The Edwin O. Reischauer Center For East Asian Studies The United States and Japan in Global Context: 2016 The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University Washington, D.C Edwin O. Reischauer October 15, 1910 – September 1, 1990 Yearbook Class of 2016 From Left to Right: Pamela Kennedy, Jane Qiu, Connor Myers, Channa Yu, Christina Banoub, Professor William Brooks, Timothy White, Cheng Zhang, Kelly Isom, Yunping Chen, Xiaoheng Geng, Shuxian Luo, Kaleb Cope (Absent: Kelli Garrett) Table of Contents The Year at the Reischauer Center (Kent E. Calder) ...................................................................... 3 Reischauer Center Events 2015 - 2016 ........................................................................................... 7 Introduction (William L. Brooks) .................................................................................................. 11 Is the Yoshida Doctrine Still Alive? Implications of Security Policy Change under Prime Minister Abe (Kelly Isom)........................................................................... 45 Confluence of Two Seas: Japan’s New Strategic Relationship with the Philippines (Shuxian Luo) ............................................................................................... 71 Japan’s Policy Toward the Middle East Under the Abe Administration (Yunping Chen and Jane Qiu)....................................................................................................... 95 Japan’s Response to Terrorist Incidents at Home and Abroad (Channa Catherine Yu) ............................................................................................................... 117 Beyond Nostalgia: Japan’s Foreign Aid Diplomacy towards Myanmar (Xiaoheng Geng) ......................................................................................................................... 145 History Issue Haunts Japan’s Reconciliation Efforts (Cheng Zhang) ........................................ 161 Futenma Base Relocation: What Keeps Going Wrong? (Kaleb Cope) ...................................... 185 Okinawa’s Economic Development and the U.S. Bases (Kelli Garrett) .................................... 199 Japanese Investment in the United States: Case Study of Pharmaceuticals (Pamela Kennedy) ....................................................................................................................... 217 Why Are Japanese Youth Avoiding Foreign Study in the United States? (Christina Banoub) ..................................................................................................................... 235 Womenomics and U.S.-Japan Cooperation (Connor Myers) ..................................................... 255 Japan’s Sport Diplomacy (Timothy White) ................................................................................. 275 Class Research Trip to Tokyo, March 2016: Photo Album ........................................................ 289 1 2 The Year at the Reischauer Center Every year at the Reischauer Center seems to make its own distinctive contribution to our history, and this proved to be true once again in 2015-2016. This year we have focused with particular intensity on the subject on energy. The Reischauer Center was honored this past academic year to be chosen by the Japan Foundation’s Center for Global Partnership as one of four sites nationwide to conduct five- year programs for systematically strengthening Japan Studies research and curriculum development—the others being Harvard, Yale, and Stanford Universities. Our SAIS Reischauer Center elected to strengthen US-Japan policy research, by focusing on options for US-Japan cooperation in five sectors, beginning with energy. Supported by a $180,000 CGP grant, we inaugurated a Spring Term, 2016 course at SAIS on “Japan’s Energy Future”, and organized two major energy-related conferences at SAIS: (1) the Howard Baker Forum on “Nuclear Power in an Energy and Environmentally Challenged World” (December 10, 2015); and (2) a CGP-sponsored conference on “US-Japan Energy Cooperation” (April 22, 2016). The Center also sponsored several energy-related lectures, by Hans Mulder of Rijks University in the Netherlands; Hirokazu Saito of Mitsubishi Corporation; Professor Jae-sung Lee of Korea University; and the Reischauer Center’s Director, Professor Kent Calder, among others. These activities were supported by our unusually strong contingent this year of five Visiting Scholars specializing on energy questions, as well as numerous students and Reischauer Policy Research Fellows with energy interests. Howard Baker Forum A second major research theme for 2015-2016, likewise generously supported by a CGP grant, was the comparative study of “idea industries” (think tanks, mass