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Executable Code Is Not the Proper Subject of Copyright Law a Retrospective Criticism of Technical and Legal Naivete in the Apple V
Executable Code is Not the Proper Subject of Copyright Law A retrospective criticism of technical and legal naivete in the Apple V. Franklin case Matthew M. Swann, Clark S. Turner, Ph.D., Department of Computer Science Cal Poly State University November 18, 2004 Abstract: Copyright was created by government for a purpose. Its purpose was to be an incentive to produce and disseminate new and useful knowledge to society. Source code is written to express its underlying ideas and is clearly included as a copyrightable artifact. However, since Apple v. Franklin, copyright has been extended to protect an opaque software executable that does not express its underlying ideas. Common commercial practice involves keeping the source code secret, hiding any innovative ideas expressed there, while copyrighting the executable, where the underlying ideas are not exposed. By examining copyright’s historical heritage we can determine whether software copyright for an opaque artifact upholds the bargain between authors and society as intended by our Founding Fathers. This paper first describes the origins of copyright, the nature of software, and the unique problems involved. It then determines whether current copyright protection for the opaque executable realizes the economic model underpinning copyright law. Having found the current legal interpretation insufficient to protect software without compromising its principles, we suggest new legislation which would respect the philosophy on which copyright in this nation was founded. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 THE ORIGIN OF COPYRIGHT ........................................................................... 1 The Idea is Born 1 A New Beginning 2 The Social Bargain 3 Copyright and the Constitution 4 THE BASICS OF SOFTWARE .......................................................................... -
The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy
The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy Chris Lattner Vikram Adve University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign lattner,vadve ¡ @cs.uiuc.edu Abstract This document introduces the LLVM compiler infrastructure and instruction set, a simple approach that enables sophisticated code transformations at link time, runtime, and in the field. It is a pragmatic approach to compilation, interfering with programmers and tools as little as possible, while still retaining extensive high-level information from source-level compilers for later stages of an application’s lifetime. We describe the LLVM instruction set, the design of the LLVM system, and some of its key components. 1 Introduction Modern programming languages and software practices aim to support more reliable, flexible, and powerful software applications, increase programmer productivity, and provide higher level semantic information to the compiler. Un- fortunately, traditional approaches to compilation either fail to extract sufficient performance from the program (by not using interprocedural analysis or profile information) or interfere with the build process substantially (by requiring build scripts to be modified for either profiling or interprocedural optimization). Furthermore, they do not support optimization either at runtime or after an application has been installed at an end-user’s site, when the most relevant information about actual usage patterns would be available. The LLVM Compilation Strategy is designed to enable effective multi-stage optimization (at compile-time, link-time, runtime, and offline) and more effective profile-driven optimization, and to do so without changes to the traditional build process or programmer intervention. LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) is a compilation strategy that uses a low-level virtual instruction set with rich type information as a common code representation for all phases of compilation. -
Architectural Support for Scripting Languages
Architectural Support for Scripting Languages By Dibakar Gope A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical and Computer Engineering) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN–MADISON 2017 Date of final oral examination: 6/7/2017 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Mikko H. Lipasti, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Gurindar S. Sohi, Professor, Computer Sciences Parameswaran Ramanathan, Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Jing Li, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering Aws Albarghouthi, Assistant Professor, Computer Sciences © Copyright by Dibakar Gope 2017 All Rights Reserved i This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Monoranjan Gope and Sati Gope. ii acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Sri Monoranjan Gope, and Smt. Sati Gope for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout my doctoral studies which I believe to be the single most important contribution towards achieving my goal of receiving a Ph.D. Second, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Prof. Mikko Lipasti for his mentorship and continuous support throughout the course of my graduate studies. I am extremely grateful to him for guiding me with such dedication and consideration and never failing to pay attention to any details of my work. His insights, encouragement, and overall optimism have been instrumental in organizing my otherwise vague ideas into some meaningful contributions in this thesis. This thesis would never have been accomplished without his technical and editorial advice. I find myself fortunate to have met and had the opportunity to work with such an all-around nice person in addition to being a great professor. -
CDC Build System Guide
