no longer sufficient for effective governance. The country became country The governance. effective for sufficient longer no successful riseaskingsofHungary, theirfamily backgroundwas history oftheSzapolyais canbedividedinto twoparts:after their elected king of Hungary). What from these texts is that the we learn and thoseofhissuccessors(Queen IsabellaandhersonJohnII, with the at his court, as well as his relations Ottoman Empire, King John’s foreign,urbanandchurch politics, thecultural trends orphaned throneofLouisII.The inthisvolumeexplore writings 1526 themajorityofHungariannoblemenfoundhimworthy a decadeandhalf;itwaspartlydueto thisachievement thatin Transylvania successfullygoverned of thesecondgeneration, for andmilitaryforceofthedynasty,wealth, prestige John,amember them made which the greatest landowning magnates of the country. Relying on the generation, first family’s the of members of The studiesinthisvolume highlight the extraordinary careers role inthehistory ofHungaryformorethanahundredyears. From the1460s onwards, theSzapolyai familyplayedadecisive a battlegroundforglobalempires, andtheSzapolyais, similarly to theJagiellonians, wereunableto RECONSTRUCTION ANDREMEMBRANCE overcome theirvulnerablecircumstances. After royal itdeserves. dynastytheevaluation volume undertakes to give the last Hungarian beingneglected, this centuries ofthesubject MOHÁCS 1526–2026 MOHÁCS 97 8963 41 6236 0
A Forgotten Hungarian Royal Dynasty: THE SZAPOLYAIS THE SZAPOLYAIS H ung P RECONSTRUCTION ANDREMEMBRANCE ál a F ri A F A odor MOHÁCS 1526–2026 MOHÁCS a n
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6 Norbert C. Tóth* THE ANTI-OTTOMAN STRUGGLES OF ÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏP wD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ
INTRODUCTION
7R GDWH QR H[KDXVWLYH VWXG\ KDV EHHQ PDGH RI WKH UROH RI -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL voivode of Transylvania, in the anti-Ottoman struggles and the protection of +XQJDU\˭VERUGHU,QWKHDEVHQFHRIEDVLFUHVHDUFKWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\FDQQRW ȐHU D FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQDO\VLV HLWKHU 6R WKLV ZRUN WKHUHIRUH SURYLGHV D FRQWUDVWLQJSLFWXUH RQWKHRQHKDQGLWJLYHVDVXPPDU\RIWKHVSHFLDOLVWOLWHUDWXUH written on the known and researched military campaigns (to Bulgaria and :DOODFKLD 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWSUHVHQWVWKHRFFXUUHQFHVRIRQHSDUWLFXODU HYHQWWKHGHIHDWRI=VDUQ´ ľUQRY2WWRPDQ+DYDOH*½]HOFHKLVDUWRGD\$YDOD SDUWRI%HOJUDGH WKURXJKDQH[SORUDWLRQRIDOOWKHUHOHYDQWVRXUFHPDWHULDO WKXVKLQWLQJDWVRPHIXWXUHUHVHDUFKRSSRUWXQLWLHV-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VXQGHUWDNLQJV LQᦱᦵᦱᦲ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦳ FXUUHQWO\WKHVXEMHFWRIUHVHDUFK DQGKLVSROLF\RIᦱᦵᦲᦴ˩ᦱᦵᦲᦶDUH RQO\ PHQWLRQHG LQ SDVVLQJ )XUWKHUPRUH , KDYH QRW H[DPLQHG WKH JHQHUDO military situation, the plans of the Hungarian and Ottoman military leadership, the espionage activity of the two parties, or the situation created by the news received; I present an overview of the armistice and peace agreements of the examined period only in as much as this is strictly necessary.
¨L0DP¨Ï0ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǛǝȌ 2Qᦸ1RYHPEHUᦱᦵᦱᦰ RUDFRXSOHRIGD\VHDUOLHU .LQJ9ODGLVODXV,,RI+XQJDU\ ᦱ ᦲ appointed the hardly twenty-year-old -RKQ6]DSRO\DLDVYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLD -RKQ FRXQW +XQJ ispán, Lat. comes RI 6]HSHV KDG UHFHLYHG DQ H[FHOOHQW
˘07$˩+,0˩6=7(˩01/ +XQJDULDQ 5HVHDUFK *URXS IRU 0HGLHYDO 6WXGLHV FWRWKQRUEHUW# gmail.com. ᦱ˘7LERU1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˩6]DSRO\DL-¢QRVHUGªO\LYDMGDV¢JD ᦱᦵᦱᦰ˩ᦱᦵᦲᦶ ˭6]ªNHO\I·OG ᦱᦸ ᦱᦱ ᦲᦰᦱᦴ ᦹᦵ ᦲ˘=VLJPRQG -DN´ ˬ$] HUGªO\L YDMG¢N NLQHYH]ªVªUĒO˭ LQ ,GHP 7¢UVDGDORP HJ\K¢] PIJYHOĒGªV 7DQXOP¢Q\RN(UGªO\W·UWªQHOPªKH]%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦹᦷᦸᦴ Arch. ,ᦸᦸ
111 NORBERT C. TÓTH education; even though, due to his age, he had no experience of battle, I would QRWFDOOKLPLQFRPSHWHQWEHFDXVHLQᦱᦵᦰᦶGXULQJWKHZDUVDJDLQVW.LQJRIWKH Romans Maximilian I of Habsburg, he fought alongside palatine Imre Perényi RI7HPHV-´]VD6RPLDVWKH and captain general ofᦳ the Lower Parts and ispán third captain general. The position of voivode of Transylvania became vacant XSRQWKHUHVLJQDWLRQRI&RXQW3ªWHU6]HQWJ\·UJ\L ZKRDOVRKHOGWKHR̒FHRI MXGJHUR\DO ZKRGXHWRKLVLOOQHVVZDVXQDEOHWRUHPDLQLQR̒FHDVLWHQWDLOHG ᦴ military duties. At the same time the other border protection commander, the ispán of Temes comes comitatus Temesiensis , was also appointed, although WKHSRVWKDGE\WKHQEHHQYDFDQWIRUWZR\HDUVEHFDXVHRIWKHGHDWKRI-´]VD ᦵ Somi. This position was obtained by István Báthoriᦶ of Ecsed, nephew of a previous voivode of Transylvania of the same name. Neither the time of the appointments nor the identical family background of the two men can be regarded as a coincidence. The former was motivated by the PLOLWDU\VLWXDWLRQ WKHVHYHQ\HDUSHDFHWUHDW\ZLWK6XOWDQ%D\H]LG ᦱᦴᦸᦱ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦲ KDGH[SLUHGDQGLQᦱᦵᦱᦰRQO\DQDUPLVWLFHDJUHHPHQWFRXOGEHQHJRWLDWHGZLWK KLP)XUWKHUPRUHQHLWKHUGLGQHZVDERXWKLVKHLU6HOLPDXJXUZHOOIRUWKH ᦷ Hungarian military leadership. On the other hand, paying frontier soldiers serving at border castles and occasionally employed mercenaries was the task of the current ispán-captain general or of the voivode, who made the payments retrospectively. This means that military commanders able to perform these GXWLHVˬZLWKWKHLURZQUHVRXUFHV˭KDGWREHIRXQGIRUERWKSRVLWLRQVRUPRUH FRUUHFWO\IRUDOOWKUHHLIZHDOVRLQFOXGHWKHUHJLRQRIWKH'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ ᦸ Slavonian banate. By this time, the Szapolyai family had without any doubt become the wealthiest family in the country, preceded only by the king; ᦹthere ZHUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ᦱᦰᦰᦰᦰ WD[SD\LQJ WHQDQW SORWV RQ WKHLU GRPDLQV The
ᦳ˘1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦹᦵ 'H]VĒ6]DE´ˬ0DJ\DURUV]¢JJ\IJOªVHNᦱᦵᦰᦵ˩ᦱᦵᦰᦸ˭Századokᦴᦲ ᦱᦹᦰᦸ ᦷᦱᦱ ᦴ˘%¢OLQW/DNDWRVˬ+DDJ0UDNHV&XVSLQLDQXVªV+HOLDQXV$QªPHWªVIUDQFLDN·YHWHNW¢UJ\DO¢VDL DPDJ\DUHOLWWHOD]ᦱᦵᦱᦰHVWDWDLRUV]¢JJ\IJOªVLGHMªQ˭LQKomárom-Esztergom Megyei Múzeumok .·]OHPªQ\HL ᤲ7DWDᦲᦰᦱᦱᦲᦳᦴ ᦵ˘%¢WKRUL,VWY¢QMXGJHUR\DO ᦱᦴᦷᦱ˩ᦱᦴᦹᦳ DQGYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLD ᦱᦴᦷᦹ˩ᦱᦴᦹᦳ Arch. ,ᦸᦷ Richárd Horváth and Tibor Neumann, (FVHGL%¢WRUL,VWY¢Q(J\NDWRQDE¢U´ªOHWS¢O\¢MDᤰᤳ˨ᤴ 0DJ\DU7·UWªQHOPL(POªNHNUWHNH]ªVHN %XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦱᦲᦴᦸ ᦶ˘1RUEHUW&7´WKˬ%¢WRUL ,,, ,VWY¢QSROLWLNDLS¢O\DIXW¢V¢QDNNH]GHWH ᦱᦵᦰᦳ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦱ ˭LQ6DUROWD 6]DE´DQG1RUEHUW&7´WK HGV $]HFVHGL%¢WKRULDND;9˨;9,,V]¢]DGEDQ. (Báthori István 0»]HXP.LDGY¢Q\DLᦳᦴ 1\®UE¢WRUᦲᦰᦱᦲᦱᦳᦴ Arch.,ᦱᦲᦴ˩ᦱᦲᦵ 1RUEHUW&7´WKˬQFHSXWXULOH FDULHUHLSROLWLFHDOXLğWHIDQ%¢WRULDO,,,OHD ᦱᦵᦰᦳ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦱ ˭%DQDWLFDᦲᦴ ᦲ ᦲᦰᦱᦴ ᦳᦲᦴ ᦷ˘3¢O )RGRU DQG *ª]D '¢YLG ˬ+XQJDULDQ˩2WWRPDQ 3HDFH 1HJRWLDWLRQV LQ ᦱᦵᦱᦲ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦴ˭LQ *ª]D '¢YLGDQG3¢O)RGRU HGV +XQJDULDQ˨2WWRPDQ0LOLWDU\DQG'LSORPDWLF5HODWLRQVLQWKH$JHRI 6½OH\PDQWKH0DJQL̏FHQW%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦹᦴᦱᦰ˩ᦱᦶ ᦸ˘2QWKHWXUEXOHQWVLWXDWLRQLQWKHEDQDWHVHH7DP¢V3¢ORVIDOYLˬ%DMQDL%RWK$QGU¢VªVDV]ODY´Q E¢QV¢J6]ODY´QLD(XU´SDªVDW·U·N·Nᦱᦵᦰᦴ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦳ˭LQ7LERU1HXPDQQDQG*\·UJ\5¢F] HGV +RQRULVFDXVD7DQXOP¢Q\RN(QJHO3¢OHPOªNªUH 7¢UVDGDORPªV0IJYHOĒGªVW·UWªQHWL7DQXOP¢Q\RN ᦴᦰ $QDOHFWD0HGLDHYDOLD,,, %XGDSHVW3LOLVFVDEDᦲᦰᦰᦹᦲᦵᦱ˩ᦳᦰᦰ Arch. ,ᦹᦸ˩ᦱᦰᦰ ᦹ˘3¢O (QJHO ˬ$ PDJ\DU YLO¢JL QDJ\ELUWRN PHJRV]O¢VD D ;9 V]¢]DGEDQ˭ LQ ,GHP +RQRU Y¢U ispánság. Válogatott tanulmányok 0LOOHQQLXPL0DJ\DU7·UWªQHOHP+LVWRULNXVRN 6HOHFWHG
112 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ second and the third places on our imaginary podium were occupied by György, ,VWY¢QDQG$QGU¢V%¢WKRULRI(FVHGZLWKDSSUR[LPDWHO\ᦸᦰᦰᦰWD[SD\LQJWHQDQW ᦱᦰ plots under their command. To this we can add that both newly appointed FDSWDLQVZHUHDERXWWKHVDPHDJH DVZHKDYHVHHQ-RKQPD\KDYHEHHQERUQLQ ᦱᦴᦹᦰRUᦱᦴᦹᦱDQG,VWY¢QDFRXSOHRI\HDUVHDUOLHUVRPHWLPHEHWZHHQᦱᦴᦸᦵDQG ᦱᦱ ᦱᦴᦹᦰ so they must also have been on good terms because of their age.
