EUROPEAN COMMISSION
THE EUROPEAN UNION MINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
THE EUROPEAN UNION MINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD
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Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003
ISBN 92-894-5809-7
© European Communities, 2003 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Printed in Belgium
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER Acknowledgements Notice
We are particularly grateful to all those who have ‘Mine action’ is a generic term which includes any contributed towards this publication. of the following range of activities: mine-risk edu- cation, minefield survey assessment and marking, Our sources of information are the EU Member mine detection, mine clearance, landmine destruc- States, the European Commission database and del- tion and assistance to mine victims as well as train- egations, the International Campaign to Ban ing in any of these aspects. Landmines (ICBL) and its Landmine Monitor (LMM), and the United Nations mine action The purpose of this publication is to provide an Service (UNMAS) database. update of the resources devoted year on year to the fight against the misery caused by anti-personnel Photographs in the text have been provided by landmines as well as to the policy objectives guiding courtesy of C. Cox — APOPO, Norwegian People’s yearly or medium-term action. Aid, P.Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain, S. Sutton — MAG (Mines Advisory Group), S. Brabant and P-E. Hublet — Handicap International Belgium, A. Formiconi — ICBL.
3 Antonios Antanasiotis Chair of the European Commission’s Mine Action Coordination Group Message from Hon. Franco Frattini Minister for Foreign Affairs of Italy
The European Union was among the first to con- In a broader perspective, we have to reckon that demn the indiscriminate character of anti-person- anti-personnel landmines seriously hamper the nel landmines and to recognise the unbearable suf- economic development of affected countries in dif- fering they impose on civil populations. ferent ways: they kill and mutilate civilians (thus 4 increasing the need for expensive sanitary care, Therefore, over the last years the European Union while at the same time reducing available working has been promoting enhanced coordination and forces), and they prevent safe access to, and free cooperation with the United Nations and other rel- exploitation of, the territory. evant international organisations — as well as with civil society — in order to progressively free mine- The European Union will continue to tackle such a affected countries from this scourge, and to miti- complex problem through diplomatic initiatives gate the appalling human and material damages it and financial support to mine action. causes. The European Union will therefore continue to Support to international mine action ranks today actively promote the universalisation of the 1997 among the highest priorities of EU foreign policy. Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpil- ing, production and transfer of anti-personnel The unwavering and consistent commitment of the mines and of their destruction, known as the European Union to eradicate worldwide anti-per- Ottawa Convention, currently ratified by 134 coun- sonnel landmines is still required by an internation- tries, and its full implementation. al situation which remains of great concern. In order to provide adequate financial means to Despite meaningful progress already achieved, reli- humanitarian demining and victim assistance able figures indicate that in 2001–02 landmine activities, the European Union pledged EUR 240 casualties were reported in 70 countries around the million for the period 2002–09, matching the stan- world. The total number of new victims is estimat- dards of major donor countries. The EC mine ed between 15 000 to 20 000 per year. action strategy and multiannual programming for 2002–04, adopted last year, represents the appropri- It is shocking that approximately 70 % of reported ate mid-term operative framework to coordinate casualties were civilians, especially women and chil- and prioritise European-financed projects in the dren, often well after the end of armed conflicts. specific field. This effort is complemented by national funding by EU Member States.
It is with sincere pride that I underline the impor- tant contribution — political, financial and techni- 5 cal — Italy too has offered to strengthen humani- tarian demining operations and to promote wider adherence to the principles of the Ottawa Convention, also through increasing attention to the role of non-State actors.
The direct engagement of the European Union has been so far essential to substantially reduce the neg- ative humanitarian impact of landmines in the social and economic fabric of several countries worldwide, to the benefit of thousands of people.
However, past achievements are never satisfactory enough, if compared with the ongoing widespread suffering of too many innocent people.
Our common goal must be a world free of anti-per- sonnel landmines and of their indiscriminate effects: I urge the international community to join the European Union in this noble endeavour. Message from Chris Patten European Commissioner responsible for external relations
I am pleased to present the fifth edition of the EU the efficient utilisation of economic assistance. That mine action brochure. The EU is committed to pur- is why a landmine component should be integrated suing a vigorous campaign to eliminate the threat into the national development strategies of mine posed by anti-personnel landmines and the affected countries. 6 European Commission is increasing its efforts to reduce the humanitarian, social and economic costs Action against landmines also constitutes an impor- to mine affected countries. tant confidence-building measure and is therefore part of the wider agenda of the EU’s common for- I am proud to say that in 2002 the European Union eign and security policy (CFSP). Demining opera- contributed EUR 42 million to the fight against tions and destruction of stockpiles can signal a will- landmines, up from EUR 28 million the previous ingness by the parties involved in a dispute to seek a year. Together with the EUR 103.5 million of peaceful settlement. Elimination of landmines Member State donations, total EU spending therefore helps promoting peace and stability. It amounted to over EUR 145 million. This sum is a facilitates peacekeeping missions, allows the return reflection of the importance the EU attaches to its of refugees and thus also acts as a catalyst for the multiannual strategy against anti-personnel land- resumption of normal life and of economic activity. mines. The EU is engaged in a long-term commit- ment: the two regulations that are providing the The Fifth Meeting of the States Parties to the framework for this policy will stay in force until Ottawa Convention that will take place in Bangkok 2009. this year and the Convention’s First Review Conference in Nairobi in 2004 are set to play a The 2001–05 United Nations strategy rightly major role in building a more effective and coordi- defines the anti-personnel landmines issue as a nated response by the international community. humanitarian concern and as a development issue. Though the campaign against landmines is widely It is a humanitarian concern because thousands of supported by the international community, coordi- people, many of them children, are killed or nation between donors still needs to be improved maimed around the world every year. Very often not least to ensure that the assistance is tailored to such tragedies occur long after conflicts have ended. the specific needs of each recipient and that scarce Landmine policy is clearly also an important devel- resources are efficiently allocated. opment issue, because economic growth in many of the poorest countries is stifled by the widespread The Commission stands ready to help promote existence of mines. Demining is a prerequisite for these changes. Contents
Introduction ...... 8
EU MINE ACTIONS
Africa ...... 12
Asia ...... 28 ✔ Caucasus ...... 29 ✔ Central ...... 32 ✔ Pacific ...... 35
Central America ...... 42
Europe ...... 46
The Middle East ...... 56
Worldwide ...... 60 7 ✔ Contributions to: • UN/UNMAS/UNDP/Unicef/GICHD ...... 60 • Fourth Meeting of the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention ...... 61 • ICBL/LMM ...... 61 • Miscellaneous ...... 62
✔ EU research activities • Member States ...... 63 • EC ...... 63 Introduction
The European Union continues its efforts to eradi- EC assistance has followed a rising trend over the cate anti-personnel mines throughout the world. past years. In 2002 it amounted to EUR 42 million, a 48 % increase over the previous year. EC funds In December 2002 the EC adopted its first strategy were channelled to 16 countries and regions, sup- and multiannual indicative programme for mine ported research and development efforts and assist- action during 2002–04. The strategy is based on two ed several non-governmental organisations. regulations approved by the Council and the Assistance was structured so as to achieve a balance European Parliament the previous year — the first between mine clearance and capacity building. EC one covering developing countries (1724/2001) and strategy strongly encourages preventive action; in the second one covering other countries this respect mine-risk education plays a central role. (1725/2001). The regulations form the legal basis for an integrated European strategy. Total EC and EU Member State assistance in 2002 added up to over EUR 145 million. The strategy clearly states that EU efforts in the The Commission will shortly start work towards fight against landmines are directly related to the preparing the EC mine action strategy and multian- goals set by the international community in the nual indicative programme 2005–07. In doing so we context of the Ottawa Convention. Implementation will draw upon the experience acquired from of the strategy necessitates cooperation at a number 8 implementation of the current strategy and will of different levels: seek advice and feedback from all the parties men- tioned above. We will also do our best to deploy • Close and extended consultations between the resources specifically targeted on mine action in the European Commission and the EU Member most efficient way and in combination with States define a stable framework for activities humanitarian assistance, geographic funds, etc. As financed by the EU and promote coordination with the current strategy our focal point will be the between EC mine actions and national pro- Ottawa Convention. In this respect we look forward grammes implemented by the Member States. to a lively debate at the upcoming Review Conference scheduled for 2004. • EU activities take place within the framework defined by the 2001–05 UN strategy on mine ✔ The full text of the EC mine action strategy and action. The European Commission works closely multiannual indicative programme is available at: with the United Nations Mine Action Service http://europa.eu.int/comm/ (UNMAS) as well as with the core group of external_relations/mine/intro/ip02_1798.htm departments and agencies which operate within the UN system in this field (UNDP, UNOPS, ✔ More detailed information on EC activities in Unicef and DDA). the fight against landmines can be found at:
• The International Campaign to Ban Landmines http://europa.eu.int/comm/ (ICBL) and its network of NGOs are an invalu- external_relations/mine/intro/index.htm able source of advice and information. ✔ A complete update on EU research activities in • Bilateral coordination between donors and other this field is available at: forms of international cooperation maximise the http://eu-mine-actions.jrc.cec.eu.int/ efficiency of national efforts. demining.asp List of commonly used acronyms
APL Anti-personnel landmines (on occasion, some international organisations and/or Member States use the term APM: Anti-personnel mines)
CTA Chief technical advisor
ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office
EOD Explosive ordnance disposal
ERW Explosive remnants of war
GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDP Internally displaced person
IMSMA Information management system for mine action
ITEP International test and evaluation programme 9 ITF International Trust Fund (based in Slovenia)
LIS Landmine impact survey
LMM Landmine Monitor
MBT Mine Ban Treaty (Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction)
MDC Mine Detection Dog Centre
MCPA Mine Clearance Planning Agency
RMAC Regional Mine Action Centre
RRM Rapid reaction mechanism
SAC Survey Action Centre
UNDP United Nations development programme
UNMACC United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre
UNMAS United Nations Mine Action Service
UNMASG United Nations Mine Action Support Group
UXO Unexploded ordnance EU MINE ACTIONS
AFRICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS ANGOLA BENIN CHAD DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ERITREA ETHIOPIA GUINEA-BISSAU MOZAMBIQUE SENEGAL SOMALIA SUDAN
10 ASIA
• CAUCASUS REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — NORTHERN CAUCASUS AZERBAIJAN GEORGIA
• CENTRAL REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN AFGHANISTAN
• PACIFIC REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST ASIA CAMBODIA LAOS SRI LANKA VIETNAM
CENTRAL AMERICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS HONDURAS NICARAGUA
EUROPE
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST EUROPE ALBANIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA CROATIA KOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM) RUSSIAN FEDERATION (CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA) UKRAINE
THE MIDDLE EAST
LEBANON 11 IRAQ YEMEN
WORLDWIDE AFRICA
UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN MOLDOVA SWITZERLAND AUSTRIA HUNGARY RUSSIA ATLANTIC OCEAN SLOVENIA ROMANIA FRANCE CROATIA BOS & SAN SERBIA HERZE. Black Sea MON. MARINO & MONT. Caspian BULGARIA GEORGIA Sea ANDORRA ITALY F.Y.R. MACE. ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN PORTUGAL SPAIN TURKEY AZ. GREECE
MALTA CYPRUS SYRIA IRAN TUNISIA MEDITERRANEAN SEA LEBANON IRAQ MOROCCO ISRAEL JORDAN KUWAIT ALGERIA LIBYA BAHRAIN EGYPT QATAR
SAUDI ARABIA
MAURITANIA MALI NIGER Khartoum ERITREA SENEGAL YEMEN Dakar CHAD Asmara THE GAMBIA BURKINA Bissau N'Djamena DJIBOUTI FASO SUDAN GUINEA- GUINEA NIGERIA BISSAU Addis Ababa SOMALIA TOGO SIERRA CÔTE BENIN LEONE D'IVOIRE CENTRAL 12 GHANA ETHIOPIA LIBERIA Porto- AFRICAN REPUBLIC Novo CAMEROON
EQUATORIAL Mogadishu GUINEA CONGO THE DEM. REP. UGANDA KENYA SÃO TOMÉ GABON OF CONGO RWANDA & PRÍNCIPE BURUNDI Kinshasa INDIAN TANZANIA OCEAN
Luanda ANGOLA MALAWI ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR NAMIBIA ATLANTIC OCEAN BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE Maputo SWAZILAND
LESOTHO SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
EUR
TOTAL EU 1 000 000.00
EC 1 000 000.00 Eritrea/Ethiopia: mine clearance
In kind contribution
GERMANY Tunis Donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 70 835.00)
13 © B. FrancK — Handicap International Belgium AFRICA
ANGOLA
Brazzaville Angola is one of the most heavily mined countries in the world. Over Kinshasa DEMOCRATIC CABINDA REPUBLIC OF 2 000 minefields and UXO locations have been registered by the national CONGO mine action office. The long civil war ravaged the country and displaced
Luanda one million people from their homes. These internally displaced persons (IDPs) are also the principal victims of APLs.
