Contributors ...... xiii HERPES ENCEPHALITIS ...... 79 Foreword ...... XV CEREBRAL ABSCESS ...... 82 Preface xvii ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELmS...... 84 IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL Chapter 1 HYPERTENSION/PSEUDOTUMORCEREBRI ...... 86 HEAD AND FACIAL TRAUMA ...... 1 IblT'RACRANlAL fi4ETASTATIC LESIONS ...... 88 HYDROCEPHALUS 90 Megan Kay Strother a Matthew D. Dobbs ...... m Lawrence B. Stack GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME ...... 92 MENINGIOMA ...... -94 EPIDURAL HEMATOMA ...... 2 ENCEPHALOMACIA ...... 95 SUBDURAL HEMATOMA ...... 6 CHIAN MALFORMATION ...... 96 TRAUMATIC SUBARACHNOID COLLOID CYST ...... 98 HEMORRHAGE (tSAH) ...... 10 Atraumatic Conditions of the Face..,. 99 CEREBRAL EDEMA ...... 13 ...,...... ,. PRE-SEPTAL CELLULlTlS ...... 99 CEREBRAL CONTUSION ...... 16 ORBITAL CELLULmS ...... 100 TRAUMATIC AXONAL INJURY ...... 18 OPTIC NEURITIS ...... 101 HERNlATlON SYNDROMES ...... 24 ORBITAL PSEUDOTUMOR ...... 102 CONVEXITY (CRANIAL VAULT) SKULL FRACTURES ...... 28 POTT'S PUFFY TUMOR ...... 103 ALVEOLAR RIDGE FRACTURE ...... 3 1 ODONTOGENIC ABSCESS ...... 2 BASILAR ...... 32 SINUSITIS...... 106 ZYGOMATlCOMAXlLLARY COMPLEX FRACTURES ...... 36 MASTOIDITIS ...... I08 MIDFACE (LE FORT) FRACTURES ...... ,..+A0 DACROCYSTOCELE/NASOLACRIAL NASAL FRACTURES ...... 45 DUCT OBSTRUCIION ...... 109 MANDIBULAR FRACTURES ...... 46 MANDIBULAR DISLOCATION ...... 110 ORBITAL WALL FRACTURES ...... 49 GLOBE INJURIES ...... 52 EXRACONAL HEMATOMA ...... 55 Chapter 3 SOFT' TISSUE CONDmONS Chapter 2 OF THE NECK ...... 111 ATW\UMATIC CONDITIONS Matthew D. Dobbs 8 Marc Mickiewiu 8 Cari L . Buckingharn OF THE HEAD AND FACE ...... 57 LARYNGEAL FRACTURE ...... 112 Matthew D. Dobbs rn Cnmiron L. Pfennig PENETRATING INJURY TO CAROTID ARTERY ...... 113 m Dorris Elise Powell-Tyson rn Cari L . Buckingham TRAUMATIC CAROTID ARTERY DlSSECllON ...... 114 Atraumatic Conditions of the LUDWIG'S ANGINA ...... 116 Head and Brdn ...... 58 TRACHEAL DISRUPTION ...... 118 ISCHEMIC STROKE ...... 58 PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS ...... 119 HEMORRHAGIC STROKE ...... -62 RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS ...... 122 ATRAUMATIC SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE ...... 64 CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS ...... 124 UNRUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM ...... 66 PAROTITIS ...... 126 ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION ...... 70 SUBMANDIBULAR SIALOLITHIASIS ...... 128 DURAL SINUS AND CEREBRAL VEIN THROMBOSIS...... 72 THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST ...... 129 CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS ...... 74 BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST ...... 130 MOYAMOYA DISEASE ...... 76 LYMPHATIC MALFORMATION (ALSO KNOWN NEUROSARCOIDOSIS ...... 78 AS LYMPHANGIOMA OR CYSTIC HYGROMA)...... 132 viii i. CONTENTS

EPIGLOllTllS ...... 134 EMPYEMA ...... 192 CROUP ...... 135 PULMONARY ABSCESS ...... 194 LYMPHOMA ...... 136 TUBERCULOSIS ...... 196 CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS...... 138 ESOPHAGEAL RUPTURE ...... 198 LINGUAL ABSCESS ...... 140 PNEUMOPERICARDIUM AND PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM ...... 200 Chapter 4 PNEUMOPERITONEUM ...... 202 PNEUMOTHORAX ...... 204 TRAUMAnC CONDmONS PLEURAL EFFUSION ...... 206 OF THE CHEST ...... 141 SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA ...... 209 Joseph Blake Charles Seamens R Jason Thurman PERlCARDlAL EFFUSION ...... 