Ethnobotanical Survey of Medic- Inal Plants in Ughelli North Local

Treasure IO, et al., J Med Stud Res 2020, 3: 014 DOI: 10.24966/MSR-5657/100014 HSOA Journal of Medicine: Study & Research

Research Article

of ailment and the most used of part of plant for the treatment of Ethnobotanical Survey of Medic- ailment were leaf 128 (36.84%). The main route of administration of medicinal plants is the mouth and decoction was the main method inal Plants in Ughelli North Local of preparation by 254 (72.46%). It is concluded that most persons in the rural area prefer the use of medicinal plants in the treatment Government Area of Delta State of diseases for the reason of affordability, effectiveness, availability and accessibility of practitioners. It is recommended for this reasons or advantages, traditional medicine is useful to the health of the 1 Ighomuaye Oghenetega Treasure , ADJENE Josiah Obagh- nation and should be integrated or co-recognized with modern or 1 2 warhievwo and Odigie Mike Osagie * orthodox medicine practice and its operation should be re-evaluat- 1Department of Public and Community Health, College of Health Sciences, ed and standardized for optimal effects. Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria Keywords: Delta state; Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Ughelli 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria Introduction The attempt by mankind to use plant products to cure diseases and Abstract relieve physical suffering is as old as creation [1]. Human have derived many uses and benefits from the plants indigenous to their local- Indigenous medicinal plants form an important component of the ity and have resorted to nature, mainly plants for medicine and health natural wealth and culture of a geographical area, the study of plant sources [1]. The indigenous medicinal plants form an important com- began with tribal efforts to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous ponent of the natural wealth and culture of a geographical area. The plants. Many of the traditional methods and general knowledge of study of plant began with tribal efforts to identify edibile, medicinal medicinal plants are being lost to time as healers and tribal elder’s age and die. Scientists are searching for ways to preserve this and poisonous plants making botany one of the oldest sciences, of all knowledge and to test them against contemporary diseases. This is the species of plants studied only about 60 have been evaluated phyto- a descriptive study that investigated the use of medicinal plants for chemically [2]. Plants have been used as drugs for centuries, initially the treatment of diseases in Ughelli North Local Government Area of as traditional preparations [3]. The use of plant species as traditional Delta state. Information was obtained through interviews using struc- medicines provides a real substitute to orthodox healthcare services tured questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS for rural communities of the developing nations [4]. It has been esti- version 20. The analyzed data was presented in descriptive statistics mated that around 80% of the population in developing countries de- using tables, charts and frequency and inferential statistic using chi- pends on traditional medicines for primary health care system. These square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Result showed that most traditional medicines are cost-effective, safe and affordable [5]. Glob- of the respondents 270 (77.14%) were above age 30 years while ally, approximately 85% of the traditional medicines used in primary most 250 (71.43%) were males and almost two-third 230 (65.71%) were married. Majority 150 (42.86%) attained O level as their high- healthcare are derived from plant species [6]. Therefore, medicinal est level of education. Majority of the respondents (270) 75.0% plants are the indigenous heritage of global importance [7]. affirmed to be aware of medicinal plant, 55% of the respondents The utilization of plants and their resources for combating various got their information about medicinal plant from their parents, while 35% undergo training for usage of medicinal plant, 91.43% affirmed ailments predates written history and they are still in use all over the to use of medicinal plants very often. The most prevalent disease world. The oldest written evidence of the usage of medicinal plants conditions treated with medicinal plants were malaria 92 (26.29%). for the preparation of drugs has been found on a Sumerian clay slab Trees 44.59% were the most used forms of plants for the treatment from Nagpur, which is believed to be approximately 5000 years old. The isolation of morphine from opium in the early 19th century served *Corresponding author: Odigie Osagie, Department of Physiology, Faculty as a gate opener for many studies aimed at isolating active compounds of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, from medicinal plants, and this breakthrough led to the isolation of Delta State, Nigeria, Tel: +234 7036844454; E-mail: [email protected] other bioactive compounds, such as cocaine, codeine, digitoxin Citation: Treasure IO, Obaghwarhievwo AJ, Odigie OM (2020) Ethnobotanical and quinine. Although pharmaceutical companies and Research and Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. J Med Stud Res 3: 014. Development (R and D) organizations are placing increased interest in molecular modeling, combinatorial chemistry and other synthetic Received: February 16, 2020; Accepted: March 09, 2020; Published: March chemistry techniques, natural products, specifically medicinal plants, 16, 2020 remain the source of new drugs, new drugs leads and new chemical Copyright: © 2020 Treasure IO, et al. This is an open-access article distributed entities [8]. under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un- restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original In Africa alone, it is estimated that 70%-80% of people still prefer author and source are credited. consulting traditional medical practitioners for health care. Numerous Citation: Treasure IO, Obaghwarhievwo AJ, Odigie OM (2020) Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. J Med Stud Res 3: 014.

