2010 /2011 COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE C O RE

A Publication of Transforming the Museum the Computer Putting the Finishing Touches on Revolution History Museum Why History Matters

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM A DEPARTMENTS MUSEUM UPDATES EXPLORE THE COLLECTION 3 2 46 48 53 56 CEO’s Letter The Museum A Stunning New The Education Oral Histories: Recent Artifact Transformed Venue Mission On the Road Donations 61 About Us 50 58 The Web Museum Donors Experience

C O RE 2010/2011

8

SPECIAL SECTION: REVOLUTION SNEAK PREVIEW 4 10 14 18 Why History Matters Why a Computer History Interpreting History Take a Walk The gaze of technology is Museum? Computer history doesn’t fi t tidy See the superstar machines Cover: Leon Liebster of Sprig Electric wires the fi xed on the future. Does that No other invention has timelines. Tens of thousands of and sample a few of the software arches in the Per- make “computer history” an altered human existence with people produced ideas and in- dramatic stories from sonal Computers gallery oxymoron? Acclaimed historian the speed and impact of the ventions simultaneously. Those Revolution: The First 2000 Years Richard S. Tedlow argues that computer. Yet there are more innovations intersected of Computing in this overview of This page: Installers secure the magnifi er on an our understanding of the pres- museums devoted to rock and in surprising ways to produce the exhibition’s exhibit that allows visitors ent and future depends on our roll than computer history. today’s technical marvels. 19 galleries. It’s a great way to see the step-by-step knowledge of history. The Museum is documenting Bringing that story to life to prepare for your visit. process which transforms a semiconductor crystal into the computer revolution as demanded innovative curatorial

an integrated circuit MARK RICHARDS it unfolds. thinking and exhibit design.

B CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 1 Editor-in-Chief John C. Hollar CEO’S Editor-at-Large LETTER Dean Chance WELCOME TO THE Co-Editors Paul Connolly Carina Sweet

Contributors Paula Jabloner REVOLUTION Jon Plutte Bob Sanguedolce This issue of Core commemorates a major What does this mean for the Museum? Dr. Leonard J. Shustek milestone in our history: the opening of With the opening of Revolution, the Museum Dr. Lauren Silver Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing. moves into the top 10 percent of museums Dag Spicer Revolution brings the history of computing to nationwide in total exhibit area. We expect to be Kirsten Tashev life in a vivid, modern exhibition designed in the top 25 percent of all u.s. museums in at- Prof. Richard S. Tedlow for technical and non-technical audiences alike. tendance and income. Our operating budget will Its opening is a transformative event in the be in the top 20 percent. These fi gures, measured Photography Museum’s life, and we’ve dedicated most of this against 17,000 u.s museums whose data are Mark Richards issue of the magazine to the subject. reported by the American Association of Design Revolution represents a signifi cant expansion Museums, refl ect the fact that the Museum has Studio1500 of the Museum. It now occupies more than come of age and is moving into the category 25,000 square feet of space never before open of “big museums” nationally. Web Team to the public. We have put more of our Our major focus, of course, is not merely facts Bob Sanguedolce physical collection on public display than ever and statistics, nor the effort that has gone into Ton Luong before. Every word, fi lm, artifact, and image the new launch of the Museum and Revolution Ganna Boyko in the physical exhibition is available on com- itself. Rather, we have done all of this work with The polished terrazzo fl oor of puterhistory.org. Most importantly, Revolution you in mind—our loyal supporters and patrons, the Museum’s new lobby is also the world’s largest punched card. has enabled us vastly to expand our interpreta- and the many thousands more we hope to attract Can you decode the message? tion of computing’s roots and history, its this year and in the future. I am convinced that