210 PENCARDIAL TAMPONADE ...... 212 STERNAL FRACIURE ...... 142 PULMONARY EMBOLUS (PE) ...... 214 STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT DISLOCATION ...... 144 ASBESTOSIS ...... 218 RIB FRACTURES ...... 146 CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE ...... 219 SCAPULOMORACIC DISSOCIATION ...... 147 POST-OBSTRUCTIVE PNEUMONIA ...... 222 ...... 148 PRIMARY LUNG CANCER ...... 224 PULMONARY CONTUSION ...... 150 METASTATIC DISEASE TO LUNG ...... 228 DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE ...... I52 PULMONARY FIBROSIS ...... 231 PNEUMOTHORAX ...... 154 CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE HEMOTHORAX ...... 156 PULMONARY DISEASE ...... 232 PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM ...... 158 SARCOIDOSIS ...... 234 TRACHEOBRONCHIAL DlSRUlllON ...... 160 CYSTIC FIBROSIS ...... 237 AORTIC DISRUPTION ...... 162 AORTIC DISSECTION ...... 238 AORTIC ANEURYSM ...... 240 Chapter 5 ESOPHAGEAL INTUBATION ...... 243 ATRAUWC CONDmONS SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME ...... 244 OF THE CHEST ...... 165 FOREIGN BODY ASPIRATION ...... 246 Christopher Kuzniewski Christie Sullivan Kurt A. Smith RIGHT MAINSTEM INTUBATION ...... 248 CORONARY ARTERY STENOSIS ...... 249 HIATAL HERNIA ...... I66 MEDlASTlNAL MASS ...... -250 NIPPLE SHADOW ...... 168 CARDIAC ANEURYSM ...... 252 ATELEClASIS ...... 170 RIGHT AORTIC ARCH ...... 254 DEXTROCARDIA ...... 173 ENLARGED CARDIAC SILHOUETTE ...... 174 Chapter 6 PULMONARY NODULES ...... 1 76 TRAUWC CONDITIONS CERVICAL RIB ...... 180 OF THE ABDOMEN ...... 257 ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA ...... 18 1 Jake Block 8 Gary Schwartz R Jason Thurman LOBAR PNEUMONIA ...... I82 VANCELLA PNEUMONIA ...... 185 LNER LACERATION ...... 258 ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME ...... 186 SPLENIC LACERATION ...... 261 PNEUMOCYSnS PNEUMONIA ...... I88 PANCREATIC LACERATION ...... 4 ARDS: ACUTE RESPIRATORY BOWEL AND MESENTERIC INJURY ...... 266 DISTRESS SYNDROME ...... 190 PENETRATING INJURY ...... 270 ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA ...... 19 1 ADRENAL HEMATOMA ...... 273 RENAL INJURY...... 274 Chapter 8 BLADDER INJURY...... 276 PELVIC TRAUMA ...... 355 URETHRAL INJURY ...... 278 David S . Taber Michael N . Johnston TESTICULAR TRAUMA ...... -279 ACETABULAR FRACTURES ...... -356 Chapter 7 UNILATERAL SUPERIOR AND ATRAUMC CONDITIONS INFERIOR RAMUS FRACTURES ...... 3GO OF THE ABDOMEN ...... 28 1 BILATERAL SUPERIOR AND jake Block Laurie M . Lawrence rn Robinson M . Ferre INFERIOR RAMUS FRACTURES ...... 361 APOPHYSEAL AVULSION FRACTURES ...... 362 ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM (AAA) ...... 282 PUBIC SYMPHYSIS DIASTASIS...... d EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSmS ...... 285 ILKWING FRACTURE ABDOMINAL FOREIGN BODIES ...... 2 (DUVERNEY FRACTURE) ...... 365 ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIA ...... 288 SACRAL FRACTURES ...... CHOLELlTHlASlS ...... 290 PELVIC RING FRACTURES ...... 3G8 ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS ...... -292 SACRAL INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURE ...... 372 ILIOPSOAS ABSCESS ...... 294 PUBIC INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURE ...... 374 ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSITIIS ...... 296 ...... 375 ACUTE CHOLANGITIS...... 298 ACUTE APPENDICITIS ...... 300 Chapter 9 DIVERTICULITIS ...... 305 377 SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION ...... 308 UPPER ExnEMtTY ...... TYPHLITIS ...... 