The commercial role of the border areas The case of (Oder) – Słubice

Agnieszka Dudek Maciej Kaczmarek Sergi Bañuls Riera Alba Sala Vila Sonja Lukkarinen Mikko Heinonen

Slubice 2014

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Spis treści 1.Introduction ...... 3 2. Theoretical framework and methods ...... 4 2.1 Definitions ...... 5 3. History ...... 6 3.1 Short history of the Polish-German border...... 6 3.2 History of Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice ...... 6 4. Commercial impact of tourism ...... 8 4.1 Popular tourist destinations in Frankfurt(Oder) - Slubice ...... 11 5. Cooperation between Frankfurt(Oder) and Słubice ...... 17 5.1. Joint Sewage Treatment Plant Gubin-Guben ...... 17 5.2.German-Polish Eurocentrum in Guben ...... 19 5.3. Manhattan Urban Bazaar ...... 20 5.4. Public Transport ...... 21 5.4.1 The bus line number 983 in Slubice and Frankfurt an der Oder...... 21 5.4.2 The route bus line number 983...... 22 6. Interview survey ...... 23 7. Commercial landscape ...... 25 8. Conclusions ...... 26

Rysunek 1 Frankfurt border crossing in 2007 ...... 7 Rysunek 2 Border crossing in Frankfurt at 2013 ...... 7 Rysunek 3 The most important products for German customers in the Slubice bazaar ...... 8 Rysunek 4 The old bazaar ...... 10 Rysunek 5 Plan of city ...... 11 Rysunek 6 Map of sewege treatment plant ...... 17 Rysunek 7 Sewege treatment plant ...... 18 Rysunek 8 Maps German - Polish Eurocentrum in Guben ...... 19 Rysunek 9 Bazaar in Łęknica visible from the air...... 20 Rysunek 10 Maps Public transport between Slubice - Frankfurt der Oder ...... 22 Rysunek 11 Graph 1 - what do the German usually buy in polish side? ...... 23 Rysunek 12 Graph 2 - what do Polish usually buy on german side? ...... 23 Rysunek 13 Graph 3 - public transport in Słubice ...... 24 Rysunek 14 Graph 4 - public transport in Frankfurt der Oder ...... 25

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1.Introduction

Frankfurt (Oder)-Slubice is a double located in the German and Polish border by the river Oder. In the side the town belongs to the Lubuskie province and in the side it is part of the region. Geographically the study area is stable and forested river valley lowland area and the predominant element in the landscape is the river. (Markuszewska, 2014).

After the Second World War the East German – Polish border was guarded strictly and travelling between these two cities was difficult. Travelling eased in 1972 when the visa was not required anymore. This situation held up till 1980, when East-Germany closed the border again due to the unrest political movements in Poland. At the beginning of the 1990s the country went through many rapid political and economic changes by abandoning the socialist economic model due to unifying of Eastern and Western Germany. In 1991, the visa requirement disappeared, the border opened and caused the abrupt growth in amount of the yearly cross-borders between Germany and Poland (1991 7,2 million, 1993 more than 70 million). (Brym 2009).

The new economic freedom and cross-border circulation accelerated the growing of cross-border trade. This was particularly seen in street landscape as increasing amount of market places, targowiskas, and free markets, bazaars. Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice also benefitted from its location as a central point of transportations to Berlin. This positive phenomena resulted the Polish borderlands to transform from the areas of frail economical level to the areas of economic growth. (Brym 2009).

The wide interest towards Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice began to grow in 2003 after launching the “Strategy Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice” – program. The completing of the European Garden 2003 made it possible to experience the intercultural atmosphere of the twin-town at the both sides of the Oder river. (Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice Twin City Association Center’s website). In 2004 Poland took the huge step towards even more open- minded and financially cooperating country as its joining to European Union was confirmed. After several years of negotiations, in 2007 Poland joined the Schengen Agreement and free travelling between Germany and Poland was finally confirmed. (Brym 2009).

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The goal of this study is to research the border areas from the commercial point of view and to highlight those impacts of commercial actions that has changed and are still changing the landscape in Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice. Also this paper aims to reveal those reasons for why people are still cross-bordering daily and what are the benefits or disadvantages of that phenomena.

Study questions are following:

 What is the commercial role of border areas?  Which are the commercial differences between Germany and Poland at the borderland areas?  Which are the factors that make people to cross the border?  How does the border impacts to the landscape from the commercial point of view?