Ever since their appointment, the two commandersᦱᦲ had carried out their border protection tasks in constant cooperation. They began harmonizing WKHLUPLOLWDU\DFWLYLWLHVDVHDUO\DVDXWXPQᦱᦵᦱᦱZKHQ6]DSRO\DLZDVVRMRXUQLQJ ᦱᦳ in Southern Transylvania, demonstrably ready for action, while we can only suspect that Báthori was, in all likelihood, within the territory under his command,ᦱᦴ since a general mobilisation had been declared along the southern frontier. The reason for the deployment of military forces ᦱᦵin the region was that the one-year armistice agreement had expired in August. ,QWKHDXWXPQRIᦱᦵᦱᦲWKH2WWRPDQDUP\ODXQFKHGDPDVVLYHDWWDFNDORQJ ᦱᦶ the entire front. The underlying reasons can be traced back to spring of the VDPH \HDU LQ RUGHU WR H[WHQG WKH DUPLVWLFH DJUHHPHQW WKH +XQJDULDQ UXOHU sent envoys to Sultan Bayezid. By the time the Hungarian delegation arrived in ,VWDQEXOKRZHYHUWKHVXOWDQKDGEHHQGHSRVHG DQGODWHUHYHQSRLVRQHG E\ KLVVRQ6HOLP6LQFH6HOLP˭VLQWHQWLRQZDVWRHOLPLQDWHKLVEURWKHU$KPHGZKR KLPVHOIZDVDOVRDVSLULQJWRWKHWKURQHKHȐHUHGSHDFHUDWKHUWKDQDWUXFH
˝ᦹ˘HGLWHG DQG ZLWK QRWHV E\ (QLNĒ &VXNRYLWV %XGDSHVW ᦲᦰᦰᦳ ᦱᦵ ᦵᦲ 1HXPDQQ ˬ'´]VD OHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦹᦳ˩ᦹᦴ ᦱᦰ˘1RUEHUW&7´WKˬ$]HFVHGL%¢WKRU\FVDO¢GELUWRNJ\DUDS®W¢VLW·UHNYªVHLD;9V]¢]DGP¢VRGLN IHOªEHQ˭LQ$OLFH+RUY¢WK HG %¢WKRU\0LNO´VY¢FLS½VS·N ᤲ˨ᤰᤫᤱ HPOªNH]HWH9¢Fᦲᦰᦰᦷ ᦱᦸᦸ˩ᦱᦸᦹ ᦱᦱ˘1RUEHUW&7´WKˬ.LNLFVRGDD]HFVHGL%¢WRULFVDO¢GEDQ"$%¢WRULFVDO¢GHFVHGL¢J¢QDNWDJMDL ᦱᦳᦷᦷ˩ᦱᦵᦴᦱ˭6]DEROFV6]DWP¢U%HUHJL6]HPOHᦴᦴ ᦲᦰᦰᦹ ᦲᦷ ᦱᦲ˘&I1RUEHUW&7´WKˬ(J\OHJHQGDQ\RP¢EDQ6]DSRO\DL-¢QRVªVHFVHGL%¢WRUL,VWY¢QYLV]RQ\D ᦱᦵᦲᦶHOĒWW˭Századokᦱᦴᦶ ᦲᦰᦱᦲ ᦴᦵᦰ̏ ᦱᦳ˘6HHWKHOHWWHUGDWHGᦵ6HSWHPEHUᦱᦵᦱᦱ Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦲᦴ˩ᦳᦲᦶ 6HHDOVR01/2/'/ᦵᦹᦹᦹᦴ DGMRXUQPHQW RI WKH FDVH GXH WR WKH H[SHGLWLRQ DJDLQVW WKH 2WWRPDQV -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL VRMRXUQHGLQ%HV]WHUFH %LVWULĤD RQᦳ6HSWHPEHULQ7RUGDRQᦱᦱ2FWREHULQ.ROR]VY¢URQ ᦱᦱ1RYHPEHULQ6]¢V]VHEHVRQᦲᦱ'HFHPEHUDQGRQFHDJDLQLQ.ROR]VY¢URQᦲᦸ'HFHPEHU (Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦲᦶ˩ᦳᦲᦸ ᦱᦴ˘6HH01/2/')ᦲᦱᦷᦰᦸᦹᦲᦶᦵᦸᦸᦵ ᦱᦵ˘)RGRUDQG'¢YLGˬ+XQJDULDQ˩2WWRPDQ3HDFH1HJRWLDWLRQV˭ᦱᦰ˩ᦱᦲᦱᦵ ᦱᦶ˘&I3¢ORVIDOYLˬ%DMQDL%RWK˭ᦲᦹᦱ˩ᦲᦹᦳ)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQWKHRFFXUUHQFHVVHH*¢ERU0LN´ ˬ.®VªUOHWDV]UHEHUQLNLE¢QV¢JYLVV]DK´G®W¢V¢UDᦱᦵᦱᦳEDQ 7·U·NHOOHQHVKDGM¢UDWRNOHKHWĒVªJHL DᦱᦶV]¢]DGHOHMªQ ˭Századokᦱᦵᦴ ᦲᦰᦲᦰ ᦵᦷᦷ˩ᦶᦲᦰ ᦱᦷ˘)RGRUDQG'¢YLGˬ+XQJDULDQ˩2WWRPDQ3HDFH1HJRWLDWLRQV˭ᦱᦹ˩ᦲᦰ
113 NORBERT C. TÓTH
ᦱᦸ LQRQHWURRSRFFXS\LQJWKHFDVWOHVLQWKHEDQDWHRI6]UHEHUQLN 6UHEUHQLN At approximately the same time, the EH\RI6HPHQGLUH 6]HQGUĒ6PHGHUHYR invaded the territory of the captaincy general of the Lower Parts, but the ispán RI7HPHV,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULGHIHDWHGWKH2WWRPDQWURRSVQHDU,OO\ªG ,OLGLD RQ ᦱᦲ2FWREHUᦱᦹ,QWKHPHDQZKLOH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLVHFXUHG7UDQV\OYDQLDZLWKKLV ᦲᦰ troops, as he had been tasked to do. $WWKHGLHWKHOGDW(SLSKDQ\WKHIROORZLQJ\HDU ᦶ-DQXDU\ WKHGHFLVLRQ ᦲᦱ was taken to launch a campaign and retake the banate of Szrebernik. Therefore, and as a consequence of news coming from the Ottoman Empire, almost the entire Hungarian élite was at the southern frontier in the summer (their troops KDG EHHQ WKHUH HDUOLHU DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH \HDU 3DODWLQH ,PUH 3HUªQ\L PDGHDUUDQJHPHQWVRQᦱᦱ-XO\IURPWKHIRUWRI3HNUHF 3DNUDF ᦲᦲZKLOH-RKQ 6]DSRO\DLVHQWKLVRUGHUVWRWKH6D[RQVIURPWKHFLW\RI6]HJHGRQᦴ-XO\,Q KLVOHWWHUKHFDOOHGRQWKHPWRJDWKHUZLWKWKHLUDUPLHVQHDU$OYLQF 9LQĤXGH ᦲᦳ -RV DVWKH2WWRPDQVZHUHSUHSDULQJWRDWWDFNWKHIRUWRI6]DE¢FV ġDEDF 7KLVZDVQRWWKHYRLYRGH˭VRQO\WDVN KHZDVDVVLJQHGE\.LQJ9ODGLVODXV,,WR UHQRYDWHWKHIRUWDQGWKHFLW\ZDOORI3ªW 'XERYD LQWKHEDQDWHRI6]·UªQ\ 6HYHULQ 2Qᦱᦳ-XO\WKHNLQJWKHUHIRUHDVNHGWKH6D[RQVWRVHQGVRPHFUDIWVPHQ ᦲᦴ there to carry out these works. In the meantime, Szapolyai left Szeged, and, YLD &VDQ¢G &HQDG ZKHUH KH VRMRXUQHG RQ ᦱᦶ -XO\ᦲᦵ KH ZHQW RQ WR 'ªYD ᦲᦶ 'HYD In August, the Ottoman forces made an incursion from Bosnia, but
ᦱᦸ˘$QGU¢V.XELQ\Lˬ$V]¢YDV]HQWGHPHWHUQDJ\RODV]LJ\Ē]HOHPᦱᦵᦲᦳEDQ˭LQ,GHP1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UW´O 0RK¢FVLJ $ 0¢W\¢V ªV D -DJHOO´NRU KDGW·UWªQHWH %XGDSHVW ᦲᦰᦰᦷ ᦱᦲᦳ ,GHP ˬ7KH %DWWOH RI 6]¢YDV]HQWGHPHWHU˩1DJ\RODV]L ᦱᦵᦲᦳ 2WWRPDQ$GYDQFHDQG+XQJDULDQ'HIHQFHRQWKH(YH RI 0RK¢FV˭ LQ *ª]D '¢YLG DQG 3¢O )RGRU HGV 2WWRPDQV +XQJDULDQV DQG +DEVEXUJV LQ &HQWUDO(XURSH7KH0LOLWDU\&RQ̏QHVLQWKH(UDRI2WWRPDQ&RQTXHVW (The Ottoman Empire DQG,WV+HULWDJHᦲᦰ /HLGHQ%RVWRQ.·OQᦲᦰᦰᦰᦷᦱ˩ᦸᦸ 0LN´ˬ.®VªUOHWDV]UHEHUQLNLE¢QV¢J YLVV]DK´G®W¢V¢UD˭ ᦱᦹ˘)RGRUDQG'¢YLGˬ+XQJDULDQ˩2WWRPDQ3HDFH1HJRWLDWLRQV˭ᦱᦷ˩ᦲᦰ $QGU¢V.XELQ\Lˬ%XGDL .DNDV-¢QRVªVW·UWªQHWLIHOMHJ\]ªVHL˭LQ,GHP)ĒSDSRNHJ\K¢]LLQWª]PªQ\HNªVYDOO¢VRVV¢JD N·]ªSNRUL 0DJ\DURUV]¢JRQ 0(7(0 .·Q\YHN ᦲᦲ %XGDSHVW ᦱᦹᦹᦹ ᦲᦱᦱ )HUHQF 6]DN¢O\ ˬ1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UᦱᦵᦲᦱHVRVWURP¢KR]˭+DGW·UWªQHOPL.·]OHPªQ\HN16ᦲᦵ ᦴ ᦱᦹᦷᦸ ᦴᦸᦸ˩ᦴᦸᦹ ᦲᦰ˘1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦹᦹ FI01/2/')ᦲᦵᦵᦱᦷᦷ ᦷ2FWREHUᦱᦵᦱᦲ 2Qᦲᦵ'HFHPEHU -RKQ6]DSRO\DLZDVVWLOOLQ.ROR]VY¢U Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦳᦳ 6RPHWLPHDURXQG&KULVWPDVD OHWWHURIFRPPDQGZDVZULWWHQLQKLVQDPHLQ7RUGD 01/2/'/ᦳᦰᦹᦹᦹ ᦲᦱ˘*¢ERU0LN´ˬ,VPHUHWOHQRUV]¢JJ\IJOªVLHPOªND-DJHOO´NRUE´O$GDWRND]ᦱᦵᦰᦷªVᦱᦵᦱᦴN·]·WWL RUV]¢JJ\IJOªVHNW·UWªQHWªKH]YDODPLQW:HUEĒF]\+¢UPDVN·Q\YªQHNHONªV]½OWªKH]˭7·UWªQHOPL Szemleᦵᦶ ᦲᦰᦱᦴ ᦴᦶᦸ ᦲᦲ˘01/2/')ᦲᦳᦲᦳᦸᦰ FI3¢ORVIDOYLˬ%DMQDL%RWK˭ᦲᦹᦹ ᦲᦳ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦳᦷ 1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦹᦹ ᦲᦴ˘01/2/')ᦲᦴᦵᦷᦲᦶ Commissio propria domini regis . ᦲᦵ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦳᦸ ᦱᦶ-XO\ᦱᦵᦱᦳ ᦲᦶ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦳᦹ ᦳᦰ$XJXVWᦱᦵᦱᦳ 2Qᦸ$XJXVW 01/2/')ᦲᦷᦷᦷᦳᦴ ᦱ6HSWHPEHU $QGU¢V :.RY¢FVDQG$QWDO9DOHQWLQ\$:DVVFVDO¢GFHJHLOHYªOW¢UD. [Az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum /HYªOW¢UDᦳ@.ROR]VY¢Uᦲᦰᦰᦶ1Rᦶᦰᦰ DQGᦱᦵ6HSWHPEHU 01/2/'/ᦳᦰᦵᦳᦷ FKDUWHUVDUH LVVXHG LQ KLV QDPH LQ 'ªYD EXW WKH\ PD\ KDYH EHHQ LVVXHG E\ KLV SURWRQRWDU\ 7KLV LV UHLQIRUFHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWKLVYLFHYRLYRGH0LNO´V7»U´FLDOVRVLJQHGVRPHGRFXPHQWVWKHUH (e.g. Kovács and Valentiny,$:DVVFVDO¢G1Rᦵᦹᦹ