CDC Build System Guide Java™ Platform, Micro Edition Connected Device Configuration, Version 1.1.2 Foundation Profile, Version 1.1.2 Optimized Implementation Sun Microsystems, Inc. www.sun.com December 2008 Copyright © 2008 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, California 95054, U.S.A. All rights reserved. Sun Microsystems, Inc. has intellectual property rights relating to technology embodied in the product that is described in this document. In particular, and without limitation, these intellectual property rights may include one or more of the U.S. patents listed at http://www.sun.com/patents and one or more additional patents or pending patent applications in the U.S. and in other countries. U.S. Government Rights - Commercial software. Government users are subject to the Sun Microsystems, Inc. standard license agreement and applicable provisions of the FAR and its supplements. This distribution may include materials developed by third parties. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and in other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, Solaris and HotSpot are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. The Adobe logo is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. Products covered by and information contained in this service manual are controlled by U.S. Export Control laws and may be subject to the export or import laws in other countries. Nuclear, missile, chemical biological weapons or nuclear maritime end uses or end users, whether direct or indirect, are strictly prohibited. -
C++/CLI Tutorial
CC++++//CCLLII TTuuttoorriiaall Author: Adam Sawicki, [email protected], www.asawicki.info Version 1.0, December 2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 What is C++/CLI? ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Why Use C++/CLI? ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 What C++/CLI is Not? .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Hello World Example ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Project Properties ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Namespaces ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Introduction to Managed Code
McGrath.book Page 89 Thursday, December 7, 2006 10:04 AM 3 Introduction to Managed Code Technology is dominated by two types of people: those who understand what they do not manage, and those who manage what they do not understand. —PUTT’S LAW Topics Covered in This Chapter What Is Managed Code? Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming Exploring the .NET Framework VSTO and Managed Code Summary Review Questions What Is Managed Code? Code that runs within the .NET Framework is considered managed code. This includes applications written in languages such as Visual C# and Visual Basic 2005. Code that is not managed by the .NET Frame- work is typically referred to as unmanaged code. This includes applica- tions written in programming languages such as C++, Visual Basic 6.0, and VBA. All Office solutions created using VSTO are written in managed code. VSTO supports both Visual Basic 2005 and Visual C#; however, we refer only to Visual Basic 2005 in text and in code examples in this book 89 McGrath.book Page 90 Thursday, December 7, 2006 10:04 AM 90 Chapter 3 Introduction to Managed Code because we believe it is easier to transition from VBA to Visual Basic 2005. Keep in mind that there is much to learn about the .NET Frame- work and managed code; this chapter only scratches the surface. Following are some benefits of using managed code: • Improved security. Often, security permissions are enabled or disabled by end users or determined by the identity of the user who is attempting to run code. However, code managed by the .NET Framework uses the security model code access security (CAS), which is based on the code’s identity and location. -
Visual Basic .NET and the .NET Platform: an Advanced Guide
Visual Basic .NET and the .NET Platform: An Advanced Guide ANDREWTROELSEN APress Media, LLC Visual Basic .NET and the .NET Platform: An Advanced Guide Copyright ©2002 by Andrew'Ii'oelsen Originally published by Apress in 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN 978-1-893115-26-2 ISBN 978-1-4302-0849-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4302-0849-5 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark sym bol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Editorial Directors: Dan Appleman, Gary Cornell, Jason Gilmore, Karen Watterson Technical Reviewers: Pamela Fanstill, Rob Macdonald, Dan Appleman, William Oellermann Managing Editor: Grace Wong Copy Editors: Anne Friedman, Nicole LeClerc Production Editors: Janet Vail with Kari Brooks and Anne Friedman Composition and Art Services: Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc. Indexer: Carol Burbo Cover Designer: Tom Debolski Marketing Manager: Stephanie Rodriguez Distributed to the book trade in the United States by Springer-Verlag New York, lnc.,175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010 and outside the United States by Springer-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Tiergartenstr. 17, 69112 Heidelberg, Germany In the United States, phone 1-800-SPRINGER, email orders@springer-ny. -
INTRODUCTION to .NET FRAMEWORK NET Framework .NET Framework Is a Complete Environment That Allows Developers to Develop, Run, An
INTRODUCTION TO .NET FRAMEWORK NET Framework .NET Framework is a complete environment that allows developers to develop, run, and deploy the following applications: Console applications Windows Forms applications Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) applications Web applications (ASP.NET applications) Web services Windows services Service-oriented applications using Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) Workflow-enabled applications using Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) .NET Framework also enables a developer to create sharable components to be used in distributed computing architecture. NET Framework supports the object-oriented programming model for multiple languages, such as Visual Basic, Visual C#, and Visual C++. NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows language interoperability. This implies that each language can use the code written in some other language. The main components of .NET Framework? The following are the key components of .NET Framework: .NET Framework Class Library Common Language Runtime Dynamic Language Runtimes (DLR) Application Domains Runtime Host Common Type System Metadata and Self-Describing Components Cross-Language Interoperability .NET Framework Security Profiling Side-by-Side Execution Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) The .NET Framework is shipped with compilers of all .NET programming languages to develop programs. Each .NET compiler produces an intermediate code after compiling the source code. 1 The intermediate code is common for all languages and is understandable only to .NET environment. This intermediate code is known as MSIL. IL Intermediate Language is also known as MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) or CIL (Common Intermediate Language). All .NET source code is compiled to IL. IL is then converted to machine code at the point where the software is installed, or at run-time by a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler. -
