures x sympathyinlanduseresponsetonaturalfeatures. Socialsignificanceisdefinedas: x placesthatarearecognisedrecreationsite x placeswhichdemonstrateastrongassociationwithpeople x places which are frequently listed by surveys for reasons other than visual attractivenessorinterestand x placesthathavebeenpreviouslydocumentedashavingastrongassociationwith Guidelines people. Character Historicsignificanceisdefinedas: x featureswithtangiblehistoriccharacteristics(features,physicalevidence) x Places with intangible historic characteristics (stories, ceremonies, hidden Landscape evidence) Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R 6 2.2 siteappreciation Coral Bay is the most developed and closest access point to the Ningaloo Marine Park and is an important tourism node.A range of tourism accommodation is offered and current capacity is estimatedtobeintheregionof2150overnightvisitors.Approximately250workersandbusiness ownerscurrentlylivein thesettlement. BothovernightanddayvisitationtoCoralBayhasbeenincreasingoveranumberofyearsandthisis expectedtocontinue.VisitorstoCoralBayarriveviabus,regionalairlines,andprivateorhirecar (drivingtimefromPerthisapproximately11hours).OpportunitiesforrestandrecreationinCoral Baycoverbothterrestrialandmarineactivities.Theseholidayactivitiesincludeshorebasedfishing, snorkelling,windsurfingandkitesurfing(southofMonkHead),tours(kayakadventures,boattours, deepseafishingandATVsafaris),bushwalking,andgeneralwildlifeobservation. TheprincipalplanningobjectiveforCoralBayisforthesettlementtocontinuetobeanattractive destination for tourists and visitors seeking to experience the natural features of the Ningaloo MarineParkandtheremoteholidayatmosphereofCoralBaythroughimprovedsustainabletourism and recreational practices (The Coral Bay Settlement Plan, Ningaloo Coast Regional Strategy Carnarvon to Exmouth, 2004), of which the Coral Bay Settlement Structure Plan (2013) aims to reinforcethisobjective.Thefocusisonimprovingthecharacterandexperiencethatattractspeople toCoralBaysothatitreflectsavillageatmosphere,facilitatingsustainablemanagementofthearea theprotectionofthe uniquenaturalqualitiesofthecoastlineandadjacentmarinepark. The planning objective for the foreshore reserve is “to reserve remaining foreshore areas in the northandsouthoftheCoralBaytouristsettlementandmanagethereservetoensuretheprotection of the coastal environment for the benefit of the general community” (Ningaloo Coast Regional StrategyCarnarvontoExmouth,2004). TohelprealisethisobjectiveinvisualcharactertermsextensivelandscapeͲbasedanalyseshasbeen prepared including: Landscape Character Analysis; Biophysical Context; SocioͲcultural Context and throughextensiveCommunityConsultationandreferencingbacktopreviousstudiesandsupporting documents.Theoutcomesoftheseanalysesaredocumentedspatiallyintheappendicesandform thebasisforthemanagementrecommendationsoutlinedthisreport. Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 7 2.3 landscapecharacter TheCoralBaytownsiteislocatedwithintheNorthWestCapeRangelandscapecharactertypeas definedbyReadingtheRemote(Calm,1972).TheNorthWestCapeRangeischaracterisedbythe rugged limestone cliff landforms of the Cape Range.The range dissects the region, creating a backbonewithinthe otherwiseflatpeninsulalandscapewithfringingcoastalplains.Thetownsite sitsinthenarrowwesterncoastalplaincentraltotheNingalooReef. The western coastal plain is dominated by the dramatic visual contrast between the dark shaded rangesandthenarrowcoastallandscape.Strongseabreezesbuffetthecrystallinewaterscovering thediverseandspectacularNingalooReef.Numerousgulliesandcreeksdissectthecoastalplain, developedbyscouringwaterstravellingdownfromtheflatͲtoppedplateausofuplifted limestone throughruggedcanyonsanddeeplydissectedravines.Similartotheeasternplain,shallowchannels cross the plain in parallel flow lines fanning sediment across the low lying terrain enhancing an ancientlineardunesystem 2.4 biophysicalcontext TOPOGRAPHY The general topography of Coral Bay is dominated by linear sand dunes running in a northͲsouth alignment.TheseoftensteepdunesformprominentridgelinesthatprovidesomeprotectionininterͲ dunalswalesfromprevailingsoutherlyandwesterlybreezes.Thetownsiteisnestledbetweenthese dunescreatinganintimatescaleforthetownsiteanditsphysicalsettingonthecoastline.Anumber ofundevelopedparcelsoflandstraddlethetopsofdunestothenorthandsouthsidesoftownthat mayrequirecarefuldevelopmentheightconsiderationstomaintainanunderstatedpresenceonthe naturaltopographyofthiscoastline. Fletchers Hill to the western edge of the town forms the predominant landform feature offering viewsacrosstownandnorthacrossBillsBaytoSkeletonBayandMaude’sLandingbeyond.Thereis alsoalargedunetotheeastoftownthatprovidesanatural‘gateway’effectforvisitorsapproachby theonlysealedroadintoCoralBay,withanumberofcrosseserectedtothesouthernpeakofthis Guidelines dunesignifyingininformaldogcemetery. VEGETATION Character The preͲdevelopment vegetation complex is classified as ‘Coastal Dunes (veg assoc. 662): Triodia Hummockgrassland;shrubsteppe;mixedacaciascrubanddwarfscrubwithsoftspinifex&Triodia Landscape basedowii’ (Beard, 1975). Today, the townsite is dominated by Tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla) and a Bay varietyofexoticpalmtreespecies.Anotherveryinvasiveweedspecies,theBuffelgrass(Cenchrus Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 8 ciliaris) has destroyed and continues to compete with the local flora within the foreshore dune system.Erosionisalsoamajorissuewiththisprominentcoastaltownasaresultofuncontrolled accessandpoorlydefinedmanagementresponsibilityalongthecoastalheadland. GEOLOGY Thesite’sgeologyismainlycharacterisedascostaldunes,beachesandbeachridges.Theforeshore regiontothewestisclassifiedasbunderacalcareniteandtotheeastofthetownsitethegeologyis calcarenitewithcalcretesoils(GeologicalSurveyofWA(GSWA),2000). WATERFORMANDDRAINAGE Located in a naturally formed swale, the town site isdsurrounde by northͲsouth rows of a linear dune system.This low lying landform is also subject to storm surges during cyclonic events the extentofwhichisshownontheopportunitiesandconstraintsplan. CLIMATICINFLUENCES The region experiences a varied climate ranging from hot and often inhospitable extremes in summer; to balmy pleasant temperatures in winter.High rainfall during the summer months, influenced by storm and cyclone events is offset by the high evaporation rate; this is expressed throughthearidandparchedenvironment. Theclimateofthestudyareaisclassified,arid,withtwoseasons;ahotsummerwhichextendsfrom OctobertoAprilandamildwinterfromMaytoSeptember.ThehottestmonthisJanuarywithmean maximumtemperaturesof37.9ȗCandthecoolestmonthisJulywithmeanminimumtemperatures of24.1ȗC(DALScienceandEngineeringPtyLtd,2002a).CoralBayareahasanannualevaporationof about2700mm,whichexceedstheannualrainfallalongthecoastofbetween200Ͳ300mm.Rainfall canoccurinsummerandwinter,withsummerrainfallfromcyclonesbeingirregularbutsometimes heavy. Lighter more regular falls occur in winter with June the wettest month ofe th year. The proximityofthereefsystemtoshoreisinparttheresultoftheregion’scharacteristicallyaridclimate with low average annual rainfall and extremely low levels of runͲoff. Although arid, there is considerablevariationintheclimatebothwithintheregionandfromyeartoyear(MarineParksand ReservesAuthority,2005). CLIMATECHANGE Guidelines Trendsidentifiedintheregioncontinuetobegenerallyconsistentwiththatelsewhereintheworld. Mean temperatures have increased as much as 0.1°C per decade over the past century, a faster Character increase in night time than daytime temperatures, and sea level has been rising at an average of about20mmperdecadeoverthepast50years(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2001). Landscape SignificantpotentialimpactsfromclimatechangeidentifiedonAustralasianlandͲbasedecosystems Bay included alteration in soil characteristics, water and nutrient cycling, plant productivity, species Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 9 interactions, and ecosystem composition and function, exacerbated by any increases in fire occurrenceandinsectoutbreaks.Aquaticsystemswouldbeaffectedbychangesinrunoff,riverflow, andassociatedtransportofnutrients,wastes,andsediments.ThesechangesandseaͲlevelrisewould affect estuaries and mangroves. Australia's coral reefs were considered to be vulnerable to temperatureͲinduced bleaching and possibly to seaͲlevel rise and weather change (IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2001). WINDREGIME The synoptic wind patterns in the Coral Bay region are largely controlled by the west to east movementofabeltofantiͲcyclonicsystemwhichundergoesaseasonallatitudemigrationresulting insouthtosouthwesterlywindsinsummerandeasttosoutheasterlywindsinwinter(DALScience andEngineeringPtyLtd,2002a). The sea breeze is a local scale phenomenon that is generated by the temperature differential betweenthelandandtheocean(DALScienceandEngineeringPtyLtd,2002b).Strongsoutherlysea breezestypicallydevelopduringsummerafternoons,butonthewesterncoastoftheCapethewinds arepredominantlyfromthesouthͲwestwithvelocitiesrangingfrom1Ͳ3m/sectoover10m/secand the sea breeze develops by late morning (DAL Science and Engineering Pty Ltd, 2002a).Cyclonic windsalthoughinfrequentmaybesevere,exceedingspeedsof150km/hr.WindsduringCyclone Vance(1998)wererecordedinexcessof250km/hr(MarineParksandReservesAuthority,2005). Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 10 Guidelines Character Landscape Bay WINDREGIME Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 11 2.5 socioͲculturalcontext CulturalandHeritageConsiderations INDIGENOUS TheareaoftheNingalooMarineParkincludingCoralBayhassignificantIndigenousheritagevalues associated with historical and current use by indigenous people. While the relationship between Indigenous people and the Commonwealth waters of Ningaloo Marine Park is not known, the indigenous cultural values of the Commonwealth waters are inferred by the long association of Indigenouspeoplewiththecoastalwatersofthearea.ArchaeologicalevidencefromtheCapeRange peninsulaindicatesthatIndigenouspeopleinhabitedandusedthecoastalresourcesoftheNingaloo coastforover30,000years(DepartmentofEnvironmentandHeritage,2005). NingalooMarineParkanditshinterlandwereoccupiedbytwogroups,theJunigudiraandBaiyungu. TheJunigudirawerelocatedonNorthWestCapeandtheCapeRangepeninsulatoalinebetween thebottomofExmouthGulfandWhalebackHills.TheterritoryoftheBaiyunguextendssouthfrom Whaleback Hills to Point Quobba, comprising Coral Bay and Coastal areas of Southern parts of Ningaloo,Cardabia,WarroraGnaralooandQuobbaStations.Thecoastalportionsofthisareanow comprisethesouthernpartsofNingaloo,Cardabia,QuobbaandWarrooraStations.TheIndigenous people had sophisticated, coastally focused subsistence strategies and maintained an extensive tradingnetwork(DepartmentofEnvironmentandHeritage,2006). IndigenouspeoplearevariouslyreportedtohavelefttheCapeRangepeninsulaeitherpriortoNonͲ indigenoussettlementorshortlythereafter,possiblyduetotheincidenceofdiseasesintroducedby whalersorpearlerswhooperatedoutofExmouthGulf.Morerecentlysomeofthetraditionalpeople have returned to the area. The Baiyungu Aboriginal Corporation has purchased and is managing CardabiaStation,nearCoralBay.TheNingaloocoastissubjecttoaNativeTitleClaimbytheGnulli, representinganumberoflanguagegroupsintheGascoyne,withYamatjiLandandSeaCouncilbeing the supporting representative body to the claimants (Department of Environment and Heritage, 2005). IndigenousHeritageisprotectedundertheIndigenousHeritageAct1972andtraditionalhuntingof turtle and dugong is permitted in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation Act (Department of EnvironmentandHeritage,2006) Guidelines HeritageSites AnumberofcavesitesintheCapeRangehaveyieldedmaterialsthatindicatethatbothterrestrial Character andmarineresourceswereexploitedforfoodusedanddecorativeornamentsbyindigenouspeople. ThesesitesrepresenttheoldestdatedevidenceforexploitationofmarineresourcesinAustraliaand provide the earliest evidence for human decorative ornaments in Australia (Department of Landscape EnvironmentandHeritage,2005). Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 12 Two Indigenous Heritage sites were identified within the study area.The public disclosure of detailed information regarding Indigenous Sites is not permitted under the general licensing agreementforaccesstotheIndigenousSitesRegisterbutanindicationofthetypesofsitestheyare notedbelow: SiteID SiteName SiteDetails* 159 CoralBay02 Artefacts/Scatter,Midden/Scatter 6616 CoralBayAccess2 Artefacts/Scatter,Midden/Scatter NONͲINDIGENOUSSETTLEMENTHERITAGE ThefirstrecordedNonͲindigenouscontactwithNorthWestCapewasasightingbythecrewofthe DutchshipZeewolfin1618.Laterinthesameyear,thefirstknownlandingbyaNonͲindigenouswas madebyCaptainJacobzoftheshipMauritius. Theareahasanextensivemaritimehistory,suchasthelighthousesforpassingvesseltrafficandthe whalingtrade,withnumerousshipwrecksresultingfromthenumberofvesselsthatpliedthecoast. Americanwhalersoperatedintheareaasearlyasthe1790s,some90yearsbeforethelandwas utilisedbyNonͲindigenousforgrazing.WhalingatthistimewasashipͲbasedoperationand,whileit islikelylandingsweremadetoacquirefreshwaterandpossiblyfreshmeat,noinfrastructurewas establishedonland.Thewhalersarereportedtohaveinitiallytargetedspermwhalesandlater,in responsetoabetterunderstandingofwhalemigrations,humpbackwhales. Thepastoralindustrycommencedwiththeestablishmentin1876ofMinilyaStation,whichoriginally encompassedthewholeoftheCapeRangepeninsula.Thisareawasprogressivelysubdividedinto thepresentstationareas,withYardieCreek,Ningaloo,CardabiaandWarrooraStationsoccupying the western coastline. Yardie Creek Station was subsequently acquired by the Western Australian StateGovernmenttoformpartoftheCapeRangeNationalPark. There are no recognised NonͲindigenous Heritage sites within the study area; however, there are remains of a whaling factory at Norwegian Bay north of Coral Bay that provides a glimpse of the industrythatexistedfrom1913till1957.Shipwrecksareofgreatinteresttomanyvisitorssincethey provideatangiblelinkwiththehistoryofthereservesinadynamicenvironment.Submergedwrecks Guidelines can also provide dive sites that combine a historical and natural experience due to the array of marinelifethataccumulatesonandaroundthewrecks(MichaelRobinsonandAssociates,2002). Character There is also a lighthouse at Vlamingh Head, northern tip of Cape Range National Park, which representsoneofthearea’smostvisualhumanlandmarks.Thelighthousewasdecommissionedin 1967(MarineParksandReservesAuthority,2005). Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 13 OpenSpaceNetworks Public open space in Coral Bay is formalised at Baz’s Park within the Foreshore Reserve and is currentlymanagedbyacombinationofDECstaff,primarylandownersmaintenancestaffandthe ShireofCarnarvondependingonthemanagementtasksathand. ThebeachareasofBillsBayandParadiseBeacharethemostpopularopenspacerecreationareasin thetown,andthisiswhatvisitorscomeheretoexperience.Athightide,theseareasareconsumed byrisingseawaterthatdrivesvisitorseitherintothewater,intothedunevegetation,toBaz’sPark orbacktotheiraccommodation. IrrigationissuppliedbytheBaysideResort’sborewatersupplytothenorthoftown.Thiswaterisof apoorqualitywith high mineralsalt andalgal contentnecessitatingahighlevelofapplication to maintaingreenturf.Theavailabilityofborewaterisabundant,howevercurrentlyallsupplyfacilities undercurrentuseareinprivateownership. PedestrianandVehicularCirculation CoralBayisatourismtown,duetoitslocationandproximitytotheNingalooReef.Ithasasmall permanent population, which is augmented by a large transient population in peak seasons by visitorsetoth region.Thishasledtoafocusonpedestriancirculation,withvisitorsmovingtowards recreational areas such the beach, retail and commercial hubs. The existing ‘walkͲability’ radius is approximately350m,suggestinglowvehicledependency.Howevertherearenoformalisedcycleor dualusepathsaroundthesettlementof CoralBay,presentingasignificantopportunitytoincrease mobilityaroundthetown. AccessintothetownisviaMaudsLandingRoad,offtheMinilyaͲExmouthRoad.Manyvisitorstothe region fly into Learmonth Airport in Exmouth and drive down to Coral Bay. Access to proposed development will be increased with the extension of Banksia Drive to loop around the existing settlementandhookbackintoRobinsonStreet. ThetowncentreisfocusedonRobinsonStreet,whichisthemainpedestrianlinkthroughtown,in additiontoprovidingaccesstoalltouristaccommodationprovidersandcommunityinfrastructure suchassupermarketsandcafé’s. FrenchstreetisbeingproposedforareͲdesignasa‘green’pedestrianthoroughfare,allowingfora