Universities, Enterprises and Maker Communities in Open Design & Manufacturing Across Europe: an Exploratory Study
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Universities, Enterprises and Maker Communities in Open Design & Manufacturing across Europe: An exploratory study March 2018 (updated version) Issue Deliverable Number D3.1 Version Date Authors Notes Deliverable Title Research Report 1.0 29/09/2017 Angela Lobascio, Laura Martelloni First LAMA Agency draft Dissemination Level Public Debora Giorgi, Giuseppe Lotti, Irene Fiesoli, Valentina Stefanini Pennucci Work Package WP3 University of Florence Adam Thorpe, Chloe Griffith, Chris Follows, Matt Work Package Leader LAMA Development and Cooperation Agency Malpass, Paul Haywood, Pras Gunasekera, Tessa Read University of the Arts London Partners involved University of Florence, University of Deusto, Ewelina Widerska, Joanna Kurowska-Pysz, Maciej University of the Arts London, University of Witkowski, Paweł Buchwald Dąbrowa Górnicza, P2P Foundation, Furniture University of Dabrowa-Gornicza and Furnishing Centre, Tongji University Aiur Retegi, Itziar González Zuazo, Marcelo Leslabay, Rebeca Cortàzar, Rodrigo Martínez Project N° 575063 - EPP-1-2016-1-IT-EPPKA2-KA University of Deusto Alekos Pantazis, Christina Priavolou, Vasilis Niaros P2P Foundation OD&M Acronym Irene Burroni Furniture and Furnishing Centre Title A Knowledge Alliance between HEIs, makers 2.0 05/11/2017 Elena Como Peer and manufacturers to boost Open Design & LAMA Agency review Manufacturing in Europe Nick Rhodes University of the Arts Londo Raul Tabares Programme Erasmus+ Tecnalia 3.0 17/11/2017 Laura Martelloni Final Strand Knowledge Alliances LAMA Agency darft 4.0 8/01/2018 Avril Accolla, Jixiang Jiang Annex Starting date 01 / 01 / 2017 Tongji University China 5.0 12/02/2018 Laura Martelloni, Giuseppe Lotti Review/ Duration 36 months LAMA Agency, University of Florence Final Version This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ . Executive Summary The present Report contains the results of an action-research developed in the context of the OD&M Project (A Knowledge Alliance between Higher Education Institutions, Makers and Manufacturers to boost Open Design & Manufacturing in Europe), funded by the European Commission under the Erasmus+ Programme, Knowledge Alliances strand. The main objective of the research was to analyse how and to what extent the emerging open design and manufacturing paradigm (OD&M) is currently becoming the ground of progressive convergence and synergy between Universities, enterprises and maker communities, and how this ‘knowledge triangle’ is collaborating towards the creation of effective and meaningful value chains of innovation. The research started by investigating the key competences and skills that presently characterise the ‘maker profile’, in order to draw a general picture of how these are developed, in which contexts, and through which particular teaching and learning processes. Further, the research explored existing experiences of making-related initiatives promoted or partnered by Universities, and discussed with Higher Education’s representatives the drivers, barriers and possible scenarios stemming from the introduction of making education within formal learning. Then, the research involved professional makers and OD&M enterprises (i.e. enterprises that show strong and direct connections with the open design and manufacturing paradigm) in order to get an in depht understanding of how making-related values, skills and competences are contributing to shape and inform their businesses. Lastly, the research explored the perceptions and opinions of ‘traditional’ companies regarding these topics, and discussed with them the potential risks and benefits that may emerge for them from the OD&M paradigm. Indeed, the different levels of maturity of the maker movement – and, more generally, of the open design and manufacturing paradigm – in the different countries, poses clear challenges in the implementation of this type of research; on the other hand, it reflects the reality of an emerging phenomenon and points to both the challenges of a common path, and the opportunities of building common experimentations at European level. Contents Introduction 5 Methodology 8 CHAPTER 1. The Maker Movement: Values and Principles 11 1.1 - The emergence of Makerspaces and Open Design and Manufacturing 12 1.2 - Values and principles of the Maker Movement 15 1.3 - Makers and makerspaces in the pilot countries of the OD&M project 18 CHAPTER 2. Makers: skills, competences and learning contexts 26 2.1 - Makers’ skills and competences: an overview 27 2.2 - Makers and formal learning 30 2.3 - Makers and non-formal learning 38 2.4 - Makers and informal learning 42 CHAPTER 3. Open