Veni, Vidi, Vici

Taking a Chance on Chance by louise krasniewicz

n the popular video slot machine called “Pompeii,” a chorus of male voices chants, “Veni, Vidi, Vici, ” when gold coins consec - utively appear on the first three reels. The chant is mesmerizing, encouraging con - Itinuous and rapid play so that the familiar phrase can be completed. The machine repeats “ Veni ” over and over again if only the first coin appears. “I came,” “I came,” “I came,” it will taunt the player as if it is the player’s fault that Caesar’s conquest is not complete, the machine is not conquered, and the video volcanoes are not spewing virtual coins.

6 volume 50, number 2 expedition Penn Museum s i Th n i r d p e d hu l t i bil ea anc app w enco M h repre R and Chi td o c Lu cma l u ay i and co f At co ha In Ra g swe p e co o i l l n as he asi aming k i br y f oman or i n i tur c a si s li er w mon u ic lant ve e ci li xor , man te to s t c i n i k A T y, L g, ay’ ien i nes y r nt no y l k ea on lds. ca ”—embd r e hi t nto g st to hemes as l y numerou unt day sen t d g ee n b n p y i l exing,cit ve fun ling s h houg re nes a x t of a themes is e s Exca a s, as Va g e Ma eso d n g n u yo en i v ng pl an sie r d ( s erd e a g ’s rin og w td e wa an Simla a yCit , rei cie o ye Gr e ds, the k in nd sitors ca ing tha wor i k n i d m a g mbli s, left d ima r r ar dina ta er y simpl l e th yester s, in co ib a a a g th eks, a g n ies t iors lo g hen w m nd o b uit fr sor in s ld g n i l b e an mer ur, more can mpa d u r ges un as eir a g ng. n a mbling te g p u c yl , wor vten er d , a i t to ut b d l pre cerer g n Aztc e ve e mere an mes a g e lize toucd he e. n i ay l p d the Th the s, wl e ame g amb ica gerous, m a g by ) b most ind them cas n of ay’s if ld t d r f G a e ba t com lopi h ies l e n o n l Eg a dr (an a y there y e s, tl of tha m re in con , e m ust y l cient g rs, t V s, lin mbli i lower as muc he y, s cult s h t ene v t p y os d e ost n v r O k o casin pre hensi ve Nivat go t g V d of h enue to t g i r a av he g e n Stakes r pro v amb C a a nd by ik f i es—a i a c e ns, i a ng ia , o t e i e nd la v so b a i t ure s s ai cha h o i ca ndi e a i t r t n e i c n xp s in e -t sou and a b ne n, n hu sh i t lab ve o the vse s s n sars e e ce a g dust A fa i l i o s c i er i e nce s de gen i ny , . s. g n fo I s, an G er ge on n n i fr Amer a t a d c rce h le M P U amb o ens Tre i os n g) ts re e “ ence n r y l y Gen k e e r G ne d but di t e b i can tent an ? d V us Na co v i r ous i n an ma n ( stu i er ni,e und as o t muc .a c st o suc aliz k, ma sp on heir d o lin n # t f w d r ivt e govn men er i ant i w ure e at er heir f p can io ta jo dy ic ans Amer an few in 79 8 19 4 a en qua ee n 0 0 5 fa ny h inces r g. d e ion t c e t i slot ta er Tump r nd Vid ble th us r nha he h t d icn t re rn e n i d - inexa o in al cultr The desi Islan as cultres more l l casi ica Amer cultres ) E C B n ow f Roman, nat ro remind wor td o hat w i, ken, g yea y ma sl bitans . “cash Ca m se, ce omp o Viic g ns.g $10 la n ion t c d, twe eb e n ay’s , t r chines? ld ance os ap r g rge s Taj cu esa ma here in t- ’s an but the ” and s ht mig t ltures. ers i dit a r d cra o Throw rs n chin h-tce hig slo a d are ve e Ma of ling l hics twe eb e n s I is v kni ancient P spi a Sahr t wl l e o would Or s loe p al j cal e, man ot e f h w yl ual on have y ver htsg tha it r fo an Are her t the do he i in as at r i s, n d d - - s 140, ci T Re Ga i Af 182,9 i w C 372 st l A i I io n n nd h so ates a r ent al i r th 206. n; 206 ere A S O ian ca t t ca oub cia v a i r t an 53; 10 he a er (n t si ac ba are i l m Gamin 534; ics st ion t d n (L & ot El pl t fol N l l l os. Tr 56.2 b ca ve en a ca e o ab S Ut U h s l ib th r outh o ling’s si (w S Va g e Asi Tw ou in w ah s a a n g g re l l mil to os. st Amer Aso ros t C en a u m . w w w an ate g i Amer s: a g 10 y- t d .amer S & sin a i d b o $6.89 o er mb s rea g cia Ha n me ica e h os: amin ivd e M coun i a p g l kd ion t ve wa e ca id h e i 24,638; fo Intera ca $25.7 o u e s w t n ow d a i). pl 6,823; g m r b ng l or st r t l f co e (w .i l il ro e re ate i .m amin e id dw ion mbi pat Ea of venue m s by b u s O i th st l n n e p l ; h ron l Cr a g e venue ce ion ne t A a g.org) av e ndi he t 490; . a tl uise s d e ize l nia ). a a tot g tot d e . an l l n a amblin Amer s d ow ic t al 8,536; combin Ships a g a a Car ca a e / u l round ti d e nd : y Cit mi o a g le sino f ibb ica i t i d e p x $32.4 onal 460 ng.o t g 13; h for l n e e $5.208 e e the a g xi a d in co rg). n Nat a st Ga mbli tota Euro mer tot the bil wo 1,603; n o min io in al lio l bi ld:r n n US 48 ep o o g, a l n 7 g - - f f l sanctioned forms at some 200,000 locations in more than 100 countries. Practiced in both its legal and illegal forms by the vast majority of people on the planet, there is every indication that it is not going away any time soon. To attribute the spread or, more accurately, the resurgence of gambling to changes in the global economy, rampant capi - talism, the weakness of the human spirit, or a contagious cul - ture of addiction, as many popular and academic reports do, is to misunderstand the importance of gambling throughout human history. Gambling has funded education, tax cuts, social services, and community improvements, and through - out history it has provided entertainment, a transfer of goods and money, and a way to fund wars, famous universities, and even political revolutions. But to many, “I came, I saw, I con - quered,” is not just an ancient phrase declaring Julius Caesar’s victory in battle or the compelling sound effect on a slot machine. Instead, it seems to be a warning that gambling is exploding like Pompeii’s faux volcanoes, spewing billions of revenue dollars into private companies, tribal corporations, and federal, state, and local governments, while leaving destruction and waste in its path.