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drugs have entered into the international market through exploration Inclusion criteria of ethno pharmacology and traditional medicine with extensive uses Those with the knowledge of medicinal plants such as the herbal of medicinal plants. It is estimated that 25% of prescription drugs con- practitioners. tain active principles derived from higher plants [9,10]. Many of the traditional methods and general knowledge of medicinal flora is being Exclusion criteria lost to time. As healers and tribal elder’s age and die, their knowledge Those without the knowledge of medicinal plants. is dying with them. Scientists are searching for ways to preserve this knowledge and to test them against contemporary diseases. Fewer Sample procedure/ size than 5% of tropical forest plant species have been examined for their chemical compounds and medicinal value. This left great potential The sample size of this research consisted of various individuals for even more discovery, but also the potential for great loss as forests with knowledge of medicinal plants in Ughelli North Local Govern- ment Area of Delta State. This sample size was chosen based on con- are felled around the globe and unstudied species are lost to extinc- veience sampling. tion [11]. This study (Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants use Ughelli North Local Government area, Delta State) is to identify and Research instrument document medicinal plants use for the treatment of various ailments. Questionnaire method was used for data collection among those Aim of Study with the knowledge of medicinal plants above 16 years of age. Struc- tured survey questionnaire on the research topic was designed and Currentstudy aimed at reviewing major ethnobotanicalmedicinal administered to respondent. plants in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, South- ern Nigeria. Specifically, study; Method for data analysis i. Investigated the frequency and usage of selected Medicinal Plants The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The ana- ii. Ascertained the forms of plants used for treatment of diseases lyzed data was presented in descriptive statistics using tables, charts and frequency and inferential statistic using Chi-square and Analysis iii. Evaluated the Routes of administration of selected ethnobotani- of Variance (ANOVA). calmedicinal plants Validity of instrument Materials and Methods The questionnaire was submitted to the project supervisor with the Study design objectives of the study and research question for review in form of This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that investigated the clarity, appropriateness of the language, introduction and expression to the respondents. The researcher made necessary modifications af- use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases in Ughelli North ter the review. The instrument was constructed in such a way that if Local Government Area of Delta state. Information was obtained administered by another individual given the same condition the find- through interviews using structured questionnaires. Field excursions ings would remain constant. Face and content validity was used by with traditional healers and herbal medicine collectors were carried the project supervisor to determine the validity of the questionnaire. out. Reliability of instrument Study area Pilot study was carried out by choosing respondents outside the Ughelli North is a Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria, sample area and offer or administer questionnaire to them, they were with headquarter in the city of Ughelli. It has an area of 818 km2 and a required to answer, return the questionnaire and data and the results population of 321,028 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area were analyzed. The results were found consistent and reliable. is 333. The local government shares boundaries with Ughelli south, Isoko south, Isoko north, Patani Ethiope east and Ndokwa west local Ethical consideration government areas. Ethnical approval was obtained from the supervisor of this research. Individual consent was taken from the respondent before Scope of study questionnaire administration. The right of respondent was protected This study is focus on the awareness and use of medicinal plants by informing them about the purpose of the study and not coercing in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta state. them to participate. All information was solely for research purpose and kept confidential during and after the research. Study population Discussion The population of study consists of people who have knowledge According to table 1, majority of the respondents (77.14%) where of the medicinal plants, those above 15years of age. This age bracket above 30 years of age while most (71.43%) were males. In general, was chosen because the researcher wants responses from everyone the gender was not significantly correlated to age and plant knowl- who has knowledge of medicinal plants found in their environment. edge [12]. Even though all the respondents generally used plants, it The Urhobos were chosen because they are one of major ethnic group has been common that in many parts of the world, women always in Delta State. demonstrate a more extensive knowledge in the use of plants this is

Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 100014 J Med Stud Res ISSN: H2639-5657, Open Access Journal DOI: 10.24966/MSR-5657/100014 Citation: Treasure IO, Obaghwarhievwo AJ, Odigie OM (2020) Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. J Med Stud Res 3: 014.

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due to their role in the family as a home-maker. This conforms to the cooking as meal/soup, infusion and burning/roasting. Decoction was survey carried out in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria where majority of used mainly for children and exceptional persons who would want the respondents were above 36 years and of 36 respondents only five to avoid alcohol. This conforms to the survey carried out in Plateau were females [13]. As shown in table 2, plants used in treatment of of Allada, Benin (West Africa) where decoction (79%) was the main malaria, fever and diabetes were the most recurrent. The prevalence mode of preparation and the survey carried out among the Yoruba of malaria and fever may be due to the presence of bushes and stag- tribe of South Western Nigeria which also showed decoction (90.4%) was the frequently used method of anti-viral herbal preparation [17]. nant water leading to high density of mosquitoes. Also prevalence of Also cooking as soup is an embracing method of preparation since diabetes recorded in this survey maybe due to the fact that most of pepper soup is one of the meals indigenous to this locality (Figures the food indigenous to this locality is starchy and less consumption of 2 and 3). vegetables. The result is conforms to the survey carried out in Akwa Ibom state of Nigeria where plants used for treatment of malaria were most recurrent [14]. This is in contrast with the survey carried out among the Esan people of Edo state where gastro-intestinal disease had the highest number of herbal plants for its treatment [15]. Trees were the most frequently used plant form as shown in figure 1. This is in contrast to the survey carried out in Babungo, Camaroon where herbs were most frequently used plant form, the survey carried out in Edo state among the people of Esan where leaf was mostly used and the survey carried out among the Nandi people of Kenya were leaf formed the major component of plant parts exploited [16,17]. Howev- er, in the study carried out in Oshikoto region of Namibia, trees were found to be the most used plant form [18]. Figure 1: Forms of plants used for treatment of diseases. The figure shows that tree 44.59% was the most used forms of plants for the treatment of ailment, followed by herbs 27.02%, shrubs 20.27% and Climber 8.12%. Variable Frequency Percentage

Age (Years)

16-30 80 22.86

> 30 270 77.14 Sex Female 100 28.57 Male 250 71.43 Marital Status Single 90 25.71 Married 230 65.71 Divorced 30 8.58 Literacy No formal Education 60 17.14 Figure 2: Methods of preparationm of medicinal plants. O level 150 42.86 Figure 2, shows that 38.54% method of preparation was decoction, 38.05% was crush- OND 70 20 ing, 11.72% was maceration, 4.88% was cook as meal/soup and 3.91% was infusion. HND 50 14.29 BSc 20 5.71 Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the respondents. According to table I, majority of the respondents 270 (77.14%) were above age 30 years while most 250 (71.43%) were males and almost two-third 230 (65.71%) were married. The educational level of the respondents shows that about 150 (42.86%) attained O level, while 70 (20.0%) attained OND and 60 (17.14%) had no formal education.