2. Theoretical framework and methods

The theoretical framework used in our research is placed in the field of social and cultural geography. Border studies have developed remarkably from the times, when the term “border” meant only a hard, state-separating line, to the times of processes, effects and people-central analysis. (Newman 2003:13). Thus the meaning of the border is varied and nowadays the social meaning of border is emphasized. Borders are turned into places of “bringing together” rather than places of separate.

The rate of social integration in Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice is considered rather low. Language and culture barriers as well as the short tradition of borderland operation cause the lack of non-commercial contacts (Janczak 2011: 43). Because of this, the relationship between Germany and Poland has remained mainly commercial, with the exception of academic circles (Janczak 2007: 84).

This study is carried out by using narrative analysis by analyzing the texts and transcriptional methods for interviews. The term “narrative“ means the storyline. The target of the narrative analysis could as well as the text, be also media material, picture, movie, music or environment, for example, which are considered as a storylines or progressive structure. (University of Jyvaskyla website). The central point in our narrative analysis was that the material collected from study area reveals its dimensions due to very specific and restricted

4 observation into it. The conclusions are combined from the properties of study area, culture, history, commercials, politicians and character of the borderland.

In this research, we used the different material, such as texts and interviews from Frankfurt(Oder) and Slubice, as a study material. Also we captured the landscape change by taking several pictures from the town. The base idea is that the changes in the landscape reflect the changes in the socio-economic society. The free mobility have affected the structure of the region and those effects are in the middle of our study as we are exploring the differences between old and new by using the narrative analysis.

2.1 Definitions

 Double town Double town is an administrative city region constituted from two contiguous cities. Double share a common government and public sector. Double towns are often formed because of a need for the dense cooperation between cities and because of an attempts to improve the friendship, economy and cultural understanding.

 Twin town Twin towns or sister towns are regions similar to double towns, but they have an independent government. The term “twin town” is generally considered as an expression of strong cooperation and a shared business trade.

 Borderland The borderland is the region or area in a relative close proximity to the border within which the dynamics of change and daily life practices are affected by the very presence of the border.

 Landscape Landscape is such an wide environment observed by using different senses. The term landscape was defined by an German geographer Alexander von Humboldt in 1800-century, and it is often used for describing the different dimensions of the environment or specific region \ place.

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3. History

3.1 Short history of the Polish-German border

The history of Polish-German border is complicated becouse of negative relations after Second World War. German border was established after World War II, when the country is united on Oct. 3, 1990. Boundary was formed as a result of decisions taken at the conference Allied in Yalta and Potsdam. The case of the Polish-German border shows how the reluctance can be transformed into friendship. The designated boundary caused mass expulsion and deportation of the population by dividing cities. German community had to go across the river from Polish territory which caused conflicts between people. In this way, new cities on both sides of the border, for example Goerlitz-Zgorzelec, Guben-Gubin, Frankfurt der Oder- Slubice, Bad Muskau-Leknica and many others. The inhabitans of such towns experienced the immediate post-war years in a environment of mutual hatred and fear. Mutual separation and aversion began to disappear until 1971, when they opened the borders of the Polish-German. After opening the borders the population come back again to their homes. The nature of this border was also changed in May 2004; the admission of Poland tot he UE not only established open borders, but strengthened the nature and level of cross-border cooperation. (Katarzyna Stokłowska, 2012, 245-246) On the EU side was made pressure on relations between the countries in the border areas, despite the reluctance of residents divided cities. EU was created first Euroregions on border, thanks to which the cooperation between the city is getting better and opinions of the inhabitants change for the better.

Relations between the Polish German border in 2013 are good, residents are divided on the cooperation with the German side. Most are satisfied with the effects of common projects but there are also some negative opinions.