ATLANTIC OCEAN ANGOLA Both the Angolan Government troops and UNITA (National Union for Lobito Luena the Total Independence of Angola) have stopped deploying mines since the signature of the peace agreement on 4 April 2002. An end to the con- Menongue ZAMBIA Lubango flict would allow an increase of donor assistance for demining operations. However, there have been recent — yet unconfirmed — indications of new mine laying. NAMIBIA BOTSWANA At present demining activities progress slowly due to a lack of coordina- tion between actors. With the newly established national demining com- Angola mission (CNIDAH), charged with the formulation of a national action programme and restructuring of the existing database, coordination Area (land): 1 246 700 km2 Capital: Luanda should improve. The EC is providing financial assistance for a sustainable Currency: kwanza (AOA) establishment and institutional strengthening of CNIDAH via the UNDP. Population: 10 593 171 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — Angola ratified the Mine Ban Treaty on 5 July 2002. USD 1 040 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 14 • total population: 38.87 years The EC has devoted substantial European Development Fund (EDF) • female: 40.18 years (2002 est.) funds to demining activities as part of an emergency programme aimed at • male: 37.62 years Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, promoting the peace process. In the coming months the EC will focus on iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, overcoming difficulties springing from apparent lack of coordination in gold, bauxite, uranium Climate: semi-arid in south and along coast demining activities. to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau Land use: • arable land: 2.41 % • permanent crops: 0.4 % • other: 97.19 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified AFRICA
ANGOLA
EUR TOTAL EU 15 296 457.24
GERMANY 2 186 969.00 • Mine clearance and EOD teams in the province of Moxico • Mine clearance in Kuvango • Mine clearance in the province of Kunene • Mine-risk education in the provinces of Bengo and Cuando Cubango • Additional EOD team in eastern provinces • Level 1 impact survey • Centre for physical therapy and rehabilitation
SPAIN 202 240.24 Funding of the programme of integration of amputees in Viana-Luanda (in cooperation with the Spanish Red Cross)
IRELAND 637 000.00 • Emergency mine clearance • Mine victim assistance
ITALY 2 800 000.00 Expanded mine action and mine-risk education
LUXEMBOURG 238 000.00 Assistance programme for war and APL victims
NETHERLANDS 525 000.00 Mine clearance 15 PORTUGAL 10 000.00 Since 1999 Portugal has been assisting Angola through a programme of physiotherapeutic care in Portugal, at Coimbra Military Hospital, for Angolan children who are amputee war victims
FINLAND 833 248.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance
SWEDEN 864 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 7 000 000.00 Institutional support, multi-task mine action: an estimated 6 million landmines, six to eight heavily mined provinces covering nearly 50 % of the country, and extremely scant records of the location of minefields render mine actions essential
LUXEMBOURG In kind In 2002, eight projects implemented by HI Luxembourg (Handicap International) contribution were, in addition, co-financed by Luxembourg with a total contribution of EUR 1 182 664.25. Although the APL victim populations were not specifically targeted by these programmes, they did nevertheless benefit from them AFRICA
BENIN
Niamey Benin does not have a mine problem on its territory. In 2002, France pro- NIGER BURKINA FASO vided financial support for the establishment of a regional mine clearance training centre. Ouagadougou
Kandi
Natitingou BENIN Parakou
NIGERIA TOGO GHANA Porto-Novo Lomé
Cotonou © B. Franck — Handicap International Belgium Accra Gulf of Guinea
Benin
Area (land): 110 620 km2 Capital: Porto-Novo is the official capital; Cotonou is the seat of government Currency: Communauté financière africaine franc (XOF); NB: responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States 16 Population: 6 787 625 NB: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.) GDP — per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 1 040 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 49.69 years • female: 50.61 years (2002 est.) • male: 48.81 years Natural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified semiarid in north Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains Land use: • arable land: 15.28 % EUR • permanent crops: 1.36 % • other: 83.36 % (1998 est.) TOTAL EU 742 655.00
FRANCE 742 655.00 • Military cooperation 2001–02: construction and equipment of the Regional Demining Centre in Ouidah, which will provide training for African demining experts as of 2003 • Reinforcement of the local capacity to integrate disabled persons in the community AFRICA
CHAD
The comprehensive landmine impact survey completed in 2001 confirmed EGYPT that the country is more seriously affected than previously thought. The LIBYA north is the most contaminated region but substantial problems also exist in the east. Following the LIS, a national strategic plan has been drafted Faya aimed at clearing the country of APLs and UXO by 2015. First priorities NIGER (Largeau) are mine-risk education, surveying and marking, capacity building and clearance of specific areas. CHAD
Abéché SUDAN
NIGERIA N'Djamena Am Timan
Sarh Moundou CENTRAL AFRICAN CAMEROON REPUBLIC
Chad
Area (land): 1 259 200 km2 Capital: N'Djamena Currency: Communauté financière africaine franc (XAF); note — responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States Population: 8 997 237 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — 17 USD 1 030 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: © Th. Strickaert — Handicap International Belgium • total population: 51.27 years • female: 53.4 years (2002 est.) • male: 49.22 years
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) Climate: tropical in south, desert in north Terrain: broad, arid plains in centre, desert in north, mountains in north-west, lowlands in south Land use: • arable land: 2.78 % • permanent crops: 0.02 % • other: 97.2 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
EUR TOTAL EU 522 272.00
GERMANY 322 272.00 Mine clearance in Ounianga Kebir, Guereda and Fada
ITALY 200 000.00 Mine action AFRICA
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC There has been extensive use of anti-personnel mines in the Democratic SUDAN Bangui Republic of Congo (DRC) even though it has proved extremely difficult to Yaoundé CAMEROON apportion direct responsibility to any one of the forces involved in the conflict. Furthermore there are reports alleging use of mines by the Kisangani CONGO Burundi military operating in the DRC. The stagnating peace process con- GABON DEMOCRATIC Kigali tinues to prevent effective action at a national level and none of the parties Brazzaville REPUBLIC OF CONGO involved has appeared particularly eager to facilitate efforts by the inter- Bujumbura Kikwit Kinshasa national community. No national LIS has been carried out. A mine action Matadi Kananga Mbuji- coordination centre was established in early 2002. Mayi Luanda Handicap International (Belgium) has carried out substantial operations Likasi in the country, principally in the fields of mine clearance and mine-risk ANGOLA Lubumbashi education. The EC services involved in the provision of humanitarian ZAMBIA assistance strongly believe that successful anti-APL operations will facili- tate the execution of their projects.