Don’t Bet On It!

Caesars Palace, which opened in 1966 and occupies 85 acres on the That humans everywhere have always played at games is not a Las Vegas Strip, is one of the most famous casinos using an ancient new concept, and their attachment to the elements of chance world theme. in these games is also ancient. Greeks in the 5th and 4th cen - turies BCE played a drunken gambling game called kottabos during which they tossed wine dregs at an elaborate tar - get, winning any - thing from sweet treats, kisses, eggs, or boots. As long as 5,000 years ago, Roman bone or ivory dice. UPM # 15780. ancient Egyptians played a board game called senet , which re-enacts the nightly voyage of the sun god and the soul of the deceased through the Underworld, resulting in a judgment before the gods and an elevation for the winner to divine status. The stakes in this symbolic passage through the stages of the afterlife was noth - ing less that the player’s soul!

This screen shot from the video slot machine “Pompeii” shows the gold z c In the New World, Bernardino de Sahagún, a 16th century i w

8 volume 50, number 2 expedition Louise Krasniewicz and Phi i hi w hu bu td o pa t di A bl and t Pen ct ep w r o ki f Du Ta b (1892– his t c o n in hi he he a ult al f f i r me an s i t c t st ng. in play di man s e io qt ue I l t se in r ay, dl la e e ch cl ol la v nsy iv n he i vde ime t, ua a so o i Th d C ons ame g turquo nal s, a g ncien r e i ime t atd e r p y ng ca t e ne g king Fa i t me l a fea he d ha s . za 1890 ing t c e l e mblin s r t , s wl or Culin , M P U phi n u r b his a r t mous g opin ce se s a r ir l a d a t thers, d, n In ze n o -c ha fie at nthr fe s wa l a g t con on mes ia a b ise, ), ion it dia ear s ons hu or d yea ath t ld ee n a g # ion t an su g g omic, Stewar a showe a of site 2 - 4 5 Muse n k s, s u man ool p mes? for c s y l , n n sl d d swe stu um ers, rs i r c ifa t ar ovt? e o r f , h e cl u k a s. d d e iscp aves, al disp cl a g sk h p das y ou - 8 m a d die his d a ear yit , d res ubl ing ts,e s a y me s 0 2 du b um an d t Cer se, t g Ch o b of end a laye line the the . 2 a Wh ist Culi ts d ishe mon , g an h prci e ck d s ar e n ca br e of r a g ow “g xa e ule-burd s o lea co ch d of ai ea , f d Chi Mu seu fe en f ge? of ro old, fi anthrog ol p v mples n—o y nl i nsi umen vo c ther at i at T ous rst n remo an o ewd e i m ha Arc le an t g c b t n a h ne c h her n h a rs? a nt a stent oherence ar wo u t t e ng 1907 nce g in t j mi s, here t D o e se a o man t ne re g a g le cap olden hr ist hrog ol p o e ha ter , m he s Azt ro f Wh ce le g ve a or ta r i i ene c i t of as ng rc e b ld a p me s erd e g , d y—fcuse o og ol p a , o und ng l T col d l ba a g it w es, e p way stu urd e e ve en aw a b c e an f s wk or ? c y h mes t amb d, an to s g lo re t he uy h t a nds, e e s, c le i r play s he c d ne is h dy n a y, a v duce s r W by ivit re,t e e p , d s i r ba easi r al q y e y d [and i t a hat w l il st an t its - universa he so of exist sk u lua cckla es, lin ma go le ear h ls ex na , as l i w l of exa i sy gold ik es an y G t hen w o d d uls! e p in a , o bur g ional t ble oli mb the e t i t ny y l ames waste f id w wor mpl ] a g h ds d s mples unpa w n a v ant er a p oples was y o l il w i e to o b out bales n c ot in age ns l l mes ca br e Why den co lua o Aynthrog ol p bre e ve to y l e h w , Univy ersit ld—man e more ard t ge n y lit . ce omp ree n g cre s l l o le l st, c—th y the re ibutr ors t ck eosi xp a ul just ble to i ntdoow f ai r g i referencde we re of l l of le and of ch -a Wh d tc ors amb t eng ts,le hat w ate tha he much of the “saagv e” t ge s—b s t or nd ami g co pl he e ica g lo qe caoca fin cloths, , y rhoug stone, age Nthor da r t i i t ay so g ar nt l ste i t msar nter -d fro e l ual c y ers. ivt am d g f g g a you was on ons oth ing us me nw iv e ice nd do ng al m to i i o o o e, e, s, .” n n l, y - - - - f f f , w g l t e p e p W n c w “ c w i h o o un al r v amb she l e l ew T Li an A c o o as ist e i r w e er, nctsep c ne op ha l r rd he st. der d da v