EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

A Model Approach to Analytically Identify Stuck Pipe and Its Mechanism in Wellbore

Boniface A. Oriji and Iribhogbe S. Aire

 certain factors, the software will help to quickly diagnose Abstract—Stuck pipe incidents translate to non-productive the stuck pipe mechanism and proffer solutions. With this time. There is a need to mitigate stuck pipe incidents which can software, the well engineer will effectively reduce the losses be achieved by conforming to recommended practices. Also, that would have resulted from down time due stuck pipe quick diagnosis is necessary in order to free a stuck pipe. Trial- mechanisms. and-error method can further complicate the situation. This work aims at diagnosing stuck pipe mechanisms and recommend practices to free a stuck pipe. spANALYZE also estimates the axial force and torque needed to free a stuck pipe II. LITERATURE REVIEW caused by differential sticking. spANALYZE is a thick desktop Stuck pipe leads to a major drilling trouble cost for client application developed in C# using the Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 development environment. It is an object-oriented companies and there is a need to reduce this cost drastically. .NET application that utilizes the Windows Presentation It has been recorded by British Petroleum that stuck pipe Foundation (WPF) architecture for its user interface. Each of costs incurred in the company have exceeded $30 million the analyzers within spANALYZE were implemented per year [14]. Investigation reveals that all stuck pipe generically as a list of nodes, representing the concept of a flow incidents can be prevented with continuous efforts including chart. New analyzers can easily be added simply by conducting meetings with the crew prior to the programmatically defining each node in the flow chart. Each node has a node identifier, a node type, node text, and the node commencement of shifts, studying offset wells, identifiers of each answer – yes, no and restricted. understanding sticking mechanisms and proffering action spANALYZE presents the following benefits: quick and early steps in case of a stuck pipe event. Stuck pipe costs incurred detection of stuck pipe mechanisms, propose recommended per year in the oil and gas industry exceed $250 million [1]. action steps to free pipe, calculate stuck pipe depth, compute During drilling, the drill string is required to transmit the the torque and axial force needed to free a stuck string. required weight on bit to drill through the formation and

also to transmit the torque needed to rotate the drilling bit at Index Terms—Stuck pipe, Diagnosis, Software, Drilling, Wellbore, Differential Sticking. an optimum rate. If at some point the drill string does not move or rotate when activated to move, the pipe is said to be stuck. A drill string can get stuck due to reasons such as I. INTRODUCTION junk inside the hole, sloughing, inadequate hole cleaning, fractured and faulted formation, reacting formation, under Stuck pipe and lost circulation are two major factors that gauged hole and others [8]. lead to non-productive time (NPT) while drilling. Non- Over the years, there has been research and successful productive time events while drilling causes to a temporary initiatives to eliminate differential sticking globally. In a stop in operations which is usually a setback. Stuck pipe is a period of five years, ExxonMobil development company problem that is common to all kinds of formation. It experienced only 3 differential sticking events out of 3,446 accounts for a huge amount of lost time and financial losses, wells drilled using recommended standard practices that was thereby making it a very expensive problem which could birthed out of a successful initiative. It is also noted that an negatively affect the economics of a project [1]. The risk of additional 17 sticking events occurred when drilling was getting stuck while drilling is increased when drilling carried out with recommended practices. Out of the 17 through minimum pressure and depleted reservoir zones. events, 14 of these were freed [5]. This work aims at diagnosing stuck pipe mechanisms and We can mitigate the risk of stuck pipe by observing good recommend practices to free a stuck pipe. eANALYZE also drilling practices and well planning with the application of estimates the axial force and torque needed to free a stuck technology. Some preventive measures include; pipe caused by differential sticking. The research objectives are:  Monitor shale shakers for cuttings.  To diagnose a stuck pipe event  Use an optimum mud weight to control the pore pressure.  Proffer solutions to stuck pipe mechanisms  Plan to minimize the hole exposure time.  Estimate stuck pipe depth, axial force and torque required to free pipe.  Employ well monitoring techniques such as In case when the expert advice is not available due to LWD and/or mud logging. A firm understanding of the stuck pipe mechanisms and

Published on March 31, 2020. the preventive measures should help to minimize the B. A. Oriji is with the University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PMB 5323 occurrence of stuck pipe [9]. When a stuck pipe situation Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). occurs, personnel on the rig must be informed and be able I. S. Aire is with the Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, PMB 5323 Nigeria (e-mail: [email protected]). free the pipe in the shortest possible time.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 387 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

A. Stuck Pipe Mechanism Stuck pipe incidents can occur during drilling, tripping in and out, back reaming, logging, or running casing [2]. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of IPM stuck pipe incidents by activity. These activities include tripping in, logging, cementing, making connections, drilling, equipment failure, coring, and backreaming.

