ON THE OCCURRENCE OF WILD BUFFALOES IN JAVA AND SUMATRA.

By

Dr. K. W. DAMMERMAN.. (Zool. Museum, Buitenzorg).

'Vith reference to my previous paper on the prehistoric mammals from the Sampoeng cave I should like to discuss here in more detail the question whether there still are 'living truly wild buffaloes in Java and the Indian Archipelago generally. The first point for consideration is: is the fossil and prehistoric buffalo found in Java identical with the recent tame form? As to the fossil form dis• covered in pleistocene beds DUBOISdescribed it as a specific form, Bubalus palaeokerabau, differing from the recent species in the shape of the horn cores, the cross section of which is t.riangular to nearly half-circular, the frontal edges above and beneath being angular. This shape of the horn core, however, is also encountered in the recent form and does not warra~t specific distinction. Later on STREMMEgave a more qetajled" description of a cranium, arriving at the conclusion of the fossil form belonging without doubt to B. palaeokerabau, but at the same time emphasi.zing the very close relationship 00 the recent species. Therefore it is no matter of surprise that at present palaeontologists unit the fossil and recent species. V.D. MAARELconsiders the fossil buffalo of Java indistinguishable from the recent one, although the fossil form is diverging by the greater constriction of the occiput. However, in his opinion this difference is not even sufficient to allow racial distinctness. Consequently the fossil form has, according, to him, no right to specific distinctness and is called Buffelus bubalus val'. sondaicus fossilis. This author had only some skulls and two separate horn cores at hiS' dis• posal. Concerning the name given by him it is very doubtful whether this name can be applied to the fossil form. The name sondaicus was introduced by SCHLEGELand MULLERfor the tame race of the Archipelago, on account of its showing some deviations from the wild buffalo of India and the domesti{)ated form of Asia and South-Europe. Although they give a full description they do not tell what these differences are and the name sondaicus is therefore not quite valid. Moreover, application of this name of a domesticated race to the fossil species supposes first that the former is racially distinct from other domes• tjcated or wild forms and in the second place that the fossil form is the true ancestor of our present buffalo in Java. For both suppositions no arguments are given and both question are still open for discussiqn.

487 488 TREUBIA VOL. XIV, LIVR. 4.

Now as already mentioned in my previous paper the prehistDric buffalo discovered in the Sampoeng cave is much larger than the recent domesticated form in Java and the few bones found match exactly those of the fossil species (see PI. 12):Vp tD the present a good description of this fossil buffalo has not been published, but in tte Geological Museum at Bandoeng a great amount of material is extant and an almost complete skeleton has been mounted. The figures given below I owe to Dr. VON KOENIGSWALD, palaentologist of the said Museum.

MeasU1'ements of fossil and Tecent buffaloes (in mt1~)

fossH recent

height at shoulder . 1600 I) 1300 - 1450 total length of skull . ± 550 468 - 533 zygomatic breadth . 280 196 - 219 total length of mandible . 524 427-460 l€ngth upper molar series . 166 128-145 length lOW'ermola.r series . 164 138 -159 length of lOWierm" . 43-45 35.1-39.6 length of humerus . 383 327 leng,th of radius & ulna : . 500 404 lenglth of femur . 534 388 length of tibia . 514 366 length of calcaneum . 185 1525 length .of astragalus . 101.6- 106.5 74.6 basal girth of horn core . 340 202-304 grea.test length of horn core . 13002) 283-451

') height of skeleton. 2) tip broken off.

From these figures the great difference in size between the fossil and tame buffalo of Java is claerly demonstrated. According to MERKENSthe average height of the Malay buffalo is about 1.30 m, castrated bulls may reach a height of 1.45 m, whereas thc wild Indian buffalo is said to measure in height up to 1.80 - 1.90 m. Yet size alone does not prove specific gradation and as moreover .... many prehistoric are much larger than their recent congeners the dif• ference may be of racial rank only. Vle should call also attention to the fact that the living banting (Bos banteng RAFFL.), specially the bull, is of a much more vigorous and heavy build, reaching a height at the shoulder of 1.60 m and with a total skull length of 50 - 55 em, than the ordinary Bali cattle which is considered a practically pure banting breed. A Bali bull reaching a height of 1.30 m and having a skull length of 45 cm is a good specimen. So it need not occasion surprise if the recent tame buffalo is only a diminutive of its pleistocene and prehistoric ancestor, particularly as in Java and other islands of the Indian Archipelago there is hardly any selection and much inbreeding.,. ( • K. W. DAMMERMAN: Wild buffaloes. 489

That under favourable circumstances the buffalo may develop into a much heavier is demonstrated by some specimens living in a semi-wild state. Well-known are the enormous horns of buffaloes in Sumba, the largest ones in possession of our Museum rea{lhing nearly 3 m from tip to tip. KOPSTEIN relates of the feral buffaloes occurring on Tenimber Island that they have got "qngeheure, dunkle Kopfe mit langen, schwarz en Haaren und machtigen Hor• nern, wie man sie beim javanisc-hen Hausbiiffel niemals sieht". These beasts could not be tamed and young individuals live only a short time in captivity. As there is consequently no reason for repudiating the descent of the domesticated race from the form living in ancient times in Java the question arises whether there are still truly indigenous buffaloes living in Java, or else• v{here, and by which diagnostic features a wild form can be distinguished from a tame one. It is rather suprising to learn that these differences are nowhere clearly defined and that I was not able to get material of a really wild specimen. At my request at the Indian Museum at Calcutta for such material they told me that all the skulls in the said museum were of doubtful origin and obviously it could not be determined whether they originated from wild or tame specimens. The only skull of a so-called wild buffalo I saw was a specimen from Sarawak kindly lent for comparison by the Sarawak Museum. However, some characteristics seem to be inherent to wild buffaloes, which does not mean that these are always ab~ent in tame individuals. In the wild form the forehead should be flat and the profile line straight. The parietal region in lateral view is protruding as an extensive zone behind. the horn core. The horns aj'e in the same level as the front of the head or but slightly curved downward. A wild race is further characterized by the strong development of the grooves for the bloodvessels and nerves and the rough surface of the skull-bones (Cfr. R-UTIMEYER). In tame specimens the front behind the orbita is often raised by the ex• tension of the sinus frontalis, the horns are not seldom curved inwards and inclining downward and the surface of the skull-bones is mostly smooth. Thus, if a specimen exhibits some features opposed to those postulated as charac• teristic for a wild form, this argues evidently the influence of domestication. The reverse being the case it is, however, not. so easy to decide whether we are dealing with a genuinely wild race. Now I have examined five buffalo skulls, two from East-Java and three from South-Sumatra, of individuals shot from a herd living in a wild state. n is interesting to see how far these specimens show features proper to the wild form. Of the first specimen, a bull, collected in South Banjoewangi, East-Java, in December 1916, only the frontal portion with horns has been preserved. The facial profile is straight, the horns in the same horizontal plane as the front, further, the strong rugosity of the supraorbitalia and frontal bones is very st.riking, but the grooves are less conspicuous. The horns are nicely curved in a semi-lunar form, very heavily built and broad, tapering rather rapidly

J 490 TREUBIAVOL.XIV, LIVR.4.