114 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ
WKHQHZO\DSSRLQWHG'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ6ODYRQLDQEDQᦲᦷ3ªWHU%HULV]O´ELVKRS RI 9HV]SUªP LQ̑LFWHG D VHULRXV GHIHDW RQ WKHP DW 'XELFD WRGD\ LQ %RVQLD DQG+HU]HJRYLQD 0HDQZKLOH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDVWDUWHG EHVLHJLQJWKHIRUWRI6]HQGUĒZLWKWKHFOHDULQWHQWLRQRIEULQJLQJUHOLHIWRWKH ᦲᦸ EDQ. $IWHU WKH ˬZDU VHDVRQ˭ DQG WKH FDPSDLJQ HQGHG WKH YRLYRGH UHWXUQHG home, or better ᦲᦹto say to Buda, and did not arrive back in his province until the end of the year. 6HHWKHPDSRQWKHIROORZLQJSDJH
¨L0 ®dEPm!lPEmȋǛǟǛǞȌ -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL PRVW OLNHO\ FHOHEUDWHG 1HZ ᦲᦷ˘Arch. ,ᦱᦰᦰ ᦲᦸ˘3¢ORVIDOYLˬ%DMQDL%RWK˭ᦲᦹᦸ )RGRUDQG'¢YLGˬ+XQJDULDQ˩2WWRPDQ3HDFH1HJRWLDWLRQV˭ᦲᦶ ᦲᦹ˘7LERU1HXPDQQˬ%XOJ¢ULD˩(UGªO\˩7HPHVY¢U6]DSRO\DL-¢QRVªVDSDUDV]WK¢ERU»˭LQ1RUEHUW &7´WKDQG7LERU1HXPDQQ HGV .HUHV]WHVHNEĒOO¢]DG´N7DQXOP¢Q\RNᤰ0DJ\DURUV]¢J¢U´O. 0DJ\DU7·UWªQHOPL(POªNHNUWHNH]ªVHN %XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦱᦵᦱᦱᦰ ᦳᦰ˘,ELG ᦱᦱᦰ 1RUEHUW & 7´WK ˬ$] ᦱᦵᦱᦴ P¢UFLXVL RUV]¢JJ\IJOªV 3ROLWLNDW·UWªQHWL HVHPªQ\HN 0DJ\DURUV]¢JRQDSDUDV]WK¢ERU»NLW·UªVªLJ˭LQ&7´WKDQG1HXPDQQ HGV .HUHV]WHVHNEĒO lázadókᦴᦴ˩ᦴᦵ ᦳᦱ˘2QWKLVVHH&7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\IJOªV˭ᦶᦳ˩ᦶᦹ ᦳᦲ˘,ELGᦶᦶ ᦳᦳ˘1HXPDQQˬ%XOJ¢ULD˩(UGªO\˩7HPHVY¢U˭ᦱᦱᦰ ᦳᦴ˘,ELGᦱᦱᦱ˩ᦱᦱᦲ ᦳᦵ˘,ELGᦱᦱᦱ QRWHᦴᦱ 115 NORBERT C. TÓTH 116 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ ᦳᦶ Selim, who at the time was heading to Asia Minor. By the time the army, led E\ -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL UHWXUQHG WR .DU¢QVHEHV &DUDQVHEHĠ WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ Hungary had changedᦳᦷ substantially, and the military manoeuvres planned at the diet were cancelled. ¨L0P0E0wDØmxȋǛǟǛǟȌ38 ,Q'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦱᦴ-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDDQGUR\DOFDSWDLQ ᦳᦹZDVDOUHDG\EDFNLQ.ROR]VY¢UZKHUHKHUHPDLQHGXQWLO)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦱᦵ general, ᦴᦰ presumably to deal with the consequences of the uprising. He subsequently left 7UDQV\OYDQLDDQGLQPLG)HEUXDU\ZH̐QGKLPRQKLVRZQGRPDLQVLQ/LSSD /LSRYD ᦴᦱIURPZKHUHKHWUDYHOOHGWRWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHEDQDWHRI6]·UªQ\ ᦴᦲ RQHRIKLVOHWWHUVIURPWKH̐UVWKDOIRI0DUFKZDVZULWWHQLQ/XJRV /XJRM 7KHQH[WUHOLDEOHLWHPRIHYLGHQFHRQ6]DSRO\DL˭VZKHUHDERXWVLVIURPᦲᦱ0D\ ᦴᦳ when he was once again in Szászsebes, Transylvania. 7KH̐UVWLQIRUPDWLRQRQ what happened between the two dates can be found in the will of Imre Török, EDQRI1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢U %HOJUDGH GDWHGᦱ0D\ DFFRUGLQJWRWKHZLOO,PUH 7·U·NGLFWDWHGKLV̐QDOZLVKZKLOHKHZDVSUHSDULQJIRUDFDPSDLJQDJDLQVWWKH ᦴᦴ Ottomans. That the campaign did indeed take place is proved by several VRXUFHV WKH̐UVWRIWKHVHZKLFKDOVRJLYHVDQDFFRXQWRIWKHYRLYRGH˭VGHIHDWLV DOHWWHUGDWHGᦱᦵ0D\DQGVHQWE\.LQJ6LJLVPXQGRI3RODQGWRKLVZLIH%RUE¢OD -RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VVLVWHUᦴᦵ7KHVHFRQGFDQEHIRXQGLQ,PUH3HUªQ\L˭VOHWWHURI ᦴᦶ FRPPDQGIURPᦱᦳ-XQH while the third is also a letter of command, but written E\-RKQ6]DSRO\DLRQᦳ$XJXVWᦴᦷ8QIRUWXQDWHO\RXUFKDUWHUVRXUFHVIDLOXVLQ ᦳᦶ˘,ELGᦱᦱᦲᦱᦵᦲ &7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\IJOªV˭ᦶᦵ ᦳᦷ˘1HXPDQQˬ%XOJ¢ULD˩(UGªO\˩7HPHVY¢U˭ᦱᦵᦱ ᦳᦸ˘)RUDVXPPDU\RQWKHFDPSDLJQVHH7DP¢V3¢ORVIDOYL)URP1LFRSROLVWR0RK¢FV$+LVWRU\RI 2WWRPDQ˨+XQJDULDQ:DUIDUHᤳᤴ˨ᤰᤱ 7KH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHDQG,WV+HULWDJHᦶᦳ /HLGHQ %RVWRQᦲᦰᦱᦸᦳᦵᦱ˩ᦳᦵᦳ &7´WKˬ(J\OHJHQGDQ\RP¢EDQ˭ᦴᦵᦲ QRWHᦶᦰ ᦳᦹ˘capitaneus generalis regie maiestatis˩WKHWLWOH̐UVWDSSHDUVE\KLVQDPHRQᦱ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦱᦴ 01/2/')ᦲᦴᦵᦷᦳᦹ 7KHODVWNQRZQLQIRUPDWLRQRQKLVR̒FHRQWKLVRFFDVLRQLVIURP ᦸ0DUFKᦱᦵᦱᦶ Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦷᦴ ᦴᦰ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦵᦹ˩ᦳᦶᦰ ᦴᦱ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦶᦱ ᦱᦸ)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦱᦵ ᦴᦲ˘01/2/')ᦲᦵᦴᦹᦶᦷ%HWZHHQᦱᦵᦱᦳDQGᦱᦵᦱᦹ-RKQ6]DSRO\DLDOVRKHOGWKHR̒FHRIEDQ of Szörény (Arch. ,ᦱᦵᦳ ᦴᦳ˘01/2/'/ᦶᦳᦰᦰᦴ ᦴᦴ˘LQJUHVVXVDGSDUWHVLQ̏GHOLXPSURWXLFLRQHKXLXVLQFOLWLUHJQL+XQJDULH01/2/'/ᦸᦹᦰᦵᦲHGLWHG in (Q\LQJL7·U·N%¢OLQW,QWURGXFHGDQGSXEOLVKHGE\-´]VHI%HVVHQ\HL%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦹᦴFKDUWHU 1Rᦱ ᦴᦵ˘Acta Tomiciana,,,ᦳᦷᦱ Ceterum Mti. vre. incognitum esse nouimus, clarissimum dnum. vojevodam, germanum Mtis. vre., generum nostrum charissimum, nuper in Turcas ita adverso marte pugnasse, ut, FRSLDUXPSDUWHDPLVVDSUHOLRH[FHGHUHVLWFRDFWXV/LFHWDXWHPQRQGXPQRELVVDWLVFRQVWHWTXDQWD