3.2 History of Frankfurt (Oder) and Słubice

Słubice serve as a between the Polish and Germans. Because the city is situated on the border, is dominated by tourism services. Number of registered enterprises in 2001. - was 2878. The town has two bazar. Słubice exist as an independent city for 56 years. Until 1945 Slubice was right district of Frankfurt called Dammvorstadt. After World War II Slubice received the official name and were included in the Polish borders. After 1945, it was created

6 a polish administration and Słubice chosen for seat of powiat rzepiński and few years later has been changed to powiat Słubicki. After the political changes in 1990. Słubice began to develop great. The city gained new beautiful visage. After 1 January 1999. when it changed the administrative and economic map of the country, Slubice was located within the powiat Słubice. Economic freedom, self-government and democracy are the factors that more dynamic development of the city. The city has many institutions related to border checks, international traffic and freight forwarding. The cooperation with Frankfurt is very well, the result of which is to create a center cross, the common program of social and economic development. After the reunification of Germany, in April 1991, there was economic recovery caused by the increasing influx of tourists from Germany. (Over the bridge in Słubice travels each year about 11mln. persons and 3 million cars).

Rysunek 1 Frankfurt border crossing in 2007

http://lubuskie.regiopedia.pl

Rysunek 2 Border crossing in Frankfurt at 2013 http://gorzow.gazeta.pl

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4. Commercial impact of tourism

In this work, tourism can be considered one of the great engines of the commercial area where the border has allowed a large influx of population, especially from the German side of the border to the Polish to acquire certain products like tobacco, alcohol, meat and agricultural products among others. By the Poles are the main attractions pharmacy and personal care items, clothes, food, shoes and electronic devices.

Rysunek 3 The most important products for German customers in the Slubice bazaar We attribute this to the fact basically to the economic difference between the two countries, which acts as an advertisement for the close situation of the local area. In the economic aspect of the area, also has played a very important role that the attraction generates Berlin as its location is approximately to 90 kilometers away. At the same time makes the population prefers to work in areas closer to the metropolitan area of the city. On this way we can explain the high unemployment rate of 40% in Frankfurt(O.) and 16,5% in Slubice. The lack of enterprises in the area as both German Polish causes that looking for investments. While trying take advantage of the power of Berlin to attract tourism, offered so that they can see the border to know the history for example.

The city of Frankfurt Oder had a population of 90,000 inhabitants in the 80s and in 2010 was just over 60,000 inhabitants. According to the 2011 statistics Slubice had a population of 18,000 inhabitants approximately. The current demographic situation has conditioned by the economic situation of the zone.

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Therefore, the behavior and characteristics of consumers led to create a purchasing system specific in the borderline area. We found two types of establishments, one inspired in the local people (more stable) and where German citizens are frequent. On the other hand we find the German market opened slightly to the Polish population. This change is due to the change of money (Euro - Zloty), the prices and quality of products in the country. The socioeconomic status of citizens is also very important for the two cities. Since the border is permeable, there has been an increase in the functions of the services, especially in trade.

The Germans prefer to cross the border daily, by purchasing everyday products because the price is lower in the other side. But, the fact to receive a large influx of public of the other side of the river Oder, in both cases, are due as a result of changes in the 1990s in the EU, the Poland's accession to the EU (1 May 2004), and the participation in the Schengen area (21 December 2007), which eliminated the passport control at the border. The dissolution of the border led to an increase in prices, increased German investment in Poland and job opportunities in Germany.

In general terms, we find that motivated by the Polish German best price, quality and wide variety. Poles and Germans share the same motivation to cross the border where the main factor is the low price of the products, but must take into account the strong inequality of income.

The bazaar, a key piece in the trade area

At this point it should be noted the importance of these facilities in the border trade due to its proximity and good accessibility for the people of both sides of the border, especially for German people, where they can park easily creating an ideal space for the costumers.

The bazaar was opened in 1991 inspired by the frequent visits of people from different parts of Germany, with several points of sale, service and restoration. These first installations suffered a memorable fire in January 2007, which completely devastated the facilities. After that, thanks to the city council and the people of the city in less than 3 months was constructed new temporary bazaar. Finally, on October 15, 2011 was opened a new bazaar built in the same place as the old, open every day of the week.

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Rysunek 4 The old bazaar source: www.bazarslubice.pl

Furthermore, we can appreciate and corroborate thanks to the oral witnesses that the current crisis sales have declined to the point that the economy generated by commercial tourism has stalled and is not as prosperous as in previous years. We can illustrate this fact with the emergence of locals who change of ownership or with a significant reduction in the sales.

With all this, with this present context we can see how the old people, who were the first to cross the border years before, are among the main customers that keep the activity making it clear too the high presence of cars with German plates in the parking of the Bazaar. Another fact to consider is the presence of German merchants or Polish speaking German, that denotes the marked presence of people from the other side of the Oder river.