towards the tip (see PI. 13). 1hey are transversely sculptured by a number of broad and deep irregular grooves; the horns as well as the cores are flattened above, the frontal edges being very angular. In many respects a skull without mandibles in possession of the Bwtenzorg Museum (Coll. No. 758) agrees fairly well with the specimen referred to above. It was shot by the late Mr. TE MECHELENat Vlakke Hoek at the extreme Soutl1• east point of Sumatra. Its characters are almost the same as in the Java speci• men, the horns showing a similar shape and peculiarities, but the frontal breadth between the bases .of the horns is large whereas it is extremely narrow in the skull from East-Java. It is also characterized by the strong rugosity of the frontal bones and the strong development .of skull grooves. (see PI. 14). From the same locality we have another specimen representing a younger animal fColi. No. 759). Some feature;; shown by this skull are certainly due to juvenile characters, e.g. the more rounded and less elongated form. In many other respects it approaches the other one from South-Sumatra, e.g. in the flat front, the angular horns and the deep skull grooves. As already said we were able to compare these three skulls with one fr.om S2.rawak, a male individual shot at the mouth of the Baram river. This race is considered to be not domesticated or feral and has been given a special name (Bos bubalis hosei LYD.) on account of its smaller size and the relatively short horns. The type speeimen has a white gorget 0\1 the throat and the lower part of the legs whitish. The skull deviates from the Java and Sumatra speeimens mentioned above by the markedly shorter and broader nasalia and the larger molar series. Above all the premolars are mueh heavier and broader, especially the lower ones, also the incisors are strikingly large. As to the horns these agree with the typical form found in the other "wild" specimens. The rugosity of the skull is less prominent. Recently we received another specimen from South-Sumatra, collected by Mr. GROE!\~VELDr in Lais, Bencoolen. The skull aproximates the skulls from Vlakke Hoek but the "wild" characters are less striking and the horns are of poor form lacking the impressive broadness and fine massive shape being rather narrow and irregularly built, showing a constriction at a short distance from the base. The differences may be due partly to the spec'imen being a female. The skin of the head of this specimen has been preserved. The general colour is rather dark, blackish above , the muzzle being whitish·, inner sides of the e!).rs adorned with long dirty white hairs. Underneath there is an elongated crescent-shaped whitish patch on the throat as described in B.b. hosei, and another similar but smaller and less conspicuous marking on the chin. At our request a second specimen from the herd living in South Banjoewangi was sho1J by Mr. LEDEBOERand kindly presented by him to the Museum (ColI. No. 321 g). This female shows in a far lesser degree "wild" characters than the male shot many years ago. Although the frontal line is straight and the surface I,• of t.he bones surrounding the orbita and horn bases is rather rough, these features - • K. W. DAMMERMAN: Wild buffaloes. 491

are spoiled by the rather strong downward deflection of the horns, which decline so much that, when the skull (without mandibles) is resting on the molar-rows, the tips of the horns rest on the ground too and the occiput is raised 7.5 cm above the groundlevel. The horns are also less angular and more rounded a C{}ndition often observed in tame individuals. Mr. LEDEBOER told us that the buffaloes of this'herd are remarkable for their blackish colour and having a semi-lunar white patch on the breast. So

Skull measurements of wild(?) and tame buffaloes (in mm)

Locality wild? wild? wild? wild? tame tame Isaraw./ S. Sumatra IBenc./ E. Java /Java /sumb. Btzg. Mus. ColI. No. ~ I ;81 ;9 133~31 -° II13219

1) castrated bull from Sumbawa.

Horn measurements

785605263223710 circumference425295195177690284773563185365390381804759242244140146210286215628161451283395208304399702759155637562243-210202680260763322542205- of horn core ...... 251564335547160325467149 fronta.l breadth between horn co...... >- 492 TREUBIAVOL.XIV, LIVR.4.

we were very pleased when he also furnished the skin of the animal referred to abov£. But the ,colour is mainly ashy with a brownish tinge showing a pro• minent dorsal streak of long light tawny hairs; the head above dark brown, muzzle whitishi ears with long projecting whitish hairs. A white not clearly defined spot on the chin, the whit€ patch on the throat very faintly indicated, another lunar spot on the breast somewhat obsolete. Forelegs brownish, under• part of the legs whitish from the knee and hock, with a peculiar ..1 -shaped dun coloured spot on the front a little above the hoof, on the forelegs this spot being less clear. Tail ending in a blackish tuft the tip with a number of white hairs. The wild Indian buffalo has also sometimes whitish legs but in tame forms this colour seems to occur more often and to reach to ~reater height. From what has been said above and from the figures given in the table we may see that th€se so-called "wild" forms are far from being homogenous. Although they exhibit some "wild" characters it still remains a debatable point whether we are dealing with truly indigenous or with feral individuals. The herd in East-Java is certainly not pure bred: there must be some influx of tame blood. The herd of Vlakke Hoek seems for the moment to be the most purely wild one but this herd too is said to be descended from tame buffaloes abandoned after the coastal people had been swept away by the huge tidal wave following the eruption of Krakatau in 1883. In many other places there are still buffaloes living in a semi-wild state viz. in South Bantam, and many other localities. Tohesebeasts are called "kerbau jalang" which means "deserted buffalo". Unless the animals are marked by incisions of the ears or perforation of the nasal septum they belong to no owner but are property of the community in the neighbourhood of which they Occur. Adult feral individuals are seldom captured for they are difficult to tame and cannot be used for ploughing or as draught animals. Apart from these "kerbau jalang" the natives in Beneoolen also speak of "kerbau hutan" or jungle buffalo. But about the latter catagory, living far from human habitations, very little is known .. Before ending we should like to review some of the tales and other data extant with regard to the origin of the buffalo in Java and elsewhere. In West-J ava according to TEMMlNCKthere runs a tradition that the first Hindu king of Padjadjaran was the first who used the buffalo for ploughing. This monarch received thereafter the name of "mahesa" (javanese for buffalo) ~•. and his son was titled "moeriding" (sundanese for buffalo). RihIMEYER'S statement that the words "kerbau" and "moending" both mean "run wild" is not correct and apparently due to a misinterpretation of the dutch text by SCHLEGELand MULLER(p. 207) where they say that both "kerbau djalang" and "moending djarah" mean "fer~l buffalo", i.e. djalang and djarah = feral. For the exact meaning of the words mah€sa and moending quoted above I am indebted to Dr. Bas, Head of the Arc,haeological Survey in Batavia. The title "mahesa" of which moending is an equival£nt, means literally "male buffalo" but in the sense of "his majesty". In these names the official Hindu I,. • K. W. DAMMERMAN:Wild buffaloes. 493 titles are combined with the ancient Indonesian totem names] both originating from the same fundamental idea "the leader of the herd". According to another version the buffalo in the same period came over from the jungle to men of its own free will (SCHLEGEL).This latter version may be some evidence for the suggestion that wild buffaloes have been tamed by the old inhabitants. The period of the kingdom of Padjadjaran was formerly put in'much earlier times but according to more recent investigations its foundation has to be fixed as late as the fifteenth century. But the tradition coupled to a ,yell-known historical person may as well date back from a much earlier period. Anyhow the nucleus of the tale certainly refers to the time when the buffalo was first used by men either by copying ~from other people or by taming indigenous animals. Another fact worth mentioning is that on the Borobudur, the famous Hindu temple in Central Java dating from the 9th century, buffaloes are also repro• duced but in the very rare case when a plough is depicted it is drawn by zebus! (KARNY). Yet the use of the buffalo without doubt originates from a much earlier date than the arrival of the Hindus in the Archipelago in the first centuries of the Christian era. This is clearly demonstrated by the indigenous terms and and names customary to the cultivation of irrigated rice. This cultivation with which the water-buffalo is so intimately connected was already known to the primitive Malay people living here 101'1g before .the arrival of the Indians. Furthermore the many native names for the buffalo - almost every tribe and every island has its own name for this animal in contradistinction to the name for the ordinary cattle - are an indication of the ancient use of the animal or perhaps of its original occurrence. RUTIMEYER'Sconclusion from the same fact of the taming of the buffalo having occurred at a much later date than that of the common ox is certainly not right. In this part of the world the domestication of the buffalo has to date back from far more remote times. Anyhow we may conclude that the generally admitted theory of all buf• faloes living in a state of nature in the islands of the Indian Archipelago being domesticated specimens run wild need not be accepted anymore without further investigation.