The survey also observed that the following plant parts were used; leaf, stem, flower, bulb, bark, root, fruit, seed/pod/nut juice/sap, whole plant and rhizome. As seen in table 3 leaf was most frequently used? This is in contrast with survey carried out in Oshikoto region in Namibia where root was the frequently used [19]. It is however similar to the survey carried out among the Esan people of Edo state, Figure 3: Source of information of medicinal plants. Nigeria, the Nandi people of Kenya and the Babungo of Cameroon According to figure 3, 55% of the respondents got their information about medicinal where leaf was also the most frequently used plant part. The com- plant from their parents, while 35% undergo training for usage of medicinal plant and 10% had about medicinal plant from their neighbours. mon methods of preparation were decoction, crushing, maceration,

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Momordica charantia 1 Vernonia amygdalina 1 Eczema 3 0.61 Xylopia aethiopica 1 8 1.64 Senna alata 2

Senna alata 2 Bryophyllum pinnatum 1

Ocimum gratissimum 3 Eye pain/itches Ageratum conyzoides 1 3 0.61

Vernonia amygdalina 1 Peperomia pellucida 1 Quick Delivery Cynodon dactylon 1 1 0.2 Zingiber officinale 1 Convulsion 16 3.27 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Female Infertility (in Momordica charantia 5 3 0.61 menstruating women) Aframomum melegueta 2 Elaeis guineensis 5 Carica papaya 4 Allium cepa 1 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum 2 Ocimum gratissimum 2 Ocimum gratissimum 1 Jatropha curcas 1

Zingiber officinale 1 Psidium guajava 1

Cough Curcuma longa 1 12 2.45 Lansium domesticum 2

Garcinia kola 2 Citrus aurantifolia 7 Fever 32 6.54 Elaeis guineensis 4 Chromolaena odorata 1 Gossypium hirsutum 1 Pentaclethra macroloha 1 Mangifera indica 4 Moringa oleifera 1 Anacardium Occident ale 2 Citrus paradis i 1 Cymbopogon citratus 3

Detoxifier/antioxidant/ Garcinia kola 1 Persea americana 1 Poison 9 1.84 Antidote Cocos nucifera 2 Azadirachta indica 2

Elaeis guineensis 3 Cocos nucifera 1 Fibroid 2 0.41 Citrus sinensis 1 Piper guineense 1

Ann on a muricata 1 Fractures Cynodon dactyl on 1 1 0.2

Moringa oleifera 2 General ill health/ Cocos nucifera 1 weakness 2 0.41 Ocimum gratissimum 2 Sida acuta 1 Moringa oleifera 1 Vernonia amygdalina 9 General vitamins/oil Psidium guajava 1 3 0.61 Mangifera indica 1 Elaeis guineenses 1 Diabetes 25 5.11 Zea mays 1 Goiter Musa paradisiaca 1 1 0.2 Garcinia kola 1 Jatropha curcas 1 Momordica charantia 3 Citrus aurantifolia 1 Persea americana 1 Ficuasper[folia 1 Hibiscus rosasinensis 1 Gonorrhoea Tamarindus indica 1 9 1.84 Piper guineense 3 Nicotiana tabacum 1 Psidium guajava 1 Rauwolfia vomitoria 1 Diarrhoea 6 0.61 Vernonia .amygdalina 2 Piper guineense Arachis spp 1

Ocimum gratissimum 2 Jatropha curcas 1

Dysentery Jatropha curcas 1 5 1.02 Chromolaena odorata 1

Gossypium hirsutum 2 Haemorrhage Musa paradisiaca 1 10 2.04

Psidium guajava 1 Momordica charantia

Vernonia amygdalina 1 Peperomia pellucida Dysmeno-Rrhoea 6 1.23 Hair lice Rauwolfia vomitoria 1 1 0.2 Zingiber officinale 2 Jatropha curcas 1 Curcuma longa 2 Citrus aur antifolia 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum 4 Headache 4 0.82 Ear pain/ear Sores 5 1.02 Aframomum melegueta 1 Gossypium hirsutum 1 Allium cep a

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1 Heart diseases Musa paradisiaca Zea mays 2 0.41 Citrus aurantifolia 1 1 Senna alata 1 HIV Hibiscus rosasinensis 1 1 0.2 Aloe vera 1 Zingiber officinale 1 Zingiber officinale 1 Hepatitis and liver Curcuma longa 1 6 1.23 Infections Garcinia kola 1 Dialium guineense 1