FKULVWLDQRUXPPLOLWXPFODGHGHSXJQDWXPVLWFHUWXPWDPHQHVWUHPDERUWKRGR[HSLHWDWLVKRVWLEXV EHQHDFSURVSHUHJHVWDP. ᦴᦶ˘01/2/')ᦲᦶᦹᦷᦳᦴ TXRGTXDPYLVVXSHULRULEXVGLHEXVWHPSRUHTXRVFLOLFHWGRPLQRZD\YRGD7UDQV silvanis ! LQH[SHGLWLRQHFRQWUD7KXUFRVVHSUHSDUDEDW. ᦴᦷ˘01/2/'/ᦶᦳᦰᦰᦵ KLLVQRYLVVLPLVGLHEXVWHPSRUHVFLOLFHWH[SHGLWLRQLVQRVWUHFRQWUD7KXUFRV 117 NORBERT C. TÓTH this respect,ᦴᦸ as no further information is preserved about the campaign in any of them. The most detailed account of these events can be found in the work Memoria rerumDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHDUP\OHGE\YRLYRGH-RKQ,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULispán of Temes, Imre Török and Mihály Paksi, EDQVRI1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UDQGWKHˬNLQJ˭V OLHXWHQDQW˭/¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHUᦴᦹOHIWIRUWKHFDPSDLJQRQᦲᦴ$SULORQWKHNLQJ˭V RUGHUV 6ROGLHUV IURP WKH -DNVLFV DQG 6]DNRO\L IDPLOLHV DOVR WRRN SDUW LQ WKH manoeuvre. The troops set out from Nándorfehérvár and, following the line RIWKH'DQXEHUHDFKHGWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´DQGVWDUWHGEHVLHJLQJLW In the struggle, Sinan Bey drove away the enemy as one would driveᦵᦰ away animals; ten Turks, as they say, drove away one hundred armed soldiers.” This description from an unknown author is well complemented by a report from the other side, prepared for Prince Süleyman by Báli, VDQMDNEH\L of 6HPHQGLUH$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVUHSRUWWKH+XQJDULDQDUP\FURVVHGWKH'DQXEH RQᦲᦱ$SULODQGVWDUWHGEHVLHJLQJWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´7KH2WWRPDQVPRELOL]HG WKHHQWLUHVROGLHU\RI5XPHOLDDQGRUGHUHGLWWRJDWKHULQ6]HQGUĒ,QWKHHQG they did not wait for the entire force to gather, as the defenders of the fort in desperation asked for assistance, and so, under the leadership of Bali Bey, a counterattack was launched against the Hungarians. According to the report, one of the Ottoman troops attacked the infantry, another the camp, and after a long and violent struggle the army, led by Szapolyai, had to retreat, but did so LQDQRUJDQL]HGPDQQHU7ZRRIWKH+XQJDULDQJHQHUDOV˩0LK¢O\3DNVLEDQ of EDQRI6]DE¢FV˩ORVWWKHLUOLYHVLQWKHVWUXJJOHV Nándorfehérvár, and Gáspár, ᦵᦱ and their heads were sent to the sultan. ᦴᦸ˘7KLVLVVRPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJDVDWOHDVWDGR]HQOHWWHUVGDWHGEHWZHHQHDUO\0D\DQGODWH-XQH ᦱᦵᦱᦵDUHNQRZQWRH[LVWLQZKLFKRQHZRXOGZLWKRXUFXUUHQWPLQGVHWH[SHFWWKHHYHQWWREH PHQWLRQHG WKHHQYR\VRI%UDVV´GLGQRWPHQWLRQWKLVLQWKHLUOHWWHUVHQWIURP3R]VRQ\WR WKHLUFLW\RQᦱᦷ0D\ 01/2/')ᦲᦴᦶᦷᦰᦸ OLNHZLVHQRPHQWLRQRILWZDVPDGHE\)HUHQF 9DMDLLQKLVOHWWHUIURP3R]VRQ\ %UDWLVODYD RQᦲᦹ0D\ 01/2/'/ᦹᦷᦶᦴᦶ HYHQWKRXJK he reported about many other things (the uprising of the tenant peasants [Hung. MREE¢J\@LQ &DULQWKLD WKHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHIRUWVRI%RÎDFDQG.RWRULQ%RVQLDE\WKH2WWRPDQV ᦴᦹ˘:HNQRZKLVIXOOQDPHIURP7DP¢V3HOHL˭VˬQRWHVRQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHSHULRG˭ %¢OLQW/DNDWRV ‘Az erdélyi káptalan és a püspöki udvar tagjai görbe tükörben. Történeti bejegyzések Pelei 7DP¢VIĒHVSHUHV(UDVPXVN·WHWªEHQ>ᦱᦵᦱᦵ˩Fᦱᦵᦳᦰ@˭Fonsᦱᦶ>ᦲᦰᦰᦹ@ᦴᦵᦶ DQGIURPᦱᦵᦱᦳZKHQ KHZDVFDSWDLQRIWKH7UDQV\OYDQLDQDUP\ &7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\IJOªV˭ᦴᦶ ᦵᦰ˘Memoria rerum, ᦱᦸ˩ᦱᦹ 7KH GHDWKV RI 3DNVL DQG &VHUWLQJHU ZHUH DOVR UHSRUWHG E\ 3HOHL /DNDWRVˬ3HOHL7DP¢V˭ᦴᦵᦶ ᦵᦱ˘7KHUHSRUWVHQWWRWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHLPSHULDOFRXQFLOE\3ULQFH6½OH\PDQKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHG LQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQE\3¢O)RGRU ˬ:ROIRQWKH%RUGHU 118 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ On the basis of these two reports and the aforementioned charters, it seems possible to reconstruct the essence of the campaign. The Hungarian army, led E\-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDDQGUR\DOFDSWDLQJHQHUDOᦵᦲ ᦵᦳ which represented a major military force, VHWRXWIURP1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢URQᦲᦱ$SULO DURXQGWKHGD\RI6DLQW*HRUJH ᦵᦴWRWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´RQO\ᦱᦶNPDZD\7KH nearly identical dates presented in the two reports contrast with the previously FLWHG ZLOO RI ,PUH 7·U·NGDWHG ᦱ 0D\ ZKLFK MXGJLQJ E\ LWV WH[W KDG EHHQ ᦵᦵ drawn up before the troops departed. 8QWLOIXUWKHUHYLGHQFHLVXQFRYHUHGWKH FRQWUDGLFWLRQFDQEHUHVROYHGLQWZRZD\V RQHSRVVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQLVWKDW,PUH Török joined the army later, possibly after the counterattack of the Ottomans had been launched; another explanation may be that the EDQ wrote his last wish before the clash with the Ottoman relief forces. As the news of the defeat UHDFKHG3R]VRQ\ %UDWLVODYD RQᦱᦵ0D\WKHVLHJHRIWKHIRUWPXVWKDYHODVWHG for at least two weeks, including the time needed for deploymenᦵᦶ t, so the battle LWVHOILVOLNHO\WRKDYHWDNHQSODFHVRPHWLPHEHIRUHᦱᦰ0D\ (The news from 1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UUHDFKHGWKHQHJRWLDWLRQVLQ3R]VRQ\ZLWKLQ̐YHGD\V ᦵᦷ 6HYHUDO PDMRU ̐JXUHV LQ WKH +XQJDULDQ DUP\ ORVW WKHLU OLYHV LQ WKH ̐JKW against the relief forces. Even though each source mentions two names, the QDPHV OLVWHG RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ RYHUODS 7KH GHDWK RI ,PUH 7·U·N˭V FRPSDQLRQ Mihály Paksi, EDQ of Nándorfehérvár, is mentioned in both aforementioned sources, as well as in the notes of Tamás Pelei and in ᦵᦸ the letter