REFERENCES

BLANFORD,Fauna of India, Mammalia, 1891, p. 491. DAMMERMAN,Onthe mammals of Sumba; Treubia X, 1928, p. 312. ---, On prehistoric mammals from the Sampoeng cave, Central Java; Treubia XIV, 1934, p. 477. DVBOIs, Das geologische Alter del' Kendeng- odeI' Trinilfauna; Tijdschr. Ned. Aard. Gen. 2 Bd. 25, p. 1263. KOPSTEIN,Zool. Tropenreise, 1929, p. 50] fig. LYDEKKER]Cat. Dng. Mammals, 131'. Mus. I] 1913] p. 41 & 46. ( 494 TREUBIAVOL. XIV, LIVE. 4.

V.D. MAAREL, Contr. to the knowledge of the fossil mammalian fauna of Java; We~. Med. Dienst Mijnb. Ned. Indie, No. 15, 1932, p. 25. MERKENs, Bijdrage tot de kennis van den karbouw en de karbouwenteelt in Ned. Oost- Indie; Proefschrift, 19>27. RUTIMEYER, Versuch einer natiirlichen Geschichte des Rindes,' 2e Abth.; Denksr.hr. Schweiz. naturf. Ges. 13, 1868, p. 32. SCHLEGELen MULLER, Over deossen van den Ind. Archipel; Verh. Nat. Ges;h. Zool., 1839 - 44, p. 205. STOORVOGEL,lets over de buffels in het Zuiden del' Afd. Leb::.k, Res. Bantam; Tijdschr. Binnenl. Bestuur, 20, 1901, p. 285. STREMME, Die Pithecanthropus-Schichten auf Java, 1911, p. 124. TEMMINCR, Coup d'oeil gen. sur les possessions neerl. dans l' lnde Archipe• lagique T.L, 1846, p. 325 .

."

I,.

• TREUBIA VOL. XIV PI. 12.

, ;' ;i

a c

c

b PI. 13. TREUBIA VOL. XIV

Bas bubo,lis, Skull of wild(?) buffalo from E. Java,

I, TREUBIA VOL. XIV PI. 14.

Bos bubalis, skull of wild(?) buffalo from S. Sumatra. INDEX.

pag. pag. Abacetus femoralis 280 Amantis tristis . 258 obscurus 279 Ambivia popa . 268 pallipes 280 Amblygaster . 252 Abramis 332 Ameiuru's ...... •...... 332 Acanthocybium 292 Amelinae . 258 solandri 292 Amorphoscelis philippinica . 256 AC'anthophthalmus 332 reticulata . 256 Aciagrion aciculare 382, 402 siebersi . 256 fasciculare 382, 403 subnigra . 256 occidentalis 451 Amphiaeschna ampla 382, 442 Acisoma panorpoides 413 Amphidromus filozonatus 103, 105 Acontiana-e 6 Amphimetra . 207 Acrocophalus stentorius orientalis 170 moHeri 207, 208, 213 Acromantinae 267 Amphinome nigrobranchiata : 176 Acromantis australi.s 268 pulchra . 176 westwoodi 268 rostrata 173, 174, 176 -Acronyctinae 6 Amphinomidae 174, 176 Adelphomyia (OxydisCUlo)nebulosils . 146 Alpphipterygidae ·381, 4fi7 A.egithina tiphia damicra 15 Anabantidae : : . 308 Aeschnidae 381, 442 Anaciaeschna jaspidea . 447 A-et:lalochroa ashmoliana 270 martini . 448 Aethalochroae 269, 270 moluccana _ . 448 Aetholix flavibasalis 8 montivagans 382, 447 Aethopyga siparaja siparaja 17, 158, 163 Anax . 43fi A-ethostoma rostrata macroptera 16 fumosus . 448 Aethl'iamanta 428 gibbosulus gibbosulus . 448 aethra 382, 430 panybeus . 448 Aetobatus narinari 312 subsp . 448 Aetomylaeus maculatus 312 guttatus . 449 Agriocnemis femina 401 papuensis . 450 minima 382, 401 A,naxarcha graminea . 268 pygmaea 402 Ancara obiiteran.s . 6 Agrionidae 381, 390, 463, 467 replicans . fi Agrioll\inae 381, 393, 467 Anchomenus 280, 281 Agrionoptera insignis insignis 406 lissopterus . 281 Agrotera amathealis 8 lissus . 281 Akamptogonus signatus val'. extinc- oryctus . 280 tus . 41 Ancylolomia chrysographella . 8 Alcediruid,a-e 13, 157, 160, 169 Angonyx testacea . 6 Alcedo atthis bengalensis ... 13, 157, 160 I Anisopodida-e . 139 meninting verreauxj- . Anisoptera . 404 310 139 Alectis indica . 131 Anisopus fulvithorax . Alosa . glabrifrons . 139 2521 - sapidissima . javanicus . 139 258 Anorrhinus galeritus ,. . 13 Amantis r-eticulata . 253\ (

495 496 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Anous stoIidus pileatus 167 Aves-Karimoen Djawa 165 Anthreptes malacensis baweanus 166, 171 malacensis Bagridae . 306 158, 162, 171 Balantiocheilus melanopterus . 307 Anuga constricta 6 Barbronia weberi 176, 204 Anuropsis malaccensis saturatus 16 Barilius . 3a2 Aphroditida~ 174, 180 Belonidae . 307 Aplonis panayensis 156 Bembidion . 275 heterochlorus 158, 162 bryanti . 274 Apocryptes lanceolatus 311 dammermani . 273 Apua 332 exaratum :~ . 274 Aquilidae 157 pendleburyi . 274 Arabella iricolor 174, 175, 198 salamander . 274 Arachnothera affinis modesta 17 Bertula moloalis . 7 longirostris buttikoferi 17 nigra . 7 Archibasis melanocyana 397 tespisalis . 7 ArcWdae 5 Betta anabatoides . 308 Ardeidae 12, 157, 159, 167 Bibionidae . 139 Ardeola speciosa 167 Bitecta mm'ina . 5 Argiocnemis rubescens 399 Boarmia acaciaria . 8 Argiolestes 467 concentraria . 8 cincta 451 imbecilis . 8 karnyi 451 inflexaria . 8 Argyrophylax 11)g spilotaria . 8 Ariidae 306 subrugata . 8 Arius argyropleuron 306 Boanniinae . 7 caelatus 306 Borneo-A'ves . 155 doriae 306 Boo banteng 482, 488 macronotacanthus 306 - bubalis :: 483, 487 .maculatus 306 Botys vulgaris . 9 sagor 306 Brachartona catoxantha . 153 Artamidae 171 Brachinus bigutticeps . 284 Artamus leucoryn amydrus 166, 171 stygius . 284 Asterometra mirifica 207, 213 Brachydiplax chalybea chalybea . 412 Asura lutaroides 5 farinosa . 413 Atherina spec 308 Brachythemis contaminata 414, 418 Atherinidae 308 Branchiomma intermedium . 201 Athrypsiastis symmetra 9 vesiculosum 174, 175, 200 Atropus atropus 310 Bregmaceros macle1landi . 308 Atteva brucea 9 Brevicipitidae . 48 -.-. A:ulacodes 127, 131 BubaLUIspalaeokerabau . 487 adjunctalis 132 Bucerotidae . 13 aureolalis 132 Bufo biporcatus . 46 crassicornalis 129, 131 cruentatus . 44 gibbosalis 132 melanostictus . 46 peribocalis 133 parvus . 47 plicatalis 133 Bufonidae . 44 simplicialis 133 Bungarus candidus . 74 Autolytus 186 javanicus . 73 Aves-Borneo 155 niger . 75 Aves-Karimata 155 , wanghaotingi . 75 4 INDEX. 497