Democratic Republic of Congo Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Area (land): 2 267 600 km2 Capital: Kinshasa Currency: Congolese franc (CDF) Population: 55 225 478 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — 18 USD 590 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 49.13 years • female: 51.13 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.19 years Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite,
iron ore, coal, hydropower, timber © José Grain — Handicap International Belgium Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of equator — wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of equator — wet season November to March, dry season April to October Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east Land use: • arable land: 2.96 % • permanent crops: 0.52 % • other: 96.52 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 1 500 000.00
BELGIUM 1 500 000.00 Technical assistance towards the promotion of demining in Kisangani AFRICA
ERITREA
Minefields and UXO are scattered around the country as a legacy of World War II, 30 years of struggle for independence and, most recently, the war SAUDI ARABIA with Ethiopia. There is an urgent need for mine clearance so as to facilitate SUDAN the return of IDPs inside the 25 km temporary security zone (TSZ) Red Sea between the two countries. Regrettably the national authorities stopped ERITREA humanitarian demining in 2002 and expelled all NGOs active in the Massawa YEMEN Asmara Sana'a country. Adi Ugri
Ed The UN Mine Action Coordination Centre has assisted in the develop- Assab ment of an Eritrea mine action programme. The UNDP has taken the lead ETHIOPIA in reinforcing local capacity to carry out mine clearance operations in the DJIBOUTI country. An LIS currently under way will clarify the magnitude of the Djibouti
APL/UXO problem and will facilitate the identification of priority areas. SOMALIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Eritrea Area (land): 121 320 km2 Capital: Asmara (formerly Asmera) Currency: nakfa (ERN) Population: 4 465 651 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 710 (2000 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 56.57 years 19 • female: 59.13 years (2002 est.) • male: 54.09 years Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semi-arid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during EUR June–September except in coastal desert Terrain: dominated by extension of TOTAL EU 6 435 138.00 Ethiopian north–south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert DENMARK 1 211 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme plain, on the north-west to hilly terrain and (second and final instalment of total grant on the south-west to flat-to-rolling plains Land use: • arable land: 3.87 % of DKK 20 million) • permanent crops: 0.02 % • other: 96.11 % (1998 est.) GERMANY 99 989.00 Upgrade conversion costs for 105 mine detectors
IRELAND 369 500.00 Mine clearance programme
NETHERLANDS 4 130 000.00 • Capacity building: support for the the creation of a national demining capacity
• Mine clearance SWEDEN 324 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 300 000.00 Mine awareness AFRICA
ETHIOPIA
APLs have been used extensively in various conflicts over decades, culmi- ERITREA Asmara Red nating in the latest war with Eritrea. Considerable areas of the TSZ and Sea Sana'a beyond are mined. However, the number of casualties has remained rela- YEMEN SUDAN tively low since most affected areas are close to the border. Gonder DJIBOUTI Djibouti Ethiopia has signed the MBT but prospects for ratification in the foresee- ETHIOPIA Harer SOMALIA able future seem to have faded away. However, the government has pro- Addis Ababa vided to the UNMACC detailed maps of APLs laid out by the military in Sodo Eritrea during the conflict. A national landmine impact survey was initiat- ed in early 2002. While no systematic demining operations are yet under Mega way, mine-risk education and the training of deminers have continued.
Mogadishu UGANDA KENYA INDIAN The EC is currently funding a EUR 1 million mine clearance operation OCEAN along the Ethiopia/Eritrea border through its rapid reaction mechanism.
Ethiopia
Area (land): 1 119 683 km2 Capital: Addis Ababa Currency: birr (ETB) Population: 67 673 031 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 700 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 20 • total population: 44.21 years • female: 45.09 years (2002 est.) • male: 43.36 years Natural resources: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Terrain: high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley Land use: • arable land: 9.9 % • permanent crops: 0.65 % • other: 89.45 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed
EUR TOTAL EU 1 700 000.00
GERMANY 200 000.00 UNDP CTA team
ITALY 500 000.00 Mine action and mine-risk education
EC 1 000 000.00 Landmine impact survey: requested by UNMAS and co-sponsored by Germany, Norway and the US AFRICA
GUINEA-BISSAU
Landmines still pose a problem, mostly in areas around the capital of
Guinea-Bissau. However, the threat is thought to have diminished in SENEGAL recent years. Donor assistance is mainly channelled through HUMAID (a Banjul THE local non-governmental organisation), which focuses on mine clearance GAMBIA operations.
Bafatá Cacheu GUINEA-BISSAU Bissau Béli
Catió
GUINEA ATLANTIC OCEAN
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Conakry
© Handicap International Belgium Guinea-Bissau
Area (land): 28 000 km2 Capital: Bissau Currency: Communauté financière africaine franc (XOF); note — responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously the Guinea- Bissau peso (GWP) was used Population: 1 345 479 (July 2002 est.) 21 GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 900 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 49.8 years • female: 52.2 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.47 years Natural resources: fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploited deposits of petroleum Climate: tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoon-type rainy season (June to November) with south-westerly winds; dry season (December to May) with north- easterly harmattan winds Terrain: mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east Land use: • arable land: 10.67 % • permanent crops: 1.78 % • other: 87.55 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 560 000.00
NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building: support to the national mine action structure AFRICA
MOZAMBIQUE
TANZANIA Mozambique is one of the world’s most affected countries; a legacy of the long civil war. The results of the first national landmine impact survey, published in 2001, reveal the magnitude of the problem and the serious MALAWI Lichinga Lilongwe consequences of mine contamination on the economic and social devel- ZAMBIA Lusaka Nampula opment of the country. The number of casualties increased in 2001; it is also believed that a significant number of casualties are not officially
Harare reported to the authorities.
ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE
Beira Mine action in the country is coordinated by the National Demining Mozambique Institute, a semi-autonomous governmental institute. A significant num- Channel ber of humanitarian mine clearance organisations are active in the coun- try; however, there are discrepancies between the existing reports con- SOUTH AFRICA Inhambane cerning the total area cleared. Pretoria Maputo Mbabane SWAZILAND EC action is linked to the reconstruction programme of the Government of Mozambique. The main focus of EC assistance is mine clearance and national capacity building. Mozambique
Area (land): 784 090 km2 Capital: Maputo Currency: metical (MZM) Population: 19 607 519 (July 2002 est.) 22 GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 900 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 35.46 years • female: 34.65 years (2002 est.) • male: 36.25 years Natural resources: coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite Climate: tropical to subtropical Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in centre, high plateaus in north-west, mountains in west Land use: • arable land: 3.98 % Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified • permanent crops: 0.29 % • other: 95.73 % (1998 est.) © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine AFRICA
MOZAMBIQUE
EUR TOTAL EU 8 561 591.25
DENMARK 2 019 848.00 Contribution to mine action programme (third instalment of total grant of DKK 72 million)
GERMANY 912 007.00 • Protection measures and medical advisor • Mine clearance in Limpopo • Evaluation of Limpopo project
FRANCE 762 245.00 Proximity demining in the north of the Inhambane region and resettlement of the local population
ITALY 900 000.00 Transformation of accelerated demining programme and National Institute for Demining
NETHERLANDS 1 394 726.00 • Mine clearance • Integrated mine action: manual mine clearance and clearance with dogs. Training of dogs
AUSTRIA 270 389.25 People-centred mine action in central Mozambique; local capacity building and mine awareness
FINLAND 336 376.00 Mine clearance 23 SWEDEN 966 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 1 000 000.00 National capacity building and area reduction: existing national planning for demining in Mozambique needs sustainability. National capacity building should be supported. National priorities need to be revised through an area reduction process. The information gained from the technical survey will allow the Government of Mozambique to accurately and safely reduce the size of the present suspected mined areas (SMAs) by at least 40 %; the remaining area will subsequently be tasked for demining by the IND (Instituto Nacional de Desminagem) AFRICA
SENEGAL
The most mine-affected area borders Guinea-Bissau. APLs have caused a Nouakchott MAURITANIA significant number of casualties and a large decrease in regional agricul- tural production. Some demining work is being carried out by the army.
Saint-Louis Louga
Thiès SENEGAL Dakar Kaolack MALI Tambacounda Banjul THE GAMBIA
GUINEA- Bissau BISSAU
ATLANTIC GUINEA OCEAN
Senegal © Handicap International Belgium
Area (land):192 000 km2 Capital: Dakar Currency: Communauté financière africaine franc (XOF); NB: responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States Population: 10 589 571 (July 2002 est.) 24 GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 1 580 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 62.93 years • female: 64.61 years (2002 est.) • male: 61.29 years Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong south-east winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast Land use: • arable land: 11.58 % • permanent crops: 0.19 % • other: 88.23 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
EUR TOTAL EU 228 674.00
France 228 674.00 Support to a victim assistance project in Casamance AFRICA
SOMALIA
The situation has not changed significantly over the past 10 years. YEMEN According to a recent UN report an estimated 1.2 to 2 million landmines have been laid throughout Somalia since 1997, inhibiting free movement, DJIBOUTI Djibouti trade and humanitarian access. The political and military instability in the Berbera Hargeysa country, and in particular the lack of an effective central government, has Addis Ababa prevented effective mine action activities. The central and southern ETHIOPIA regions are heavily contaminated with APLs and UXO. More specifically SOMALIA there are large quantities of APLs in the Puntland area, particularly along the Ethiopian border to the west of Galkacyo. There are numerous reports Dolo Odo of continued mine use in various regions. The negative impact of land- Mogadishu mine contamination affects every aspect of Somali society. KENYA INDIAN Kismaayo OCEAN A comprehensive landmine impact survey has been carried out in the self- declared Republic of Somaliland, where a national mine action policy has been drawn up and a number of mine clearance operations are under way. The UNDP has established SMAC (Somaliland Mine Action Centre) and set up a Somalia mine action programme. EC assistance has focused on Somalia strengthening mine action management structures. Area (land): 627 337 km2 Capital: Mogadishu Currency: Somali shilling (SOS) Population: 7 753 310 (July 2002 est.) Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 550 (2001 est.) 25 Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 46.96 years • female: 48.65 years (2002 est.) • male: 45.33 years Natural resources: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt Climate: principally desert; December EUR to February — north-east monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very TOTAL EU 4 584 964.00 hot in south; May to October — south-west monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in DENMARK 781 008.00 Contribution to mine action programme the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau GERMANY 714 086.00 • Mine clearance in Toghdeer rising to hills in north and Gabiley Land use: • arable land: 1.66 % • permanent crops: 0.04 % • Evaluation • other: 98.3 % (1998 est.) FRANCE 76 220.00 Reinforcement of local capacity enabling them to deal with disabled persons
NETHERLANDS 636 650.00 Mine clearance
SWEDEN 877 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building
EC 1 500 000.00 Mine clearance — Strengthening mine action management structures — Completion of the LIS: the EC strategy for the implementation of special aid to Somalia emphasises the problem of landmines hindering socioeconomic development — Intervention is necessary AFRICA
SUDAN
EGYPT After decades of conflict Sudan has a major APL and UXO problem which LIBYA prevents the return of many of the 4 million internally displaced persons Delgo Port Red and presents a continuous threat to the population. The vast area of the Sudan Sea country further complicates assistance efforts. However, progress achieved in negotiations between government and rebels has given rise to hopes CHAD Omdurman ERITREA Asmara Khartoum that a peace agreement might be reached in the foreseeable future. Such a development would create the proper framework for effective action at a SUDAN Nyala national level and increased involvement by the international community. ETHIOPIA
Addis Ababa The EC is willing to assist Sudan in building a comprehensive body of reli- CEN. AFRICAN able information regarding the location, category and impact of land- REPUBLIC Juba mines and UXO throughout past and current conflict areas. However, a DEM. REP. condition of EU assistance is based on the understanding that all parties OF CONGO UGANDA KENYA involved in surveying and clearance activities will come to an agreement on the way forward.