Fig. 1: Pack off due to ledges

2) Differential Sticking Differential sticking which is highly time dependent occurs when there is a pressure differential between the well bore and the formation [11]. The force required to pull the string along the wellbore in this occurrence is a function of Fig. 1. IPM stuck pipe incidents by activity in 2009 the pressure differential, frictional factor and the total contact surface area as shown in Fig. 3. Although methods have been used to predict such events, In order to free a pipe stuck caused by differential sticking of the pipe is considered an accident. There are sticking, sufficient pullout force must be applied to basically two stuck pipe mechanisms; overcome the shear strength of the mud cake (i.e. failure of  Mechanical sticking the mud cake) or the frictional resistance between the pipe  Differential Sticking and the mud cake (here, the pipe just slides across the Mud cake and fluid design affects both mechanisms. Any surface of the mud cake when the pullout force is applied). practice that reasonably reduces the mud cake properties such and shear strength and thickness will be adopted without compromising the well’s integrity. 1) Mechanical Sticking Mechanical sticking mainly happens when the pipe is in motion and it is broadly categorized as sticking due to solid induced pack off (bridging) and mechanical/well geometry. Hole pack off, also referred to as solid-induced packing off is mainly attributed to an insufficient cutting slip velocity. Poor hole-cleaning, poor mud properties and pump failures are major contributors [3]. Some recommended actions to free a stuck drill string due to pack off/bridging includes: Fig. 3. Differential Sticking Pressure [10]

 Circulate mud with a low flow rate. To calculate the pull force, Pf required to free the stuck  If pipe got stuck while moving up or in static pipe we have to consider Fig. 3 [13]. position, apply torque without exceeding the make-up torque while jarring down with ∆푝 = 푃푚 − 푃푓푓 (1) maximum trip load.;  But if drill string gets stuck while moving down, Where: jar up with no torque application. Pff is the formation fluid pressure,  Jarring operation may take a long time. Pm is the pressure acting outside pipe wall, and Therefore, patience is highly needed. Δp is the pressure differential.  Try to regain circulation. For mechanical sticking due to wellbore geometry, The pull force, Fp, required to free the stuck pipe is a several cases leading to stuck pipe incidents are key seating, function of the pressure differential, Δp; the area of contact, doglegs, mobile formations, under-gauge hole, Ac; and the coefficient of friction, f between the drill string unconsolidated formations, stiff bottom hole assembly, and and mud cake: ledges [12]. Some recommended action steps to free the pipe include: 퐹푝 = 푓∆푝퐴푐 (2)  If the drill string gets stuck while moving up, apply toque with maximum load while jarring down. Differential sticking is most common in deviated and  If the drill string gets stuck while in down-motion, horizontal wells where; jar up with maximum trip load. Torque should not  the exposure time and length of drilled reservoir be applied while jarring up. formation is longer,  Reduce the flow rate while working the pipe.  the drilling mud is heavier to maintain well bore  Be patient with the process. stability,

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 388 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