pag. pag. Burmagomphus inscriptus :.. 382, 440 Cataclysta 132 javicus 382, 440 Catascopus 276 vermiculatus 440 CateStiasula nitida 271 Butorides striatus javanicus 12 Catocalinae 6 Bythopsyrna tineoides 411 Catopsilia pyranthe pyrahthe 3 C.aconeura autumnalis 390, 397 Centropomidae 309 delicatula 382, 391 Centropus bengalensis javanensis 14 dorsalis 450 Ceratocrania 270 humeral is 379, 391 macra 268 hyperythra 451 Ceriagrion annulosum 394 lansbergei /. 450 cei-inorubellum 394 Cadurcia 153 coromandelianum 394, 414 leefmansi 153 erubescens 395 Calamaria linnaei 79 pallidum 394 Caliridinae 260 praetermissum 395, 402 Calliephialtes : 21 Cervus axis 484 odinae : 21 eldi 480, 484 Callolophus miniatus dayak 14 hippelaphus 483 Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica 167 Cethosia hypsea aeole 4 Calopterygidae 380, 381, 383, .468 Chaetodontidae 309 Calotes jubatus 84 Chalcoparia singalensis subsp 18 tympanistriga 84 Chalcopariidae 18 Calyptomena viridis viridis 15 Chalcostetha calcostetha calcostetha Camacinia gigantea 427 17, 158, 162, 165, 171 othello 428 Channa ~ 332 Campephagidae 15. 170 Charadriidae 12, 157, 159, 167 Campoplegini 127, 131 Charadrius apricarius fulvus 157 Capella stenura 12, 167 Charitometridae 214 Capillaster macrobrachius 207 Charitopimpla 23, 24 multiradiata 207, 209 Chelonia 84 Capillasterinae 208 Chiloscyllium indicum 312 Capitonidae 14 Chionaema javanica 5 Caprimulgidae 13 Chirocentridae 304 Caprimulgus indicus jotaka 13 Chirocen trus hypselosoma 304 macrurus macrurus 13 Chloauges glaucuIalis 9 Carabidae-Java 273 Chloeia flava 174, 177 Carangidae ~ 287, 310 fusca 178 Caranx 287 merguiensis 179 (Atule) miyakamii 310 parva 173, 174, 178 (Oarangoides) auroguttatus . 287 Chlorogomphus campioni 436 fulvoguttatus 288 magnificus 435 malabaricus 310 Chloromachia divapala albisparsa 7 (Caranx) stellatus 289 Chorinemus 291 (Selar) djeddeba 290 lysan , 310 kalla 310 sancti petri 291 malam 310 tala 310 Carcharidae 312 Chotorhea mystacophanes humei 14 Carcharinus limhatus 312 rafflesii borneensis 11, 12, 14 temmincki 312 Chrysauginae 8 Carea holophaea 6 Chrysophlegma mentale humei 14 vexilla 6 Chtonobdella tristriata 176, 203 498 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Cirrhimuraena 222, 223 Comantheria briareus 211 chilopogon 222 Comanthina schlegelii 210 tapeinopterus :. 243 Comanthus (Cenolia) benn€tti 211 Cirrochrista fumipalpis 8 (Coman thus) parvicirra . 211 Cissi tes 87 Comaster distincta 210 auriculata 8'( multibrachiata 2:10 maculata 87 Comasterida 208 val'. apicaEs 87, 88 Comasteridae 208 - intermedia 87, 88 Comasterinae 210 Clepsine weberi 176, 205 Comatella macrobrachius.. 208 Clepsinidae 176, 205 nigra '.' 208 Clupea 111, 218, 247-254 stelligera 208 brachysoma 305 Comatula micraster 209 _dispilonotus 252, 254 pectinata 207 fimbriata 248, 249, 305 val'. purpurea 210

finta 252, 253 Comostola iodioides d ••• 7 kanagurta :.. .' 305 Compsomantinae 259 leiogaster 249 Compsomantis crassiceps 259 macrura 305 semirufula 259 perforata 250 Compsothespes 255 sapid:ssima 252 Contradens contradens 103 toli : 305 Copera annulata 393 (Alosa) kanag'uta 252 marginipes 393, 401 macrura 252, !53 Cora •...... 467 toli 252 Coraciidae 13 (Harengula) dispilonotus 218 Cordulegaster 436 Clupeidae 215, 294, 305 Cordulegasteridae 381, 435 Clupeinae 110 Corduliinae 380, 381, 431 Glupeoides 111, 218 Corgatha aequa 6 borneensis 218, 2f.4 Corica goniognathus 254 lile 247-249, 254, 305 pseudopterus 318, 254 Clydonodozus multistriatus 146 Corvidae : 17 Coccygomimus 23 Corvus enca compilator 17 Coeliccia 380 Corydon sumatranus brunnesei!ns '.' 15 kanagurta 305 Coryllis galgulus galgulus 13 membranipes 382, 392 Cottidae 311 membranipes 393 Crambinae ~ 8 Coilia 114-116, 217, 249 Crapitula japoniea •...... 140 borneensis 114-116 melanaspis 139 coomansi 294, 295 Craspedometra acuticirra . 207, 208, 21] dussumi€ri 114-116, 31.'5 Cratilla lineata 407 grayi 217 metalliea 408 lindmani 114-116, 217 Crenidens spec 309 macrognathus 114-116, 217 Creobotel' granulicollis 271 Coleolissus andrewesi 279 urbanus 271 nitens 279 Crinoidea . 207 Colobometl'idae 208, 213 Crocodilus porosus . 84 Colpodes '" 276 Crocopteryx martiata . 8 Columba argentina 157, 159 Crocothemis . Columbidae 157, 159, 167 servilia . 417 Comactiniinae : 209 Crossometra helius 207, 2::'4