To finish, we would like to visit the Bazaar during the weekend, because it is the time of the week where there are more activity and this allow us to know better the activity and the real situation but we believe that the visit made during the week and the collaboration of the oral testimonies are enough to see first-hand the relations that take place and the functioning of Bazaar.

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4.1 Popular tourist destinations in Frankfurt(Oder) - Slubice

Rysunek 5 Plan of city

FRANKFURT (ODER) 1. KLEIST MUSEUM The Kleist Museum is devoted to the life and work of author Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811), who was born in Frankfurt (Oder). It was opened in the building of the former garrison school in 1969 and is viewed as “one of the most attractive literature museums in Europe” (Die Zeit, 2000). The Kleist Museum is listed in the Federal Government’s “Blue Book” as a cultural memorial site of national significance. With a library and collections containing more than 34,000 registered objects, the museum currently boasts the most comprehensive documentation relating to Heinrich von Kleist, his life, and his place in literary history.

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2/3. ST. MARIENKIRCHE AND ST. GERTRAUDENKIRCHE The Church of St. Mary, is the former main parish church of the city. The church was built from 1253 and it’s one of the most outstanding buildings of North German brick gothic. In April 1945, the church was severely damaged due to the war. A backup of the ruins was made in the 50 years since 1979, the sacred building is being renovated. The greatest treasure, the three twelve-meter fascinating stained glass windows with their colorful medieval stained glass. The cycle of paintings tells the story of creation, the Christ and the Antichrist legend in 117 images.

4. MUSEUM VIADRINA Viadrina Museum is the largest museum in the eastern state of Brandenburg devoted to the history and culture. Has its headquarters in the building Junkerhaus (House Junkers ), which restored the impressive baroque ceilings. Since December 2001 it belongs to the "Urban (s) Museums and Art Young Viadrina". After over 15 years of construction, the Museum Viadrina, from 4 October 2003, fully open with a new permanent exhibition.

5. MUSEUM JUNGE KUNST The Museum Junge Kunst has one of the most important collections of art from the eastern part of Germany. His exhibition program is one of the most ambitious facilities for contemporary art. These exciting architectures, old designs and contemporary art, provides a challenging and refreshing dialogue.

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6/7. THE CONCERT HALL OF CARL PHILIPP EMANUEL BACH AND THE THEATER KLEIST FORUM The concert hall of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and the Theater Kleist Forum, are the largest cultural centers in the region of Brandenburg. In July attracts the biggest city festival of Frankfurt and Slubice, "Bunter Hering," with thousands of visitors to the Oder.

8. ONKEL HELMUT The raft "Oncle Helmut" invites visitors to explore the shores of Frankfurt and Slubice, and enjoy the local culinary specialties. Along the trip you can enjoy the forests, the flooded areas and the fascinating views of the gardens, where nature still has its own rules.

SLUBICE

9. MONUMENT LEOPOLD VON BRUNSWICK To the north of the bridge over the Oder River was originally a monument to Leopold of Brunswick, nephew of the King of Prussia Frederick II the Great. It was built to commemorate the esteemed general. Monument was destroyed. Near this place we can see today a monumental wooden chair, corresponding with its counterpart on the side of Frankfurt. This design is the result of an artistic project " Talking trees " ( Baumzeichen ) , implemented in 1995 by Eberhard G. Krüger.

10. COLLEGIUM POLONICUM The Collegium Polonicum in Slubice is a joint international teaching and research institution of the European University Viadrina and the Adam Mickiewicz University, which opened in 1998.

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11. SMOK The Municipal Cultural Centre SMOK organize, among others, contemporary art exhibitions, concerts and other cultural events. Every year organizes, in cooperation with the City of Frankfurt, the city festival “Hanseatic Color Herring " and the international song festival “transVOCALE".

12. SHOOTING HOUSE Is a house located on the edge of the park Panorama. It was built in 1861. Until 1945 the building was managed by the Shooting Club. During Second World War the palace was used as a hospital. In 1988 the building was demolished. Today it has been restored and has become a building for dances and banquets.

13. CENTRE STADIUM SPORT AND RECREATION The sport and recreation center, with its large stadium that was opened in 1926, is home to football and tennis courts, a shooting range and an open-air swimming pool. A hotel with 140 beds is also located in the OsiR complex.