 the drill string will be partially buried in cuttings D. Fishing in the reservoir zone. Fishing is any procedure or operation carried out to To effectively diagnose a stuck pipe condition due to remove, release or recover tubular or other material in the differential sticking, the following signs are to be observed; well bore that affects casing, drilling, or completion  the drill pipe can neither be moved down or up, operation [7].  the drill string cannot be rotated, The success of a fishing operation depends on  mud circulation is unaffected, and preparation, careful planning and deciding correctly on the  there is an increasing trend in static friction most suitable fishing technique. Alternatives of releasing the The following first actions steps are usually implemented; pipe must be studied before fishing operation commences to  Stop circulation immediately. determine whether it is economical or not. Prevention is the  Immediate jarring of the drill string with first step to avoid fishing. Methods of fishing stuck pipe maximum load. While jarring down, torque can include back off, chemical cutter, jet cut, and mechanical be applied with caution. There is a higher chance cut. Junk recovery from the well can be achieved using of freeing the drill string by jarring down magnets, junk basket core type, reverse circulation basket, compared to jarring up. boot basket, and junk mill.  Apply maximum torque in the drill pipe and applied the torque required to stuck depth. This will greatly increase the possibility of freeing the III. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT pipe. This section presents the methodology for the proposed  Prepare and pump spotting fluids. stuck pipe diagnosis program. The overall process of implementation is summarized using flow charts for the B. Torque and Drag Theory various diagnosis program. While drilling vertical wells, the drag and torque are not significant as there are no additional forces because the pipe A. Development Environment (Visual Studio 2019) hangs in the center of the well bore (ideally). However, in Visual Studio 2019 is the latest release of Microsoft’s stuck pipe conditions and in deviated/horizontal wells, flagship integrated development environment (IDE) for additional forces are considered because of the contact building solutions in a wide range of languages across between the formation and the pipe. The additional forces multiple platforms. Fig. 5 shows the development are known as the torque and axial drag which acts in a environment which is used for the user interface design, direction opposite to the pipe movement as seen in Fig. 4. code writing and debugging.

Fig. 4. Drill string forces in the wellbore

Torque, which is only observed when the pipe is being rotated is simply the rotational force generated from several Fig. 5. Visual Studio 2019 IDE sources in the wellbore. Major classification includes bit torque, frictional torque and mechanical torque [6]. When B. Programming Language differential sticking occurs, mechanical torque is generated C# is an object-oriented programming language for as the result of an interaction between the drill string and the developing robust enterprise systems, desktop applications, formation. websites and mobile applications that are secured. Visual C# Drag is a force generated as the pipe is moved in an axial provides a convenient and unique user interface design, an direction only which acts in a direction which is opposite to advanced code editor, an integrated debugger and some the stuck pipe. other plugins and tools to develop applications easily based C. Drilling Jar on the .NET Framework and C# language. This tool is used to increase the pull capacity of a pipe C. spANALYZE when stuck in an attempt to free it. They are designed to spANALYZE is a thick desktop client application apply an amplified force to the drill string in either a developed in C# using the Microsoft Visual Studio 2019 downward or upward direction. Jarring is carried out to development environment. It is an object-oriented .NET transfer the potential energy stored in a drill string to kinetic application that utilizes the Windows Presentation energy in the “hammers” above the jars. Jar types include; Foundation (WPF) architecture for its user interface. Each of  hydraulic the analyzers within spANALYZE were implemented  mechanical generically as a list of nodes, representing the concept of a  hydro-mechanical flow chart. New analyzers can easily be added simply by

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 389 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020 programmatically defining each node in the flow chart. Each E. Tripping Out node has a node identifier, a node type, node text, and the node identifiers of each answer – yes, no and restricted. D. Work Flow Diagram

Fig. 7. Flow chart for a stuck pipe incident while tripping out

F. Tripping In

Fig. 6. Work flow chart for a stuck pipe incident

The work flow chart represented in Fig. 6 is a decision tree to detect a stuck pipe mechanism and free the pipe within an optimum time. The motion/condition of the pipe prior to sticking must be considered while carrying out this analysis. In this study, four distinct cases were considered:  tripping in  tripping out Fig. 8. Flow chart for a stuck pipe incident while tripping in  rotating drill string upwards or downwards  static position G. Rotating Up or Down The three diagnostic steps to be carried out sequentially are;  pipe down motion  pipe rotation  mud circulation Also, three outcomes from these steps are considered a “yes” case, a “no” case and a “restricted” case. This will give a better judgement on the cause of the stuck pipe. The decision tree/flow chart shown in the following sections is logically implemented node by node. The software initializes all of the nodes for each analyzer, and then has a single generic method to process each of the users answers and present the next node/question, and finally the recommended actions and calculations. Fig. 9. Flow chart for a stuck pipe incident while rotating up or down

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 390 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