Sudan An emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains region has been launched with the support of the EC rapid reaction mechanism Area (land): 2.376 million km2 Capital: Khartoum (RRM). Currency: Sudanese dinar (SDD) Population: 37 090 298 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — 26 USD 1 360 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 57.33 years • female: 58.5 years (2002 est.) • male: 56.22 years Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west Land use: • arable land: 7.03 % • permanent crops: 0.08 % • other: 92.89 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed AFRICA
SUDAN
EUR TOTAL EU 2 483 777.00
DENMARK 538 626.00 Contribution to mine action programme
GERMANY 502 151.00 • Mine detection dogs to Nuba Mountains • Support of mine awareness activities • Mine-risk education in GoS (Government of Sudan) and SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army) controlled country
ITALY 158 000.00 Emergency mine action
LUXEMBOURG 40 000.00 Demining programme
EC 1 245 000.00 • Mine awareness and mine clearance: mine-risk education for non-State actors in southern Sudan in order to support the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to strengthen its capacity to implement the Deed of Commitment under the Geneva call for adherence to a total ban on anti-personnel landmines and for cooperation in mine action (DoC) requirements • Mine clearance: an emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains area is being launched under the RRM
27 © Christophe Cox/APOPO 28 A SIA KAZAKHSTAN MONGOLIA
RUSSIA Aral Sea
GEORGIA Caspian UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Black Sea Sea Tbilisi AZERBAIJAN ARMENIA Baku TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN TURKEY AZ. CHINA
Kabul SYRIA AFGHANISTAN IRAQ JORDAN IRAN
PAKISTAN KUWAIT NEPAL BHUTAN
BAHRAIN The QATAR Gulf BANGLADESH Gulf of Oman SAUDI ARABIA U. A. E. INDIA MYANMAR Hanoi OMAN LAOS ARABIAN SEA VIETNAM Red BAY OF BENGAL Vientiane Sea
THAILAND ERITREA YEMEN
(YEMEN) CAMBODIA
DJIBOUTI Phnom ANDAMAN Penh SEA SOMALIA ETHIOPIA INDIAN OCEAN SRI LANKA SOUTH CHINA Colombo SEA
INDONESIA MALAYSIA ASIA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
CAUCASUS
EUR
TOTAL EU 106 757.00
DENMARK 106 757.00 Contribution to mine-risk education
29 © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine ASIA — CAUCASUS
AZERBAIJAN
An overall assessment of mine contamination remains necessary. The RUSSIA number of stockpiles of APLs left behind with the dissolution of the USSR Caspian Sea remains unknown. Mines were used throughout the Nagorno-Karabakh GEORGIA conflict, but also after the signing of the armistice. A Level 1 landmine
Tbilisi impact survey by the Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action (ANAMA) is under way with EC support. Sumqayit Gäncä Baku ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN A national mine action plan was adopted in October 2001. This action Yerevan Xankändi Ali Bayamli plan highlights activities, identifies priorities, and provides a framework
(AZER.) for the Azerbaijan mine action programme of ANAMA and other mine action organisations operating in Azerbaijan. The focus of this framework is training and local capacity building. The successful repatriation of IDPs IRAN and resumption of normal socioeconomic activities in war-affected areas depend on the successful rehabilitation of conflict areas heavily contami- nated by APLs and UXO.
Azerbaijan An improvement in the politico-military situation is a prerequisite for enhanced EC assistance. Area (land): 86 100 km2 Capital: Baku (Baki) Currency: Azerbaijani manat (AZM) Population: 7 798 497 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — 30 USD 3 300 (2002 est.) Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 63.06 years • female: 67.53 years (2002 est.) • male: 58.8 years Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, non-ferrous metals, alumina Climate: dry, semiarid steppe Terrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi © Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea Land use: • arable land: 19.31 % • permanent crops: 3.04 % • other: 77.65 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 816 636.00
ITALY 200 000.00 Mine action
NETHERLANDS 616 636.00 Mine clearance ASIA — CAUCASUS
GEORGIA
Georgia does not face a serious landmine problem. However, there are Caspian reports of APL use by both sides of the Abkhazia conflict over the last two Sea years. Even though certain parts of Abkhazia are seriously contaminated RUSSIA there is little prospect of significant EC assistance until the politico-mili- tary situation improves. Sokhumi Black K'ut'aisi Sea GEORGIA Zestap'oni Rust'avi Bat'umi Tbilisi
AZERBAIJAN ARMENIA Yerevan
(AZER.) TURKEY
IRAN Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Georgia
Area (land): 69 700 km2 Capital: Tbilisi Currency: lari (GEL) Population: 4 960 951 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 3 100 (2001 est.) 31 Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 64.67 years • female: 68.32 years (2002 est.) • male: 61.19 years Natural resources: forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth Climate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Terrain: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south;
© Fabio Barghiacchi — EC Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland Land use: • arable land: 11.21 % • permanent crops: 4.09 % • other: 84.7 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 1 121 783.71
GERMANY 160 040.00 Two manual mine clearance teams in Gali
NETHERLANDS 447 458.00 Mine clearance
UK 514 285.71 Demining ASIA — CENTRAL
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
EUR
TOTAL EU 300 000.00
LUXEMBOURG 300 000.00 Mine-risk education
32 ASIA — CENTRAL
AFGHANISTAN
Afghanistan remains one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affected UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN countries in the world. All sides in the endless armed conflicts have used TAJIKISTAN anti-personnel mines, planted indiscriminately over most of the country. TURKMENISTAN Furthermore there is only limited information about the true scale of the landmine and UXO problem in the country. The UN mine action pro- Mazar-e Sharıf gramme for Afghanistan (MAPA) is the coordinator of the humanitarian Kabul mine action programme in the country. A strategic mine action plan was Herat AFGHANISTAN Islamabad drafted which aims to clear all landmines within a seven to 10-year period Farah at an estimated cost of USD 700 million. Kandahar
Mine action has now been identified by the interim administration as a PAKISTAN priority area for reconstruction. The Afghan Government signed the IRAN instrument of accession to the Mine Ban Treaty in July 2002. INDIA
A number of landmine surveys have been carried out in Afghanistan over the last decade. A full landmine impact survey was launched in 2002, Afghanistan which will provide an updated picture of high-risk/priority areas that were Area (land): 647 500 km2 identified in the past. Capital: Kabul Currency: afghani (AFA) Population: 27 755 775 (July 2002 est.) The main bulk of EC mine action support to date has been provided GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — through the supplementary rehabilitation package, under the geographic USD 800 (2000 est.) Life expectancy at birth: budget line. The rapid reaction mechanism has also provided substantial • total population: 46.6 years 33 assistance in the past. • female: 45.85 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.32 years Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified and semi-precious stones Climate: arid to semi-arid; cold winters and hot summers Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and south-west Land use: • arable land: 12.13 % • permanent crops: 0.22 % • other: 87.65 % (1998 est.)
EUR
TOTAL EU 29 055 708.85
BELGIUM 587 615.00 • UXO clearance programme and capacity building • Provision of mine information database management system
DENMARK 2 693 131.00 • Contribution to mine action programme (first instalment of total grant of DKK 34.5 million for 2002–04) • Contribution to mine action programme >>> ASIA — CENTRAL
AFGHANISTAN
<<< EUR
GERMANY 6 197 364.00 • Mine Detection Dog Centre (MDC): running costs • OMAR: running costs of two mechanical and four manual demining teams • Construction of veterinarian clinic on MDC compound in Kabul • Mine awareness programme for women and children in five major cities in Afghanistan • Running costs of 15 additional UNMAS/MCPA survey teams • Additional MDC mine dog groups, and ATC (Afghan technical consultants) and EOD (explosive ordnance disposal) teams • Community-based mine awareness programme in south-west Afghanistan • Comprehensive disabled Afghans’ programme (CDAP) in Farah • Secondment of demining expert to MDC • Secondment (two-month period) of a German veterinarian to MDC • Secondment (seven-month period) of a national EOD technical advisor to UNMACA (UN Mine Action Centre for Afghanistan) • Secondment (nine-month period) of a technical advisor to RMAC (Regional Mine Action Centre) in Herat
IRELAND 410 000.00 Demining programme 34 ITALY 1 000 000.00 Mine action NETHERLANDS 2 430 100.00 • Integrated mine action, coordination and capacity building • Mine clearance
AUSTRIA 1 175 356.00 • Victim assistance • Technical support to OMAR (Organisation for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation)
FINLAND 1 000 000.00 Mine clearance
SWEDEN 305 000.00 Quality control
UK 2 857 142.85 Demining
EC 10 400 000.00 Capacity building/equipment — Mine clearance: high-risk/priority areas identified before 11 September 2001 need to be updated (LIS ongoing). It is currently estimated that approximately 800 km2 are contaminated by APLs and new UXO/CBs (cluster bombs) due to coalition bombing of ammunition compounds
AUSTRIA In kind UNOCHA: donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 245 200.00) contribution
GERMANY In kind • Donation of detectors, equipment, ambulances, dogs, medicine (estimated contribution value: EUR 247 166.00) • The Halo Trust: mine clearance equipment (mine detectors)
SPAIN In kind In the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, Spain contribution also deployed three groups of demining, focused on the demining of roads and working zones ASIA — PACIFIC
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
SOUTH-EAST ASIA
EUR
TOTAL EU 25 565.00
GERMANY 25 565.00 Regional workshop (South-East Asia) on victim assistance in Bangkok
35 © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine ASIA — PACIFIC
CAMBODIA
Cambodia is one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affected countries in the world. All 24 provinces in the country are affected and the total sus- THAILAND LAOS pected contaminated area covers approximately 2.5 % of the total surface of the country. The legacy of war continues to devastate the economic, social and cultural foundations of the country. Mines laid by all factions during the Cambodian conflict continue to maim and kill civilians and
Batdâmbâng CAMBODIA make agricultural land unsafe. Although the number of mine victims has Kompong Cham been decreasing over the past few years it still remains high; in 2001 the Phnom VIETNAM monthly average was 67 people. Landmine accident survivors are estimat- Penh ed at over 36 000; assistance is usually provided by their families.