Guidelines significantnorthͲsouthconnectionthroughtown. The Baiyungu Trail is a major trail network along the coastline; it has numerous trail heads and Character interpretationnodes.TheBaiyunguTrailismanagedbytheBaiyunguAboriginalCorporation Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 14 Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 15 2.6 summaryofkeylandscapevalues ThebiophysicalandsocioͲculturalcharactermappingforCoralBayandtheimmediatesurroundswas derivedfromaerialphotography,topographicsurvey,localknowledgeandsitereconnaissance.The followingkeylandscapevaluesarethebiophysicalandsocioͲculturalfeaturesinthelandscapethat aremosthighlyvaluedasdefinedbytheresearch, communityconsultationandmapping.Theyform thebasisfortheestablishmentofguidelinesandstrategieswhichprotectthelandscapevaluesfrom theimpactsoffuturedevelopmentwithinCoralBay. In summary the key landscape values derived from the interrelationship between the landscape perceptionsandattitudesandthemappingofbiophysicalandsocioͲculturalcharacterare: x Apredominantlylowandgentlyslopingtopography x linearsanddunesrunninginanorthtosouthalignment x biodiversityofbothmarineandterrestrialenvironments x expansiveviewsacrossthesettlementandsurroundingnaturallandscape(fromFletchersHill Lookout) x existingsettlementsitspredominantlywithinswalesbetweenthedunes x emphasis on the ocean as the essence of the town both socially (ocean recreation) and economically(tourism) x thehorizonlineremainsthedominantlandscapefeature x interactionwiththecoastforrecreation x strong spatial enclosure by a large eastern dune (running northͲsouth), which acts as a gatewaytothetown PotentialImpactsfromDevelopment Thechallengeforcoastalsettlementsistobalancearequirementforgrowthwiththenecessityto retaintheexistingcharacterandsenseofplace.Thismeansanydevelopmentneedstobethoughtof withinanenvironmentalcontext;views,access,transport,amenity.Potentialissuesthatmayoccurif developmentdoesn’tconsiderthekeylandscapevaluesare: x developmentwhichisinappropriatetothesettlementspresentandfuturedemographicmix x removingthequalitiesthatgiveaplaceitsliveability,lifestylechoicesandmakeitadesirable Guidelines placetolive x degradedpedestrianenvironments x privatisation of streets, open space and foreshores, environments which should be public Character amenity x locatingbuildingsandinfrastructureinareaswhicharesubjecttonaturalhazards(eg.Storm surge) Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 16 3.0 managementstrategies 3.1 builtform&publicrealm Fromanunderstandingofthekeylandscapevaluesasinformedbythesiteanalysisandconsultation process,thefollowingcharactermanagementstrategiesareillustratedinthefollowingpages. Figure3:Retainandenhanceexistingcoastalandtopography Guidelines Character Figure 4: Model proposed development to assess “skylining” of development. Reconsider developmentthatitoutofscaleinrelationtosurroundingbuiltformandlandscapefeatures Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R 17 Figure5:Buildingheightsareinformedbylocationwithinthedune,withtwostorybuildingswithin theswale Figure6:Createroofpitchandorientationtoreflecttopographicalandhorizongradients Guidelines Character Figure7:Ensureproposedbuildingsarehiddenbetweendunes,tomaintaina“green”horizonline Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 18 Figure 8: Orient dwellings to maximizepassivewindventilation Figure9:Groupeddwellingstoencourage acommunalatmosphere Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Figure10:Maintainthelocalarchitecturalvernacularofverandasandexteriorlivingenvironments Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 19 Figure 11: Avoid structures on top of dunes, so as to reduce any visual impact. They should be retainedaslookouts Figure12:Optimisepathsthroughdunes,rehabilitatingdegradedareasandoldpaths Guidelines Character Figure13:LocatefootpathsonnorthsideofeastͲwestroadsforshade.Clustertreesandplantingtoform Landscape periodicthicketsforshadeforpedestrians Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 20 Figure14:Maintainandenhanceagreennetwork;allowingademocraticcirculationthroughthetownfor peopleandfauna.Avoiduseoffencesandothergroundlevelbarriers Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 21 Figure15:Createbuildingheightlimitstoensurethatbuildingssituatedathighpointsalongtheridgeline donotnegativelyimpactthesurroundinglandscapecharacter Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 22 3.2 CharacterManagementObjectives TheoutcomesofthislandscapeassessmentwillinformthedesignofamoredetailedStructurePlan. ThefollowingmanagementobjectiveswillpreservethelandscapevaluesoftheCoralBaySettlement anditssetting: x Retainandenhanceexistingtopographyandcoastalvegetationinanaturalform x Assistinassessingdevelopmentproposals intermsofscalerelativetoitslocalcontext x Carefullymanagebuildingheightstominimisevisualimpactsfromexternalvantagepoints x Encouragesiteresponsivebuiltformandorientationtoenhancesustainabledevelopment x Encourageclustereddwellingarrangementstosupportasocialcontext x Maintain the local architectural vernacular of verandas and sheltered exterior living environments x Low key, public lookouts on dune topsto provide equitable visual access to the vast surroundinglandscape x Optimise paths through dunes, rehabilitating degraded areas and old paths and minimise vegetativecoverlossandwindͲborndustgeneration x Preservationandsupportofbothmarineandterrestrialbiodiversity x Preservationoftheexpansiveviewsacrossthesettlementandsurroundingnaturallandscape x Celebratetheoceanastheessenceofthetownanditsexistence x Facilitate a green network made up clusters of trees and planting to provide shade for pedestriansandhabitatlinksforwildlife 3.3 Conclusion TheCoralBaySettlementholdssignificantecologicalandsocialvaluewithinthecontextofWestern Australia. It is therefore imperative that this value be maintained and enhanced during the next phase of its development as a premier tourist destination. This ecological and social value is translatedintoitsownsetofuniquelandscapevalues,whichhavebeenoutlinedinthisdocument. InordertomaintainthecharacterofCoralBaytheselandscapevaluesmustbeconsideredthrough theimplementationofthevariousproposedcharactermanagementobjectives. Thisdocumentisintendedasaguidelineonlyandwillinformthedevelopmentassessmentprocess Guidelines inyearstocome.Theintentionisnottobetooprescriptivebuttogenerateasetofprinciplesthat can be interpreted by both proponents and assessors in achieving outstanding design and developmentoutcomesthatwillprotectandreinforcethecurrentcharacterofCoralBay. Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 23 references 1. Beard,J(1975),'PilbaraͲVegetationSurveyofWesternAustralia,Sheet5,1:1000000 VegetationSeries'.UniversityofWesternAustraliaPress,Nedlands,W.A.,1map. 2. DAL Science and Engineering Pty Ltd (2002a) Public Environmental Review for two proposalsforthedevelopmentofasingleboatingfacilityateitherMonckHead,orNorth BillsBay,nearCoralBay.DepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructure. 3. DAL Science and Engineering Pty Ltd (2002b) Public Environmental Review for two proposalsforthedevelopmentofasingleboatingfacilityateitherMonckHeadorNorth Bills Bay, near Coral Bay:Technical Appendix OneͲCoral Bay Boating Facility Coastal Geomorphologyandprocesses.DepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructure. 4. DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservationandMarineParksandReservesAuthority. (2005) Management plan for the Ningaloo Marine Park and Muiron Islands Marine ManagementArea,2005Ͳ2015.DEC,[Fremantle,W.A.]. 5. Department of Conservation and Land Management (1972) Reading the Remote, LandscapeCharactersofWesternAustralia.Como,WesternAustralia. 6. Department of Environment and Heritage (2005) History of the Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) [Online]. Australian GovernmentFrom: http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ningaloo/history.html[2006, 7. Department of Environment and Heritage (2006) Ningaloo Reef and Cape Range, LearmonthMinilyaRd,Exmouth,WA[Online].AustralianHeritageDatabase,PlaceDetails From: http://www.deh.gov.au/cgiͲ bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105881[2006, Guidelines 8. Ecoscape (2010), Coral Bay Foreshore Management Plan.Department of Environment Character andConservation. 9. IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(2001)ClimateChange2001:WorkingGroup Landscape II:Impacts,AdaptationandVulnerability.CambridgeUniversityPress. Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtd 8845Ͳ2815Ͳ12R 24 10. MarineParksandReservesAuthority(2005)ManagementPlanfortheNingalooParkand MuironIslandsMarineManagementArea.DepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation, Perth. 11. MichaelRobinsonandAssociates(2002)PublicEnvironmentalReviewfortwoproposals forthedevelopmentofasingleboatingfacilityateitherMonckHeadorNorthBillsBay, near Coral Bay: Technical Appendix 6ͲReport on Archaeological and Anthropological issues.DepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructure. 12. Western Australian Planning Commission (2004) Ningaloo Coast Regional Strategy Carnarvon to Exmouth .Statement of Planning Policy No. 6.3 Ningaloo Coast. Perth, WesternAustralia. Guidelines Character Landscape Bay Coral ©Ecoscape(Australia)PtyLtdAurecon 25 $SSHQGL[& &6,52,Q9LWUR0RGHOOLQJ WEATH FROM OCEANS InVitro modelling in support of Coral Bay Structure Plan Review Dr. Elizabeth A. Fulton 26 Novemeber 2012 Client: Aurecon Client Contact: Patrick McClure | Senior Planner Contact Dr Elizabeth Fulton CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research GPO Box 1538 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia ph: +61-3-62325018 email: [email protected] Citation Fulton EA (2012) InVitro modelling in support of Coral Bay Structure Plan Review. CSIRO Briefing Paper. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright and disclaimer © 2012 CSIRO To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. 1 Introduction The Ningaloo-Exmouth region is a system defined by the importance of extremes of scale - from the finest of reef scale interactions (metres or less) to regional ocean current systems and human use patterns, and onto global influences (e.g. fuel prices, industrial demand and the tourism market). This creates significant modelling challenges, regardless of the kind of model used. The problem is complicated further by the mismatch between jurisdictional boundaries of management authorities and system breakpoints (e.g. marine species assemblages show a clear break west and east of the northern tip of North West Cape). While there is some degree of spatial segregation of human activities (with reef associated industries to one side, extractive activities in the Gulf on the other, and agriculture and other land-based activities in between), this segregation is not immutable. Currently, some aspects of the ecological breakpoint are still reflected in management plans (e.g. the placement of marine reserves), but this is not true of all sectors (e.g. there is increasing oil and gas development within 20-50km of the Ningaloo Reef Marine Park boundaries) and the resident human population considers the region as an integrated whole. The Ningaloo-InVitro model is a whole of system model for exploring the implications of alternative management and development plans for the northern Gascoyne (Ningaloo- Exmouth region). The model consists of five main sub-models: 1) biophysics, which defines the natural environment, 2) socio-economics, which defines human behaviour, 3) industry, which defines large-scale economic drivers and institutions, 4) management, involving decision making and 5) monitoring and assessment (Figure 1.1). This modular design not only provides flexibility, via providing a choice of alternative representations for each sub- model, but also simulates biophysical, ecological and anthropogenic processes using a mix of analytical equation-based formulations (particularly for system-scale, physics or lower trophic level processes) and algorithmic, individual-based behavioural models (for rare species, top-level predators or human activities occurring at the finest scales). Each sub- model runs at the appropriate time and spatial scale. The model has an oceanographic and climate sub-model (including rainfall, temperature, salinity, geomorphology, nutrient and contaminant layers); 60 ecological components (e.g. primary producers, benthic habitats, benthic invertebrate communities, pelagic forage fish, main target species of fin-fish and crustaceans, top predators and species of special interest like turtles) that make up the food-web and habitats; and representations of each of the main industries (including commercial and recreational fisheries, tourism, oil and gas, salt production, coastal development, pastoral leases, horticulture, ports, shipping and road transport, regional economics, catchment use, recreation, conservation and infrastructure like roads and pipelines). These industry models are a combination of analytical decision models, response functions, specified rules, historical data and scenarios. Uncertainty is included in each of these options and determines which activity is carried out and its outcome. This aims to capture natural ambiguity in human and animal behaviour, missing or incorrect information and unpredictable and catastrophic events. There is no simple dataset for parameterising such a large agent-based model so it was based on data from a broad range of sources, primarily data directly collected by members of the Ningaloo research program (which ran 2005-2010), data from government departments (federal and state, including the Western Australian Department of Fisheries, Department of Environment and Conservation, Department of Transport, Department of Planning, Department of Lands), annual reports by industry members, and from the shires of Carnarvon and Exmouth. Where any gaps remained, data was drawn from neighbouring systems (e.g. the Pilbara) or environments with similar properties or structures (e.g. Great Barrier Reef). It has not been extensively updated since the original project completed in December 2011. Figure 1.1: Main components of the InVitro modelling framework. Uncertainty is dealt with by including handling of uncertainty for each part of the system - via alternative parameterisations of the most uncertain biological, environmental, social and economic components; with all parameterisations based on the data sources outlined above. Inclusion of uncertainty in this way helps to determine whether management and development decisions are robust in terms of stated objectives for the system, while also allowing for an understanding of potential risks associated with activities that maybe carried out in the region. It as in the role of exploring potential impacts of alternative development plans that the simulations discussed here were done. Over a hundred scenarios (defined by people interested in the system) have previously been explored for the region and are reported in Fulton et al (2011). 2 Method There were four scenarios run in this current exercise (Table 2.1). The first two of these represent reference simulations: the Regional Strategy in place in 2011 (including allocations proposed by landowners under Outline Development Plans), a large development scenario (as reference, which includes a large tourism development in the area as well as the completion of a deep-water port in Carnarvon, all phases of the marina and causeway developments in Exmouth and all current and planned industrial and resource sector developments in the Gascoyne and Pilbara). In addition there were two new growth proposals (i) with an additional 800 holiday homes above those specified for the Regional Strategy, but all else the same; and (ii) 500 additional holiday homes and 300 extra beds at the caravan park. The later two scenarios included all current and approved resource sector developments in the Gascoyne and Pilbara (as that best reflects the level of development that is actually happening in the region and may effect use of Coral Bay) as well as the modification of the schedule of major building developments for the simulated Coral Bay to allow for the construction of the extra beds (obviously the form and extent of construction differed depending on the type of bed being added). The modifications were initiated in 2015 as the 2013 injection point was judged too soon for a significant step up in construction and the 2017 was considered an unreasonable (or at least unnecessary) delay - based on expert advice from the WA building industry. The beds did not all come on line immediately, but at the pace dictated by the construction industry module of the Coral Bay “urban sub-model”. This saw them phased in over a few years (1-6 depending on the type of construction needed, stochasticity effected logistics and in-model storm events). Apart from the development strategies all other aspects of the system remained as they were for the base case. In particular, there were no modifications to any regulations or management strategies (i.e. all fishing regulations, zoning etc remained as it was in 2010). The InVitro model produces prodigious amounts of output and close to 100 regularly used reporting indices. This amount of information can however be overwhelming and a smaller set – which covers social, ecological and economic system components – is more useful for summarising the system. This set was used for the majority of the reporting in Fulton et al (2011) and is used here to facilitate ease of comparison. Note that the model has stochastic components and so must be run multiple times to get a sense of how variable or uncertain the outcome is under any one parameterisation. This is variation is reflected in the plot of results by giving the mean result (coloured bar) with 95% confidence intervals (error bars). Table 2.1: List of Coral Bay accommodation capacities in the different scenarios explored. The name used for the scenarios in the results plots are provided in (). Bed Type Existing Regional Large Growth Growth (as of Strategy Developments Scenario 1 Scenario 2 2011/ (Base 2012) case) Permanent 264 (2011 400 550 400 400 resident/ worker Census) (including family) Backpackers 120 220 500 220 220 Caravan/ camping 1296 1428 1428 1428 1728 Resort/ chalet/ 431 1744 4012 1744 1744 serviced apartment Holiday home 180 208 710 1008 708 Day visitors 500 500 500 500 500 Total 2527 4500 7700 5300 5300 3Results The results of the simulations are summarised in Figure 3.1, which contains a comparison of indicators for the local Coral Bay area (e.g. visitation, unemployment, demographics, use of utilities and the ecological status) as well as more general indicators of the entire region (Gross economy, road transport and broadly distributed ecological groups like turtles). The large development case is overwhelming in terms of both its regional wide economic returns, but also its ecological costs and the large increase in demand for utilities. As such it is presented in the figure for reference, but will not be discussed in detail. Instead the results will focus on comparing the two proposed growth scenarios (based on holiday home and caravan park developments) in comparison to the regional strategy (base case). 3.1 Coral Bay Area Tourism visitation and expenditure in Coral Bay is higher than for the base case scenario under both of the growth scenarios, although no where near as high as if there were a major resort built at the node. Under a mixed development scenario (i.e. caravan park and holiday homes) there is a 50% increase in visitation compared to the almost stagnant growth under the base case – although in absolute terms this growth effect of the development is only a small potential increase from 2010 figures, up from 2% to 3-4%. If the development is focused more on holiday homes then the increase is much higher at 25% above that in 2010. Tourism expenditure reflects this change in visitation, rising by only 11% for the mixed development case; this is a 30% increase above that of the base case, but is small compared to the 50% increase in expenditure in the case of the holiday home focused development (this represents a six-fold increase in expenditure compared to the base case). These changes in spending reflect the change in visitor mix in the region under the different scenarios (Table 3.1). In the base case the visitor mix largely remains stable through the 30 years of the simulation, but the outcome is more complicated for the growth scenarios. With additional caravan capacity nature lovers of all origins drop away, as do international budget travellers, though Australian travellers (whether from Western Australia or interstate) remain fairly constant and the numbers of visiting recreational fishers increases substantially. In the case where development focuses on additional holiday homes the Australian nature lovers, budget travellers and general vacationers all remain fairly constant, while the recreational fishers double, or more, and the international visitors of all types halve. The increased economic activity in coral bay is focused around tourism and other urban activities and services - Agriculture in the immediate region of Coral Bay is largely unaffected by any of the forms of development. The increased activity does attract more labour, with resident population growing by 35-45%. This increased population and economic activity does not however lead to a significant decrease in the unemployment rate. This is in part because of travelling itinerant workers who stay for months to enjoy the life style, supplementing income off occasional employment or by living with residents. The other component of unemployment reflects many more spouses performing home duties as the family rather than just the worker moves to the area given the expanded resident accommodation and kind of employment available (this is reflected in the lower increase in Table 3.1: Changes in the composition of the visitor mix in Coral Bay from 2010 to 2040 under the Regional Strategy and alternative Growth scenarios. An entry of “no change” indicates little change (i.e. % composition varies year to year but holds with a few % of 2010 values). NL stands for nature lovers (short term visitors targeting an interaction with the natural environment, but with little interest in fishing and an aversion to crowding and signs of environmental degradation), while travellers represent general, budget and “comfortable camper” classes of tourist, but not those visiting with intent to mainly go recreational fishing. Visitor Type Regional Strategy Growth Scenario 1 Growth Scenario 2 (Base case) Overseas traveller No change 50% decrease 30% decrease Overseas NL No change 50% decrease 50% decrease Interstate traveller No change No change No change Interstate NL No change No change 30% decrease Interstate recfisher No change 180% increase 170% increase WA traveller No change No change No change WA NL No change No change 5% decrease WA recfisher No change 65% increase 95% increase the proportion of the population that is working age, with more children joining the community). While competition for housing remains high with the development, housing availability does improve for both growth scenarios, but only if the tourism operators have the capacity to reserve a small proportion of the extra holiday houses as workers accommodation should the resident accommodation be exhausted. The extra resident and visitor population is associated with increased demand for infrastructure and utilities. While there are marginal increases in infrastructure investment above the base case (which saw almost no extra investment in infrastructure) for the mixed development there was a 6% increase if holiday homes formed the bulk of the new development. This investment helped deal with the extra load. In the case of the mixed development water use rose 25%, energy use 26% and waste production 41% in comparison with 2010. This was only a slight increase in water demand above the base case but represented a doubling or more for energy and waste. The increases were even more pronounced for the growth scenario that focused on holiday home construction. In that case the consumption of utilities in 2040 had risen by 44% above 2010 levels for water, 31% for energy and 50% for waste; representing a 2-4x increase above the demand in the base case. This pressure on utilities, along with an increased sense of crowding and a decline in perceived ecosystem state (see below) negated the positive influence of increased economic outlook for Coral Bay and the social perception remain poor. Though in all scenarios it was highly variable across the population depending on personal circumstance and worldview (attitudes and preferences). The increased use of the immediate Coral Bay area by the visitors and residents did have some effect on the coral habitats, primarily immediately off the main beach and around the most commonly visited dive/snorkel locations and fishing sites. However the decline is fairly minimal (<5-7% for the area). The increased recreational fishing pressure has a much larger impact on the fish stocks. The fishing pressure roughly doubles the increase seen under the base case for both growth scenarios. This sees a slightly larger drop in fish stocks: prime target species dropping by roughly 16-18% in the immediate Coral Bay area; the frequency of landing of larger bodied trophy fish drops by 20-23%; and Coral Bay catch rates dropping by 25-33%. 