H. Static or Slowly Moving Drill String where; e is the pipe stretch in inches (in) 2) Axial Force and Torque Required

휇×퐹 퐴푥𝑖푎푙 푓표푟푐푒 푟푒푞푢𝑖푟푒푑 푡표 푓푟푒푒 푝𝑖푝푒 = 푃 (9) 1000

푃 (푙푏푠)×휇×퐷퐶 (𝑖푛) 푇표푟푞푢푒 푟푒푞푢𝑖푟푒푑 푡표 푓푟푒푒 푝𝑖푝푒 = 퐹 푂퐷 (10) 2×12×1000

퐹푃 = (sin(퐴푇푆) × 퐷퐶푊 × 푇퐺푆) + 푃푂퐵 × 퐴퐶 (11)

퐴퐶 = 퐿퐶퐴 × 푇퐸푆 × 12 (12)

푃푂퐵 = (푀푊 × 0.052 × 푇푉퐷) − 푃푅 (13)

푇 푇 = 퐺푆 (14) 퐸푆 cos(퐴푇푆)

푅푃 = 푇푉퐷 × 0.052 × 푃푃 (15)

Fig. 10. Flow chart for a stuck pipe incident while drill string in static or where; moving slowly POB is the Overburden Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) I. Mathematical Computations PP is the Pore Pressure Equivalent Mud Weight in pounds per gallon (ppg) Some calculations were introduced into this tool to PR is the Reservoir Pressure in pounds per square inch (psi) quickly approximate the depth of stuck pipe. Also, the FP is the Pinning Force in pounds (lbs) torque and axial force needed to free a stuck string was also TVD is the Total Vertical Depth in feet (ft) calculated using basic mathematical equations [4]. TES is the Effective Sand Thickness in feet (ft) 1) Depth of Stuck Pipe AC is the Contact Area in square inch (in2) The depth at which the pipe is stuck is estimated using TGS is the Gross Sand Thickness in feet (ft) equation 3.1 below: ATS is the Angle Through Sand in degrees MW is the Mud Weight in pounds per gallon (ppg) ( ) DHOLE is the Hole Diameter in inches (in) 퐷푒푝푡ℎ 표푓 푠푡푢푐푘 푝𝑖푝푒 (푓푒푒푡) = 푃𝑖푝푒 푠푡푟푒푡푐ℎ 𝑖푛푐ℎ ×퐹푟푒푒 푝표𝑖푛푡 푐표푛푠푡푎푛푡 (3) 푃푢푙푙 푓표푟푐푒 (푘−푙푏푠) DCOD is the Drill Collar Outer Diameter in inches (in) DCW is the Drill Collar Weight in pounds per foot (psi) The Free Point Constant (FPC) is given as: TFC is the Filter Cake Thickness in inches (in) µ is the Coefficient of Friction 퐹푃퐶 = 퐴푠 × 2500 (4) LCA is the Approximate Contact Angle Length in inches (in). where; As is the pipe wall cross sectional area (sq. inch) IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Also; This section presents the results using the developed software (spANALYZE) to diagnose stuck pipe incidents ( 2 2) 퐴푠 = 푂퐷 − 퐼퐷 × 0.7854 (5) and recommend action steps in order to free pipe.

where; A. User Interface ID is the inner diameter of the drill pipe in inches, The user interface is designed to be friendly and easy to OD is the outer diameter of the drill pipe in inches use. Once the application is started the user is prompted to specify the motion of the drill string prior to sticking as Alternatively, the stuck depth can also be calculated using shown in Fig. 11. this approach;

푙푏 735,294×푒×퐷푟𝑖푙푙 푃𝑖푝푒 푊푒𝑖푔ℎ푡 ( ) 푆푡푢푐푘 푑푒푝푡ℎ (푓푡) = 푓푡 (6) 퐷𝑖푓푓푒푟푒푛푡𝑖푎푙 푃푢푙푙 (푙푏)

퐷𝑖푓푓푒푟푒푛푡𝑖푎푙 푝푢푙푙 = ℎ𝑖푔ℎ푒푟 푝푢푙푙 표푛 푠푡푟𝑖푛푔(푙푏) − 푙표푤푒푟 푝푢푙푙 표푛 푠푡푟𝑖푛푔(푙푏) (7)

푒 = 퐻𝑖푔ℎ푒푟 푝푢푙푙 푝𝑖푝푒 푠푡푟푒푡푐ℎ(𝑖푛)– 푙표푤푒푟 푝푢푙푙 푝𝑖푝푒 푠푡푟푒푡푐ℎ(𝑖푛) (8)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 391 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

Fig. 11. User Interface at the Launch of the Software

Once the drilling string motion prior to sticking is Fig. 13. User Interface for static selection selected via a radio button, the wizard starts asking specific questions in order to diagnose the stuck pipe mechanism as shown in Fig. 12, 13, and 14.