Using Ld the GNU Linker
Using ld The GNU linker ld version 2 January 1994 Steve Chamberlain Cygnus Support Cygnus Support [email protected], [email protected] Using LD, the GNU linker Edited by Jeffrey Osier (jeff[email protected]) Copyright c 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions. Chapter 1: Overview 1 1 Overview ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld. ld accepts Linker Command Language files written in a superset of AT&T’s Link Editor Command Language syntax, to provide explicit and total control over the linking process. This version of ld uses the general purpose BFD libraries to operate on object files. This allows ld to read, combine, and write object files in many different formats—for example, COFF or a.out. Different formats may be linked together to produce any available kind of object file. See Chapter 5 [BFD], page 47, for more information. Aside from its flexibility, the gnu linker is more helpful than other linkers in providing diagnostic information. -
Optimizing Function Placement for Large-Scale Data-Center Applications
Optimizing Function Placement for Large-Scale Data-Center Applications Guilherme Ottoni Bertrand Maher Facebook, Inc., USA ottoni,bertrand @fb.com { } Abstract While the large size and performance criticality of such Modern data-center applications often comprise a large applications make them good candidates for profile-guided amount of code, with substantial working sets, making them code-layout optimizations, these characteristics also im- good candidates for code-layout optimizations. Although pose scalability challenges to optimize these applications. recent work has evaluated the impact of profile-guided intra- Instrumentation-based profilers significantly slow down the module optimizations and some cross-module optimiza- applications, often making it impractical to gather accurate tions, no recent study has evaluated the benefit of function profiles from a production system. To simplify deployment, placement for such large-scale applications. In this paper, it is beneficial to have a system that can profile unmodi- we study the impact of function placement in the context fied binaries, running in production, and use these data for of a simple tool we created that uses sample-based profiling feedback-directed optimization. This is possible through the data. By using sample-based profiling, this methodology fol- use of sample-based profiling, which enables high-quality lows the same principle behind AutoFDO, i.e. using profil- profiles to be gathered with minimal operational complexity. ing data collected from unmodified binaries running in pro- This is the approach taken by tools such as AutoFDO [1], duction, which makes it applicable to large-scale binaries. and which we also follow in this work. Using this tool, we first evaluate the impact of the traditional The benefit of feedback-directed optimizations for some Pettis-Hansen (PH) function-placement algorithm on a set of data-center applications has been evaluated in some pre- widely deployed data-center applications. -
LLVM, Clang and Embedded Linux Systems
LLVM, Clang and Embedded Linux Systems Bruno Cardoso Lopes University of Campinas What’s LLVM? What’s LLVM • Compiler infrastructure To o l s Frontend Optimizer IR Assembler Backends (clang) Disassembler JIT What’s LLVM • Virtual Instruction set (IR) • SSA • Bitcode C source code IR Frontend int add(int x, int y) { define i32 @add(i32 %x, i32 %y) { return x+y; Clang %1 = add i32 %y, %x } ret i32 %1 } What’s LLVM • Optimization oriented compiler: compile time, link-time and run-time • More than 30 analysis passes and 60 transformation passes. Why LLVM? Why LLVM? • Open Source • Active community • Easy integration and quick patch review Why LLVM? • Code easy to read and understand • Transformations and optimizations are applied in several parts during compilation Design Design • Written in C++ • Modular and composed of several libraries • Pass mechanism with pluggable interface for transformations and analysis • Several tools for each part of compilation To o l s To o l s Front-end • Dragonegg • Gcc 4.5 plugin • llvm-gcc • GIMPLE to LLVM IR To o l s Front-end • Clang • Library approach • No cross-compiler generation needed • Good diagnostics • Static Analyzer To o l s Optimizer • Optimization are applied to the IR • opt tool $ opt -O3 add.bc -o add2.bc optimizations Aggressive Dead Code Elmination Tail Call Elimination Combine Redudant Instructions add.bc add2.bc Dead Argument Elimination Type-Based Alias Analysis ... To o l s Low Level Compiler • llc tool: invoke the static backends • Generates assembly or object code $ llc -march=arm add.bc -
Compiling.Pdf
CS50 Compiling Overview Key Terms Compiling is the process of translating source code, which is the code that you write in • compiling a programming language like C, and translating it into machine code: the sequence of • machine code 0s and 1s that a computer's central processing unit (CPU) can understand as instruc- • preprocessing tions for how to execute the program. Although the command make is used to compile • assembly code, make itself is not a compiler. Instead, make calls upon the underlying compiler • object code in order to compile C source code into object code. clang • linking Preprocessing The entire compilation process can be broken down into four steps. The first Source Code step is preprocessing, performed by a program called the preprocessor. Any source code in C that begins with a # is a signal to the preprocessor to perform some action. Preprocessing For example, #include tells the preprocessor to literally include the contents of a different file in the preprocessed file. When a program includes a line like #include <stdio.h> in the source code, the preprocessor generates a new file (still in C, and still considered source code), but with the #include line Preprocessed replaced by the entire contents of stdio.h. Source Code Compiling After the preprocessor produces preprocessed source code, the next step Compiling is to compile (using a program called a compiler) C code into a lower-level programming language known as assembly. Assembly has far fewer different types of operations than C does, but by Assembly using them in conjunction, can still perform the same tasks that C can.