14. BAZAR Border location Slubice (Frankfurt Oder), the European trade route and activity of the inhabitants inspired by frequent visits of guests from different parts of Germany, contributed to the opening in 1991 of the border bazaar. On the surface of 16000m2 gathered 1.200 positions, which were carried out commercial, service and catering .

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15. OLD JEWISH CEMETERY The Jewish cemetery in the Slubice of today (Frankfurt (Oder) – Dammvorstadt in German) is one of the oldest Jewish cemeteries in Central Europe. It has been 615 years since the first mention about it in 1399, although the experts on this subject think that another 100 years should be added to its age.

The Way of St. James: The Way of St. James is the most famous European pilgrim route is considered in many countries to be a symbol connecting religions, cultures and different ways of life. Over 1000 years old route brings pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela in the north west of Spain, where the remains of the apostle St. James are buried. Since 1990ties the phenomenon of pilgrimages has been undergoing a revival and thousands of pilgrims with different motives travel along the mediaeval network of pilgrimage routes.

The Eastern Brandenburg Land is of special importance on the map of the European cultural routes because in the Middle Ages the pilgrims travelled along this Way to the burial place of St. James. Riga in Latvia was the well-known easternmost beginning of the pilgrim routes to Santiago de Compostela. Next, the pilgrims went across Poland, Germany and France to Spain. Frankfurt upon Oder is still the most important Oder crossing location for the pilgrims from the Eastern and Central Europe heading toward the south east.

The medieval pilgrims on their long way to Santiago de Compostela used the trading and military routes across the Lebus Region and Brandenburg Land. The available sources say that the medieval pilgrims used the busy well-developed roads. While planning their journeys in the Middle Ages, the pilgrims used to take into account the transregional transportation connections and trading centers.

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The area of Frankfurt upon Oder with its well-developed network of trading and post routes as well as with its market and fair towns secured for the pilgrims a safe journey in all directions. Frankfurt upon Oder, connecting medieval Hanseatic trading routes , was also an important town for the pilgrims travelling to the east or to the west of the Oder river.

The European University has carried out the research on the exact historical locations of the Way of St. James on both sides of the Oder. In this way, it managed to fill in the blanks and connect the routes from the east to the west and to the south with the existing still used parts of the Way of St. James on the areas of Poland, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony.

The researchers managed to locate over 240 km of marked walkways trough many towns in the Eastern Brandenburg Land. The routes from the East start in Frankfurt upon Oder and they run through the Markisch-Oderland and Oder-Spree countries and they finish in the Barnim country. The pilgrims starting their journey in Frankfurt upon Oder have two options of crossing the Brandenburg Land along the Ways of St. James. The southern bound runs from the old Hanseatic town of Furstenwalde on the Spree river to Erkner or Alt-Kopenick. The northern bound crosses Muncheberg and Strausberg and ends in the area of the Barnim country. This part runs along the old post route form Berlin via Muncheberg to Silesia. The pilgrims travelled along the oldest trading and military route of the region from the town of Kopenick via Lebus to Poznan. The Emperor Otto III travelled along this route in the year 1000 returning from Gniezno to Madeburg.

The Oder-Neiße Cycling Route: The Oder-Neiße Cycling Route follows along the two rivers and through three countries the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany. The cycling route stretches almost the entire length of the German- Polish border. It ventures 630 kilometres from the spring of the Neiße River in Nová Ves in the Czech Republic to the tourist city of Ahlbeck on the island of Usedom. It follows from the Jizera Mountains along the borderline all the way up North to the Baltic Sea. Where Europe was once divided, the borderlines nowadays are blurred. The wet meadows along the Oder River are a paradise for storks and breeding places for ground-nesting birds. Large parts are protected areas, a precious habitat for a fauna and flora, which seldom can be found somewhere else.

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Attractions along the way are characterized by the culture and way of life. The cycling route offers a unique variety of cultural highlights.

Sightseeing hotspots along the cycling path include the stunning landscape gardens of the Fürst Pückler’s Park in Bad Muskau, which belongs to the UNESCO world heritage site. The park is also a symbol of cross-border integration, since two-thirds are in Poland and one-third is in Germany.