Sihanoukville
Gulf of Demining is identified as a priority sector in the EC–Cambodia country Thailand strategy paper for 2000–03. The Humanitarian Aid Office of the EC (ECHO) funded three NGOs for demining operations in high-risk areas in 2002. Additional funds will be allocated through the geographic budget Cambodia line in the future.
Area (land): 176 520 km2 Capital: Phnom Penh Currency: riel (KHR) Population: 12 775 324 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 1 500 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 36 • total population: 57.1 years • female: 59.5 years (2002 est.) • male: 54.81 years Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in south-west and north Land use: • arable land: 20.96 % • permanent crops: 0.61 % • other: 78.43 % (1998 est.) © Handicap International Belgium ASIA — PACIFIC
CAMBODIA
EUR TOTAL EU 10 487 938.04
BELGIUM 399 216.00 Demining: technical assistance to the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC) for demining operations
GERMANY 1 018 489.00 • Mine clearance in Siem Reap and Oddar Meanchey • Cambodian mine/UXO victim information system (CMVIS)
FRANCE 1 148 631.00 • Voluntary contribution to the UNDP demining programme • Support to the quality assessment (QA) of areas cleared by CMAC; provision of a quality assessment official • Support to the extension of the Hospital Centre in Kompong Thom, specialised in victim assistance • Demining of the archaeological sites of the Koh Ker and Preah Vihear temples
LUXEMBOURG 167 306.25 • Support, based on community involvement, to disabled children in the provinces of Takeo, Kompong Cham, Sisophon and Battambang • Support to the development of the abilities of disabled persons • Support to the Professional Training Centre for disabled persons in Bantey Prieb, province of Kandal NETHERLANDS 3 370 603.00 • Mine clearance 37 • Integrated mine action
FINLAND 1 110 041.00 Mine clearance, victim database and mine-risk education
SWEDEN 1 620 000.00 Contribution to CMAC
UK 793 651.79 CMAC
EC 860 000.00 Mine clearance: demining operations aiming at decreasing mine and UXO casualties in high-risk areas in four provinces: Oddar Meanchey, Preah Vihear, Batambang and Beantey Meanchey
BELGIUM In kind Military demining experts providing technical advice to CMAC contribution ASIA — PACIFIC
LAOS
It has been estimated that Laos suffers from more than 9 million unex- CHINA CHINA ploded bombs (mostly BLU-26 bomblets) which become de facto anti- VIETNAM personnel mines when they do not explode on impact. In such circum- Hanoi MYANMAR stances, they remain a threat for years or even decades. The primary threat LAOS to civilians in Laos is thus unexploded ordnance and not anti-personnel Luang Prabang mines, though both are present. To the civilian population, there is little or Gulf of Tongking no difference between the two — they will likely explode if stepped on, Vientiane kicked or handled improperly. In 1996, the UN estimated that 500 000 tonnes of UXO were still present in Laos. Savannakhet
THAILAND
Pakse Effective mine action is often impeded by inadequate coordination at the national level. Since mid-2002 lack of political commitment, limited man-
Bangkok agerial autonomy and transparency as well as inadequate financial CAMBODIA resources added to existing difficulties. In this respect the eventual cre- ation of a national authority for UXO action should improve efficiency.
Laos The EC–Laos country strategy paper indicates rural development as a pri- ority for the country. In this respect eventual assistance to victims and Area (land): 230 800 km2 Capital: Vientiane UXO awareness/clearance should provide a substantial impetus to eco- Currency: kip (LAK) nomic development. EC assistance focused on mine and UXO clearance in Population: 5 777 180 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — 2002. 38 USD 1 630 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 53.88 years • female: 55.87 years (2002 est.) • male: 51.95 years Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded (December to April) Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; some
plains and plateaus © Handicap International Belgium Land use: • arable land: 3.47 % • permanent crops: 0.23 % • other: 96.3 % (1998 est.) ASIA — PACIFIC
LAOS
EUR TOTAL EU 5 026 508.11
BELGIUM 560 135.00 Demining in the province of Champassak
DENMARK 1 117 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second instalment)
GERMANY 745 212.00 Mine and UXO clearance in Houaphan and Luang Prabang
ITALY 150 000.00 National UXO programme
LUXEMBOURG 539 452.11 • UXO clearance in areas used in agriculture 39 • Community-based rehabilitation project • Training of and support to physiotherapy services of three central and four regional hospitals
NETHERLANDS 514 060.00 Contribution to UXO-LAO programme: UXO clearance
FINLAND 300 000.00 UXO and mine clearance
EC 1 100 000.00 • Mine clearance and mine awareness: essential for the development of rural areas • Mine and UXO clearance: the Lao Savannakhet province with its significant economic potential is highly contaminated by UXO. There is a continued need for action in victim assistance, awareness and depollution in order to develop rural areas. National commitment, as well as the capacity of UXO-LAO, must be reinforced. The project addresses the latter issue
BELGIUM In kind Four military demining experts providing technical advice to the Lao national contribution unexploded ordnance programme ASIA — PACIFIC
SRI LANKA
APLs were used extensively by both the government and rebel forces. Mine contamination has a serious impact on economic development as it INDIA includes large regions of fertile agricultural land and some of the most Jaffna heavily populated areas. APLs also hinder the return of IDPs. Although there are no reliable national statistics, landmine casualties are estimated SRI LANKA at several hundred persons per year. Batticaloa Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte Kandy The EC provided considerable assistance towards mine clearance and Colombo mine-risk education programmes in 2002 through its Humanitarian Aid Galle Office (ECHO) as well as additional funds for local capacity building.
INDIAN SEA
EUR
Sri Lanka TOTAL EU 4 707 970.00
Area (land): 64 740 km2 DENMARK 403 970.00 Contribution to mine action programme Capital: Colombo; NB: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital Currency: Sri Lankan rupee (LKR) ITALY 400 000.00 Mine action Population: 19 576 783 GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — SWEDEN 54 000.00 Capacity building, logistics support USD 3 250 (2001 est.) 40 Life expectancy at birth: EC 3 850 000.00 • LIS and mine clearance: to ensure • total population: 72.35 years the safe return of war-displaced • female: 75 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.83 years populations to their area of origin and Natural resources: limestone, graphite, therefore contribute to the economic mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, recovery and reconstruction of the north hydropower and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka Climate: tropical monsoon; north-east monsoon (December to March); south- • Mine surveys, mine clearance and mine west monsoon (June to October) awareness: to ensure the safe return Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior of war-displaced populations to their Land use: • arable land: 13.43 % area of origin in the north and the east • permanent crops: 15.78 % • other: 70.79 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded ASIA — PACIFIC
VIETNAM
Vietnam has produced APLs in the past. Authorities have not been forth- CHINA coming with information concerning current policy. The size of its stock- Hanoi pile is not known. The Landmine Monitor reports government estimates MYANMAR Hai Phong that approximately 5 % of land remains contaminated by landmines and LAOS UXO. Mine clearance operations to date have been carried out mainly by Vientiane the national army, the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and commercial VIETNAM companies subcontracted by overseas organisations. Most international Da Nang mine action projects are located in the Quang Tri province. At national THAILAND SOUTH CHINA level, the priority is mine and UXO clearance in support of economic SEA Bangkok development, especially major infrastructure projects for transportation Qui Nhon CAMBODIA such as roads and bridges. Phnom Penh Ho Chi Minh Vietnam has not signed the Ottawa Convention thus limiting the scope for eventual EC assistance. The United States has expressed conditional financial support for conducting a comprehensive landmine impact survey. Vietnam
Area (land): 325 360 km2 Capital: Hanoi Currency: dong (VND) Population: 81 098 416 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — EUR USD 2 100 (2001 est.) 41 Life expectancy at birth: TOTAL EU 1 950 689.00 • total population: 69.86 years • female: 72.5 years (2002 est.) GERMANY 1 653 217.00 • Mine and UXO clearance in the • male: 67.4 years province of Hue Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil • Mine and UXO clearance in the and gas deposits, forests, hydropower province of Quang Tri Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May • Orthopaedic centre to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) LUXEMBOURG 297 472.00 Setting up of a spinal injuries unit Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far in Hô Chi Minh City: care and north and north-west rehabilitation of paraplegic and Land use: • arable land: 17.41 % quadriplegic patients • permanent crops: 4.71 % • other: 77.88 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded 42 C ENTRAL
SARGASSO SEA A
GULF OF MEXICO THE BAHAMAS MERICA
CUBA
HAITI DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO
JAMAICA BELIZE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS CARIBBEAN SEA Tegucigalpa
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
Managua
COSTA RICA
VENEZUELA PANAMA
PACIFIC OCEAN
COLOMBIA CENTRAL AMERICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
EUR
TOTAL EU 250 000.00
ITALY 250 000.00 Organisation of American States: mine action in Honduras and Costa Rica
43 © Norwegian People's Aid CENTRAL AMERICA
HONDURAS
MEXICO Honduras has made great progress in clearing the mines planted in the course of the Nicaragua conflict in the 1980s; the country is now practi- BELIZE CARIBBEAN SEA cally mine free. Belmopan
La Ceiba Trujillo GUATEMALA San Pedro Sula HONDURAS Guatemala City Tegucigalpa
San Salvador Choluteca EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
Managua PACIFIC OCEAN Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified COSTA RICA
Honduras EUR Area (land): 111 890 km2 TOTAL EU 105 000.00 Capital: Tegucigalpa Currency: lempira (HNL) Population: 6 560 608 SPAIN 105 000.00 Funding of the ‘Assistance programme GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — for integral action against anti-personnel USD 2 600 (2001 est.) mines’ (in cooperation with the Life expectancy at birth: Organisation of American States — OAS) 44 • total population: 68.77 years • female: 70.51 years (2002 est.) • male: 67.11 years Natural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower Climate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains Terrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains Land use: • arable land: 15.15 % • permanent crops: 3.13 % • other: 81.72 % (1998 est.)
© Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain CENTRAL AMERICA
NICARAGUA
Nicaragua faces a serious APL and UXO problem as a result of many years Belmopan of internal conflict. Significant progress has been achieved in recent years CARIBBEAN SEA towards meeting the 2003 target date for the destruction of mine stock- GUATEMALA piles. As of March 2002, more than 60 000 mines were still in the ground HONDURAS while identification of possible mine-affected areas continues. Nicaragua’s San Tegucigalpa Salvador Pto Cabezas border with Costa Rica was declared in April 2001 the country’s first mine- EL Somoto SALVADOR NICARAGUA free region. New mine victims, including fatalities, were reported in 2002 Matagalpa but numbers remain relatively small. Juigalpa Managua
The Organisation of American States (OAS) has taken the lead in admin- COSTA RICA istering financial assistance needs for Nicaragua’s national demining plan. San José PACIFIC The EC committed EUR 1.3 million for mine clearance and stockpile OCEAN destruction in 2002. Mine clearance operations are proceeding at a satis- PANAMA factory pace and have resulted in substantial benefits for the local popula- tion. The target date for the completion of mine clearance is 2005. Nicaragua successfully hosted the Third Meeting of States party to the Nicaragua Mine Ban Treaty in Managua in September 2001. Area (land): 120 254 km2 Capital: Managua Currency: gold córdoba (NIO) Population: 5 023 818 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified USD 2 500 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 69.37 years 45 EUR • female: 71.44 years (2002 est.) • male: 67.39 years TOTAL EU 4 663 002.00 Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler DENMARK 1 885 192.00 Contribution to mine action programme in highlands (second instalment of total grant Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains of DKK 53.3 million) rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by SPAIN 75 000.00 Funding of the programme of rehabilitation volcanoes Land use: • arable land: 20.24 % and education of victims of anti-personnel • permanent crops: 2.38 % landmines in Central America • other: 77.38 % (1998 est.) (in cooperation with OAS)
FRANCE 80 000.00 • Support to demining • In the margins of French civil cooperation, training of Nicaraguan officers in the specialised demining training centre of ESAG (École supérieur et d’application du génie — Higher School for Pioneers) of Angers
LUXEMBOURG 293 900.00 Reinforcement of the global system of reintegration of disabled persons in the department of Esteli, north-west of Nicaragua
AUSTRIA 82 910.00 Assistance and rehabilitation of mine victims at Río Coco
SWEDEN 346 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building, technical assistance, monitoring, logistics
UK 600 000.00 Demining
EC 1 300 000.00 Mine clearance and stockpile destruction: support to mine clearance and stockpile destruction was requested by the government to some EU Member States and to the EC 46 E SWEDEN UROPE LATVIA
Moscow
Baltic Sea LITHUANIA
RUSSIA
RUSSIA BELARUS
GERMANY POLAND
Kiev
CZECH REPUBLIC UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA MOLDOVA HUNGARY
SLOVENIA ROMANIA Zagreb CROATIA Belgrade
SAN BOSNIA- MARINO HERZ SERBIA & MONTENEGRO INGUSHETIA CHECHNYA Caspian Sarajevo Black Sea Sea DAGESTAN KOSOVO BULGARIA GEORGIA Skopje ITALY ALBANIA F.Y.R.O.M Tirana AZERBAIJAN ARMENIA
AZ. GREECE TURKEY
IRAN IRAQ MEDITERRANEAN SEA SYRIA EUROPE
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
SOUTH-EAST EUROPE
EUR TOTAL EU 2 850 000.00
EC 2 850 000.00 South-east Europe borders — cross-border joint teams mine clearance: a high level of contamination by UXO and APLs along the borderline of Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. There is still a high humanitarian and political priority to demine all the sensitive cross-border sites between the new Balkan States
47 © Norwegian People's Aid EUROPE
ALBANIA
SERBIA & Albania completed the destruction of its stockpile in 2002. Contaminated MONTENEGRO KOSOVO areas include most of the border with Kosovo. The fact that contaminated areas are mostly adjacent to the border has resulted in a small number of Shkodër victims. The UNDP has provided valuable support towards the develop- ment of a national mine action programme. National authorities have FYROM requested additional assistance from the international community. Durrës Tirana Elbasan ALBANIA Berat Korçë
Adriatic Sea GREECE Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Albania © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine
Area (land): 27 398 km2 Capital: Tirana Currency: lek (ALL) Population: 3 544 841 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 4 500 (2002 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 48 • total population: 72.1 years • female: 75.14 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.27 years Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel, hydropower Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast Land use: • arable land: 21.09 % • permanent crops: 4.45 % • other: 74.46 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 463 730.00
GERMANY 300 000.00 Mine clearance in border area with Kosovo
LUXEMBOURG 100 000.00 • Demining in border area with Kosovo • Treatment and rehabilitation of APL victims
NETHERLANDS 63 730.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): APM stockpile destruction EUROPE
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
After three and a half years of violent conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina CROATIA (B&H) is probably the most heavily mined country in Europe. The new
demining law adopted in February 2002 will strengthen the position of the Bihác ˆ Demining Commission. APL stocks have been destroyed and an LIS is Brcko Banja Luka under way; the target date for completion is mid-2004. Mine clearance is BOSNIA- proceeding at a satisfactory pace. HERZEGOVINA Sarajevo The EC provided substantial assistance for mine actions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2002. This has included mine clearance operations aimed Mostar at facilitating the return of refugees (through the EU CARDS programme SERBIA & (Community assistance for reconstruction, development and stabilisa- MONTENEGRO tion)) as well as support for the ongoing LIS. Adriatic Sea
ALBANIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Area (land): 51 129 km2 TOTAL EU 7 685 879.88 Capital: Sarajevo Currency: convertible mark (BAM) Population: 3 964 388 (July 2002 est.) GERMANY 1 692 937.00 • Mine clearance in Posavina GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — • Mine clearance in Donja Tramosnica, USD 1 800 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: Orlovo Polje and Njivak • total population: 72.02 years 49 • Mine clearance in Pritoka, Bihac • female: 74.93 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.3 years • Mine clearance in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, • Evaluation of Pritoka project manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydropower • Mine clearance in Bosanska Krupa Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool GREECE 611 270.00 International Centre for Humanitarian summers and long, severe winters; mild, Demining rainy winters along coast Terrain: mountains and valleys ITALY 1 825 000.00 Mine action coordination and mine injury Land use: • arable land: 9.8 % • permanent crops: 2.94 % prevention • other: 87.26 % (1998 est.) AUSTRIA 115 544.88 Rehabilitation of mine victims in Sarajevo
FINLAND 709 128.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance
SWEDEN 432 000.00 Capacity building, mine clearance, mine-risk education
EC 2 300 000.00 • Mine clearance: demining activities essential for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to B&H • Landmine impact survey: location of minefields is still not precise — both the country and the donor community would benefit from an LIS
SPAIN In kind In B&H, Spain cooperates with two contribution groups of deminers, monitoring the demining activities of nationals EUROPE
CROATIA
The former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a major producer of landmines; they were extensively used during the war in
Ljubljana Croatia (1991–95). Systematic surveys have significantly reduced the areas Zagreb suspected of mine contamination. However, it is estimated that half a mil- Rijeka AT lion APLs and UXO remain to be cleared. Croatia increased funds allocat- Osijek ed to mine action in 2001 and the national mine action programme aims to make Croatia mine free by 2010.
Zadar The EC continues to support mine action in the country, particularly Sarajevo where this is linked to infrastructure work which forms part of the return Adriatic Split Sea of refugees and internally displaced persons programme. Funding is often FYR channelled through the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF).
Croatia Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Area (land): 56 414 km2 Capital: Zagreb Currency: kuna (HRK) Population: 4 390 751 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 8 800 (2002 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 50 • total population: 74.13 years • female: 77.96 years (2002 est.) • male: 70.52 years Natural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower Climate: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast Terrain: geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands Land use: • arable land: 23.55 % • permanent crops: 2.24 % • other: 74.21 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 3 078 000.00
GERMANY 800 000.00 Mine clearance
FRANCE 78 000.00 Support to demining in Vucedol
LUXEMBOURG 200 000.00 Demining in the region of Gornje Komarevo
EC 2 000 000.00 Mine clearance: demining is part of the programme for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons EUROPE
KOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
The Government of the former Yugoslavia has initiated the process to join AR the Mine Ban Treaty but has not yet signed. Destruction of existing stocks is under way. There is not a clear picture of the extent of contamination nor of the most heavily affected areas. It has been stated that records exist Novi Sad of minefields set up by the Yugoslav Army but little is known of activities carried out by paramilitary forces. The most heavily contaminated areas Belgrade are the borders with Kosovo and Croatia. The former Yugoslavia has signed an agreement with the International Trust Fund for Demining and Sarajevo Mine Victims Assistance (ITF) for cooperation in mine clearance.
nte Pristina The UN Mine Action Centre in Kosovo has affirmed that, thanks to the Podgorica Sofia massive support provided by the donor community, as of December 2001 I Adriatic Skopje Kosovo is ‘mine safe’. Some small problems remain with UXO but these Sea will be resolved over the next few years.
Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded Area (land): 102 136 km2 Capital: Belgrade Currency: new Yugoslav dinar (YUM) Population: 10 656 929 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 2 370 (2002 est.) Life expectancy at birth: EUR • total population: 73.72 years 51 • female: 76.89 years (2002 est.) TOTAL EU 181 433.00 • male: 70.78 years Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, GERMANY 13 034.00 Secondment of a German expert to MACC copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, (Mine Action Coordination Centre) chrome, hydropower, arable land Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with LUXEMBOURG 168 399.00 Support to the National Centre for Orthotic well distributed rainfall); central portion, Prosthetics in Pristina continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy SPAIN In kind In Kosovo, the Spanish army has snowfall inland contribution deployed two groups of deminers Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, in dangerous and sensitive zones rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the south-east, ancient mountains and hills; to the south-west, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast Land use: • arable land: 36.34 % • permanent crops: 3.44 % • other: 60.22 % (1998 est.)