written in 3R]VRQ\RQᦲᦲ0D\E\*\·UJ\6]DWP¢ULELVKRSRI3ªFV /¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHU˭V name features among the deceased in the Memoria rerum and in the works of Tamás Pelei and Szerémi. The name of Gáspár Paksi, however, only appears 6L[WHHQWK&HQWXU\˭LQ3¢O)RGRU1¢QGRU(.RY¢FVDQG%HQFH3ªUL HGV ğHUHIH 6WXGLHVLQ +RQRXURI3URI*ª]D'¢YLGRQ+LV6HYHQWLHWK%LUWKGD\ ᦲᦱst&HQWXU\6WXGLHVLQ+XPDQLWLHV %XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦱᦹᦷᦷ˩ᦷᦹ ᦵᦲ˘-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VWLWOHRIUR\DOFDSWDLQJHQHUDOH[SODLQVKRZKHZDVDEOHWROHDGWKHWURRSVWR WHUULWRULHVIDUEH\RQGKLVSODFHRIGXW\ DVFDSWDLQJHQHUDOKHZDVPRUHVHQLRUWKDQDOOEDQs and the count LVS¢QFRPHV of Temes, who in turn was also the captain general of the Lower 3DUWV)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQWKLVVHH0LN´ˬ,VPHUHWOHQRUV]¢JJ\IJOªVLHPOªN˭ᦴᦶᦶ̏ ᦵᦳ˘$SDUWIURPWKHQDPHVRIWKH+XQJDULDQOHDGHUVOLVWHGWKLVLVDOVRFRQ̐UPHGE\WKHUHSRUWRI the Venetian envoy, which states that many soldiers were deployed (Pálosfalvi, From Nicopolis to Mohácsᦳᦵᦱ ᦵᦴ˘$FFRUGLQJWR*\·UJ\6]HUªPLWKLVWRRNSODFHLQ0D\ 6]HUªPLMagyarország romlásáról, ᦷᦱ˩ᦷᦲ ZKLOHDFFRUGLQJWR0LNO´V,VWY¢Q̏\LWRFFXUUHGLQ-XO\ ,VWY¢Q̏\Magyarok dolgairól, ,ᦱ ᦱᦵᦴ Both works need to be treated critically; for such criticism, see Gábor Nagy, ‘Szapolyai István ªV-¢QRVDODNMD,VWKY¢Q̒0LNO´V+LVWRULDHM¢EDQ˭3XEOLFDWLRQHV8QLYHUVLWDWLV0LVNROFLQHQVLV6HFWLR Philosophicaᦱᦳ ᦳ ᦲᦰᦰᦸ ᦲᦶᦷ˩ᦲᦹᦴHVSHFLDOO\ᦲᦷᦳᦲᦷᦶᦲᦷᦸ ᦵᦵ˘6HHHDUOLHULQWKHDUWLFOH ᦵᦶ˘2Qᦲ0D\WKHSHRSOHRI3R]VRQ\GLGQRW\HWNQRZRI0LK¢O\3DNVL˭VGHDWK 01/2/'/ ᦴᦷᦱᦰᦳ ,QKLVOHWWHUWR,VWY¢Q5R]JRQ\LVHQWIURP%XGDRQᦸ0D\VHFUHWDU\-¢QRV*RV]WRQ\L gave an account of various developments, but he did not mention the anti-Ottoman campaign 01/2/'/ᦲᦵᦵᦶᦲ ᦵᦷ˘7KH GLVWDQFH ZDV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ᦵᦵᦰ NP DQG D PRXQWHG HQYR\ FRXOG JHQHUDOO\ WUDYHO D GLVWDQFHRIᦱᦱᦰNPDGD\ ᦵᦸ˘01/2/'/ᦸᦹᦰᦵᦴ 119 NORBERT C. TÓTH on the list of casualties due to a case of mistaken identity. The Ottoman report EDQRI6]DE¢FV˱ ZLWKRXWJLYLQJKLVQDPH ᦵᦹ mentions only a “ so this personᦶᦰ could not have been Gáspár Paksi, as he had been ispánRI$UDGVLQFHᦱᦵᦲᦲ and KDGQHYHUKHOGWKHR̒FHRIEDQ&RXQW*\·UJ\0HU]LQL .RUE¢YLDL RQWKH other hand, who was at the time the EDQRI6]DE¢FVGLGLQGHHGGLHDW=VDUQ´ DWOHDVWDFFRUGLQJWR6]HUªPL˭VFKURQLFOHᦶᦱ)XUWKHUPRUHZHKDYHHYLGHQFHWKDW LQDGGLWLRQWRYRLYRGH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLRI7UDQV\OYDQLDispán István Báthori of Temes, EDQs Imre Török and Mihály Paksi of Nándorfehérvár and EDQ György 0HU]LQL .RUE¢YLDL RI6]DE¢FVUR\DOFDSWDLQ/¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHUDQGWKHEDURQHV EDQGHULDWLᦶᦲ ,VWY¢Q DQGRU 0¢UN -DNVLFVᦶᦳ DQG -¢QRV 6]DNRO\Lᦶᦴ ERWK 0LNO´V 'HUHQFVªQ\Lᦶᦵ˩ODWHUWKH6]DSRO\DLV˭FDVWHOODQDQG ᦶᦶ˩DQG-DNDE ᦶᦷ ispán of Torna %¢Q̐RI$OV´OHQGYD also participated in the campaign. As far as can be judged RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHWRXVWKHYRLYRGH˭VFDPSDLJQZDVWKH result of concerted action in accordance with decades of cooperation between the WKUHHFDSWDLQVGHIHQGLQJWKHERUGHUV ZKLOHWKH'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ6ODYRQLDQ EDQ3ªWHU%HULV]O´ELVKRSRI9HV]SUªPZDVDWWKHIURQWLHURIKLVEDQDWHUHDG\ ᦶᦸ for action, the Transylvanian voivode and the captain general of the Lower 3DUWV,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULODXQFKHGDSUHHPSWLYHDWWDFNZLWKLQWKHLURZQFRQ̐QHV to ease the situation in the banate. After the failed siege, those who survived returned to their places of duty. So the voivode of Transylvaniaᦶᦹ returned to Transylvania, where he stayed until the middle of October, and worked on organizing the defence of the southern borders ᦷᦰof the province against Ottoman invasion, which did not in the end happen. ᦵᦹ˘)RGRUˬ:ROIRQWKH%RUGHU˭ᦷᦹ ᦶᦰ˘Arch. ,,ᦳᦱ ᦶᦱ˘Arch. ,ᦱᦴᦸ ᦶᦲ˘&IDFWᦲᦲRIᦱᦴᦹᦸ 'HFUHWDUHJQLPHGLDHYDOLV+XQJDULDH7KH/DZVRIWKH0HGLHYDO.LQJGRPRI +XQJDU\ᤴᤫ˨ᤰᤱ 7KH/DZVRI+XQJDU\6HULHV,ᦴ )URPDPDQXVFULSWE\)HUHQF'·U\ HGLWHGDQGWUDQVODWHGE\3ªWHU%DQ\´DQG0DUW\Q5DG\ZLWKWKHDVVLVWDQFHRI-¢QRV0%DN ,G\OOZLOGᦲᦰᦱᦲᦱᦰᦲ ᦶᦳ˘3¢O(QJHO0DJ\DUN·]ªSNRULDGDWW¢U0DJ\DURUV]¢JYLO¢JLDUFKRQWRO´JL¢MDᤫ˨ᤰᤲ˨.·]ªSNRUL Magyar genealógia $UFDQXP'LJLWªND˩&'520 %XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦰᦱ-DNVLFV 1DJ\ODNL ᦶᦴ˘,ELG*»WNHOHGNLQGUHGᦱVW5DNDPD]LOLQHWDEOHᦳ 6]RNROL FRUUHFWO\ 6]DNRO\L ᦶᦵ˘01/2/')ᦲᦶᦹᦷᦳᦴᦵ ZDVDGMRXUQHGIRUWKHSHULRGRIWKHPLOLWDU\FDPSDLJQ ᦶᦶ˘Arch. ,,ᦲᦷᦸ ᦶᦷ˘01/2/'/ᦶᦳᦰᦰᦵ KLVVHUYLWRULVPHQWLRQHGDVDSDUWLFLSDQWLQWKHPLOLWDU\FDPSDLJQ ᦶᦸ˘&IKLVOHWWHUZULWWHQIURP3HNUHFRQᦱᦳ$SULOᦱᦵᦱᦵ 01/2/'/ᦶᦸᦴᦹᦸ DQGWKHOHWWHURI.LQJ 9ODGLVODXV,,ZULWWHQWRWKH6ODYRQLDQHVWDWHVRQᦱᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦱᦵ 01/2/')ᦲᦶᦸᦱᦷᦲ ᦶᦹ˘6HHKLVOHWWHUV Szapolyai oklt. ᦳᦶᦳ˩ᦳᦶᦴᦳᦶᦶᦳᦷᦰᦳᦷᦲ ᦷᦰ˘1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ WDEOH 120 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ mm'wD0L1ÈȋǛǟǜǛȌ71 7KHIDLOXUHDW=VDUQ´EURXJKWDKDOIGHFDGHLQWHUUXSWLRQWR-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭V DQWL2WWRPDQZDUV:KLOHZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWZR\HDUV6]DSRO\DLVSHQWDQ HYHUORQJHUSHULRGLQKLVSURYLQFHHDFK\HDURQO\RQFHLQWKHVXPPHURIᦱᦵᦱᦹ GLGKHKDYHWRPRELOL]HWKH7UDQV\OYDQLDQDUP\WRSURWHFW0ROGDYLD˩WKRXJK ᦷᦲ in the end, no armed intervention took place. $WWKHWLPHRIWKH2WWRPDQVLHJHDQGRFFXSDWLRQRI1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢ULQᦱᦵᦲᦱ 6]DSRO\DLZDVSXUVXDQWWRKLVR̒FLDOGXWLHVFDUU\LQJRXWWKHGHIHQFHRIKLV SURYLQFH