5. Cooperation between Frankfurt(Oder) and Słubice

5.1. Joint Sewage Treatment Plant Gubin-Guben A major project is scheduled for completion in Gubin on 2 May 1998, a joint wastewater treatment plant. Its mission is to support the two cities. It uses the different types of processes, which meant that it is one of the most modern of its kind in Poland. This investment was made as part of a pilot program in the field of environmental protection. Its goal is the construction of the city sewer Gubin. Was financed entirely with funds provided by the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Land of Brandenburg and the EU support funds - PHARE CBC.

Rysunek 6 Map of sewege treatment plant

Source: www.pos.zgora.pl

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The project was designed to solve the problem of waste water and sewage management for German Guben and Polish Gubin. These cities lie at the border area, so it was concluded that it is worthwhile to forge a partnership that could pass as a symbol of crossing the borders of activities for nature conservation. Next destination is related to water protection and improvement of water quality in the receiver of treated wastewater from sewage treatment (in this case the river - Nyssa). The construction of this type of treatment is also an amazing signal that sent to the area affects its economic development. This project is interested in entrepreneurs who have plans to start their own business in the province of Lubusz. The next task was also to develop a model of the partnership and its promotion in the European Union as an example of the organization of municipal companies.

Rysunek 7 Sewege treatment plant

Source: www.pos.zgora.pl

Sewage Treatment Plant in Gubin has contributed to a significant improvement of the environment across borders. It is unobtrusive to the environment. The nearest residential buildings are already located less than 100 meters from the plant. By placing noisy and cumbersome machines in the basement and channels, they are not audible to the outside. Land treatment is the investment raised to a height of protection against flood water treatment plant and built reservoir and inlet ducts to the treatment side Gubin protect its work before the torrential rains. Production of own electricity from biogas contributes to reducing the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. Led rational sedimentary based on farm management deposits on the class of weak soils maintained constant monitoring piezometers

18 located on developed fields, you can control the energizing nutrients crops. Modernity technique used for treatment, the production of its own electricity covering 40% of heat demand and covering 100% of the demand, and at the same unusual for this type architecture means that treatment is the subject of exploring the numerous tours of Europe and is put as an example of exemplary cooperation partnership and working impeccably technology to meet the stringent requirements of European environmental legislation and Polish.

5.2.German-Polish Eurocentrum in Guben

Small and medium-sized enterprises are supported in Guben. This process is becoming more and more visible from 20 November 1998 when it created the German-Polish institution whose aim is to support small and medium-sized enterprises. Head it is precisely in Guben. It’s task is to making cross-border cooperation. Eurocentum also offers all interested economic operators and large range of services: - business consulting (commercial law, economic), - organization of cooperative exchanges, - moderating seminars and workshops of a business, - access to a rich database of traders.

Germany Poland

Rysunek 8 Maps German - Polish Eurocentrum in Guben

Source: Google Earth

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5.3. Manhattan Urban Bazaar "Urban Bazaar Manhattan" is a unique market. On its site you can find products from more than 1,000 traders. It should also be noted that this is one of the largest bazaars in Europe. It stands out from other competitive prices, huge selection, healthy organic products. In fact, on its site you can buy almost anything. Its location is associated with the border crossing. It is located near Mużakowski Park and is considered a large shopping center - services. The site of this city, you can find items from different industries. The most common on the bazaar assortment are: Food, wickerwork, ceramics, clothing, haberdashery, confectionery, footwear, jewelery, textiles, souvenirs, tobacco products, electronic equipment, automotive accessories. Numerous bars and eateries offer insight Polish cuisine, regional dishes.

Rysunek 9 Bazaar in Łęknica visible from the air. Source: Google Earth

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5.4. Public Transport

5.4.1 The bus line number 983 in Slubice and Frankfurt an der Oder. The bus line number 983 in Slubice and Frankfurt an der Oder - the first in the history of Polish-German border city public transportation bus line linking Slubice Polish with German Frankfurt an der Oder, buses going from 9 December 2012. Its operation is based on an agreement between the Municipality Słubice and Municipal Communication Company Frankfurt (SVF). It runs from the Frankfurt train station to Słubice Heroes' Square. In 9-13 hours, the first station on the German side of the square in front of the European University Viadrina. Ticket price is paid in euros and is 1.40 €. The frequency rates of one per hour.

The line is the result of many years of efforts of both parties regarding the organization of cross-border public transport. Initially, the goal was to build a tram line, the idea was blocked, however, by the lack of explicit approval of the residents of Frankfurt, who in a referendum called for the resignation of the common transport from Słubice in the form of a tram. Current line 983 is co-financed SVF Słubice municipal budget, as well as the obligatory ticket semester students of the University Viadrina.