media, universities, and their respective policy-making linkages) in Japan, the United States, South Korea, and Canada. This project involved a conference on “A Changing Washington” at SAIS (October 7, 2015); and a parallel workshop on Canada’s idea industry in Vancouver, Canada (also 3 October, 2015), following an earlier conference at the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan (January, 2015); and field research in Korea. The project sponsored speakers such as Professor James McGann of the University of Pennsylvania, and produced a major Reischauer Center-sponsored publication, The Idea Industries: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Reischauer Center and Japan Studies Coordinator Michael Kotler. “Changing Washington” Conference The third major research theme for this year was “Eurasian Continentalism”. This was pursued at three significant conferences: two jointly sponsored in Mongolia by the Reischauer Center and the National University of Mongolia (July, 2015 and June, 2016); as well as a third in Washington, D.C. The two conferences held in Ulan Baatar were the first scholarly activities ever undertaken by SAIS in Mongolia; the second was also highlighted by the translation of Professor Kent Calder’s book, The New Continentalism: Energy and Twenty-First-Century Eurasian Geopolitics, into Mongolian, by a distinguished team headed by Khasbazar Bekhbat, former Mongolian Ambassador to the United States and Director of the Mongolian Diplomatic Academy. The publication reception, on June 2, 2016, was attended by several Reischauer Center researchers, including Professor Calder, and co- sponsored by the US Embassy in Mongolia. Reception for “The New Continentalism” 4 Throughout the year, we of course never lost sight of the US-Japan relationship. A central activity in that regard, of course, was the Yearbook of US-Japan Relations, presented here. We held a retrospective on Ambassador to Japan Edwin O. Reischauer, by his longtime assistant, former SAIS Dean and Reischauer Center founder George Packard, in honor of Reischauer’s 106th birthday (October 15, 2016). Two senior US policymakers— Ambassadors Kurt Tong and Sung Kim—spoke on aspects of US-Japan relations relating to Asia. And we were reminded again of the continuing role of the Reischauer Center in US- Japan cultural relations with the award of an Order of the Rising Sun with Silver Ribbon to Adjunct Lecturer Toshiko Calder—the sixth Imperial decoration received by a Reischauer Center faculty member since its founding in 1984. Supporting the varied activities of the Reischauer Center throughout the past academic year has been an extraordinary group of researchers, to whom I am personally grateful. These include our eight Visiting Fellows; our large and outstanding corps of five Reischauer Policy Research Fellows; our small but distinguished faculty; our Japan Studies students; and our outstanding Coordinator, Michael Kotler. I am immensely grateful to all of them for making this past year one of the most productive in the Center’s long history. Thirty-two years have now passed since the Reischauer Center was founded. We have continued to stress our original priority: strengthening the US-Japan relationship in a global context, with a special emphasis on how the US and Japan relate to a rising Asia. It gratifies us particularly that through this work we are following in the steps of Edwin O. Reischauer himself, who believed throughout his life that stable relations within Asia, based on a healthy US-Japan relationship, were fundamental to peace and prosperity in the broader world. Kent E. Calder Director Edwin O. Reischauer Center for East Asia Studies Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies 5 6 Reischauer Center Events 2015 - 2016 Reischauer Center Seminars: Date Speaker Title Kent E. Calder Japan, China, and the Post-Sanctions Persian Director, Reischauer Center for East Gulf: Implications for the United States and 9/10/2015 Asian Studies Global Affairs James G. McGann Comparative Think Tanks, Politics, and Public Director, Think Tanks and Civil Policy 9/17/2015 Societies Program at the University of Pennsylvania Michael D. Swaine Averting a Deepening U.S.-China Rift over the Senior Associate, Asia Program, South China Sea 10/1/2015 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Conference supported by the Japan The Washington Idea Industry in the Foundation Center for Global Comparative Context 10/7/2015 Partnership (CGP) Hans Mulder Deepening Patterns of Europe-Eurasian Energy 10/14/2015 ABN AMRO Bank N.V. Integration George Packard How Edwin Reischauer Might View East Asia President, United States-Japan Today 10/15/2015 Foundation and Former Dean of the Johns Hopkins SAIS Conference on Continentalism Eurasia’s