3.2 Gascoyne Region In terms if the overall economy the extra beds have, perhaps a surprisingly, noticeable flow- on effect through the region. When the beds are primarily added through additional holiday homes then this allows for 15% greater growth across the region (in comparison to the base case), due to extra flow in the economy (e.g. extra employment, higher wages etc). If the caravan park is expanded in addition to some additional homes then growth is on 5% higher in the long term. This is because of the expenditure patterns of those who more regularly use caravan parks, which do not contribute as much to the local economy while in the region so there are fewer flow on effects. The clearest reflection of this is in the size of wage rates in the two cases versus the base case – with wages on average 8% higher than the base case with a development based primarily on holiday homes, but only 2% higher with the larger caravan park capacity in Coral Bay. These effects on regional economic growth and wages are in part due to direct expenditure in Coral Bay, the employment that generates and then the expenditure of those employees etc, but also via the (smaller but not insignificant) expenditure of those travelling through Exmouth and Carnarvon to Coral Bay. Interestingly, the expansion of caravan parks in Coral Bay has an effect on visitation to Carnarvon, with more Australians choosing to go to Coral Bay than remain in Carnarvon for as long. This does not lead to an overall decrease in Carnarvon’s tourism economy however as higher numbers of international budget travellers moving through Carnarvon more than compensates for loses due to a drop in the Australian market share. As indicated above the extra accommodation is associated with some ecological impacts, but also additional logistical and infrastructure needs. In terms of regional-scale road transport this led to a 15% higher throughput (i.e. trucks or trips required to supply the extra capacity) in comparison to the base case if the development was only in the form of additional holiday homes, but only 6% if the development was a mixed with an expansion of the caravan park capacity. Environmentally, the results for turtles at a regional level are no different to those found in Fulton et al (2011). They are vulnerable to many pressures in the region (chiefly mortality due to foxes and the effects of rising sea level and nest site flooding) and need on-going management to reduce the pressure on the population if they are to be given a significant chance of long-term survival. While the two growth scenarios do not lead to a significantly worse off turtle population, though do not intrinsically provide for the recovery of the group either. This is true of many of the charismatic (unfished) ecological groups – the two growth scenarios do not put much extra pressure on groups not effected by fishing, but they do not ease pressure either. Some groups, like sharks continue to show a strong mix of direct and indirect effects of fishing, both in terms of accidental capture but also avoidance of high use areas, the extent of which expand with increased visitation. Figure 3.1: Results of the simulation runs focusing on the outcomes in the immediate Coral Bay area. References Fulton, E.A., Gray, R., Sporcic, M., Scott, R., Little, R., Hepburn, M., Gorton, B., Hatfield, B., Fuller, M., Jones, T., De la Mare, W., Boschetti, F., Chapman, K., Dzidic, P., Syme, G., Dambacher, J. and McDonald, D. (2011). Ningaloo Collaboration Cluster: Adaptive Futures for Ningaloo. Ningaloo Collaboration Cluster Final Report No. 5.3 CONTACT US FOR FURTHER INFORMATION t 1300 363 400 CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric +61 3 9545 2176 Beth Fulton e [email protected] t +61 3 6232 5018 w www.csiro.au e [email protected] w www.csiro.au/cmar YOUR CSIRO Australia is founding its future on science and innovation. Its national science agency, CSIRO, is a powerhouse of ideas, technologies and skills for building prosperity, growth, health and sustainability. It serves governments, industries, business and communities across the nation. $SSHQGL[' 1LQJDORR&ROODERUDWLRQ&OXVWHU 'HVWLQDWLRQ0RGHOOLQJ Simulations of options for the Coral Bay Structure Plan using the Ningaloo Destination Model At the request of Aurecon, Dr Tod Jones ran three options for the Coral Bay Structure Plan through the Ningaloo Destination Model (NDM). The NDM is a scenario planning tool for tourism development on the Ningaloo Coast, developed between 2007 and 2011 as part of the CSIRO and Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre’s (STCRC) Ningaloo Collaboration Cluster. The tool was developed in consultation with local and state-based stakeholders, and makes use of original data (including over 1500 visitor surveys) and secondary data (including information from Horizon Power and the Department of Water). It estimates economic, environmental, and social outcomes for different tourism planning scenarios.1 The NDM is not a predictive tool—the vagaries of tourism and international economics regularly defy expert predictions. However, it does provide a means of comparing outcomes between tourism scenarios, flagging risks, and considering impacts beyond those generally considered in planning methods, and it uses the best data available at its time of creation. It should be one of many inputs to a scenario planning process.2 The following scenarios were simulated through the NDM: Bed Type Existing Regional Strategy Growth Growth (including Scenario 1 Scenario 2 allocations proposed by landowners) Permanent 264 (2011 400 400 400 resident/ worker Census) (including family) Backpackers 120 220 220 220 Caravan/ camping 1296 1428 1428 1728 Resort/ chalet/ 431 1744 1744 1744 serviced apartment Holiday home 180 208 1008 708 Day visitors 500 500 500 500 Total 2527 4500 5300 5300 1 For more information, our final report (with the title Cluster Project 3: Socio-economics of Tourism) is available from: http://ningaloo.org.au/www/en/NingalooResearchProgram/Publications/Cluster- finalreports.html, or contact Tod Jones ([email protected]) for more information. 2 NDM does not predict the exact impacts of visitors or their spending patterns in the future. It merely shows you some plausible outcomes. On this basis, use of the NDM is at your discretion and risk and you will be solely responsible for any resulting loss or damage that you may incur or sustain from the use or reliance upon the data. The information below compares the existing infrastructure with the three other scenarios: the regional strategy, growth scenario 1 and growth scenario 2. All three scenarios are presented together and compared. A number of assumptions are made when running the NDM. x The major assumption is that visitors will respond to the new accommodation and it will be full during the peak season. Essentially this is assuming that the new accommodation will be very successful. Hence the results indicate the potential impacts, which will not reach this range if tourists do not choose to visit Coral Bay in large numbers. x Hence there is an assumption of high tourism growth (of over 100 percent in the case of growth scenarios 1 and 2). It would also require a significant shift in accommodation preferences, particularly towards holiday homes in some scenarios, but also hotel accommodation. x The effects of workforce shortages were effectively ignored. Accommodation for 400 people would house a workforce that would support annual visitation of approximately 500,000 visitor nights (100 000 people). This is below the numbers that