Cocos nucifera Newbouldia laevis 1 Allium cepa 1 Garcinia kola Allium sativum 1 Hernia 2 0.41 Xylopia aethiopica Dioscorea bulbifera 1 Musa paradisiaca 1 L i q u i dam bar styracifl ua 1 Zea mays 1 Kidney infection/ Curcuma longa Momordica 1 4 0.82 Diseases charantia Cocos nucifera 1 Hot flushes and 1.02 Miscarriage Piper guineense 1 Sida acuta 1

Peperomia pellucida 1 Low sperm Count Hibiscus rosasinensis 1 1 0.2 Moringa oleifera 2 Lymphadeno-Pathy Dialium guineense 1 1 0.2 Ocimum gratissimum 2 Carica papaya 7 58 11.86 Acalypha marginata 3 Alstonia boonei 1 Musa paradisiaca 1 Ocimum gratissimum 2 Cymbopogon citratus 1 Phyllanthus amarus 3 Zea mays Aloe vera 1 Hypertension 19 3.89 Psidium guajava 2 Terminalia catappa 1 Lansium domesticum 8 Dialium guineense 1

Viscum album 1 Citrus aurantifolia 4

Ficus asperifolia 1 Gossypium hirsutum 3

Allium sativum 1 Mangifera indica 6 Malaria/ malaria fever Xylopia aethiopica 1 Anacardium occidentale 2 Zingiber officinale 1 Cymbopogon citratus 2 Cola acuminata 1 Impotence 4 0.82 Aloe vera 2 Garcinia kola 1 Curcuma longa 1 Allium sativum 1 Dialium guineense 1 Musa sapientum 1 Infertility (both male 2 0.41 Newbouldia laevis 1 and female) Citrus sinensis 1 Garcinia kola 1 Chromolaena odorata 1 Insecticide 2 0.41 Sida acuta 1 Cymbopogon citratus 1 Azadirachta indica Cola acuminata 1 Insomnia 2 0.41 Pentaclethra macroloba 1 Terminalia catappa 1 Xylopia aethiopica Carica papaya 1 Acalypha wilkesiana 1 Bryophyllum pinnatum 1 Internal Ulcer e.g. Codaeium variegatum 1 Jatropha curcas 9 1.84 peptic and intestinal Vernonia amvgdalina 1 Musa paradisiaca Capsicum frutescens 1 Sanseviera liberica

Itching Piper guineense 1 1 0.2 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Citrus aurantifolia 1 Carica papaya 1 Measles 3 0.61 Capsicum annuum 1 Ocimum gratissimum 1 Jaundice 18 3.68 Mental illness Cocos nucifera 1 Jatropha curcas 1 2 0.41 Rauwoljia vomitoria 1 Lansium domeslicum 1

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Nervous Disorder Cymbopogon citratus 1 1 0.2 Stimulant Cola acuminata 1 1 0.2

Citrus aurantifolia 1 Ocimum gratissimum 5

Obesity/weight loss Citrus paradisi 4 0.82 Vernonia amygdalina 3

Zea mays 1 Gossypium hirsutum 3

Oedema Zea mays 1 1 0.2 Epimedium grandiflorum 1 Alchornea laxijlora 1 Phyll anth us a mar us 1 Senna alata 1 Stomach Disorder Jatropha curcas 1 22 4.5 Curcuma longa 1 Chromolaena odorata 1 Pains-muscle, waist, Cola nitida 1 7 1.43 chest, Back Curcuma longa Persea americana 1 Azadirachta indica Ficus asperifolia 1 Epimedium grandiflorum Hibiscus rosasinensis 1 Psidium guajava Carica papaya 1 Carica papaya 1 Vernonia amygdalina 1 Ageratum conyzoides 1 Pile Senna alata 1 5 1.02 Stroke Vernonia amygdalina 1 5 1.02 Curcuma longa 1 Elaeis guineesis 1 Emilia sonchifolia 1 Capsicum annuum 1 Pimples Senna alata 2 2 0.41 Syphilis Jatropha curcas 1 1 0.2 Poor memory Cocos nucifera 1 1 0.2