ic to b d-ma d y nce le s, rj e i t se l ui any H H H N I I S H T W W I D Y L A fe in I i t’s f ng, 'l a y l un ion t ou h nd h te ’ s ’m Cul he Pe an l l ide lt e o on’ h w e e’ e’ e’ p l y g, h h , e e ” ing tc d e con . t ou h s s s ts e b a isk r wa dice at’s ere d k ot i r ust ake ce ip t can R s a o oup d a r ase r a got h bl o t up erst in tos- in gug e dvt er ds iv ath her Is s ol b s t e b pl i ne uf e p , g i , sin t pl a founda t e rvasie th ! i d s my of a di he t ta uncer n a t e b n al s n soth me a h e i t c re er d he a we y in n a is i t h up th my a d on a ste ng a g ize e y isn h w io t re th din re d y h ow l me d e g! c on of t th th sim a on en our h w ea m . w w w . er h d e d a nte an e a i ag n use f, ic t! an an e sta - l l g, g l io t th w ha t ol t e b en i y h - st a g ame g a h h in t! in th in . cul ca ce ou new e b i a d ere? g o b em. 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Louise Krasniewicz This lottery ticket helped fund the American Revolution. Congress stated that a lottery was necessary to raise money for “the present most just and necessary War, in Defence of the Lives, Liberties and Property, of the Inhabitants of these United States.” Reproduced from the original held by the Department of Special Collections of the University Libraries of Notre Dame. date of the birth of a colleague’s baby. It could involve entering stop developments. In public hearings, protests, petitions, bal - a secret location to wager on dogs or chickens ripping each lot initiatives, lawsuits, and educational campaigns, residents other apart or simply going to your church basement to play who live close to proposed casino sites have defined the issue bingo. For commercialized and public gambling, it is the pil - as one of containment and otherness—gambling brings grimage to a casino—a palace devoted to liminality—where strangers into their neighborhoods and exposes their commu - time and place disappear, where noise and lights create a car - nity to uncontrollable activities. nival atmosphere or recreate another culture, and where only In an interview posted online (www.PhillyCasinoVoices.org) , adults can play like it is the most important thing in the world. one neighbor likened casinos to the local nightclubs that cause public sex, drugs, drunkenness, urinating, defecating, noise, and loud music. Most residents cite traffic and crime as their All Bets Are Off major concerns and they pity the bored and delusional sen - Back in Stewart Culin’s Philadelphia, modern day debates iors, poor people, and housewives who waste their time and about the place of gambling in everyday life are heating up. money on these activities. Ironically, on the positive side, the Critics of gambling see casinos as a danger to all of society and fight against casinos has helped them define their communi - associate them with just about every social deviance and moral ties and meet neighbors they felt they had nothing in common downfall a human can experience—addiction, drunk driving, with before. prostitution, petty crime, embezzlement, child and spouse abuse, suicide, mortgage defaults, lower property values, pub - lic humiliation, neglect of family and hygiene, unemployment, Holding All the Aces and a waste of time, money, and human creativity. Yet of all the While local opposition to gambling and/or casinos does not acknowledged bad habits in American history, gambling has concern itself with the philosophy of games of chance, gained some respectability as both a legitimate form of enter - figuring out what people are doing during gaming activities is tainment and a way to raise government revenues. worthy of anthropological study. When humans gamble, Although Pennsylvania has approved the establishment of despite what may seem like socially irresponsible activity, slots casinos throughout the commonwealth, in Philadelphia, they are actively engaging in a crucial social experience opponents are using the traditional “bad habits” argument to that addresses an important human concern. When we