Fig. 14. User Interface for rotating up or down selection

Once the diagnosis is completed, the calculation screen is displayed as shown in Fig. 15 to determine the approximate stuck pipe depth. For a case of differential sticking, the axial

Fig. 12. User Interface for tripping in selection force and torque needed to free the pipe is also calculated.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 392 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

TABLE II: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATS, AXIAL FORCE AND TORQUE Angle through sand, ATS (O) Axial force (kips) Torque (k ft-lbs) 15 119 33 20 122 34 30 133 37 40 151 42 50 180 50 60 230 65 65 272 77 70 336 94 75 443 125 80 659 185 85 1310 368

Axial force, Torque vs Angle through Sand

1400 lbs)

- 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

Fig. 15. User Interface for Stuck Pipe calculations 0

Axial force; Torque(kips;k ft Torque(kips;k force; Axial 0 20 40 60 80 100 B. Case Study Angle Through sand (º) Considering a case reported by K&M Technology Group, the axial force and torque required to free the stuck pipe is Axial force torque mathematically computed. It was estimated that the stuck pipe occurred at the depth Fig. 16. Plot of axial force and torque against ATS of the drill collar and the data in Table I was recorded.

V. CONCLUSION TABLE I: PARAMETERS TO COMPUTE FOR A DIFFERENTIAL STICKING CASE (K&M TECHNOLOGY GROUP) The likelihood to get stuck is high for a great number of Properties Value wells, but not all. The objective is not to eliminate stuck Pore Pressure EMW (ppg) 8.60 pipe but to maintain conditions that will mitigate its TVD of Sand (ft) 5,000 occurrence. One way to achieve this is by developing and Reservoir Pressure (psi) 2,236 implementing stuck pipe avoidance practices in a global Gross Sand Thickness (ft) 100 Angle thru sand (o) 45 scale. Some recommended practices that prove to be Effective Sand Thickness (ft) 576 effective include: Mud Weight (ppg) 9.20  minimize contact area between the formation Hole Diameter (in) 8.50 and pipe (most especially drill collars); Drill Collar OD (in) 6.75 Drill Collar Weight (lb/ft) 100  minimize overbalance in cases where well bore Filter Cake Thickness (in) 0.03 instability is not a problem. µ (coefficient of friction) 0.30 With effective diagnosis of stuck pipe, it can lead to Overbalance Pressure (psi) 156 reduction in non-productive time and lesser financial losses. Contact Angle Length (in) 2.0 spANALYZE presents the following benefits; Contact Area (in2) 3442 Pinning Force (lbs) 544,043  Quick and early detection of stuck pipe Axial force to move pipe (kips) 163 mechanisms; Torque required to move pipe (k ft-lbs) 46  Propose recommended action steps to free pipe;  Estimate stuck pipe depth and compute the Input values torque and axial force needed to free a stuck Calculated values Calculated values (displayed) string.

This software when applied in the field operations has a potential to reduce NPT and lessen financial losses. It will C. Relationship Between ATS, Axial Force and Torque be beneficial to inexperienced engineers and can be used as For the same base conditions in Table II, the angle a classroom teaching aid. through sand (ATS) was varied to effectively analyze the change in axial force and torque needed to free a differentially stuck pipe.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 393 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 5, No. 3, March 2020