DWWKHHQGRI-XO\KHZDVLQ6]¢V]VHEHVᦷᦳDQGLQ6]¢V]Y¢URV 2UÄĠWLH ᦷᦴ the usual gathering place for Transylvanian troops. )URPWKHUHKHWUDYHOOHGWR .ROR]VY¢UIURPZKHUHDIWHUDFRXSOHRIGD\V˭VRMRXUQᦷᦵ ᦷᦶ he travelled on through Lippa, WKHQ9DQQD 6YHWR]DU0LOHWLÈ %RGURJFRXQW\ZKHUHKHKDGOHIWKLV ᦷᦷDUULYLQJDWWKHUR\DOFDPSLQ%¢WDRQᦱᦳ6HSWHPEHUᦷᦸ troops, ᦷᦹ Here they discussed the military situation, DQGDIWHUWKHVXOWDQ˭VDUP\ZLWKGUHZDQGLQRUGHUWRWU\ to retake the border fortressᦸᦰ of key importance, the king and his councillors, at the camp near Mohács, DSSRLQWHG,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULDQG-RKQ6]DSRO\DLFDSWDLQV of the troops toᦸᦱ be launched. They also convoked another armed diet to be held LQMODN ,ORN In the end, however, the campaign did not take place, due to an ᦷᦱ˘)RUWKHVLHJHDQGRFFXSDWLRQE\WKH2WWRPDQVWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHHDUOLHUOLWHUDWXUHVHH3¢ORV falvi, From Nicopolis to Mohács,ᦳᦷᦲ˩ᦳᦹᦵ ᦷᦲ˘Szapolyai oklt. ᦳᦸᦶ˩ᦳᦹᦰ ᦱᦵᦱᦶ ᦳᦹᦳ ᦳᦹᦵ ᦳᦹᦷ˩ᦴᦰᦰ ᦱᦵᦱᦷ ᦴᦱᦸ ᦴᦲᦰ˩ᦴᦲᦱ ᦴᦲᦷ ᦴᦳᦱ ᦱᦵᦱᦹ 1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ WDEOH ᦷᦳ˘ᦲᦶ-XO\ᦱᦵᦲᦱ Szapolyai oklt.ᦴᦵᦷ ᦷᦴ˘ᦲᦹ-XO\ᦱᦵᦲᦱ ᦴ$XJXVWᦱᦵᦲᦱ Szapolyai oklt.ᦴᦵᦸ˩ᦴᦵᦹ ᦷᦵ˘ᦱᦸ˩ᦳᦱ$XJXVWᦱᦵᦲᦱ 01/2/')ᦲᦷᦵᦲᦹᦳ Szapolyai oklt.ᦴᦶᦰ˩ᦴᦶᦱ ᦷᦶ˘(GH0DUJDOLWV+RUY¢WW·UWªQHOPLUHSHUWRULXP9RO,%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦰᦰᦳᦳᦶ ᦷᦷ˘Memoria rerumᦲᦲ ᦷᦸ˘01/2/'/ᦲᦵᦶᦳᦲ ᦷᦹ˘&I01/2/'/ᦲᦳᦵᦸᦴ'/ᦲᦵᦶᦳᦲ ᦸᦰ˘2Q ᦱᦳ 6HSWHPEHU WKH\ DUH VWLOO LQ %¢WD 01/ 2/ '/ ᦲᦳᦵᦸᦴ manu propria WKH NLQJ LV GHPRQVWUDEO\LQ0RK¢FVIURPᦱᦹ6HSWHPEHU 01/2/'/ᦱᦰᦴᦴᦰᦸCommissio propria domini regis XQWLOᦳᦰ6HSWHPEHU 'RFXPHQWDDGKLVWRULDPIDPLOLDH%¢WRULGH(FVHGVSHFWDQWLD9RO, 'LSORPDWD ᤴ˨ᤰᤫ >$ 1\®UHJ\K¢]L -´VD $QGU¢V 0»]HXP .LDGY¢Q\DL ᦶᦷ@ $G HGHQGXP SUDHSDUDYHUXQW 5LFKDUGXV +RUY¢WK 7LEXUWLXV 1HXPDQQ 1RUEHUWXV & 7´WK 1\®UHJ\K¢]D ᦲᦰᦱᦱᦳᦲᦲ 2Qᦲ2FWREHUWKHFRXUWLVOLNHO\WRKDYHEHHQWKHUH $QGU¢V.XELQ\Lˬ)Ē»ULªWUHQG W¢ERUL N·U½OPªQ\HN N·]·WW˭ LQ 3¢O )RGRU *ª]D 3¢Ȍ\ DQG ,VWY¢Q *\·UJ\ 7´WK HGV 7DQXOP¢Q\RN6]DN¢O\)HUHQFHPOªNªUH *D]GDV¢JªV7¢UVDGDORPW·UWªQHWL.·WHWHNᦲ %XGDSHVW ᦲᦰᦰᦲᦲᦴᦹ˩ᦲᦶᦱ˩)RUWKHPHHWLQJVHH)HUHQF6]DN¢O\A mohácsi csata 6RUVG·QWĒ7·UWªQHOPL 1DSRNᦲ %XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦷᦵᦱᦷ ᦸᦱ˘Acta Tomiciana,9ᦴᦰᦱ 6WHSKDQXPGH%DWKRUSDODWLQXPHW-RDQQHPFRPLWHP6FHSXVLHQVHPYRMHYRGDP 7UDQVLOYDQLH FDSLWDQHRV KXMXV H[SHGLWLRQLV JHQHUDOHV SDUL DXFWRULWDWH SUHIHFLPXV HRVTXH SULPXP DG FLYLWDWHP9LODNPLVLPXVXELGLHGRPLQLFRSUR[LPR ᦶ2FWREHU conventum optimatum, procerum ac WRWLXVQRELOLWDWLVQRVWURHGLFWRFHOHEUDELWXUᦱ2FWREHUᦱᦵᦲᦱ0RK¢FV.LQJ/RXLV,,˭VOHWWHUWR.LQJ 6LJLVPXQG,WKH2OGRI3RODQG2Qᦱᦸ2FWREHU6]DSRO\DLZDVLQMODN Szapolyai oklt.ᦴᦶᦱ 121 NORBERT C. TÓTH ᦸᦲ ᦸᦳ epidemic that had broken out among the soldiers; at a meeting held in Pécs, it was decided that it should be postponed until the following year, and that, in order to secure the defence against fraying Ottoman armies, the palatine should EHVHQWWR3ªWHUY¢UDG 3HWURYDUDGLQ ZKLOH6]DSRO\DLDQGKLVDUP\VKRXOGVWD\ ᦸᦴ in Syrmia. In addition, a diet was convoked in Buda on the day of Elisabeᦸᦵ th. 7KHNLQJOHIW3ªFVDWWKHHQGRI2FWREHU KHZDVVWLOOWKHUHRQWKHᦲᦶWK and UHWXUQHGWR%XGD RQᦳ1RYHPEHU ᦸᦶRQᦸ1RYHPEHU6]DSRO\DLZDVDOUHDG\ LQ1DJ\WDUDQ\D WRGD\DGHVWUR\HGVHWWOHPHQWQHDU6DYLQR6HOR6HUELD LQ%¢FV ᦸᦷ ᦸᦸ county, and it was at about the same time that Báthori went to Buda, as well. !lPEmPmÉdd!LPțȋǛǟǜǜȌ89 $WWKHGLHWRIᦱᦵᦲᦱKHOGRQWKHGD\RI(OLVDEHWKERWK%¢WKRULDQG6]DSRO\DLZHUH HOHFWHGFDSWDLQJHQHUDOVRIWKHIROORZLQJ\HDU˭VDQWL2WWRPDQFDPSDLJQVDQGDV soon as the king left for Bohemia, they became actively involved in the planning RI WKH FRXQWU\˭V GHIHQFHV 7KH\ VWDUWHG UHFUXLWLQJ VROGLHUV SUHSDULQJ ERUGHU IRUWUHVVHVDQGWKH\DOVRGHFLGHGRQSHUVRQQHOPDWWHUV WKH\DSSRLQWHG-¢QRV .¢OODL9LWª]LQVWHDGRI0LNO´V*HUOLVW\HLWROHDGWKHIRUWRI6]·UªQ\DQGVHQW LQIDQWU\VROGLHUVWKHUHDQGWR7LWHOZKLOHWKH\GLVSDWFKHG0LNO´V0DFHG´QLDLWR 7HPHVY¢U 7LPLĠRDUD $IWHUDOOWKLVDQGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHUR\DOFRXSOHKDGOHIW %XGD-RKQ6]DSRO\DLVHWȐ˩OHDGLQJRQHWKRXVDQG̐YHKXQGUHGPHUFHQDU\ VROGLHUVKHKLUHGZLWKWKHPRQH\SURYLGHGE\WKHUR\DOWUHDVXUHUV˩WRGHIHQG the place where he served, Transylvania. At almost the same time as the occupation of Nándorfehérvár, Neagoe %DVDUDEUXOHURI:DOODFKLDGLHG(YHQWKRXJKKHZDVIROORZHGRQWKHWKURQHE\ ᦸᦲ˘,VWY¢Q̏\Magyarok dolgairólᦱᦸᦳ ᦸᦳ˘7KHNLQJ˭VSUHVHQFHFDQEHVKRZQIURPᦶ2FWREHU 01/2/'/ᦳᦱᦱᦶᦴcommissio propria; his RUGHUWRFDSWDLQJHQHUDO-RKQ6]DSRO\DL ᦸᦴ˘:D\YRGD7UDQVLOYDQXVDGFRQ̏QLDUHFHVVLWFXPSDXFLVVLTXLGH̑FHUHSRWHULQWSDODWLQXVDGKXFLQ vado circa Peterwaradya iacet/DMRV7KDOO´F]\DQG$QWDOOG¢V\ HGV $0DJ\DURUV]¢JªV6]HUELD N·]·WWL·VV]HN·WWHWªVHNRNOHYªOW¢UDᤴᤳ˨ᤰᤱ 0DJ\DURUV]¢J0HOOªNWDUWRP¢Q\DLQDN2NOHYªOW¢UDᦲ %XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦰᦷᦳᦵᦵ ᦷ2FWREHUᦱᦵᦲᦱ3ªFVOHWWHUIURP-¢QRV%HEHNWR)HUHQF'´FLFDVWHOODQRI Y¢U FI,VWY¢Q̏\Magyarok dolgairólᦱᦸᦲ'H]VĒ6]DE´LQWHUSUHWHGDOOWKLVDVVKRZLQJWKDWWKH YRLYRGHKDGOHIW.LQJ/RXLVLQ3ªFV 'H]VĒ6]DE´$PDJ\DURUV]¢JJ\IJOªVHNW·UWªQHWH,,/DMRV NRU¢EDQ%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦰᦹᦴᦷ ᦸᦵ˘01/2/'/ᦸᦶᦱᦰᦲ manu propria ˩2QWKHᦲᦸWKKHZDVSUREDEO\VWLOOLQ3ªFV 01/2/'/ ᦸᦶᦷᦵᦶUHFRUGRI7DP¢V6]DODK¢]LWKHSDULVKSULHVWRI%HUHJV]¢V]DQGUR\DOVHFUHWDU\ ᦸᦶ˘01/2/'/ᦴᦷᦴᦳᦸ UHFRUGRI)½O·S0´UªJUDQGSURYRVWRI(JHUUR\DOVHFUHWDU\ $FFRUGLQJ WR'H]VĒ6]DE´WKHNLQJZDVDOUHDG\LQ%XGDRQᦱᦳ2FWREHU 6]DE´$PDJ\DURUV]¢JJ\IJOªVHNᦴᦷ RQWKHEDVLVRIFKDUWHU01/2/'/ᦲᦳᦵᦸᦹWKHGDWHRQZKLFKLVLQGHHGWKHVDPH[in festo Colomanni], but, as it is a copy, it is almost entirely certain that at the time the scribe misread WKHQDPHRIWKHKROLGD\ ᦸᦷ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦴᦶᦳ ᦸᦸ˘Memoria rerum,ᦲᦳ ᦸᦹ˘)RU PRUH GHWDLO VHH 1RUEHUW & 7´WKˬ6]DSRO\DL -¢QRV HUGªO\L YDMGD ᦱᦵᦲᦲ ªYL KDYDVDOI·OGL KDGM¢UDWDL +DYDVDOI·OG NRUO¢WR]RWW I½JJHWOHQVªJªQHN EL]WRV®W¢VD˭ +DGW·UWªQHOPL .