www.museum.upenn.edu/expedition 11 knowingly stepping up to chance and seeing how far we can push it and how well we can address the uncertainty that rules human lives. This reiterates Victor Turner’s hypothesis that symbolic performances and ritual moments reveal how the world works in a particularly clear and straightforward way. Our forays into liminality—where the regular rules are gone and the substitute ones can be frightening and bizarre—are lessons of what can happen if we let the world fall apart. Therefore, gambling is such an insult to so many people because, as Caillois and our Philadelphia neighbors remind us, it negates the virtues of work, patience, experience, qualifica - tions, professionalism, application, training, and discipline— all the qualities that are supposed to make us good citizens in a stable world. When Philadelphia neighborhoods imagine

Residents of south Philadelphia marched against building a casino themselves under attack by boozy and nasty slots players, they near their neighborhoods. too are confirming that gambling reveals what can make our world come undone. No matter when or where humans have lived, gambling intersects with a fundamental human social trait—looking to alternative futures and finding ways to make sense of risks and differences. Fate, chance, risk, luck, and destiny are all ways of thinking about and categorizing the world into those things

At a 2006 rally in downtown Philadelphia anti-casino protestors state their concerns for their neighborhood. gamble, we are purposely confronting chance and challenging the fates, testing them, finding their weaknesses, showing our superiority to predestination, or, in failure, succumbing to the inevitability of loss in the face of bigger powers and possibilities. Sociologist Gerda Reith, in her study of the concept of chance, calls this engagement with gambling “challenging des - tiny to reveal its intentions” because, even if we cannot change z c destiny, its intentions are weakened under our knowing i

During one anti-casino protest, a mock slot machine with images w e i n attacks. According to Reith, gambling involves deliberately and of Donald Trump was used for political theatre. s a r K e s i u o L

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