are presented in the scenarios below. x It also assumes that there will be no outside impacts on Coral Bay. Hence it assumes that visitor patterns are only impacted by the shifting accommodation options. x As the Coral Bay visitor data that we collected for the NDM had a small sample size for holiday rental accommodation, an assumption was made that the mix of visitors in this accommodation would be similar to Exmouth. Comparison of Growth Scenarios for Coral Bay Table 1: Annual NDM visitor nights and expenditure data Existing Regional Capacity Strategy Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Visitor Nights 386,476 843,607 1,077,888 1,061,099 Expenditure ($ million) 25 57 74 73 Rather than predicting growth, visitor nights and expenditure should be read as the limits of capacity for the region (see Table 1). While the regional strategy would allow growth of 18%, scenario 1 and scenario 2 would have the capacity to grow visitor numbers by 79% and 75% respectively. The similarity in capacities indicates that other comparisons (such as resource use, activities, social impacts) are due to the resources required by different types of land use planning (for instance, a hotel uses more electricity than a caravan park). Expenditure would be slightly more for scenario 1 than scenario 2, reflecting the difference in visitor nights rather than a different visitor mix.3 3 Coral Bay has a variety of visitors staying in a variety of accommodation types. It is less likely to attract long- term visitors who come to fish as they prefer the station camping experience, but it does attract a range of other international and domestic visitors. Table 2: Annual activity levels in Coral Bay Regional Existing Strategy Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Going to the Beach 369,813 769,842 952,258 945,889 Fishing from Shore 66,194 98,754 113,687 112,675 Fishing from Boat 98,318 158,863 183,680 180,612 Snorkelling 215,365 474,819 600,167 596,051 Eating Out 90,480 172,360 214,109 210,323 Sightseeing 76,867 132,043 164,085 160,656 Shopping 46,341 73,557 86,757 85,306 The primary message from the estimated activity levels is that there will be substantially smaller activity levels under the regional strategy than the other scenarios. The largest increases will be in the non-extractive activities (going to the beach and snorkelling in particular), while there are also increases of over 50% in both fishing from the shore and fishing from a boat. Scenario 1 has a higher level of fishing, but also of eating out and shopping. The results also indicate that more holiday homes (scenario 2) is likely to encourage slightly higher levels of eating out, sightseeing, and fishing, while more caravan park spaces is likely to encourage more beach activities and snorkelling. To a degree this reflects a greater use of holiday homes by domestic visitors, and the presence of international backpackers in caravan parks. Table 3: Annual resource use Regional Existing Strategy Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Water (kL) 173,951 357,317 458,986 442,327 Electricity (kWH) 17,538,394 50,604,416 61,015,904 57,236,488 Annual Landfill (m3) 8,493 14,051 16,001 15,866 As expected from additional tourists and demonstrated by Table 3, scenarios 1 and 2 will lead to greater demand for water and electricity, and will produce more waste. Water and electricity will be greater under scenario ϭ with more holiday homes (164% for water, and 248% for electricity), than scenario Ϯ with more caravan parks (154% for water and 226% for electricity). Table 4: Social impacts Regional Existing Strategy Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Internationals per 100 Australian Visitors 19 19 22 23 Showcasing the Region 6 10 10 10 Average visitors per night (peak season) 1,943 4,027 4,683 4,527 Some of the social variables have been excluded as they relate to resident accommodation capacity, which is artificially set by the accommodation cap. However, it is worth noting that the resident to visitor ratio is particularly high, raising the issue of workers returning to tourist accommodation (in particular cheaper options like caravan parks). The average nightly visitor is set to substantially increase under all options. However, Coral Bay is unique in the region as it has a high tolerance of tourists and is very positively disposed to them (although this would be another level again). Scenario 2 attracts a more diverse set of visitors than scenario 1 because of the international preference for caravan parks over holiday homes. The level of visitation for all three scenarios would increase community pride due to the greater profile. Table 5: Environmental Impacts NCRS Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Spangled Emperor -22% -27% -28% Corals -3% -4% -4% Whale Sharks -3% -4% -4% While the other tables indicate growth due to visitor numbers, Table 5 indicates declines due to higher levels of visitor activities. Due to the modelling method used (Ecopath with Ecosim), the results show the environmental impacts for the entire region. However, as these simulations isolate growth to only Coral Bay, the declines are focussed on this part of the coast. Hence the decline in fish stocks is substantial as it is isolated to the Coral Bay area. Similarly, the coral damage would be focussed on Coral Bay in the popular snorkelling locations (Bill’s Bay). The decline in whale sharks is less disturbing, but also potentially problematic as only a portion of whale sharks are available to whale shark tours. A decline of 10% would double the chances of not seeing a whale shark. Summary The additional numbers of strategies 1 and 2 will generate larger impacts than the NCRS, both positive (expenditure) and negative (resource use, crowding, environmental impacts). Strategies 1 and 2 will potentially require that staff are housed in visitor accommodation as the 400 bed staff accommodation may not be sufficient. When comparing Strategy 1 with Strategy 2, the similar visitor mix (although there are slightly less internationals in strategy 1) causes the activity patterns and expenditure patterns to be similar. The major difference is the amount of resources that holiday homes require in comparison to a caravan park, in particular water and electricity. Bed Type Existing Regional Strategy Growth Growth (including Scenario 1 Scenario 2 allocations proposed by landowners) Backpackers 120 220 220 220 Caravan/ camping 1296 1428 1428 1728 Resort/ chalet/ 431 1744 1744 1744 serviced apartment Holiday home 180 208 1008 708 Day visitors 500 500 500 500 Tourism worker 312 347 352 Requirements With families and 385 429 435 other workers Requirement for Workers in Coral Bay Assumes 90% of workers in Coral Bay work in tourism and 10.1% of the population are children (2011 Census) . $SSHQGL[( 2QOLQH6XUYH\5HVXOWV 2QOLQH3XEOLF6XUYH\ )URP-XO\WR6HSWHPEHUDSXEOLFVXUYH\ZDVXQGHUWDNHQWRJDXJHSHRSOH¶VDVSLUDWLRQVIRUWKH IXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHWRZQVLWH7KHLQWHQWLRQRIWKHVXUYH\ZDVWRLGHQWLI\GHYHORSPHQWZLVKHV LQFOXGLQJVFDOHDQGW\SHGHVLUDEOHVHUYLFHVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUDSHULRGXSWR\HDUV$VHULHVRI GHYHORSPHQWVFHQDULRVDQGRSWLRQVZHUHSURYLGHGLQFOXGLQJVHUYLFHVDQGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHJHQHUDOO\ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKUHJLRQDOQRUPDOLVHGWRZQV5HVSRQGHQWVZHUHSURYLGHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRVXEPLW 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7KHUHVSRQVHVWRWKLVTXHVWLRQFRXOGQRWEHJUDSKLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWHGKRZHYHURIWKHUHVSRQVHV SHRSOHVWDWHGWKH\OLYHLQ&RUDO%D\DQGDOOUHVSRQGHQWVH[FHSW 16: OLYLQJLQ:HVWHUQ $XVWUDOLD1RLQWHUQDWLRQDOYLVLWRUVFRPSOHWHGWKHVXUYH\ :KLFKFDWHJRU\EHORZLQFOXGHV\RXUDJH" UHVSRQVHVUHFHLYHG Appendix F Draft Provisions for ‘Holiday Home’ precinct Draft Provisions for Holiday Home Precinct Holiday Home Precinct Goal: To provide for the development of short stay holiday home accommodation in keeping with the character and natural features of Coral Bay. Specific Provisions (1) Subdivision or development for permanent residential occupation shall not be permitted. (2) Subdivision within the holiday home precinct shall be in accordance with a Local Structure Plan adopted by the Local Government and endorsed by the Western Australian Planning Commission. (3) Development of land shall only be approved if it is in accordance with a Local Structure Plan endorsed by the Western Australian Planning Commission. (4) The following Use Classes apply within the precinct: x Holiday Homes AA x Chalets AA x Public Utility P All other uses are x 'not permitted'. (5) The following minimum lot size applies within the precinct for any subdivision in freehold title (fee simple): 4.1 Holiday Homes: minimum lot size of 4000m². 4.2 Chalets: minimum lot size of 4000m². 4.3 In relation to 4.1 and 4.2, minor variations may only be considered where the Council and the Western Australian Planning Commission are satisfied that the goal and specific provisions of the precinct will not be compromised. (6) The holiday home precinct at Lot 308 is limited to a maximum of 520 beds. 7) At any stage of subdivision, section 70A notifications under the Transfer of Land Act 1893 shall ensure future interest holders are made aware of the provisions that apply to this precinct. 