3 1 1 Martin I . Jordanov IRobert-Warne Fitch INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ...... 3 12 Shoulder ...... 378 ISCHEMIC BOWEL ...... 3 14 ACROMIO-CLAVICULAR SEPARATION...... 378 OVARIAN TERATOMA ACROMlAL FRACTURE ...... (DERMOID CYST) ...... 3 1 7 COLON CARCINOMA ...... 3 18 Glenohumeral Joint...... 382 GASTROINTESTINAL PERFORATION ...... 320 ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION ...... 382 VOLVULUS ...... 322 POSTERIOR CLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION ...... 384 PANCREATmS ...... -324 LWVinO ERECTA ...... LIVER METASTASIS ...... 327 CALClFlC TENDONITIS ...... 387 UTERINE FIBROID ...... 328 ...... 388 OVARIAN TORSION ...... 330 CLAVICLE FRACTURES...... 390 TUBO-OVARIAN ABSCESS ...... 332 STERNOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATION ...... 392 OVARIAN CYST ...... 334 Elbow ...... 394 EARLY INTRAUTERINE PREGNANCY ...... 336 RADIAL HEADINECK FRACTURE ...... 394 ECTOPIC PREGNANCY ...... 342 OLECRANON FRACTURE ...... 35 MOLAR PREGNANCY ...... L MEDIAL EPICONDYLE FRACTURE ...... 396 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA ...... 34G SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES ...... 48 EPIDIDYMmS...... 347 ELBOW DISLOCATIONS ...... 400 PYELONEPHRmS ...... 348 RENAL ABSCESS ...... 350 Humerus...... 401 OVARIAN CANCER ...... 35 1 PROXIMAL HUMERAL FRACTURES ...... 401 UROLITHIASIS ...... 352 HUMORAL SHAn FRACTURES ...... 402 x CONTENTS

Forearm ...... 404 -SUBCAPITAL ...... 443 -DISLOCATION ...... 404 FEMORAL HEAD OSTEONECROSIS...... 444 -DISLOCATION...... 405 FEMORAL NECK ...... 446 RADIUS/ULNA FRACTURES PUBIC RAM1 STRESS FRACTURES ...... 447 (BOTHBONE FOREARMFRACTURES) ...... 4.06 GREATER TROCHANTER FRACTURE ...... 448 LESSER TROCHANTER AVULSION Wrlst Injuries 407 ...... FRACIURE FROM A METASTASIS...... 449 COLLES' FRACTURE ...... 407 INTERTROCHANTERIC FEMORAL FRACTURE ...... 450 SMKH FRACTURE ...... 408 FEMORAL SUBTROCHANTERIC FRACTURE ...... 452 HUTCHINSON'S FRACTURE 409 ...... PERIPROSTHETlC FRACTURE-TOTAL Carpal Bone Fractures ...... 4 1 0 HIP ARTHROPLASN ...... 453 ...... 410 PERIPROSTHETIC LOOSENING ...... 4% SCAPHO-LUNATE LIGAMENT TEAR ...... 412 BISPHOSPHONATE FRACTURE ...... 456 TRIQUETRAL FRACTURE ...... 4 13 FEMORAL FRACTURES ...... 457 HAMATE FRACTURE ...... 414 FEMORAL FRACTURE-BALLISTIC ...... 458 CAPITATE. HAMATE. AND PISIFORM FRACTURES ...... 415 SUPRACONDYLAR FEMUR FRACTURE ...... 459 PERILUNATE DISLOCATION ...... 4 6 FEMORAL FRACTURE-PATHOLOGIC ...... 460 LUNATE DISLOCATION...... 4 1 7 PERIPROSTHETIC FRACTURE-TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASN ...... 462 Hand ...... 41 8 KNEE DISLOCATION ...... 463 METACARPAL FRACTURES ...... 4 8 ANTERIOR CRUClATE LIGAMENT TEAR PHALANX FRACTURE ...... LO INDICATORS-SEGOND FRACTURE, DEEP TUFT FRACTURE ...... 421 SULCUS, AND ANTERIORTlBlAL SPINE AVULSION ...... 464 VOLAR PLATE AVULSION FRACTURE ...... 422 POSTEROLATERAL CORNER INJURY...... 468 MALLET FINGER ...... 423 MENISCAL TEARS ...... 469 GAME KEEPER'S/SKIER'S THUMB ...... 424 POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (PCL) BENNEW FRACTURE ...... 425 AND MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT (MCL) TEAR ...... 470 ROLAND0 FRACTURE ...... 426 OSTEOCHONDRITIS THUMB DISLOCATIONS ...... 427 DlSSECANS/OSTEoCHONDRAL (OCD) LESIONS ...... 472 FINGER DISLOCATIONS ...... 428 PATELLA BAJA...... 473 Miscellaneous Causes of Pain ...... 429 TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURES ...... 474 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS ...... 429 PATELLAR DISLOCATIONS ...... 