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS [11] W. Helmick and A. Longley, "Pressure-Differential Sticking of Drillpipe and How It Can Be Avoided or Relieved," Oil and Gas Following the development of spANALYZE, the Journal, no. 55, p. 24, 17 June 1957. following recommendations should be considered for further [12] M. Khaghani, "Differential Pressure and Mechanical Pipe Sticking," study; International Association of Directional Drilling, Houston, 2016. [13] B. A. Oketch, "Analysis of Stuck Pipe Incidents in Menengai," UNU-  the possibility of making spanalyze a real-time GTP, Reykjavik, 2014. diagnostic tool. [14] H. A. Elsalam, Y. ElNady, T. Elfakharany and A. S. Dahab, "Systematic Approach to Minimize Stuck Pipe Incidents in Oil  modification to diagnose stuck pipe issues based Wells," Journal of Al Azhar University Engineering Sector, pp. 255- on specific well data. 264, 2016.  Modification of the recommended action steps Boniface A. Oriji is a Petroleum Engineer of by authorized personnel to suite a company’s International repute who had his (B.ENG), operational policy. (M.ENG) and (Ph.D) in Petroleum & Gas Engineering, from the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State , Nigeria. He has twenty (20) years working experience in ACKNOWLEDGMENT the oil & Gas industry as an international staff who worked in Nigeria, United States, United Kingdom, Our appreciation goes to all lecturers and Batch 16 post- South Africa, Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, France, graduate students at the Institute of Petroleum Studies, Port Angola, Egypt, Oman, Abu Dhabi and Tanzania with Halliburton Overseas. He was a Senior Technical Professional in Harcourt. Special thanks to Nnaemeka Achara and Janice Palmer charge of training for Sub-Sahara and Central Africa before his retirement to academics. He is presently a Senior Lecturer in the for their immense contribution to the successful completion Department of Petroleum & Gas Engineering, University of Port- of this work. Harcourt and a Consultant to Oil and Gas Industries. He is also the Assistant Director of the Institute of Petroleum Studies UNIPORT and a subject expert in Drilling and Completion Engineering. He has published widely and given numerous presentations and training both locally and REFERENCES internationally in the area of his expertise. Engr. Dr. Oriji is a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers [1] W. Bradley, D. Jarman, R. Plott, R. Wood, T. Schofield and D. (SPE), Nigerian Society of Engineer (NSE) and a Registered Professional Cocking, "ATask Force Approach to Reducing Stuck Pipe Costs," in Petroleum Engineer with the Council for the Regulation of Engineers in SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, 1991. Nigeria (COREN). [2] IPM Schlumberger, "Stuckpipe course," 2017.

[3] N. O. Nyakiti, "A Solution Model for Stuck-pipe & Fishing Iribhogbe S. Aire was born on the 21st of August Challenges in Geothermal Drilling: A Case of the Olkaria Geothermal 1995 in Benin City, Nigeria. In 2016, he obtained Field," in 6th African Rift Geothermal Conference, Addis Ababa, a bachelor’s degree in Electrical/Electronic 2016. Engineering from the University of Benin, [4] "Drilling Formulas and Drilling Calculations >> Stuck Pipe, "8 Nigeria. He holds a master’s degree awarded in September 2011. [Online] Available: 2019 from the Institute of Petroleum Studies, http://formulas82.rssing.com/chan-21456036/all_p1.html UNIPORT/IFP School, Port Harcourt, Nigeria in [5] F. E. Dupriest, W. C. Elks and S. Ottesen, "Design Methodology and Petroleum Engineering and Project Development. Operational Practices Eliminate Differential Sticking," SPE Drilling He has work experience in the energy industry & Completion, vol. 26, no. 01, pp. 115-123, March 2011. and academia with a high proficiency in the application of some [6] M. Mims and T. Krepp, Drilling Design and Implementation for petroleum engineering software. He currently interns with Total E & P Extended Reach and Complex Wells, Houston, Texas: K&M Nigeria Limited as a Well Intervention Engineer. He made a paper Technology Group,LLC, 2003. presentation in 2016 at a national conference on Energy and [7] J. Short, "Fishing and casing repair," Tulsa, OK, PennWell Publishing Environment at the National Centre for Energy and Environment Co., 1981, p. 365. (Energy Commission of Nigeria), University of Benin, Nigeria. His [8] J.-P. NGUYEN, Oil and Gas Field Development Techniques: research interests are Big Data Analytics and Application in Drilling and Drilling, Paris: Editions Technip, 1996. Completion, Artificial Intelligence and Renewable Energy. [9] Drilling Course, "Introduction to Stuck Pipe," 26 February 2016. Mr. Aire is a professional member of the Society of [Online]. Available: Petroleum Engineers (SPE), IEEE, and the Nigerian Society of http://www.drillingcourse.com/2016/02/introduction-to- Engineers (NSE). He has received several awards for excellence in stuckpipe.html. leadership and academics. [10] SPE, "Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Drilling Engineering (Digital Edition)," Society of Petroleum Engineers, USA, 2007, p. 763.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.3.1845 394