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5.4.2 The route bus line number 983. Route journey has approximately 8 km and passing it takes about 20 minutes to buses . In a variant of the ordinary ( ie outside the hours of 9-13, where the route ends at the University) bus stops at 8 stops . On the way back the number is five , since all the stops in Słubice are one-way and are not supported on the way back . This means that when you exit the loop Heroes' Square the only station on the Polish side is the square of Frankfurt . All German stops allow migrating to other city served by Frankfurt's public transport company , both tram ( 1, 2, 3, 4) and bus ( 980, 981, 985) . Some stops Polish (eg Intermarché ) additionally used by intercity bus communication ( Transhand Slubice, bus Zielona Góra) . Polish Stops wear both the German mark (yellow letter H placed in a green circle with a yellow border ) and Polish ( sign D-15 , indicating a bus stop).

Rysunek 10 Maps Public transport between Slubice - Frankfurt der Oder

Source: www.berlin.bahninfo.de

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6. Interview survey

Surveys were conducted on a group of 15 people. Respondents currently live in Slubice and Frankfurt. According to their opinion Germany usually immigrated to Polish to buy oil, clothes, cigarettes, food, chemical products and cosmetics. In contrast, the Poles are entering the territory of Germany to buy there chemical products, food, wine, electronics, clothes and sweets. What do the German usually buy in polish side?

7% 13%

13% oil clothes

20% cigarettes food chemical product 34% cosmetic 13%

Rysunek 11 Graph 1 - what do the German usually buy in polish side? The German people are coming to Polish to buy different kinds of products. For the most frequently purchased can include food, gasoline, clothes. They bought this because of the fact that such products on the Polish side are much cheaper than the German side. Many residents also draws attention to the quality of the products, which in Poland is higher than in Germany. What do Polish usually buy on german side?

chemical product 13% food 33% 13% vine

7% eletronic equipment 7% clothes 27% candy

Rysunek 12 Graph 2 - what do Polish usually buy on german side?

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On the German side, the Polish community usually buy chemical products, foodstuff items and sweets. This is because of the better standards of German products and lower prices. Sweets are buying mostly young people in 16 - 20 age. Chemical products are buying by older people aged 40 – 80.

Public transport in Słubice

33% use do not use

67%

Rysunek 13 Graph 3 - public transport in Słubice

Most people are satisfied with public transport between Słubice and Frankfurt. The problems are related to the fact that you can only buy tickets for Euro Currency, only one type ticket, no monthly ticket and you can’t to buy discounts on ticket for children. This type of transport is a good option for students studying in the neighboring country. They can freely accessible to classes by what they save valuable time that can devote to study. Not only do students enjoy this line of buses but also older people. Moving the bridge for them is a challenge that is why access to the shopping bus is the ideal solution for them.

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Public transport in Frankfurt der Oder

20%

use do not use

80%

Rysunek 14 Graph 4 - public transport in Frankfurt der Oder

On the German side people see the advantages of a bus line because they can get to the bazaar, the town center and railway station. However, most do not use this type of communication because they prefer to move cars.

7. Commercial landscape

The landscape is ever-changing. In Frankfurt(Oder) - Slubice twin town area the commercial impacts could be seen in many different layers.

Historical landscape

Old factory buildings located in the Oder river have changed to historical monuments in the landscape and nowadays they remind people of days gone by. (Brym 2009). The structure of the city and the base of the buildings are remarkably older in the Frankfurt side than in the Slubice side. On the Polish side of the border, agriculture has become less important and services comprise the largest sector of the economy (Brym 2009). That has led to prominent change in the landscape. When the border opened finally in 1990s, plenty of German people moved to the Slubice and that caused the increase in the constructional development. Nowadays the buildings are higher and newer, too.

Co-operational landscape Before the border opening, there didn’t exist any common public transportations between Frankfurt (O.) and Slubice. When the plans for the bus route between cities actualized, the

25 landscape change from the traffic point of view has gone through a massive reorganization. Also the harbor region has developed very quickly, partly due to the growing demand for the tourist cruises. Also the excited trade and exportation of goods has had its own impact on the traffic. The founding and maintaining of the national parks is the factor that has caused the improvements in the environmental side. That could be seen as a change not only in physical landscape but also in the mental landscape of the people. Also the cooperation and different kinds of contracts demand the constant level in the environmental health. The cooperation also reflects in the city landscape because of the renovation of old buildings. These actions are consequences from the common project of Frankfurt(Oder) and Slubice in order to create the comfortable city environment for the inhabitants.