Design and Manufacturing: points of view and perceptions of enterprises 44 3.1 - Innovative enterprises and open design and manufacturing 45 3.2 - Traditional enterprises and open design and manufacturing 52 Conclusions 53 Bibliography 56 Acknowledgments 59 Annex: Country Reports ANNEX I. OD&M Country Report, United Kingdom (UK) 61 1.1 - The UK Maker movement 62 1.2 - Makers in the UK: skills, competences and learning contexts 81 1.3 - Open design and manufacturing: the point of view of enterprises 92 Conclusions 100 Country Report Bibliography 102 ANNEX II. OD&M Country Report, Spain 103 1.1 - Values and principles of the maker movement in Spain 104 1.2 - Makers in Spain: skills, competences and learning contexts 109 1.3 - Open design and manufacturing: the point of view of enterprises 117 Conclusions 125 Country Report Bibliography 127 ANNEX III. OD&M Country Report, Poland 128 1.1 - Values and principles of the maker movement in Poland 129 1.2 - Makers in Poland: skills, competences and learning contexts 134 1.3 - Open design and manufacturing: the point of view of enterprises 143 Conclusions 149 Country Report Bibliography 152 ANNEX IV. OD&M Country Report, Italy 153 1.1 - Values and principles of the maker movement in Italy 154 1.2 - Makers in Italy: skills, competences and learning contexts 161 1.3 - Open design and manufacturing: the point of view of enterprises 170 Conclusions 182 Country Report Bibliography 184 ANNEX V. OD&M Country Report, China 182 Introduction 183 1 - Cultural appreciation and understanding 184 1.1 - Main policies for innovation and entrepreneurship 184 1.2 - China's current development challenges and opportunities 187 2 - Makers 189 2.1 - The definition of maker 189 2.2 - Values and principles of Chinese makers and the maker movement with Chinese characteristics 190 3 - Maker Spaces 194 3.1 - Maker space with original value (maker space) 195 3.1.2 - The vision/mission of the Makerspace 196 3.1.3 - Main activities and services 197 3.2 - Maker space with Chinese characteristic (makerspace CC) 197 3.3 - Maker space' typology 199 4 - Maker culture and learning by making in China 200 4.1 - Formal learning 200 4.2 - Incubators and Science parks 202 5 - Open Design and manufacturing: the point of view of enterprises 203 5.1 - Mass entrepreneurship and innovation” enterprises in China 203 5.2 - Innovative enterprises 203 Introduction By Laura Martelloni | LAMA Agency Often, new professions and jobs emerge with different backgrounds and mindsets are able to imprint production processes, from transformations in the market. that converge around common values such products and organizational forms with as ‘sharing’ and ‘openness’, generating a social purposes and outcomes. Considered They tend to remain in a grey zone where multi-faceted and complex knowledge. in its potential to infuse production they mostly take shape through progressive processes with social innovation principles adaptation and training on-the-job, until The maker movement has opened the way and values, open manufacturing opens institutional education and training systems for a new paradigm of production, called room to cultivate radical changes in the are able to recognize, codify, embed and from time to time open manufacturing, p2p economy and society, able to preserve and scale them up into coherent learning journeys production, social manufacturing, maker grow the public good (Johar et al., 2015). and learning outcomes, understandable by manufacturing; although the plurality of Open manufacturing has already reached a the labour market and the wider society. definitions hints at the lack of maturity of the stage that offers the prospect of new jobs sector, its keywords - open hardware, open and businesses, but education and training Manufacturing in Europe is going through software, distributed networks, collaboration, systems across Europe are still stuck in a major, transformation. While it is transparency, among others - all point to the grey zone of unaware and fragmented suffering heavily from the effects of the the movement’s vocabulary and narrative. intervention. global crisis and ongoing globalization, we are witnessing the emergence of a social These new forms of production are enabled Within this framework, the OD&M technology-based movement, the Maker by open source ICT and rooted in social project (A Knowledge Alliance between movement, spreading fast across the globe. innovation principles, they adopt open- Higher Education Institutions, Makers and Supported by ICT networks and by the ended business models and act at the level of Manufacturers to boost Open Design & establishment of physical spaces such as ecosystem, they harness distributed networks Manufacturing in Europe)1 works to create Fablabs, this movement