• INDEX. 499

pag. pag. , Crustacea 227 Daa>anoptera carolina 145 j Cryptopterus hexapterus 306 fascipennis 145 Cryptorhynchus gravis 26 latifascia 145 Ctenacroscelis andrewsi 149 pulchra 145 castaneus _. 148 Dasybatidae 312 dainmermani 148 Dasybatus imbricatus 312 fijiensis 150 sephen 31~ flavus 149 uarnak 312 lieftincki , 150 Dasychim albiplaga 5 monochrous 149 Dasychone ciongulata 175, 200, 201 ornatithorax 149 Dausara talliusalis 9 pilosulus 149 Decapoda 227 praepotens 148 Degeeria albiceps 153 punctifrons 148 De\niegretta sacra sacra 1r.9, 168 rex 149 Dendrophis pictus 81 umbrinus 149 Dermogenys sumatranus 307 Cucujus clavipes 90 Deroplatyinae 261 Cuculidae 13, 158, 169 Deropl.atys desicc.aba ". 261 Cuculus micropterus concretus 14 lobata 261 Culicidae 398 trigonodera 261 Culladia admigratella 8 trruncata 261 Cuncuma leucogast.er 157 Dexillus macrolepis 294 leucogaster : 12 Diadema setosum 190 Cuon javanicus . j;)icaeidae 17, 159, 163, 171 Cuon java.'llicus 485 Dicaeum Chl:ysorrheum chrysorrheum bicolor 16 11, 17 rufa . 11, 16 cruentatum ignitum 163 Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis ... 169 nigrirnentum 163 Cyclophorus perdix 103, 106 ~;ubsp 159, 163 Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus ma- trigonostigma " 156 crorhynchus 15 dayakana 17, 163 Cyrioglossus lingua 308 trigonostigma monopus 308 159, 163 oligolepis 308 trochileum 165, 171 polytaenia 308 Dichrometra tenuicirra 207, 213 Cyornis rufigastra 156 Dicranoncus cinctipennis 282 karimatensis 158, vulpinus 282 161, 169 Dicl:'uridae 17 longipennis . 1(16, 169 DiJophus nigristigma 142 rufigastra 161 obtusus .: 141 turcosa rupatensis 15 sublacteatus 141 Cyphonidae 398 trispinosus 141 Cyprll.ea arabica 103 Dinopium javanensis borneonensis 15 Cyprinidae 306 Dioctes 127 Cyrena spec 103 Diphlebia 466-468 lestoides 468 Damonia subtrijuga 84 Diplacodes nebulosa 413 Danaidae 3 trivialis 413 Danais melanippus hegesippus 3 Dipsadomorphus jaspideus 83 similis vulgaris 3 Diptera 379, 424 Dapanoptera auroatra' 145 Disparoneura verticalis delia 392 t· 500 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Dissemurus paradise us brachyphorus. 17 Elephas maximus 480, 482 Distylia (Bispira) 200 Eleutheronema ; 224· DolJichoctis angulicom·s· 285 tetradactylum .. ; 307 pumila 285 tridactylum 224 Dorosoma 111 Elongaria orientalis 103, 106-108 chacunda 247-249, 305 trompi Hl7 nasus 247, 248 E lydna reclusa 6 Dorosomidae 305 Elymnias nigrescens bel},trice 4 Draco fimbriatus 83 Empetrichthys ·332 - volans i:l3 Emydosauria 84 Drepanich_thidae 311 Enallagma malayanum 403 Drepanichthys punctatus 311 Endotricha albicilia 8 Drepanosticta 379, 380, 389, 463 decessalis 8 actaeon 4713 sondaicalis 8 arcuata 469, 471 Engraulidae 305 attala 472, 476 Engraulinae 110 cren.itis 476 Engraulis 248, 249 drusilla 474, 476 baelama , 109 dupophila 475, 476 dussumieri 109 gazella 382, 389, 471 grayi : 109 kruegeri 468, 471 kammalensis 109 Malaysia 463-476 mordax 352, 374 . rufostigma 475, 476 . mordax 374 siebersi 382, 390 nanus 374 silenus 380 mystax 109 spatulifera 382, 390 setirostris 109 sundana 380, 382, Epaphroditinae 267 390, 463-468, 470, 471 Ephialtes messor 22 viridis 476 nigritarsis 27 Drepanulidae 5 Ephierodula heteroptera 2·62 Drymophila pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera 15 Ephippiomantis ophirensis 267 Dryobates moluccensis moluccensis. 14 Epipaschiinae 8 DryocopuS javensis javensis 15 Epiurus ~ ;. 26 Ducula aenea aenea 157, 159 Epophtha·lmia 436 rosacea rosacea 1613 vittata sundana 435 zamydrus 166 vittigera 435 Dussumieria acuta 304 Erastrianae 6 ." hasseltii 304 Eremiaphilinae 257 . Dussumieriidae 304 Eriocera acrostacta 147 DY'Sphaea dimidiata 385 albiprivata 146 var.limbata 385 albipuncta 147 lugens 385 basilaris 148 Dysphania bellonaria .. ; 7 fla vitarsis 147 lamonganensis 147 Earias flavida 6 paenulata 147 Echeneidae 311 pyrrhomesa 147 Echeneis neucra tes 311 Euchomenella apicalis 260 Echinotrix diadema 190 heteroptera 260 Egretta garzetta garzetta 12 Euclidisema mygdon :

• INDEX. 501

pag. pag. Eunice afra 196 Fordonia leucobalia 80 antennata 175, 195 Fregata ariel ariel 157, 159 australis 175, 195 Fregatidae 157, 159 coccinea 175, 195 Fulgoroid~a 19 (Eriphyle) aphroditois 175, 194 Eunicidae 175, 194 Gadidae 308 Euphaea 381, 384, 467 Galerita feae 283 aspasia 385 toreuta 283 inequipar 451 Gallel'i.ina~ .~ 8 subcostalis 451 Gecko verticillatus ; 81 variegata 382-384 Genyeerus : 277 -Euphaeidae ...•...... 380, 381, 384, 467 lueanoide~ 278 Euphausia 315 Geometridae 7 Euphyonartex 19 Geopelia striata striata 165, 167 Euploea aegyptus dimidius 4 Geranomyia flavitarsis 143 sophia 4 lam pro nota 143 tricolora 4 linearis 143 corus hesiodus 4 nitida 142 - phoebus 4 Gerygone fusea sulphurea 165, 169 mulciber vandeventeri 4 Glareola pratincola maldivarum 167 Eu plynes aurocinctus 283 Glyphodes bivitralis 9 viridis 282 hilaralis 9 Euproctis albescens 5 Gobiidae 311 alboscripta '" .. 5 ••Gobioides anguillaris 311 bimaculata 5 eirratus 311 fumosa 5 rubieundus 311 funeralis 5 tenuis 311 isabellina 5 Gobius spec 311 micronides 5 Gomphidae 381, 436 Eurylaimidae 15 Gomphidia java.nica 382, 41:57 Eurylaimus ochromalis kalamantan. 15 maclachlani 451 Eurystomus orientalis oriental is 13 Gonyocephalus chamaeleontinus 82 Eurythoe complanata 174, 179 kuhli 82 Eutelianae 6 Gonypeta borneana 259 Euthalia alpheda bankana 4 punctata 259 dammermani 4 Gracula javana javana 158, 162 jama 4 Gretella gracilis 267 Excalfactoria chinensis lineata 12 Gymnodontes 312 Exeristes 22, 24 Gynacantha basiguttata 444, 445, 452 roborator 21:5 bayadera 444, 452 dohrni :. 445 Falconidae 12 limbalis 379, 445 Felini~ spissa 7 millardi 452 Felis bengalensis 485 musa 445 - tigoris 485 stenoptera 382, 447 Flabelligeridae 175, 198 subinterrupta 446 Flammona quadrifascia 6 Gyromantis kraussii 255 Flavopimpla 21, 24 occidentalis 255 mangae 25 nigromaculatus 27 Haema~ipsa ornata 203 xanthostoma 27 silvestris 176, 202 (,

• 502 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Haemadipsa spec 176, 203 Heterometra crenulata 212· zeylanica 176, 202 pulchra 208 Haemadipsidae 175, 202 quinduplicava 21~ Haementeria fulva 176, 206 Hidari lrava 5 Halcyon chloris cyanescens 157, Hierococcyx fugax fugax 15~ Hierodula ...... •...... 255, 267, 271 sancta sancta .. c 169 Hierodula bipapilla 263

Haliotis spec 160, 165, 103169 'I borneana 264 Hapalopez.a ttigrina 258 I dolichoptera 263 Haplorhacus 37 dyaka ~ 263 Harengula 252 laevicollis 263 Harpadon nehereus ...... •...... 306 longedentata 265 Harpadontidae 306 orea ,264 Harpodon 221 pygmaea 264 mortenseni 22.1 siporana 264 Heliaeschna uninervulata 444 striatipes 263, 264 Heliogomphus drescheri 382, 442 togiana 263 gracilis 44l:: vitrea 262 kelantanensis 442 (Parhierodula) microdon . 266 Helostoma temmincki 308 schultzi ... 266 Hemicordulia asiatica 431 sorongana 266 silvarum 431 sternosticta 266 tenera 431 venosa 266 Hemidactylus frenatus 8l- (Rhombodera) basalis 265 Hemiphlebia 467 lingulata .. 265 Hemiphlebiidae 468 maior 265 Hemiphyl10dactylus typus 81 sjostedti 265 Hemipimelodus macrocephalus 306 (Tamolanica) aruana 267 Hemiplecta javanica 103 tamolana 267 Hemiprocne longipennis harterti 158, 160 Hilda 19 Hemipus hirundinaceus 17 Himerometra magnipinna 211 Hemirhamphidae 307 Himerometridae 207, 211 Hemirhamphus gaimardii 307 Hirudinea 173, 175, 201 georgii 307 Hirudinidae 175, 201 marginatus 307 Hirudo elegans 202 Hemisilurus heterorhynchus 306 spec 175, 201 scleronema 306 Hirundidae ~ 158, 160 Herculia hampsonialis 8 Hirundo javanica abbotti 158, 160 .•. Hermodice striata 174, 180 H oplisa soricalis 9 Herpobdel1oidea lateroculata 176, 204 Horia 8£, 88 Hesione genetta 182 blairi 89, 90 intertexta 182 debyi 89, 91 pantherina val'. splendida . f,abriciana 88, 89 174, 175, 181 gahani 89, 95 splendida 182 mira 91, 95 Hesionidae 174, 181 nitida 88, 89 Hesperiidae 4, 383 roepkei 89, 93 Hestia leuconoe chersonesia 3 Horiini 85 Hestiasula phyllopus 271 Houppifer erythrophthalmus pyrono- H-eterocera 5 tus II, 12 Heterochaetae 269, 270 H \llodes caranea ,7