·]OHPªQ\HN ᦱᦲᦵ ᦴ ᦲᦰᦱᦲ ᦹᦸᦷ˩ᦱᦰᦱᦴ 122 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ his son Teodosie, several pretenders appeared in the country. Initially, the leader RI WKH WHUULWRULHV QHLJKERXULQJ :DOODFKLD 0HKPHG %H\ GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU RI 6LOLVWUDLQWHUYHQHGLQWKHEDWWOHVIRUWKHWKURQHRQ7HRGRVLH˭VVLGH1HYHUWKHOHVV LQ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦱKHKDGWKHYRLYRGHH[HFXWHG7KHWKURQHZDVRFFXSLHGIRU D VKRUW SHULRG E\ 5DGX GH OD $IXPDĤL EXW KH GLG QRW HQMR\ WKH VXSSRUW RI 0HKPHG%H\HLWKHU:KDWLVPRUHLQ0DUFKᦱᦵᦲᦲKHZDVHYHQGHIHDWHGE\KLP DWWKHVHWWOHPHQWRI&OHMDQLDIWHUZKLFKKH̑HGWR7UDQV\OYDQLD7KHUR\DOFRXUW of Hungary did not stand still in the wake of these events. Although the royal couple, Louis II and Mary, left for their coronation and to settle other matters LQ%RKHPLDDWWKHHQGRI)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦲ DQGGLGQRWUHWXUQXQWLOWKHHQGRI $SULOᦱᦵᦲᦳ WKHWZRFDSWDLQJHQHUDOVRIWKHFRXQWU\SDODWLQH,VWY¢Q%¢WKRUL ispán RI 7HPHVDQG FDSWDLQ JHQHUDO RI WKH /RZHU 3DUWV DQG -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL hereditary count of Szepes and voivode of Transylvania, took the necessary countermeasures. -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL OHIW %XGD LQ WKH PLGGOH RI 0DUFK ᦱᦵᦲᦲ DQG KHDGHG IRU the place he was stationed, Transylvania. He spent the rest of the year near %UDVV´ %UDĠRY LQWKHFRPSDQ\RI7UDQV\OYDQLDQDQGRWKHUPHUFHQDU\WURRSV 6LQFHKDYLQJD+XQJDURSKLOHYRLYRGHRQWKHWKURQHRI:DOODFKLDZDVRINH\ importance for the defence of Transylvania, Szapolyai tried to cooperate with 5DGXWRFKDQJHWKHVLWXDWLRQ7KH̐UVWFDPSDLJQZKLFKWRRNSODFHEHWZHHQ ᦷDQGᦱᦸ-XQHᦱᦵᦲᦲKDGRQO\SDUWLDOUHVXOWV DOWKRXJKWKHEH\ was defeated at the settlement of Grumazi, and Radu could be repositioned to the lead of the voivodeship, Mehmed Bey returned in the beginning of August and fought three YLFWRULRXV EDWWOHV *KHUJLĤD %XFKDUHVW DQG 6ODWLQD DJDLQVW 5DGX ZKR RQFH DJDLQ ̑HG WR 7UDQV\OYDQLD 7KH VHFRQG FDPSDLJQ WRRN SODFH LQ WKH DXWXPQ 7KLVWLPHVHULRXVSUHSDUDWLRQVKDGEHHQPDGHWRHQVXUHWKHRXWFRPH ̐UVWO\ WKHFDPSDLJQZDVVFKHGXOHGIRU$XWXPQ ᦱᦴ2FWREHU˩ᦱᦴ1RYHPEHU VHFRQGO\ WKH WZR FDSWDLQ JHQHUDOV FRRUGLQDWHG PDQRHXYUHV :KLOH ,VWY¢Q %¢WKRUL SXW on a display of power in the Lower Parts, Szapolyai joined Radu and made an LQFXUVLRQLQWR:DOODFKLD$WWKHH[LWRIWKH7·UFVY¢U %UDQ SDVVQHDU5XF£U they defeated the entire army of Mehmed Bey, upon which the armies separated. 5DGX OHG KLV WURRSV WR WKH FDSLWDO RI KLV FRXQWU\ 7¯UJRYLĠWH DQG IRXJKW D GHFLVLYH EDWWOH DJDLQVW 0HKPHG %H\˭V UHPDLQLQJ DUP\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ᦵᦰ NP VRXWKHDVWRI'LGULK+HZRQDIXOOYLFWRU\WKH2WWRPDQVUHWUHDWHGEH\RQGWKH ULYHU'DQXEHDQGKHUHWRRNWKHSULQFHO\KHDGTXDUWHUV ,QWKHPHDQZKLOH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDFRQWLQXHGKLV VRXWKZDUGMRXUQH\WKURXJKWKHFLW\RI3LWHĠWLDQGDIWHUWUDYHOOLQJDERXWᦲᦱᦰNP PD\KDYHDUULYHGDWWKHVLHJHFDPSLQ.LVQLN¢SRO\ 7XUQX0ÄJXUHOH EHIRUH ᦱ1RYHPEHU(YHQWKRXJKKHZDVQRWDEOHWRRFFXS\WKHIRUWKHSLOODJHGWKH neighbourhood and collected a tremendous amount of booty before returning to Hungary the same way he had come. As a result of the two campaigns, GHVSLWHVRPHVWUXJJOHVWKDW̑DUHGXSRYHUWKHQH[WWZR\HDUVDQGGHVSLWH5DGX KDYLQJWȒHHWR7UDQV\OYDQLDVHYHUDOWLPHVEHFDXVHRI2WWRPDQDWWDFNVRQKLV YRLYRGHVKLSKHDQGKLVGHVFHQGDQWVZHUHDEOHWRSUHVHUYH:DOODFKLD˭VOLPLWHG independence from the Porte. 123 NORBERT C. TÓTH It is noteworthy, and certainly not a coincidence, that István Báthori, ispán RI 7HPHV FRXQW\ ZDV DORQJ WKH VRXWKHUQ IURQWLHU PRUH H[SOLFLWO\ LQ )XWDN )XWRJ DWH[DFWO\WKHVDPHWLPH 2FWREHU˩1RYHPEHU DV6]DSRO\DLZDV̐JKWLQJ LQWKHQHLJKERXULQJSULQFLSDOLW\RI:DOODFKLD ᦱᦶ2FWREHU˩ᦱᦳ1RYHPEHU 7KH Hungarian military leadership was thus aware of the opportunities provided by WKHHQHP\˭VDWWHQWLRQEHLQJGLYLGHG,WFDQEHQRDFFLGHQWWKDWLQWKHVXPPHURI ᦱᦵᦲᦶWKH\VXJJHVWHGDGLYHUVLRQLQ:DOODFKLDᦹᦰ lwL!ȋǛǟǜǠȌ91 7KHSUHVHQWHVVD\LVXQDEOHWRȐHUDGHWDLOHGSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHHYHQWVRIᦱᦵᦲᦶ as the sources describing the occurrences prior to the battle have not yet been XQFRYHUHG 7KHUHIRUH ZH ZLOO KDYH WR EH FRQWHQW WR UHFRQVWUXFW 6]DSRO\DL˭V movements until the end of August on the basis of charters issued by the voivode in the same year. (I will not touch upon the historically inaccurate issue of whether or not the voivode was deliberately late for the battle; modern historical OLWHUDWXUH KDV DOUHDG\ SURYLGHG DQ DQVZHU WR WKDW TXHVWLRQ ᦹᦲ )URP ODWH 1RYHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦵ-RKQ6]DSRO\DLZDVLQKLVSURYLQFHLQ'ªYD+HDWWHQGHGWKH ZHGGLQJEHWZHHQWKH:DOODFKLDQYRLYRGH5DGXDQGWKHGDXJKWHURIWKHHDUOLHU voivode, Basarab. He also gave commands regarding the garrison of the fort of 3RMQ¢U 3RHQDUL ORFDWHGLQWKHWHUULWRU\RIVDLGYRLYRGHVKLSᦹᦳ)URPKHUHKH PRYHGKLVVHDWWR6]HEHQ 6LELX DVHWWOHPHQWKHOHIWDIWHUVRPHˬH[FXUVLRQV˭LQ ᦹᦴ DIWHU ZKLFK KH PRYHG WR (Q\HG $LXG WKH DVVLJQHG PRELOL]DWLRQ March, ᦹᦵ point for the Transylvanian forces. )URP WKH SURYLQFLDO GLHW RI (Q\HG KH travelled to Szászsebes, from where he kept an eye on the southern borders of Transylvania, and made reportsᦹᦶ to King Louis II on the situation and on the