478 ...... 430 PATELLAR FRACTURES ...... 480 INFECIION ...... 432 MIMICKERS OF PATELLAR FRACTURES ...... 482 VASCULAR ARTERIAL INJURY ...... 434 PATELLA ALTA ...... 484 NEOPLASMS ...... 436 OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE ...... 485 TIBIAL SHAFT FRACTURES ...... 486 Chapter 10 MAISONNEUVE INJURY ...... A7 LOWER EXTREMITY ...... 439 TIBIAL STRESS FRACTURES ...... 488 - - PlLON FRACTURE 490 Martin I . Jordanov8 James F. Fiechtl ...... EVERSION INJURY OF THE ANKLE ...... 491 Hip ...... 440 ANKLE FRACTURES ...... 492 HIP DISLOCATION ...... 440 INVERSION INJURY OF THE ANKLE ...... 495 FEMORAL HEAD FRACTURES (PIPKIN FRACTURES) ...... 441 TRlPLANE FRACTURE ...... 496 SUBCHONDRAL FRACTURE FEMORAL HEAD ...... 442 TALAR DOME FRACTURE ...... 497 CONTENTS v xi

TALAR DOME OSTEOCHONDRAL LESION ...... 498 ANTERIOR ATLANTO-AXIAL DISLOCATION ...... 546 TALAR NECK FRACTURES ...... 499 ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL DISLOCATION ...... 548 LATERAL PROCESS OF THE TALUS FRACTURE ...... 500 ...... -550 SUBTALAR DISLOCATION ...... 501 TRANSVERSE PROCESS FRACTURES ...... 552 CALCANEAL STRESS FRACTURES ...... 502 BURST FRACTURES ...... 554 CALCANEAL FRACTURE WITH BOHLER'S SPINAL CORD NEOPLASM ...... 555 ANGLE FLAlTENING ...... 504 NEOPLASTIC SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION ...... 556 CALCANEAL INSUFFICIENCY AVULSION FRACTURE ...... 505 SPINAL CORD TRANSECTiON ...... 558 MIDFOOT FRACTURES ...... J SPINAL CORD INFARCTION ...... 560 LISFRANC FRACTURE.DISLOCATION ...... SO8 SPINAL CORD CONTLISION ...... 562 5m METATARSAL BASE FRACTURE ...... 5 10 EPIDURAL HEMATOMA ...... 563 ...... 5 1 1 EPIDURAL ABSCESS ...... 564 GREAT TOE DISLOCATION ...... 5 12 HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS ...... 566 SESAMOID FRACTURES ...... 5 13 DISKITIS (INFECTIOUS SPONDYLITIS) ...... 568 BIPARTITE SESAMOIDS: TRANSVERSE MYELITIS ...... 570 MlMlCKERS OF SESAMOID FRACTURES ...... 5 14 TOE FRACTURES ...... 5 15 Chapter 12 ARTHRmS ...... 5 16 PEDIATRIC CONDITIONS ...... 573 BONE INFARCTIONS ...... 5 18 J . Herman Kan Mark Meredith NEUROPATHIC ARTHRITIS ...... 5 I9 OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE GREAT TOE ...... 520 BRONCHIOLmS ...... 574 SEPTIC ARTHRITIS ...... 523 CHILD ABUSE ...... 576 NEOPLASMS ...... 524 CONGENFAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA ...... 578 NECROTIZING FASCllTlS ...... 527 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE ...... 580 CROUP ...... 582 Chapter I I FOREIGN BODIES ...... PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE ...... 586 OF THE SPINE ...... 529 INTUSSUSCEMION ...... 588 Katherine G. Hartley Jason Dowling m Allison D . Bollinger MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM ...... 591 NECROTlZlNG ENTEROCOLITIS ...... 592 FLEXION TEARDROP FRACTURE ...... -530 OVARIAN TORSION ...... 594 EXTENSION CORNER AWLSION FRACTURE ...... 53 1 RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS ...... 598 ANTERIOR SUBLUXATION INJURY ...... 532 HYPERTROPHICPYLONC STENOSIS ...... 601 UNILATERAL FACET DISLOCATION ...... 534 SALTER HARRIS FRACTURES ...... 602 BILATERAL FACET DISLOCATION (JUMPED FACETS) ...... 536 ELBOW FRACTURES ...... 604 CLAY SHOVELER FRACTURE ...... 538 TESTICULARTORSION ...... 608 JEFFERSON'S FRACTURE ...... 539 THYMUS ...... 610 HANGMAN'S FRACTURE ...... 540 VOLVULUS ...... 612 ODONTOID FRACTURES ...... 542 SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS ...... 614 OCCIPITAL CONDYLE FRACTURE ...... 544 SIMPLE WEDGE COMPRESSION FRACTURE ...... 545 Index ...... 615