• INDEX. 503

pag. pag. Hyblaea puera 7 Ketengus typus 306 Hyblaeinae ...... •...... 7 Kittacincla malabarica abbotti 156 Hydrillod€s l€lltalis 7 sua vis • 156.. 162 Hydrobasil€us 426, 427 - tricolor 15B, 158, 162 croceus 425 Kurthus indicus 300 ,Hydrocampinae 8, 127, 131 Kurtidae 309 Hylophorbus dubius 70 Kurtus i'ndicus 300, 309 ocellatus 70 Hymenobosmina 127 Lacertilia : 81 270 Lachesis gramineus 80 Hymenoptychis sordida 8 Lactarius delicatulus 310 Hym€nopus coronatus : 271 Laetmatonyce filicornis 174, 180 H.ypeninae 7 Lalage nigra nigra 166 Hyponomeutidae 9 Laniidae 17, 171 Hypothymis azurea 156, 161 Lanius cristatus superciliosus 171 giganoptera ..... 16"1 Laridae 157, 167 javana ..... 166, 169 Lates calcarifer 309 karimatensis 158, 161 Lathrecista asiatica asiatica 406, 451 opisthocyana .... 161 pectoralis 451 prophata . 161, 169 l.eiaarcuata 138 Hystrix javanica 485 -- bimaculata ~ 138 - nigriventris 138 Ichneumon 22, 24 - winthemi '139 Ichneumonlida€ 21.• .Leiognathus 304 Ichneumonini 23 • berbis ~ 310 Ictinus decoratus 382, 436 bind us 310 melaenops 4;:7 insidiator 310 Idionyx 380 ruconius 310 dohrni 452 splendens ; 310 borneensis 433 Lepidonotus (Thormora) jukesi . 174, 181 dohrni 433 Leptobarbus hoevenii 301 montana montana 432 Leptocephalus _ 243, 246 !lema decreta 5 kef€rsteini 238 Indaeschna grubaueri 443 lateromaculatus 247 Indoleia 138 Leptocoma jugularis ornata .. _ 17 Irena puella criniger 15 pectoralis 17, 158, 163 Iridopteryginae ; 258 Lept~gomphus coomansi 451 Ischnura aurora 400 lansbergei lansbergei 441 senegalensis 400, 401 Leptomantis albella 260 Isosticta 4B7 fragilis 260 Ixobrychus eurythmus 1u8 sumatrana 260, 261 sinensis sinensis 168 Leptosynanceia asteroblepa 309 Johnj,us aeneus 309 spec 309 Lestes concinnus 387 belengerii 309 carutta 309 praemorsus praemorsus 388 coiber ·309 Lestidae 381, 387, 3!l9, 4E8 Leucoma divisa ; Ii dussumierii ; 309 sina 309 egens ; 5 Libellaginidae 380, 381, 385 Karimata-A'Ves 155 Libellago 381 Karimoen Djawa-Aves ; 165 lineata lineata 387 504 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Libellago sumatrana 387 Malacocincla sepiaria rufiventris 16 Libellulidae 381, 404 Malacopteron cinereum cinereum 16 Libellulinae 381, 404 Mammalia , 477 Libnotes atroguttata 143 Mantinae '261 aurantiaca 144 religiosa 261 nigricornis 144 Mantoidea 256 soembana 144 Marginella quinqueplicata 103 Licinini 273, 276, 278 Mariametrida ...•...... 211 Limacodidae 5 Mariametridae 213 Limnatis (Hirudinaria) javanica 175, 201 Marphysa sanguinea ...... • 198 Limonia pacata 142 soembaensis 175, 196 penumbrata : 142 lVIecistogaster modestus 399 umbrata 142 Mecoptera 398 Lissopogonus glabellus 275 Megalaspis cordyla 310 poecilus : 275 Megalogomphus icterops : 438 Lithosiinae 5 junghuhni 382, 438 Loxioda dilutalis 7 Megalophrys hasselti 44 Lutra cinerea 485 montana 43 Lucanus 278 Megalopidae ' 304 Lycastis hawaiiensis 194 Megaloplastinx carinifrons 19 meraukensis 194 Megalops cyprinoides 304 ranauensis 173, 175 193 Megapodagrionidae 381, 389, 467, 468 Lycastopsis catarractarum 173, 194 Megarhinus , 398. Lycothrissa lID l\:!eiglyptes trist;.s micropterus 14' crocodilus 109 • tukki tukki : 14 Lygosoma sanctum 83 Melania testudinaria 103, 106 temmincki 80, 83 tuberculata 10'3, 106 Lymantriidae 5 M·elanitis : 449 Lymexylon testaceum 86 Melanoperdix nigra borneensis 11, 12 Lyriothemis cleis 405 Meloboris '" 127 magnificata 405 Meloidae 85 Meretrix 104 Mabra vagalis 9 Meropidae 13, 157, 160 Macaca irus 482 Merops superciliQsus javan;cus 13 Macal1a spec 8 viridis viridis 13, 157, 160 M,acrocera brunnea 137 M.esobucco duvauceli duvauceli 14 microsticta 137 Mesogomphus reinwardti reinwardti 439 Macrodiplax 428 Mesomicropus 269, 270 cora 429 anoplonotus 269 Macrogomphus parallelogramma 382, 440 Metoxypilus spinosus 257 Macromia 380 Microgomphus che1iferchelifer 442 cincta 433 thelyphonus ., 442 gerstaeckeri 382, 433 Microhierax fringillaris 12 moorei fumata 433 Microhylaacha.bina 51 septima 382, 434 palmipes 48 westwoodi 434 Micronidae 7 Macrones micracanthus 306 Micropodidae 158, 160 nemurus a06 Micropternus brachyurus badiosus 14 wolffi 306 Mixornis gularis borneensis 16 Macrotrema 223 Mocis frugalis , 6 caligans 223 Molophilus bicolor ,. 146 f