Post natal Treatment Anacardium Occident ale 1 1 0.2 Candidal Infection Cocos nucifera 1 1 0.2 Alchornea taxi flora 1 Pregnancy devel- Aframomum melegueta 1 2 0.41 opment Toothache/ mouth Tamarindus indica 1 Elaeis guineesis 1 3 0.61 sores Ageratum conyzoides Aframo- 1 Spondias mombin 1 mum melegueta Prevention of Injury 2 0.41 Ocimum gratissimum 1 Aframomum melegueta 1 Vernonia amygdalina 1 Rectal Infection Jatropha curcas 1 1 0.2 Typhoid 4 0.82 Gossypium hirsutum 1 Cymbopogon citratus 1 Codaeium variegatum 1 Curcuma longa 1 Rheumatism 4 0.82 Carica papaya 1 B ambus a vulgaris 1 1 Xylopia aethiopica 1 Citrus aurantifolia Typhoid fever 8 1.04 Carica papaya 1 Chromolaena odorata

Ringworm Senna alata 3 6 1.23 Mangifera indica

Ficus asperifolia 2 Chromolaena odorata 1 Scorpion sting Allium cepa 2 Urinary tract Infection 9 0.41 4 0.82 Ficus asperifolia 1 Manihot esculenta 2 Carica papaya 1 Skin diseases and Senna alata 5 infections Senna alata 1 Ficus asperifolia 2 8 1.64 Venereal Diseases 4 0.82 Terminalia catappa 1 Citrus limon 1

Snake bite Allium cepa 1 Capsicum Jrutescens 1 2 0.41 Manihot esculenta 1 Rauwolfia vomitoria 1 Vermifuge 2 0.41 Carica papaya 1 Sanseviera liberica 1

Bryophyllum pinnatum 4 Vomiting Vernonia amygdalina 1 1 0.2

Sores/wound Healing Jatropha curcas 1 10 2.04 Carica papaya 1

Chromolaena odorata 3 Aloe vera 1

Musa paradisiaca 1 Weak erection Aframomum meleguata 1 5 1.02

Curcuma longa 1 Rauwolfia vomitoria 1 Splenomegaly 2 0.41 Ficus asperifolia 1 Capsicum frutescens 1

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countries leading to about 1.2 million estimated deaths each year in Alchornea laxiflora 1 Africa (WHO, 2014), with pregnant women and children below 5 years being mostly affected [11]. Whitlow Citrus aurantifolia 1 4 0.82

Amaranthus spinosus Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Yaw Rauwolfia vomitoria 1 1 0.2 Malaria 92 26.29 Senna alata 1 Fever 64 18.29 Cymbopogon citratus 1 Diabetes 15 4.3 Yellow fever 5 1.02 Aloe vera 2 Hypertension 35 10