Tourism landscape The most significant change in the city landscape is the increased amount of stores. People come to the German side for the low priced goods as well as food. According to the Brym’s (2009) words, part of the Polish could be irritated because of the street scene has been designed to please the Germans. New retail stores are designed for German customers, and not the Polish maybe could not afford the same services. In addition, commercial spaces are fulfilled the stores selling exactly the same goods. The most common services purchased by the German are the barbershop services, tobacco and alcohol products. So the tourism might also have an impact on mental landscape and the sense of the place. Likewise have the advertisement side its own effects on the comfortableness of the city. As mentioned before, the tobacco and alcohol are the most popular sale articles, and those are playing the large role in the street landscape. Last thing to mention is the growing of the bazar regions. In addition to that they could reveal the ultimate nature of today’s commercial base, they are also in a way the melting points of cultural landscape.

8. Conclusions

If we compare the next pictures of Slubice and Frankfurt, in addition to analyzing the quizzes and the experience acquired over these days, we see large differences between stores, bars, restaurants and other shops of Slubice and Frankfurt. In Slubice we can find many stores related with snuff, alcohol, and exchange money. As for the clothing stores and restaurants, these are small and more familiar and closer to the population. Also, we can find a lot of hairdressers with lowest prices.

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In Frankfurt in contrast to Slubice not find all these small shops related to snuff or alcohol. In Frnakfurt we can find shops and restaurants belonging to powerful chains stores like H & M or McDonalds. We also found a large shopping center in the main street. Due to the price difference, since in Slubice are much lower than in Frankfurt, Germans often cross the border to buy different products (for example alcohol) at a lower price.

Relations between the Polish German border in 2013 are good, residents are divided on the cooperation with the German side. Most are satisfied with the effects of common projects but there are also some negative opinions. German and Polish history is very complicated by a past which existed between the two countries. The population of the two countries demonstrate a reluctance and fear to each other. At the time when Poland joined the European Union Polish-German relations have improved significantly.

Polish retail market is supplemented by trading goods from Germany while the German market, in turn, is supplied by the Polish products.

On the Polish-German border, there are many twin cities (Gubin-Guben, Slubice-der Oder Frankfurt, Leknica Bad Muskau, Zgorzelec-Goerlitz), which combine mutual relations. The cooperation covers many projects in various sectors of the economy, in the area of the border. One of the many projects the latest tech wastewater treatment plant located in Gubin-Guben. In the early assumption more sewage was imported from the German side. However, with the passage of time the number of completions of wastewater by the two countries is equalized.

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SLUBICE: FRANKFURT (ODER):

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References:

 Brym, Michelle Janet (2009). The Integration of European Union Borderlands: Polish Views on Cross-Border Mobility and Cooperation Across the Polish-German Border. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.  Frankfurt(Oder) – Slubice twin city association center website, read 14.5.2014, http://www.citytwins.org/en/page/18/  Gubin-Guben city official website, www.gubin.pl read 13.5.2014  Janczak, Jaroslav (2011). De-bordering, re-bordering and symbols on the European boundaries. Collegium Polonicum (Slubice)  Janczak, Jaroslav (2007). Rediscovering Europe: Political challenges in the 21st century EU. Institute of political sciences and journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan.  Leknica city official website, www.leknica.pl read 13.5.2014  Newman, David (2003). On borders and power: A theoretical framework. Routledge Informa Ltd.  Polish government official website, www.stat.gov.pl read 13.5.2014  Slubice city official website, www.slubice.pl read 13.5.2014  www.polskazachodnia2020.pl, read 13.5.2014  Sewege treatment plant of Gubin-Guben, official website, www.pos.zgora.pl read 13.5.2014  www.ekoprojekty.pl read 13.5.2014  University of Jyvaskyla official website https://koppa.jyu.fi/avoimet/hum/menetelmapolkuja/menetelmapolku/aineiston- analyysimenetelmat/narratiivinen-analyysi read 14.5.2014

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