COMMUNITY NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING- A EUROPEAN APPROACH TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE

2007 TRB ADC-40 Noise and Vibration Summer Meeting San Louis Obispo, CA

Richard J. Peppin Scantek, Inc., USA

Wolfgang Probst DataKustik GmbH, QCITY-PROJECT (Quiet-City): THE EUROPEAN APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING

1 NOISE MAPPING 3 HOT SPOT DETECTION 5 ACTION PLANNING

2 RANKING 4 MEASURES Noise Mapping Projects Data Acquisition

sources (roads + tram)

buildings

terrain Digital Town Model From the contour lines pattern a 3D-model is generated INDUSTRIAL SOURCES point source propagation receiver

xyz Point source defined by (m) (m) (m) 7.51 5.79 2.12 - Location x, y and z

L = 72.6 dB - A-weighted sound power level LWA WA

or frequency frequency LW,j band nr (Hz) dB - sound power level spectral in frequency bands LW,j 13145 26353 312558 - directivity correction Dc

7200076 8400071 9800065

ROADS line source

line source partitioned point sources x

receiver

GENERAL STRATEGY: PARTITIONING OF EXTENDED SOURCES AND REPLACING THESE BY POINT SOURCES Hourly traffic flow for d, e, n based on road type

or hourly traffic flow for 24- hrs From diurnal pattern

ROADS – PARAMETER ‘TRAFFIC FLOW‘ RAILWAYS

Building noise map at new apartment buildings Model with Building Evaluation to calculate facade levels near Central Station (Germany) AIRCRAFT AND AIRPORTS Flight tracks and noise contours 75|67|62 dB(A) in Noise contours projected to the ground - the vicinity of airport Grid interpolation with progressive colors selected

AIRCRAFT NOISE: Fixed Noise Source to Noise Map

point source receiver

THE BASIC ELEMENT OF EACH NOISE CALCULATION: POINT SOURCE Æ RECEIVER point source propagation receiver

DIFFRACTION - SCREENING

Dz =10lg[]3+ ()C2 / λ C3 zKmet dB

Dz barrier attenuation per octave band z difference between pathlengths

Image source REFLECTION r1' Reflecting surface

0,1⋅Ld 0,1⋅Lr L =10lg(10 +10 ) r2 r1 Receiver Ld contribution direct ray r0 r0

Lr contribution of reflected ray r1 – r2

Source

BARRIER ATTENUATION ACCORDING TO ISO 9613-2 CALCULATION RAYS AT ONE RECEIVER POINT: ALL SOURCES CALCULATION RAYS AT RECEIVER POINTS WITH 10 M GRID SPACING NOISE MAP FROM 10 M GRID +

THE STEPS IN NOISE MAPPING Temple (UK), ACCON Area mapped 147 km²

Inhabitants 276 000

Roads 705 km

Buildings 80 000

Airport -Airport

NOISE MAP AUGSBURG 3D – PRESENTATION TO WALK THROUGH OR FLY OVER THE SCENARIO A Ranking of alternatives: Main transit traffic A –B –D or C A – C - D

B Single number rating: Total Noise Score

Where are the noise problems ?

Hot Spot Analysis: D Area Related Noise Score Choosing Alternatives is a Political not Scientific Decision • If no info is known, there is no reason to expose one person to more noise than another: traffic should be equally split. • If sound insulation is possible, it is better to divert traffic to one road and improve sound insulation at those dwellings. HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE EXPOSED TO WHAT EXTENT ?

Example: Augsburg

Noise Indicator Lden people from to 50 64963 50 55 97707 55 60 40436 60 65 25828 65 70 29056 70 75 17132 75 1051

Needed for each residential building:

- Level Lden at the most exposed facade - Number of residents The number of residents is an attribute of each building Interval People in level intervals of min max Lden Ln 50 27417 56965 50 55 13052 11594 55 60 18053 7817 60 65 13129 2517 65 70 6817 0 70 75 425 0 75 0 0

Distribution of exposure to people as required in Annex VI of the European directive on environmental noise (END)

2 NOISE MAPPING HOT SPOT DETECTION ACTION PLANNING

RANKING MEASURES

QCITY PROJECT: APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING 48 48 47 47 47 47 46

63 60 61 36 36 36 36 62 61 59 59

62 60 62 61 65 63 64 37 37 37 37 64 I 7265 I 37 7265 37 37 67 67 67 66 67 67 67 67 72 72 72 72 72 72 72

Building : 100 residents

Lden = 72 dB(A)

Calculation of Noise Score NS for each residential building • Noise Score – Linear- Y = ∑ n × (Li − Lref ) 3 2 – Percent highly annoyed = A(Li-42) -B(Li-42) +C(Li-42) – Exponential increase Y = ∑ n ×10k (Li−Lref )

Presentation of the noise score, NS, separately for each building OBJECT-SCAN: Gliding average of spatially distributed values

Noise Score (NS) based on Lden for 2005 Area mapped 147 km²

Inhabitants 276 000

Roads 705 km

Buildings 80 000

Airport Augsburg-Airport

NOISE MAP AUGSBURG: HOT SPOTS 3D – PRESENTATION OF HOT SPOTS AUGSBURG NOISE MAPPING HOT SPOT DETECTION ACTION PLANNING

RANKING MEASURES

QCITY PROJECT: APPROACH FOR CITIES IN NOISE MAPPING AND ACTION PLANNING Support of communities and others by catalogs of measures

ref. location treatment option noise cost site specific limitation LC- reduction [dB(A)] [€] LC-9 vehicle resilient wheels 3 2 000,00 to 3 000,00 per wheel LC-10 trackwork moveable point frogs 7 to 10 100 000,00 Requires additional signalling. per turnout LC-11 spring frogs 3 12 000,00 Maximum speed: 30 km/h LC-12 embedded turnouts 7 to 10 5 000,00 without discrete fixation per turnout

Example for mitigation catalog: Special trackwork at Trams Reference LC-RAIL-10 – Moveable Point Frogs Problem Local curving noise control Expected noise reduction 7 to 10 dB(A) Detailed description/objectives Elimination of rail gap of standard frogs Examples STIB, Brussels, constructed by COGIFER

Cost €200 000,00 (= double of classic frog) Interactions – Limitations requires adapted signal and control systems Further information EC project TURNOUTS

Example for mitigation catalog: Datasheet for local measure at frogs CITY MODEL INPUT DATA NOISE ANNOYANCE SCORE CALCULATION

NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES

THE STRATEGY BEHIND DIRECTIVE 2002/49/EC THE END