• INDEX. 505

pag. pag. Mominae 6 Nerei£ (Perinereis) cultriiera 192· Mortonagrion falcatum 398, 402 perspicillata 175, 191 Motacilla flava simillima 171 (Platynereis) dumerili ... 173, Motacillidae 171 174, 192 Mugil cunnesius 308 Nerita chameleon 103 dussumieri 308 Nertobriga signata 6 oligolepis 308 Nesoxenia lineata 451 seheH 308 Nettastoma melanurum 247 Mugilidae 308 Neurohasi~ chinellsis chinensis 383 Mullidae 295, 309 florida 383 Muntiacus muntjac 484 Neurothemis fluctuans 414, 428 Muraena 237 intermedia excels a ..... 415 Muraenesocidae 307 intermedia . 415 Muraenesox 243 nesaea . 415 cinereus 307 palliata palliata . 415 talabon 307 terminata obscura 416, 428 Muscicapidae 15, 158, 161, 169 terminata . 416 Muscitrea grisola butaloides ..... 158, tullia feralis . 417 161, 166, 169 N octiluca . 110 Mycalesis fuscum fuscum 4 Noctuidae : . 6 Mycetophila liDeoJa 139 Noctuinae . 7 rudis 139 Nodaria externaHs 7 Mycetophilidae 137 Nosophora chironalis 9 Myliobatidae 312 conjunctalis 9 Myrcin,us tuberosus 259" Notocrypta alysos devadatta ...... • 5 Myristicivora bicolor bicolor 157, 159 Notoneura insignis 382, 392 Mysis 315 Notopteridae , 304 Notopterus chitala 304 Nadagara comprensata 7 Nototettigometra 19 Naja tripudians sp-utatrix 79 Nyctemera baulus 5 Narcine timlei 312 Nyctemeridae 5 Nassa spec 103 Nycticebus coucang 482 Nasutitermes matangensiformis 83 Nymphalidae 4 Natica 104 mamilla 103 Odonata-J ava 377 Nectariniidae 17, 158, 162, 171 Odontomantis planiceps 270 Neenchelidae 307 Odon.,tosyllis arenicolor 187, 188-191 N eenchelys buitendijki 243, 307 detecta 187 Negeta oontrariata 6 dugesiana 186, 189 N ematocera 137 fulgurans val'. arenico- Nephelidae 176, 204 lor 173-175, 186, 191 Nephopteryx spec 8 gibba 173-175, 185 Nephrotoma flavipalpis 152 hyalina 185, 187, 188-191 fuscapex '" 152 Oliva 104 javensis 151 Omestes. 276 medipubera 152 torta 2·77 sundaica 152 Onychargia atrocyana 393 Neptis heliodore siaka 4 Onychogomphus banteng 382, 438 Nereidae ~ 173, 175, 191 geometricus geometricus 438 Nereis jacksoni 175, 191 modestus fruhstorferi . 439 Nereis (Perinereis) camiguina ...... • 192 nilgiriensis 438 506 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Onychogomphus thienemanni 382, 43-9 Osteochilus melanopleura 307 Onychothemis abnormis 379, 419 spilurus 307 culminicola culminicola 420 Osteogeneiosus miNtar-is 306 Ooeidozyga lima 65 Osteoglossidae 304 Ophichthyidae 222, 307 Otolithoides biauritus 309 Ophichthys mspanus 239 brunneus 30lt imberbis- 239 maculatus 309 macrochir 243, 307 microdon ~ 309 serpens 239, 243 Oxypilinae 260 Ophideres fullonica 7 Ophidia .: 78 Pachymantis bicingulata 260 Ophiocephalidae 3008 Padraona dara moesoides 5 Ophiocephalus 332 Palaemnema 463 striatus 308 Paludina 104 9pisthopterus 110 Fama pama 30\1 macrognathus 110 Pandion haliaetus cristatus 168 tartoor 110, 305 Pandionidae 168 Opisthosyllis austr,alis 175, 184 Pandita sinope sin ope 4 Ophiusa onelia 7 Pang.asidae 300 Orchithemis 382 Pangasius nasutus 300 pulcherrima 404 polyuranodon 306 Oreta carnea 5 Pantala flavescens 424 Oriolidae 17 Pantoporia asura battakana ;.. 4 Oriolus xanthonotus xanthonotus ...... • 17 pusilla 4 Orsonoba delia 8 nefte subratina 4 Orsotriaena medus f. zipoetina 4 Papilio agamemnon agamemnon 3 Orthagla euadrusaliis 8 doson evemonides 3 Orthetrum chrysis 408 iswara riouwensis 3 glaucum 409 memnon· agenor 3 luzonicum 409 erebinus 3 pruinosum 408 esperi 3 clelia 451 polytes theseus 3 pruinosum 410 Papilionidae 3 schneideri 451 Parablepharis kuhlii 267 sabina 410, 450, 451 Parad·an uriae 270 silvarum 382, 411 Paradoxurus hermaphrodytus 485 .'. testaceum 408 Rarapenaeopsis 232, 233 testaceum 411 cornuta 232 trliang?lar,e melania 451 graci'llim.a 233 triangulare 411 hungerfordi .:.. 227, 232 Orthodera burmeisteri 258 maxi'llepedo 232 Orthomorpha coarctata coarctata 40 sculptilis 232 gigas 40 Parapeneus 231 filaria 3-8 fissurus 231 hydrobiolog'ica hydrobiologica 40 longipes 231 spinala 40 Par.athemis metallica 451 scutJigeroides 39 Raratoxodera cornicollis 270 Orthotomus atrogularis atrogularis. 16 Parena testacea v:ar. crural is 286 Orthotomus sepium cineraceus 170 Par.euthyphlebs occidentalis 270 palliolatus . 166, 170 Parnara contigua 5 Oryctelobidae 312 mathias mencia 5 ,. 4

• INDEX. 507

pag. pag. Parthenodes vag.alis 132· Pisc€S-Rokan 299 Parupeneus 2B5 Pisoodonophis cancdvorus 243 pleurospilos 295 moro 243 PelIon a 219, 248, 249 Pithecanthropus' '" 108 amblyuropterus 305 Pithecus pyrrhus 482 ditchoa .305 Pitta brachyura cyanoptera 15 kampeni 219 - sordida muelleri 15 pristiga·stroides 305 Pittidae ; 15 Pelohatida~ ...... • 43 PIa tax spec 310 Penaaidea 227 Platycephl~Jus 'insidiator 311 Penaeopsis 228 scaber 311 barbatus 230 Platycneminae : 381, 392, 467 brevicornis 229 Platycn.emis ~ .463 endeavouri 230 Platylestes heterostylus 382, 389 ensis 230 platystylus 389. intermedia var. anchista . 230 P1a:tylophus g,alericulatus coronatus 17 lysianassa 229 Platyrhacus anambasius 36 monoceros 228 arrogans : :. 29 philippi 230 baramanus 33 Peneus 227 bengitanus '30 carinatus 228 crassacus 38 indicus long>irostris : .228 doryphorus 37 latisulcatus 227 drury.i 31 merguiensis : 228 everettii 36 semisuloatus 221" hopluronhachis 36 Peratophyga trigonata 8 kelantanicus 33' Pericnemis 382, 399 laticollis : 33 stictica 398 microporus 32. Pericrocotus flammeus xanthogaster 15 mirandus 38 Periophthalmus chrysospylos 311 modestus 31 Peripatus 194 moebiusi 31 Perlamantinae 255 pictus 37 Petaurista petauri.8'ta 485 scutatus 37 Phasianidae 12 singulus 33 Phoenicophaus curvirostris borneen- sublimbatus 87 sis 14 subspinosus 36 Phoriniophylax 153 sucidus 34 Phryganodes analis '" 9 sumatranlls gongylodes 31 Phycitinae 8 Platysmurus leuoopterus. aterrimus. 17 Phyllodocidae 174, .181 Platysticta 389, 463, 468 Phylloscopus borealis borealis 170 Platystictridae 379, 381, 389, 368 Phyllothelys 269, 270 Platystictilliae 463 Physodon mulleri 312 Pleda amplipennis 140 Physolaesthus 276 j avensis 140 Picidae 14 morosa 140 Picus punioeus observandus 14 tristis 140 Pieridae 3 Plectotropis rotatoria 103, 106