Curcuma longa 1 Jaundice 18 5.14 Convulsion 32 4.57 Table 2: Usage of Available Medicinal Plants with their Frequency. Anaemia/haematinics 14 4 Stomach pain/cleansing 22 6.29 The survey also shows in table 4 that the route of administration Cough 32 9.14 included oral, topical, rectal, otic, buccal and ophthalmic. The oral Sores/wound healing 10 2.86 route of administration was the most frequently used. This result is Haemorrhage 16 9.12 in agreement with the study carried out on the survey of medicinal Rhizome 7 2 plants used by the Nandi people of Kenya and the survey of medicinal Table 5: Most prevalent disease condition treated with medicinal plants. plants use among the Esan people of Edo state, Nigeria. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infection among Yoruba tribe of South Western Nigeria also showed that oral The problem of resistance to existing antimalarial agents by par- application had the highest mode of administration (83.7%). From the asite has necessitated the search for new and potent agents, and the result, the prevalent disease conditions included malaria/fever, diabe- focus of researchers is on natural plants since active compounds like tes, hypertension, jaundice, convulsion, anemia/hematinic, stomach quinine and artemisinin were isolated from plants and have been lead pain/cleansing, cough, sores/wound healing and hemorrhage. Malaria compounds for antimalarial drug development [20]. Plants such as was the prevalent disease condition treated with medicinal plants as Carica papaya, Alstonia boonei, Ocimum gratissimum, Phyllanthus shown in table 5. Malaria is one of the world’s most important par- amarus, Psidium guajava, Lansium domesticum, Citrus aurantifolia, asitic disease and a leading cause of death especially in developing Gossypium hirsutum, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, countries leading to about 1.2 million estimated deaths each year in Cymbopogon citratus, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Sida acuta, Aza- Africa (WHO, 2014), with pregnant women and children below 5 dirachta indica, Garcinia kola, Xylopia aethiopica, Vernonia amvg- years being mostly affected [11]. dalina, Carica papaya, have been identified to be effective and used for the treatment of malaria and fever by the people in Ughelli North Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Local Government Area of Delta State. Oral 254 72.46 Topical 72 20.65 It is clear from current study that malaria appears to be the most Buccal 5 1.45 frequently treatedailmentwith medicinal plants, withleafsbeing the most used plant part, and trees as the most frequently used form. Also, Opthalmic 8 2.45 Oral routes were the most frequent route of administration and decoc- Rectal 4 1.09 tion as the most frequent method of preparation.This study allows for Otic 7 1.9 identifying many high value medicinal plant species, indicating high Table 3: Route of administration of medicinal plants. potential for economic development through sustainable collection of these medicinal plants research. Knowledge of the use of plants as The survey also shows in table 4 that the route of administration medicines remains mostly with the older generation with few youth included oral, topical, rectal, otic, buccal and ophthalmic. The oral showing an interest. The phytochemical characterization and phar- route of administration was the most frequently used. This result is macological validation of these plants are to be carried out. More so, in agreement with the study carried out on the survey of medicinal awareness regarding the conservation status of rare medicinal plants, plants used by the Nandi people of Kenya and the survey of medicinal domestication strategies as well as appropriate methods of exploita- plants use among the Esan people of Edo state, Nigeria. An ethno- tion is crucial for further studies to ensure a sustainable utilization and botanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infection availability of these plants. among Yoruba tribe of South Western Nigeria also showed that oral application had the highest mode of administration (83.7%). From the References result, the prevalent disease conditions included malaria/fever, diabetes, hypertension, jaundice, convulsion, anemia/hematinic, stomach 1. Acharya D, Shrivastava A (2008) Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Trib- pain/cleansing, cough, sores/wound healing and hemorrhage. Malaria al Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Aavishkar Publishers was the prevalent disease condition treated with medicinal plants as Distributor, Jaipur, India. Page no: 440. shown in table 5. Malaria is one of the world’s most important par- 2. Adesina SK (2009) Traditional Medical Care in Nigeria. Online Nigeri, asitic disease and a leading cause of death especially in developing Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

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Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 100014 J Med Stud Res ISSN: H2639-5657, Open Access Journal DOI: 10.24966/MSR-5657/100014

Advances In Industrial Biotechnology | ISSN: 2639-5665 Journal Of Genetics & Genomic Sciences | ISSN: 2574-2485