8) Development within the holiday home precinct is to be carried out in accordance with section 3.5.1 'General Provisions' of the Scheme (Note: To be expanded/refined to Council's satisfaction). 9) Holiday homes requires management plans to be submitted to the Local Government for approval prior to occupation and should address the following: 9.1 Nomination of a management agent and details of management approach/protocol shall form a legally binding agreement with the Local Government; 9.2 Car parking and signage provision; and 9.3 The maintenance of a booking register. 10) Strata subdivision under the Strata Titles Act 1985 shall only be considered once the Local Government has granted Planning Consent under Part IV of the Scheme. 11) Strata subdivision will be subject to restriction(s) in accordance with Section 6 of the Strata Titles Act 1985 as provided for in the provisions of the Scheme. 12) A Management Statement shall be required as part of any Strata subdivision in accordance with Section 5C of the Strata Titles Act 1985 to include the following additions to the by-laws contained in Schedules 1 and 2 of the Strata Titles Act : 12.1 Development or redevelopment on the strata lots must comply with an existing development approval issued by the Shire of Carnarvon, or such alternative development approval as the Council may grant, which complies with the requirements of the Shire of Carnarvon Town Planning Scheme; 12.2 Controls to ensure the overall management of the short-stay accommodation; 12.3 Provisions stipulating that the proposed short-stay accommodation cannot be used for permanent residential purposes at any time and occupation by any individual shall not exceed 3 months in any 12 month period; 12.4 Provisions that the owners of the proposed short-stay accommodation may allow their property to be rented out for short-stay accommodation purposes; 12.5 Provisions requiring all common property, including the communal open space areas, to be landscaped and maintained by the Strata Company/Managing Authority; 12.6 Amendment to or repeal of the provisions cannot be effected without the approval of the Western Australian Planning Commission. 13) Any Local Structure Plan required by the Council shall have regard for adjacent lands and such plan shall show, in a comprehensive manner, how the land is to be developed including: 13.1 adequate data identifying the physical and environmental characteristics of the land; 13.2 the proposed allocation of land uses, lot sizes and density; 13.3 any proposed principal roads and other transport and movement systems; 13.4 the provision of public utilities and services; 13.5 proposed staging; 13.6 relationship to the 'Workers' Accommodation' Precinct; 13.7 such other information as, in the circumstances of the case, the Council considers appropriate. 14. Following receipt of a Local Structure Plan, the Council may require the plan to be advertised for a period of not less than 21 days in accordance with the provisions of Clause 8.2.3. 15. The Council shall consider the Local Structure Plan and any submissions made and shall make a recommendation to the Western Australian Planning Commission to either adopt, with or without modification and subject to such conditions as it considers appropriate, or refuse the Local Structure Plan. 16. The Council shall forward the Local Structure Plan and its recommendation to the Western Australian Planning Commission, together with any comments the Council may wish to make on the plan, within three months of receiving the plan or within such further time as may be agreed in writing between the applicant and the Council. 17. The Western Australian Planning Commission shall consider the Local Structure Plan and the recommendation and comments of the Council and shall make a decision to either adopt, with or without modification and subject to such conditions as it considers appropriate, or refuse the Local Structure Plan so forwarded by the Council. 18. The subdivision or development of land in the holiday home precinct the subject of a Local Structure Plan shall be generally in accordance with the endorsed Local Structure Plan for the land, the provisions of the Scheme, Local Planning Policies made under the Scheme and any other provisions applying to the land as specified by the endorsed Local Structure Plan. 19. A Local Structure Plan endorsed by the Western Australian Planning Commission may be modified and any proposed modification to an endorsed Local Structure Plan shall, for the purposes of Clauses 13 to 18 inclusive, be considered a Local Structure Plan. 20. Notwithstanding Clause 17, the Council may, where it so chooses to advertise the proposed modification, reduce the advertising period required under Clause 14 to not less than 14 days. 21. Nothing in the Scheme shall prevent the Council or the Western Australian Planning Commission from approving subdivision or development of land in accordance with the provisions of a Local Structure Plan endorsed pursuant to this Clause. 22. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Council may, with the consent of the Western Australian Planning Commission, approve any development within the holiday home precinct without requiring a Local Structure Plan where, in the opinion of the Council and the Commission, such development is of a minor nature and will not adversely affect the future subdivision or development of land within the Precinct. 23. A copy of the endorsed Local Structure Plan shall be kept at the offices of the Council and shall be made available for inspection by any member of the public during normal office hours. Definitions Holiday Home: means a single house for short stay accommodation for no more than six people and that no person is to stay for more than 3 months in any 12 month period. Chalets: means a detached holiday accommodation unit for short stay accommodation including cooking facilities which may be fully self-contained or not, and which is generally of single storey or split level construction and that no person is to stay for more than 3 months in any 12 month period. Local Structure Plan: means a local structure plan that has come into effect in accordance with Clause 5.3.2 of the Scheme. Short Stay Accommodation: means a building, or group of buildings forming a complex, designed for holiday accommodation of short stay guests and which provides on-site facilities for the convenience of guests and for management of the development, where occupation by any person is limited to a maximum of 3 months in any 12 month period. Note: These draft provisions refer to the Shire of Carnarvon DZS 11 and is for information and guidance only and to demonstrate the expectations for this precinct. Final provisions may be drafted as part of a scheme review or amendments when the 'Holiday Home' precinct is created. $XUHFRQ$XVWUDOLD3W\/WG $%1 /HYHO%DQN:HVW7RZHU 6W*HRUJHV7HUUDFH 3HUWK:$ $XVWUDOLD 7 ) ( SHUWK#DXUHFRQJURXSFRP :DXUHFRQJURXSFRP $XUHFRQRIILFHVDUHORFDWHGLQ $QJROD$XVWUDOLD%RWVZDQD&KLQD (WKLRSLD+RQJ.RQJ,QGRQHVLD /HVRWKR/LE\D0DODZL0R]DPELTXH 1DPLELD1HZ=HDODQG1LJHULD 3KLOLSSLQHV6LQJDSRUH6RXWK$IULFD 6ZD]LODQG7DQ]DQLD7KDLODQG8JDQGD 8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHV9LHWQDP