intention of the Ottomans. At the same time,ᦹᦷ preparations were also made to protect themselves from Ottoman incursions. He convokedᦹᦸ a provincial diet WREHKHOGLQWKHIROORZLQJPRQWKLQ0HGJ\HV 0HGLDĠ where it was decided to mobilizeᦹᦹ the entire Transylvanian army because of the expectedᦱᦰᦰ Ottoman attack. )URP0HGJ\HV-RKQ6]DSRO\DLUHWXUQHGYLD6]HEHQ to Szászsebes, ZKHUHZHNQRZKHZDVSUHVHQWXQWLOODWH-XO\ᦱᦰᦱ:KLOHKHZDVWKHUHKHUHWXUQHG IRUDVKRUWWLPHWR0HGJ\HVVLQFHWKHNLQJ˭VHQYR\ZKRDUULYHGRQᦲᦷ-XO\ LQIRUPHGWKHDWWHQGHHVRIWKHSDUWLDOSURYLQFLDOGLHWRIWKHUR\DO FRXQFLO˭V ˝ᦹᦰ˘-¢QRV%6]DE´A mohácsi csata%XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦰᦶᦱᦶᦹ˩ᦱᦷᦰ ˝ᦹᦱ˘)RUDVXPPDU\VHH3¢ORVIDOYLFrom Nicopolis to Mohács,ᦴᦲᦴ˩ᦴᦴᦴ ˝ᦹᦲ˘6HH%6]DE´A mohácsi csataᦱᦶᦸ˩ᦱᦷᦱ ˝ᦹᦳ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦰᦶ˩ᦵᦰᦸ ᦱ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦵ ˝ᦹᦴ˘ᦲᦱᦷ-DQXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦶ ᦲᦵ)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦶ Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦱᦸᦵᦱᦰ˩ᦵᦱᦱ ˝ᦹᦵ˘1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦱᦲ˩ᦵᦱᦳ ᦱᦲ˩ᦱᦳ0DUFKᦱᦵᦲᦶ ˝ᦹᦶ˘ᦱᦶ0DUFK˩ᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶ Szapolyai oklt. ᦵᦱᦴ˩ᦵᦱᦵᦵᦱᦷ˩ᦵᦱᦹ ˝ᦹᦷ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦱ ᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶ ˝ᦹᦸ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦰ ᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶ ˝ᦹᦹ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦲ˩ᦵᦲᦴ 1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ ᦱᦰᦰ˘ᦲᦴ˩ᦲᦵ0D\ᦱᦵᦲᦶ Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦲ˩ᦵᦲᦳ ᦱᦰᦱ˘ᦱᦰ-XQH˩ᦳᦱ-XO\ᦱᦵᦲᦶ Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦴᦵᦲᦷ˩ᦵᦲᦸ 124 ¨L0 m¨Pȏw¨¨wlm ¨®EEd0wDÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏPwD ¨mÏdÈmP ȋǛǟǛǚȎǛǟǜǠȌ resolution. Consequent to the resolution it was then decided that a major partᦱᦰᦲ RIWKH7UDQV\OYDQLDQPLOLWDU\IRUFHVVKRXOGJDWKHULQ.ROR]VY¢URQᦹ$XJXVW and then head to Hungary. The voivode was demonstrably in the city from ᦱᦱ$XJXVWᦱᦰᦳDQGKHPD\KDYHVHWȐE\VWDJHFRDFKWRDWWHQGWKHNLQJVRPHWLPH DIWHUᦲᦴ$XJXVWᦱᦰᦴ DVZDVUHSRUWHGLQGHWDLOLQWKHZRUNRI,VWY¢Q%URGDULFV ᦱᦰᦵ SUMMARY 7KHGHFDGHDQGDKDOIRI-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VUXOHDVYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDFDQEH judged as successful from the point of view both of contemporaries and of posterity. The province was not attacked during this period, not even once. )XUWKHUPRUHZLWKWKHFRQVHQWDQGPDQGDWHRIWKHUR\DOFRXUWWKHYRLYRGHOHG several campaigns and raids to the areas neighbouring Transylvania, and even to WHUULWRULHVIXUWKHUDZD\:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHVLHJHRI=VDUQ´KLVFDPSDLJQV DQGUDLGVZHUHVXFFHVVIXODQGKLVWZRH[SHGLWLRQVWR:DOODFKLDGXULQJWKHVDPH year stand out from the military history of the era in every respect. Apart from his anti-Ottoman struggles, he earned his fame as a successful military leader UDWKHUHDUO\E\VTXDVKLQJWKHXSULVLQJRIᦱᦵᦱᦴZLWKRXWDQ\PDMRUVDFUL̐FH QRW HYHQWKHIDLOXUHVX̏HUHGDW=VDUQ´WKHIROORZLQJ\HDUFRXOGWDUQLVKKLVJORU\ )RUWKH+XQJDULDQQRELOLW\HDJHUWRFRQWLQXHWKHDQWL2WWRPDQZDUVLWPD\ WKXVKDYHVHHPHGDQREYLRXVFKRLFHWRPDNH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLZKRKDGDOUHDG\ proved himself in these campaigns, king of Hungary. ᦱᦰᦲ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦸ 1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ ᦱᦰᦳ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦳᦰ ᦱᦰᦴ˘2QWKLVGD\KHZDVVWLOOLQ.ROR]VY¢U Szapolyai oklt. ᦵᦳᦱ ᦱᦰᦵ˘,VWY¢Q%URGDULFV,JD]OH®U¢VDPDJ\DURNQDNDW·U·NNHOW·UWªQWPRK¢FVL·VV]HFVDS¢V¢U´O. Translation E\7LERU.DUGRVLQ7DP¢V.DWRQD HG 0RK¢FVHPOªNH]HWH%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦷᦶᦳᦰ 125 no longer sufficient for effective governance. The country became country The governance. effective for sufficient longer no successful riseaskingsofHungary, theirfamily backgroundwas history oftheSzapolyais canbedividedinto twoparts:after their elected king of Hungary). What from these texts is that the we learn and thoseofhissuccessors(Queen IsabellaandhersonJohnII, with the at his court, as well as his relations Ottoman Empire, King John’s foreign,urbanandchurch politics, thecultural trends orphaned throneofLouisII.The inthisvolumeexplore writings 1526 themajorityofHungariannoblemenfoundhimworthy a decadeandhalf;itwaspartlydueto thisachievement thatin Transylvania successfullygoverned of thesecondgeneration, for andmilitaryforceofthedynasty,wealth, prestige John,amember them made which the greatest landowning magnates of the country. Relying on the generation, first family’s the of members of The studiesinthisvolume highlight the extraordinary careers role inthehistory ofHungaryformorethanahundredyears. From the1460s onwards, theSzapolyai familyplayedadecisive a battlegroundforglobalempires, andtheSzapolyais, similarly to theJagiellonians, wereunableto RECONSTRUCTION ANDREMEMBRANCE overcome theirvulnerablecircumstances. After royal itdeserves. dynastytheevaluation volume undertakes to give the last Hungarian beingneglected, this centuries ofthesubject MOHÁCS 1526–2026 MOHÁCS 97 8963 41 6236 0 A Forgotten Hungarian Royal Dynasty: THE SZAPOLYAIS THE SZAPOLYAIS H ung P RECONSTRUCTION ANDREMEMBRANCE ál a F ri A F A odor MOHÁCS 1526–2026 MOHÁCS a n orgotten and Edited by R oy S zabolcs a l D V yn arg a sty :