MARK RICHARDS evolution into a singular force in global life, your new Museum experience will be surprising, and its ongoing social and historical impact. unexpected, and very satisfying. More than ever, As you will read in these pages, Revolution is this will be a place where you’ll want to bring the product of years of planning. Our exhibits your friends and visitors. It will be a spectacular THE MUSEUM TRANSFORMED team, led by Vice President Kirsten Tashev, new venue and, ultimately, a hub of culture and has consulted with hundreds of experts, review- education in Silicon Valley. ers, historians, and eyewitnesses around the My hope is that you’ll come to the Museum Welcome to the newest edition of Core—and to the newest edition of the Computer History Museum. world. They have combed both our vast archive often, bring others along and always be proud January, 2011 marks a new beginning for the Museum with the opening of Revolution: The and many outside collections for the best arti- to say, “I support this work.” On behalf of First 2000 Years of Computing. The arrival of Revolution is accompanied by a new design for the facts, images and other representations of major everyone here, please accept my thanks and © 2010-11 Computer History Museum’s main lobby, the opening of new public spaces, and the unveiling of a new retail area. Museum. The Museum is a events in computing. They have made more than know that you now have a standing invitation But most of all, Revolution reveals the sights, sounds, objects, and stories of one of the most non-profi t 501(c)(3) organization. a dozen original fi lms and produced media to the Revolution every day. compelling ideas of our time. Computing has transformed modern life and changed the way we think All artwork is copyright of the for more than 100 areas of the exhibition. It has about the potential of the future. We feel its ongoing impact every day. Revolution captures that Computer History Museum been a vast undertaking—one worthy of the Yours sincerely, unless otherwise credited. For transformation and puts it into a social and historical context. reprints and permissions, kind of place the Museum seeks to be, and the A large team of content experts, advisors, artists, fi lmmakers, builders, and historians has worked contact [email protected]. kind of place you have long envisioned. for years to launch this new endeavor. A large community of trustees, donors, and supporters has en- Subscriptions are a member benefi t. To purchase additional abled it to spring into life. On behalf of all of them, we hope you enjoy this commemorative edition copies of this issue of Core, of Core, and enjoy the new Museum experience. please visit: magcloud.com. Address changes and other written correspondence may JOHN C. HOLLAR be sent to: Computer History Museum, Public Relations PRESIDENT & CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER email: [email protected]

2 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 3 Adam Ries, Rechnung auff der Linihen und Feder, 1533. This 15th century illustration shows a table-abacus competing against longhand calculations using “Arabic” numer- als, which were still new in Europe ESSAYWHY HISTORY MATTERS Finding inspiration in looking back

BY RICHARD S. TEDLOW

4 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 5 objective historical information. I can tell you Once you get past this sense of amazement, that Confederate batteries opened fi re on Fort you fi nd yourself facing another, bigger ques- Sumter on April 12, 1861. That is an objective, tion. How did all this really happen? Does verifi able fact. But as soon as we get a little past technology drive history? Or is it the other way that level, objective truth is lost. The man around? Answer-less questions such as this can who claimed to have fi red the fi rst shot, a claim be discussed with a new depth and sophistication that is still widely believed, apparently did not. thanks to the outstanding work of the Computer Did he lie on purpose? Was he merely mistaken? History Museum. We don’t know. And this is nothing compared to the really One last thought big questions. For example, we know when the Permit me to make a point about history by Civil War took place. But we do not know what going a little far afi eld before returning to the caused it. We can provide educated guesses. history of technology specifi cally. Back in 1940, However, what we are left with is nothing ap- the outstanding historian Garrett Mattingly proaching a consensus, but, rather, competing had the idea of writing a book on the attempt points of view. of the Spanish Armada in 1588 to invade England. He concludes this marvelous volume by observ- History is not engineering. It is not science. ing that, “Meanwhile, as the episode of the Historians cannot provide mathematical proofs Armada receded into the past, it infl uenced his- for their views on big issues. Great history, such tory in another way... It raised men’s hearts in as is represented by the outstanding exhibition dark hours, and led them to say to one another, at the Computer History Museum, will provide “ ‘What we have done once, we can do again.’ ” many facts by which we will be greatly informed The magnifi cent achievements chronicled and and which will enable us to discuss the really big catalogued by the Computer History Museum questions with as much accuracy and nuance as leave us who see them with the same observa- they deserve. But when it comes to these big ques- tion—an observation which Andy Grove often tions, we are likely to leave the Computer History used to raise in the form of a question when Museum with more questions than answers. If he was running Intel. It is an important question. these are the right questions, that is progress. It is a question which deserves our thoughtful Some of the exhibits do provide answers. consideration. Preparing for CBS to “Practical men,” John Maynard Keynes once people they know and what they see and read. Certain advances in computing were made pos- That question is, “if they could do these things, use a UNIVAC in its observed, “who believe themselves to be quite Some of this common wisdom has been shaped by sible by certain people doing certain things at why can’t I?” 1952 election coverage, UNIVAC designer Presper exempt from any intellectual infl uence, are usually the writings of some defunct historians. particular times and places. Thus, history should be studied because, among Eckert and operator the slaves of some defunct economist.” This is Everybody reading these words could provide an But when you step back from the exhibits and so many other reasons, it serves to inspire. Harold Sweeney an important assertion for our purposes, because explanation for the American Revolution or Civil try to generalize about what you have learned, Richard S. Tedlow is the Class of 1949 Professor show the machine “historian” could easily and accurately be War. But few, if any, readers could say where those the task becomes diffi cult. First of all, it is Emeritus at Harvard Business School and a leading to American news icon Walter Cronkite substituted for “economist.” What does this explanations came from. If asked, they would fi nd impossible not to become overwhelmed by the biographer and historian. statement really mean? themselves saying that “everybody knows” the rea- miracle of modern technology. Today, you can It means that you are an historian in spite of son, or they might simply say that they don’t know. hold in your hand a device that will put libraries yourself. You might never read an academic history We study history so that we do know, so that we full of information at your command. Nothing book because it is dry and irrelevant to anything are not merely immersed in a climate of opinion like this has ever happened before—this “revolu- We study history so that we which might be of interest to a “practical” man or established by defunct historians but, rather, fully tion in miniature.” are not merely immersed in a woman. You might never read popular history informed of the sources of our knowledge. With that These devices speak to you in unimaginable climate of opinion established because you suspect (in many cases justifi ably) that incomparably important information, we can bring ways. Alfred, Lord Tennyson lived from 1809 to it is merely historical fi ction from which there to the surface and test our knowledge. How certain 1892. From 1850 until his death, he was by defunct historians but rather is little to be learned. are we that what we think is true is, in fact, true? Britain’s Poet Laureate. One of his most famous fully informed of the sources Nevertheless, you are the “slave” of some “de- Without knowing the sources of our views, we can’t poems is “The Charge of the Light Brigade,” funct historian” because you carry around in your answer that question. It is, as has been said, not composed in 1854. Today—right now—you can of our knowledge mind a picture of how things happen and how what you don’t know but what you know that isn’t go to The Tennyson Page on your computer and things got to be the way they are today. There is so that will mislead you. It is impossible to tease hear the author read the poem. Tennyson a climate of opinion about any number of issues these things apart without studying history. made a wax impression of it not long before his which has been shaped by your teachers, parents, There is, sad to say, no easy formula for doing his- death, and it lives on the Internet now. His friends, ministers, bosses, and so forth. These people tory. When it comes to the simplest, most fact–based voice reading that poem will live forever and have themselves had their opinions shaped by the issues, we can often (certainly not always) provide be accessible to everyone.