Advances In Microbiology Research | ISSN: 2689-694X Journal Of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine | ISSN: 2381-8662 Archives Of Surgery And Surgical Education | ISSN: 2689-3126 Journal Of Hematology Blood Transfusion & Disorders | ISSN: 2572-2999 Archives Of Urology Journal Of Hospice & Palliative Medical Care Archives Of Zoological Studies | ISSN: 2640-7779 Journal Of Human Endocrinology | ISSN: 2572-9640 Current Trends Medical And Biological Engineering Journal Of Infectious & Non Infectious Diseases | ISSN: 2381-8654 International Journal Of Case Reports And Therapeutic Studies | ISSN: 2689-310X Journal Of Internal Medicine & Primary Healthcare | ISSN: 2574-2493 Journal Of Addiction & Addictive Disorders | ISSN: 2578-7276 Journal Of Light & Laser Current Trends Journal Of Agronomy & Agricultural Science | ISSN: 2689-8292 Journal Of Medicine Study & Research | ISSN: 2639-5657 Journal Of AIDS Clinical Research & STDs | ISSN: 2572-7370 Journal Of Modern Chemical Sciences Journal Of Alcoholism Drug Abuse & Substance Dependence | ISSN: 2572-9594 Journal Of Nanotechnology Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology | ISSN: 2381-2044 Journal Of Allergy Disorders & Therapy | ISSN: 2470-749X Journal Of Neonatology & Clinical Pediatrics | ISSN: 2378-878X Journal Of Alternative Complementary & Integrative Medicine | ISSN: 2470-7562 Journal Of Nephrology & Renal Therapy | ISSN: 2473-7313 Journal Of Alzheimers & Neurodegenerative Diseases | ISSN: 2572-9608 Journal Of Non Invasive Vascular Investigation | ISSN: 2572-7400 Journal Of Anesthesia & Clinical Care | ISSN: 2378-8879 Journal Of Nuclear Medicine Radiology & Radiation Therapy | ISSN: 2572-7419 Journal Of Angiology & Vascular Surgery | ISSN: 2572-7397 Journal Of Obesity & Weight Loss | ISSN: 2473-7372 Journal Of Animal Research & Veterinary Science | ISSN: 2639-3751 Journal Of Ophthalmology & Clinical Research | ISSN: 2378-8887 Journal Of Aquaculture & Fisheries | ISSN: 2576-5523 Journal Of Orthopedic Research & Physiotherapy | ISSN: 2381-2052 Journal Of Atmospheric & Earth Sciences | ISSN: 2689-8780 Journal Of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery | ISSN: 2573-010X Journal Of Biotech Research & Biochemistry Journal Of Pathology Clinical & Medical Research Journal Of Brain & Neuroscience Research Journal Of Pharmacology Pharmaceutics & Pharmacovigilance | ISSN: 2639-5649 Journal Of Cancer Biology & Treatment | ISSN: 2470-7546 Journal Of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation & Disabilities | ISSN: 2381-8670 Journal Of Cardiology Study & Research | ISSN: 2640-768X Journal Of Plant Science Current Research | ISSN: 2639-3743 Journal Of Cell Biology & Cell Metabolism | ISSN: 2381-1943

Journal Of Clinical Dermatology & Therapy | ISSN: 2378-8771 Journal Of Practical & Professional Nursing | ISSN: 2639-5681

Journal Of Clinical Immunology & Immunotherapy | ISSN: 2378-8844 Journal Of Protein Research & Bioinformatics

Journal Of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports | ISSN: 2378-8801 Journal Of Psychiatry Depression & Anxiety | ISSN: 2573-0150

Journal Of Community Medicine & Public Health Care | ISSN: 2381-1978 Journal Of Pulmonary Medicine & Respiratory Research | ISSN: 2573-0177

Journal Of Cytology & Tissue Biology | ISSN: 2378-9107 Journal Of Reproductive Medicine Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ISSN: 2574-2574

Journal Of Dairy Research & Technology | ISSN: 2688-9315 Journal Of Stem Cells Research Development & Therapy | ISSN: 2381-2060

Journal Of Dentistry Oral Health & Cosmesis | ISSN: 2473-6783 Journal Of Surgery Current Trends & Innovations | ISSN: 2578-7284

Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | ISSN: 2381-201X Journal Of Toxicology Current Research | ISSN: 2639-3735

Journal Of Emergency Medicine Trauma & Surgical Care | ISSN: 2378-8798 Journal Of Translational Science And Research

Journal Of Environmental Science Current Research | ISSN: 2643-5020 Journal Of Vaccines Research & Vaccination | ISSN: 2573-0193

Journal Of Food Science & Nutrition | ISSN: 2470-1076 Journal Of Virology & Antivirals

Journal Of Forensic Legal & Investigative Sciences | ISSN: 2473-733X Sports Medicine And Injury Care Journal | ISSN: 2689-8829

Journal Of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research | ISSN: 2574-2566 Trends In Anatomy & Physiology | ISSN: 2640-7752

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