NB: Statistics given for Yugoslavia. EUROPE
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM)
SERBIA & UXO present a more serious problem than APLs as a result of heavy bom- MONTENEGRO bardment during the 2001 conflict. Use of APLs was more limited and
KOSOVO concentrated on specific areas. Assistance has come from a number of BULGARIA donors. The EC provided substantial funds for mine clearance through its
Kumanovo CARDS programme in 2002. Skopje FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Strumica Prilep
Ohrid
GREECE ALBANIA Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Former Yugoslav Republic of EUR Macedonia (FYROM) TOTAL EU 1 900 000.00 Area (land): 24 856 km2 Capital: Skopje EC 1 900 000.00 Mine clearance Currency: Macedonian denar (MKD) Population: 2 054 800 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 5 000 (2002 est.) GREECE In kind Donation of mine detection equipment 52 Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 74.26 years contribution • female: 76.68 years (2002 est.) • male: 72.01 years Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timber, arable land Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall Terrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River Land use: • arable land: 23.59 % • permanent crops: 1.85 % • other: 74.56 % (1998 est.) EUROPE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
✔ CHECHNYA ✔ INGUSHETIA
RUSSIA Caspian The long conflict in Chechnya has resulted in the widespread use of mines Sea making it one of the most contaminated areas in the world. Mine planting Kizlyar continues by both sides to date in an indiscriminate fashion. There is no CHECHNYA Gudermes evidence of any serious attempt to collect information on mined areas. INGUSHETIA Khasav'yurt Nazran' Groznyy The situation continues to deteriorate as intense fighting continues. There Makhachkala are no humanitarian mine clearance operations under way and no serious prospects of any credible effort in this field in the foreseeable future. The DAGESTAN number of victims is estimated to have reached very high numbers but no GEORGIA reliable information exists on the magnitude of the problem. Health serv- Tbilisi ices in the region remain dilapidated and therefore unable to provide even basic services for victims. AZERBAIJAN
There is limited scope for significant international assistance until the fighting stops. Efforts to date have focused on mine-risk education and Chechnya — Ingushetia survivor assistance. The EC has supplied humanitarian assistance to Area (land): 16 995 800 km2 Chechnya (and Ingushetia) through ECHO. Capital: Moscow Currency: Russian rouble (RUB) Population: 144 978 573 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 8 800 (2002 est.) 53 Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 67.5 years • female: 72.97 years (2002 est.) • male: 62.29 years Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions Land use: • arable land: 7.46 % • permanent crops: 0.11 % Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded • other: 92.43 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 250 000.00
ITALY 100 000.00 Victim assistance in northern Caucasus
EC 150 000.00 Mine-risk education for conflict-affected children and youths in Chechnya and Ingushetia EUROPE
UKRAINE
A Ukraine has inherited large APL stockpiles from the former USSR. The Vilnius Minsk need to destroy these stocks within the four-year time frame required by BELA S RU the MBT poses problems for the eventual ratification of the Treaty. The existence of large numbers of PFM-1 mines presents an additional threat; their storage over a long time might pose a serious threat to the environ- L'viv Kiev Kharkiv ment. Consultations are under way for eventual assistance aimed at devel- UKR Dnipropetrovs'k oping technology for the destruction of PFM-1 stocks. OLO VA Donets'k Chisinau
Odesa Sea of ROOMAMANIA Azov Bucharest
Black Sea A Sofia Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed Y
Ukraine
Area (land): 603 700 km2 Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv) Currency: hryvnia (UAH) Population: 48 396 470 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 4,200 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: 54 • total population: 66.33 years • female: 72.06 years (2002 est.) • male: 60.86 years Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and south-east; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine in the extreme south Land use: • arable land: 57.1 % • permanent crops: 1.73 % • other: 41.17 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 120 000.00
NETHERLANDS 120 000.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): support of APM stockpile destruction EUROPE © Norwegian People's Aid
55 THE MIDDLE EAST
RUSSIA Black Sea UZBEKISTAN GEORGIA
ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
AZ. TURKMENISTAN TURKEY Caspian Sea
CYPRUS SYRIA LEBANON Baghdad MEDITERRANEAN Beirut SEA PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY IRAQ IRAN
ISRAEL JORDAN
KUWAIT
The Gulf
EGYPT BAHRAIN
QATAR 56 SAUDI ARABIA Gulf of Oman U.A.E.
Red Sea OMAN
ERITREA Sana'a SUDAN YEMEN Arabian Sea
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA SOMALIA
INDIAN OCEAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF UGANDA CONGO KENYA THE MIDDLE EAST
LEBANON
Israel’s withdrawal from its occupied zone in south Lebanon in May 2000
revealed a high level of contamination in the area and a greatly increased MEDITERRANEAN risk to civilians. Estimates of the number of minefields in Lebanon vary SEA greatly. Large areas of the south have yet to be cleared, blocking the return Tripoli of displaced residents and preventing local economic, social and agricul- LEBANON tural activity. The focus of continued support should be on humanitarian mine clearance, mine awareness, and capacity building in the demining Beirut agencies of the government/army. The existence of UXO remains a major SYRIA problem throughout Lebanon, particularly in the south. Sidon
Tyre
ISRAEL
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded Lebanon Area (land): 10 230 km2 Capital: Beirut Currency: Lebanese pound (LBP) Population: 3 677 780 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 2 370 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 71.19 years 57 • male: 69.38 years • female: 74.32 years (2002 est.) Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus State in a water-deficit region, arable land Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; © Campagna Italiana Contro le Mine Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows Terrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains Land use: • arable land: 17.6 % • permanent crops: 12.51 % • other: 69.89 % (1998 est.)
EUR TOTAL EU 884 587.00
GREECE 884 587.00 International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
GERMANY In kind Donation of mine detectors contribution (estimated value: EUR 27 872.00) THE MIDDLE EAST
IRAQ
TURKEY The UN mine action service and various NGOs are confident that they have a satisfactory picture of the pre-conflict situation. The northern, Kurdish-held area is heavily contaminated. It is also the only region where Arbıl NGO activity continued throughout the conflict. Some information is Al Mawsil IRAN available on contamination along the Iran/Iraq frontier and in regions SYRIA affected by the 1991 war but no NGO has been allowed to carry out sur- Baghdad veys. There is also a range of UXO throughout Iraq. IRAQ Karbala' Following the termination of hostilities the most urgent task will be clear- ing routes for convoys transporting humanitarian assistance to internally An Nasirıyah Al Basrah displaced persons. The second priority will be the demarcation of con- SAUDI ARABIA KUWAIT taminated areas near refugee camps or population centres through the Kuwait implementation of rapid surveys to be carried out by small teams of experts working for NGOs or commercial companies. At the same time basic mine education will be provided to populations at risk. Clearance Iraq operations will follow.
Area (land): 432 162 km2 Capital: Baghdad The UN launched a USD 2 billion Flash Appeal for Iraq on 29 March 2003 Currency: Iraqi dinar (IQD) which includes a USD 13 170 000 mine action component. Population: 24 683 313 (2003 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — USD 2 400 (2002 est.) In 2003, the Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) of the Commission allo- Life expectancy at birth: 58 • total population: 67.81 years cated EUR 10 million for immediate mine action (amount not included in • female: 68.99 years (2003 est.) the 2002 expenditure listed below). • male: 66.7 years Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulphur Climate: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey NORTHERN IRAQ Land use: • arable land: 11.89 % • permanent crops: 0.78 % EUR • other: 87.33 % (1998 est.) TOTAL EU 2 067 651.79
SWEDEN 1 274 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building in northern Iraq
UK 793 651.79 Demining in northern Iraq THE MIDDLE EAST
YEMEN
The world’s first comprehensive landmine impact survey was completed in Yemen by the SAC in 2000. The survey identified 592 affected villages SAUDI located in 19 out of 20 Yemeni governorates. On this basis, the Yemeni ARABIA Government approved a five-year strategic mine action plan.