Pila conica .H •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 103, 106 Plotosidae 306 Piletocera 132 Plotwus canius 306 Pisces-Java '" 237 Plutodes cyclaria 7 -' M.a1aysia 215, 287 Pnigomantis medioconstricta 262 (, 508 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Poeta quadrinotata 7 Ptilinopus melanocephalabangueyen- Polychaeta 173, 174, 176 sis ; 166 Po-lydesmidae 29 massoptera 166 Polynemidae 224, 293, 307 melanocephala 166 Polynemus 225, 293 Ptochophyle dilucida 8 dubius 307 Ptychozoon homalocephalum 81., indicus , 307 Ptyonota formos.a 6 longipectoralis 226 Puntius hexazona 307 pfeiffel1i 293 Pycnonotidae ;.. ~5, 158, 162, 170 sextarius 226, 307 Pycnonotus brunneus 156 Polynoidea 174, 181 -:- brunneus 16, 158, 162 Polythoridae 467 zapolius ... ;... 162 Pomatorhinus montanus borneensis. 16 gaiavier analis 166, 170 Pontiometra 208 gourdini 170 andersoni 21" plumosus subsp 16 Porthesia bicolor 11 Pyg:athrix rubicundus 151) Potamarcha obscura 407 Pyralidae ; 8 Prionochilus maculatus maculatus 18 Pyralinae 8 percussus ignicap,illus. 17 Pyrausta taenialis : 9 Pristidae 312 Pyraustinae 9 Pristis spec 312 Pyrotrogon diardi diardi 13 Pristipoma guoraca 309 £asciatus imp:widus 13 macula turn '".. 309 kasumba 13 Pristipomatidae 309" Procordulia artemis 382, 431 Raconda russelliana 110, 305 sumbaw.ana 432 Rahinda hordoniaaigilipa 4 Progonia patronalis 7 senthes 4 Proteracanthus sarissophorus 309 paraka paraka 4 ProtoneUl'a 463 Ramphalcyon capensis javana 13 Protoneuridae 380 Rana cancrivora ; 52 Protoneurinae 381, 390, 463, 467, 468 chalconota ~ 64 Protosticta 379, 380, 464, 468 .erythraea 64 gravelyi 463 jerboa : 63 Psammodynastes pulverulentus 80 kuhli 61 Pseudagrion beng'lalense 395 limnocharis 52 infracavum 382, 396 macrodon 60 microcephalum 396, 404 microdisoa 62 nigrofasciatum 382, 396 nicoharri..ensis 64 pruinosum pruinosum .. 396 Ranidae _ 52 rubriceps 397 ... Raphismia bispma 412 . Pseudagr

INDEX. 509

pag. pag. Rhacophorus leucomystax 65 Schoenobius bipunctifer 8 reinwardti 68 Sciaenidae , 309 Rhinagrion borneense 451 Sciurms notatu.s :.:: 486 mima _ 389 Sclerooermi 311- tricolor 332 Scleropages fcrmosus 304, 332 -Rhinoba:tus halavi 312 Scoliodon sorrakowah .. , 312 Rhinoceros sondaicus 482 Scomber neglectus , 311 Rhinocypha 381, 387 Scorriberomorus 293 ,anisoptera 385 guttatus 311 fenestrata ,,82, 333, 385, 386 ~ kiihli 311 .heterostigma . 382, 386, 387 lineolatus 311 humer.alis 451 Scombrid,ae 292, 311 selysi 386, 387, 451 Scopelidae 220 tincta 45] Scopelodes unicolor 5 Rhinomyias umbratilis umbrat:l:s . Scopodes irregularis : 284 15, 158, 161 sigillatus 285 Rhinortha ehloropha€a chlorophaea. 14 Scorpaenidae 309 Rhipidura perlata 15 Selysioneura 468 Rhodoneura myrtea £ Sergestes 315 Rhodothemis 429 Serranidae 309 rufa 418 Serranus fuscoguttatus 309 Rhomantis. moultoni 267 Setipinna 109-114 Rhomboder.a 261 breviceps 109-114, 305 Rhopalocer.a 3 .melanochir 109-114, 305 Rhopodytes smnatranus 14 taty 109-114, 305 Rhynchobatidae .: 312 Setoria simplex 5 Rhynchobatus djiddensis 312 Setornis criniger 11, 16 Rhyothemis 424 SHurichthys phaiosoma 306 phyllis phyllis 425 Siluridae _ 306 pygm.aea 380 Simous aeneus 2.76 resplendens ..- 451 nubilis 275 triangularis 42£, Simplicia spnrialis , 7 Risoba diversipennis t Soleidae 2J4, 308 Rivula spec 7 Sparidae "' 309 Rondaniella dimidiata 138 Sphaerkhthys Gsphromenoide; 308 rufiseta ...... •.. 138 Sphaerodoce quadra.ticeps 174, 181 Sphingidae 6 Sabella acrophthalmos 200, 201 Sphyra-ena spec 307 Sabellastarte indica 199 Sphyraenidae 307 japonica - 199 Spirographis tricyclia 175, 199 magnifica 174, 175 Spratelloides 215 Sabellidae 175, 19P delicatulus 216 Sarrothripin,ae 6 gracilis ~15 Sasia abnormis abnormis 15 Stachyris n,igricollis nigricollis 16 Satyridae 4 Statilia m.aeulata " :.. 261, 267 Saurida grandisqnamis , 220 Stegostoma v.arium 312 tumbil 305 Stenia spodinop.a 8 Scambus 23·, 24 St-enomantis novaeguinea-e 258 Scaptobdella horsti 176, 205 Stenophylla 270 Scataphagus argus 309 Stel.qcta spec.- : 8 Schizocephalinae I. 260 Sterna bergii cristatus 167 ~~-----.., • I

510 TREUBIA VOL. XIV

pag. pag. Sterna sumatrana sumatrana 157 Styringomyia didyma 145 Sterrha phaeocrossa 7 formosana 146 St€rrhinae 7 javana '.: 146 Stictoptem describens 6 nigrosternata 146 signifera 6 papuana 146 Stictopterinae 6 soembana 1411 Stolephorus . 109, 240, 244, 248, 313-375 Surniculus lugubris brachyurus 13 baganensis ..... 305, 317, Sus vittatus 484 319, 333-341, 371 Sylepta multilin€alis 9 baganensis . Sylli1ae 175, 183 333, 373-375 Syllis erilis : : ," 189 macrops 339, 'Solida 189 373-374 (Typosyllis) exilis :.. 175, 183 celebicus .. 315-318, 327, krohni . 174, 175, 183 370, 372 variega ta 184 commersonii ..... 313-317, Sylviidae 16 323, 358-361, 371 Synaptura commersoniana 308 heterolobus 313-317, .Synbranchoida€ 223 324, 325, 329, 361-364, Synhoria- 88 371, 372 cephalotes 79 indicus ..... 312-317, 322, maxiUosa 00, 99 323, 329, 352-357, 371-375 senegalens:s 98 indicus . 352-355, 374 testacea , '97 nanus .. 352-355, a74 Synlei;tJi.dae : 4£8 insularis . 314, 316, 317, Synodontidae 305 321, 322, 329, Syntomidae ; 5 341, 371, 373 Syntomis huebneri 5 bataviensis .... 341, 348-350, 373 Tachydromus sexlineatus 83 baweanensis ... Tachy'S 86 341, 348-350, 373 Tagiades gana perakana 4 insularis . T.asta sectin ota' : 8 341-346, 373 T1llthorynchus vine-tale 7 oceanicus . Teinobasis euglena : 398 341, 350-352, 373 superba 451 pseudoheterolobus " 314- Telicota bambusae pythias : 4 315, 317, 318, 325, 326, Tellia 332 364-368, 371 Tenodera aridifolia 261 tri ... 305, 313, 3Hi-319, australasiae 262 329-332, 371 blanchardi 2£2 zollingeri ... 313-318, 326, costalis ...... •...... 262 368-370, 371-373 fasciata 2,62 Striglina doecussata 6 Tel'iag hecabe locana 3 stl'igosa {) Terpsiphone paradisi borneens:s 15 Stromateidae 310 Tetracanthagyna brunnea .: 443 Strom

• • ..

INDEX. 511

pag. pag. Tetrodon oblon-gus . 312 Trionyx cartilagineus 20:3 Tettigometra , . 19 Trisuloides opala 6 Tettigometridae . 19 Trithemis aurora 418 Thalassom etrida,e . 213 f.estiva 419, 464 The~ompa borneana . 257 Trochus : : 104 ophthalmica : . 257 Trogonid.a·e 13 servillei . 257 Tropi

o ~

"-:l '~}3-> 512 'tREUBIA VOL.

pag. \. pag. Zosterops chloris intermedia 164 'Zygonyx ida ida.·,:: , 420 maxi 159, 163, 166, 171 iris ;,:~.:: :.: 420 solombensbs 164 Zygoptera , 379, 383, 468 zachlora 164 Zyxomma 421, 423, 424 Zygometra comata 211 obtusum ...... •...... , 421 Zygometridae 211 petiolatum 422

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ZOOLOGI J --.- -'I

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