Yemen’s APL stockpile was destroyed in 2002. Sa'dah Red Sana'a YEMEN Sea Al Mukalla Al Hudaydah
'Adan DJIBOUTI Djibouti
ETHIOPIA SOMALIA Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
EUR Yemen TOTAL EU 1 851 622.00 Area (land): 527 970 km2 Capital: Sana’a Currency: Yemeni rial (YER) Population: 18 701 257 (July 2002 est.) GERMANY 791 622.00 • Implementation of a Mine Detection GDP per capita: purchasing power parity — Dog Centre in Sanaa USD 820 (2001 est.) • Secondment of a German expert to Life expectancy at birth: • total population: 60.59 years 59 YEMAP • female: 62.46 years (2002 est.) • male: 58.81 years ITALY 500 000.00 Mine action Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building, coordination and mine lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid clearance. Support to the national along west coast; temperate in western Mine Action Coordination Centre (MACC) mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in centre © Jean-Jacques Patricola slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula Land use: • arable land: 2.75 % • permanent crops: 0.21 % • other: 97.04 % (1998 est.) WORLDWIDE
CONTRIBUTIONS TO: ✔ UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD ✔ FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION ✔ ICBL/LMM ✔ MISCELLANEOUS
UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD EUR
TOTAL EU 14 734 205.02
GERMANY 106 560.00 GICHD: various projects: sponsorship programme, demining equipment catalogues, evaluation in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen
GREECE 76 190.00 UN Voluntary Trust Fund for assistance in mine clearance
FRANCE 56 098.00 GICHD: study ‘The role of the military in the humanitarian 60 fight against landmines’ IRELAND 200 000.00 UN Voluntary Trust for Mine Clearance
ITALY 407 000.00 • GICHD: Sponsorship programme — Contribution to the Implementation Support Unit — Evaluation of field programmes • UNMAS: rapid response plan
NETHERLANDS 1 143 526.00 UNMAS: coordination and core support
AUSTRIA 163 696.63 • UNDP: Angola/Mozambique: management training for middle managers of mine action programmes • Support for the Implementation Support Unit (ISU)
FINLAND 504 563.00 UNMAS: surveys, quality control
SWEDEN 648 000.00 • Support to the GICHD • UNMAS
UK 11 428 571.39 • UNMAS and UNDP: core funding • UNMAS and UNDP: country programming • Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) • Unicef: core funding
GERMANY In kind GICHD: contribution of an expert contribution WORLDWIDE
FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION EUR
TOTAL EU 217 008.00
BELGIUM 9 915.00 Financial contribution to the GICHD for the support of the Convention
DENMARK 26 931.00 Support to participation of developing countries in the Ottawa Convention
FRANCE 52 162.00 Covering the participation costs of foreign delegations in the Fourth Meeting of the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention and other meetings held in the margins of the Convention (e.g. intersessional)
IRELAND 50 000.00 Implementation Support Unit
AUSTRIA 18 000.00 Support for human resources for the Fourth Conference of the States Parties
SWEDEN 27 000.00 Sponsorship programme — Ottawa Convention
EC 36 000.00 Intersessional meetings in Geneva (3–7 February and 12–16 May 2002). Interpretation: contribution of the cost of the services of six interpreters at the ‘Works on mechanism intersessions of the Ottawa Convention’ meeting
61 ICBL/LMM
EUR
TOTAL EU 1 919 698.03
DENMARK 53 863.00 ICBL: advocacy to landmines in 2002, the Ottawa process
GERMANY 97 903.00 • Contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002 • Evaluation of the global landmine problem
FRANCE 86 500.00 • ICBL: covering of the costs of invitations to research experts of African countries to the meeting of the Campaign for the Ban of Anti-Personnel Landmines (Paris, 17–21 April 2002) • ICBL: preparation and publication of the annual Landmine Monitor report
ITALY 420 000.00 ‘Landmine Monitor report’ researchers’ seminar and outreach activities (UNMAS)
NETHERLANDS 136 800.00 Landmine Monitor contribution, advocacy and prevention
AUSTRIA 65 901.88 ICBL: contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002
UK 158 730.15 Contribution to Landmine Monitor
EC 900 000.00 ICBL and the Landmine Monitor deserve the EC support in order to carry out their essential activities in campaigning and in monitoring the landmine situation worldwide WORLDWIDE
MISCELLANEOUS EUR
TOTAL EU 3 056 278.64
DENMARK 406 663.00 • World Trust Fund: contribution to mine action coordination • DML (Danmark mod Landminer): advocacy
GERMANY 42 807.00 Evaluation of projects
SPAIN 537 625.00 • Training seminar (six weeks), for 25 students from Angola and Mozambique, on humanitarian demining • Three seminars (six weeks) for 75 students from Afghanistan on humanitarian demining
FRANCE 105 980.00 • Handicap International: targeting European public opinion; campaign to increase APL awareness and bring to the forefront of the media the international APL campaign ‘For a landmine free Earth’ • ITF/Handicap International: support to training of orthopaedic technicians
ITALY 100 000.00 • Geneva call: call on non-State actors (UNMAS)
NETHERLANDS 1 144 300.00 • ICRC: victim assistance 62 • HALO Trust: mine clearance — Dog-training programme worldwide • CHILI: Instituto de Ecologia Politica Landmine Conference
AUSTRIA 75 058.26 • Evaluation of the Austrian mine action programme • ITF — Slovenian Institute for Rehabilitation: victim assistance and rehabilitation
SWEDEN 347 520.00 • Evaluation of SIDA’s (Swedish International Development Agency) contribution to humanitarian mine action • Mine standards (EU project)
UK 296 825.38 • Grant to landmine action for publication on ERW • Mines advice (internal advice for DFID) WORLDWIDE
EU RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
MEMBER STATES EUR
TOTAL MEMBER STATES 748 050.62 GERMANY 113 130.00 Support to the ITEP Secretariat
UK 634 920.62 • International test and evaluation programme • Mine action research programme
BELGIUM In kind As indicated in the reports of previous years, Belgium collaborates contributions in numerous development projects of new mine clearance techniques. Moreover, Belgium conducts several research projects, both national and multinational, on detection of anti-personnel landmines. This research covers very varied technological fields. For example: • Development or testing of protective equipment • Detection of anti-personnel landmines using new or improved performance detectors (such as metal imaging detectors, ground- penetrating radar, radiometers, infrared/visible optical sensors) • Anti-personnel landmine detection using animals (dogs or rodents) • Methods of removal and of destruction of the detected mines • Airborne detection and demarcation of the suspected minefields • Planning of the humanitarian mine clearance campaigns in the victim 63 countries, both at provincial and national levels As in previous years, the accent was put on the validation of the theoretical performances by trial runs on the ground.
SPAIN In kind The Spanish company GTD Ingeniería de Sistemas de Software SA leads contributions the ANGEL programme, funded with European Eureka funds, for the development of a high technology demining system for detection, localisation and neutralisation of mines. The Spanish Army collaborates with this programme by providing information, instruction and operation of a testing camp.
EC ✔ JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE ✔ RESEARCH ✔ EUR INFORMATION SOCIETY
TOTAL EC 1 390 000.00
Support to 1 190 000.00 Evaluation of new biosensor possibilities through five trials in different development of countries and finalisation of the standards related to the use of these biosensor biosensors with GICHD applications
Testing and 200 000.00 Evaluation of existing and new demining tools to promote the best evaluation cost-efficient existing/new tools and improved demining capabilities. Support to CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) mandate, in line agreed and supported by GICHD and UNMAS to complete the pool of necessary tools and guidelines for international demining WORLDWIDE
In kind contributions
Since certain operations remain difficult to quan- Chad: cost EUR 142 000 for 2001–02; in Benin: tify, some Member States have refrained from cost EUR 53 000 for 2001–02; in Ukraine: cost including them in their list of contributions. EUR 5 600 for 2001–02; and in Slovenia: cost EUR 2 637); For France, these types of operations are those which involve the intervention, to varying degrees, • the secondment of military personnel (e.g. an of the French armed forces, in particular: officer seconded to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD): • in the margins of military cooperation, training estimated cost EUR 60 980). of non-French trainees (e.g. 20 trainee officers from Lebanon: cost EUR 85 000; one trainee Although difficult to quantify financially, these from Egypt, one from Senegal and one from actions also contribute to the needs of the local Belgium: total cost EUR 1 734) in the specialised population (e.g. demining of roads by the military, demining training centres of ESAG (École as per their specific mission) and in general to the supérieur et d’application du génie — Higher efforts aiming at reinforcing local capacity building School for Pioneers) of Angers and of the regarding demining training. NEDEX (Neutralisation et déstruction des explosifs — Neutralisation and Destruction of In the margins of multilateral cooperation, France, 64 Explosives) Unit of Villacoublay; as a member of international organisations and institutions involved in demining (UNDP, Unicef, • participation, notably financial (in the margins WHO, ICRC), also contributes (required or volun- of required contributions to the international tary contributions) to their various funds and pro- organisations/forums), in operations involving grammes. The quotas assigned to humanitarian third countries, notably peacekeeping missions demining cannot be precisely quantified. covering demining (MONIC, MINUEE, MIN- URSO, FNUOD, FINUL, MONUIK); Other actions, of a non-regional nature, should also be mentioned: in particular, cooperation with • ad hoc experts/assessment missions in the mar- NGOs and with the organisation of the Meeting of gins of military cooperation (e.g. in Lebanon: the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention in cost EUR 8 570; in Senegal: cost EUR 3 200; in Managua. WORLDWIDE
Humanitarian demining facilities in Ispra since 1997, was published, widely distributed to the demining community (donors, The Joint Research Centre (JRC) has been active in industry and mine action centres) and meanwhile bridging the gap between technology offer and pol- well appreciated. icy needs as an independent provider of scientific and technical reference in the field of humanitarian demining, mainly on test and evaluation (T&E) of Assistance to UN test of metal detectors demining equipment and mapping activities. The stock of metal detectors used by UN deminers A number of concrete examples are reported here. was destroyed during the conflict in Afghanistan, necessitating a rapid field test to select suitable replacements. Prior to the trial, experts in testing Establishment of standards for received a training in metal detector test and evalu- the T&E metal detectors ation at the JRC and the JRC supported the in-field trials as well. Mandated by the European Standardisation Committee (CEN) and the ‘International test and evaluation programme for humanitarian demining’ (ITEP), the JRC launched a process aiming to pro- duce guidelines, principles and testing procedures for metal detectors (prototype and off the shelf) used in humanitarian demining. Supporting exper- 65 imental measurements by the JRC have provided the basis for some of the new tests included. The JRC is also working on a standard measurement for the characterisation of magnetic soils in order to predict metal detector performance, using both soil samples and in-field measurements (Mozambique, UN test in Afghanistan Bosnia, etc.). The demanding standardisation process has involved manufacturers, users of metal detectors, as well as researchers in related fields. It Improving mine detection has been well coordinated and formalised with the United Nations Mine Action Service and the In order to support the fielding of improved mine Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian detectors based on multi-sensor technology, the Demining, responsible for the establishment and JRC sponsored an international, multi-partner maintenance of the international mine actions campaign of measurements of mine signatures. A standards (IMAS). The CEN Workshop Agreement substantial database has now been built up and the — the standardisation document — was submitted emphasis of this project is expected to shift more to to CEN for publication in May 2003. data processing.
Execution of T&E of tools used in humani- Mapping of mined areas tarian mine clearance In support to the demining activities, an effective Mine test mapping team was set up. In 2002, it carried out the high-resolution mapping of Afghanistan through A compendium of reports documenting the suc- an ambitious programme launched by the cessful test and evaluation projects, executed at the European Commission’s Directorate-General for WORLDWIDE
External Relations within the rapid reaction mech- tool allows aggregation of the mine actions and an anism. On this experience, the unit was given the analysis of what has been achieved. lead to pursue further important mapping projects regarding other crisis areas. • The JRC has worked actively to support and mon- itor a project funded by the External Relations DG entitled ‘Geographical information system for mine action in south-east Europe’.The project has been implemented by the International Trust Fund and has had the primary aims to strengthen the resources and competencies in the mine action centres in south-east Europe for use of geo- graphical information in their work, and to strengthen cooperation across the countries by working and training together in this area. Commissioner Chris Patten’s visit to Afghanistan and Pakistan
Support to the international test and eval- uation programme for humanitarian demi- ning (ITEP)
66 The JRC supported ITEP through:
• administrative support of its Secretariat;
• distribution of information through the manage- ment of its web site; Some of the GIS data layers developed in the project • contribution to the establishment of the ITEP workplan, discussed with the United Nations, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, deminers and mine action centres;
• participation in joint trials.
Support to the European Commission’s Directorate-General for External Relations
• The JRC provided a new reporting and evaluation system for EU mine actions. By describing mine actions with a harmonised nomenclature it allows a better evaluation of proposed projects and a quantification of what has been achieved by the project both in the short term and as a contribu- tion to long-term reconstruction and resettlement plans. An online database and decision support European Commission
The European Union mine actions in the world
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
2003 — 66 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 92-894-5809-7
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ISBN,!7IJ2I9-efiajc! 92-894-5809-7