6 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 7 The IBM Type 77 Collator, designed initially for the Social Security Administra- tion in 1937, could process 240 cards per minute FEATURE MARK RICHARDS

The First 2000 Years of Computing

A Sneak Preview

8 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 9 Humans have been creating tools since before printing press. But here’s the magic that makes it recorded history. For many centuries, most tools special: it isn’t designed to do a specifi c thing. It can served to amplify the power of the human body. do anything. It is a universal machine. We call the period of their greatest fl owering the Software turns these universal machines into a Industrial Revolution. network of atms, the World Wide Web, mobile In the last 150 years we have turned to inventing phones, computers that model the universe, airplane tools that amplify the human mind, and by doing so simulators, controllers of electrical grids and com- we are creating the Information Revolution. At its munications networks, creators of fi lms that bring core, of course, is computing. the real and the imaginary to life, and implants that “Computer”was once a job title. Computers were save lives. The only thing these technological mira- people: men and women sitting at offi ce desks cles have in common is that they are all computers. BY LEONARD J. SHUSTEK performing calculations by hand, or with mechani- We are privileged to have lived through the time cal calculators. The work was repetitive, slow, and when computers became ubiquitous. Few other WHY boring. The results were often unreliable. inventions have grown and spread at that rate, In the mid 1800s, the brilliant but irascible or have improved as quickly. In the span of two Victorian scientist Charles Babbage contemplated an generations, computers have metamorphosed from error-fi lled book of navigation tables and famously enormous, slow, expensive machines to small, exclaimed, “I wish to God these calculations had powerful, multi-purpose devices that are inseparably been executed by steam!” Babbage designed his woven into our lives. Difference Engine to calculate without errors, and A “mainframe” was a computer that fi lled a room, then, astoundingly, designed the Analytical Engine weighed many tons, used prodigious amounts of —a completely programmable computer that we power, and took hours or days to perform most tasks. A COMPUTER would recognize as such today. Unfortunately he A computer thousands of times more powerful than failed to build either of those machines. yesterday’s mainframe now fi ts into a pill, along with Automatic computation would have to wait an- a camera and a tiny fl ashlight. Swallow it with a sip other hundred years. That time is now. of water, and the “pill” can beam a thousand pictures and megabytes of biomedical data from your vital The Universal Machine organs to a computer. Your doctor can now see, not The computer is one of one of our greatest techno- just guess, why your stomach hurts. logical inventions. Its impact is—or will be—judged The benefi ts are clear. But why look backward? HISTORY comparable to the wheel, the steam engine, and the Shouldn’t we focus on tomorrow? MUSEUM?

Using the past to help create the future

10 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 11 Why Computer History? History places us in time. The computer has altered simultaneously on solving problems. It’s a form of the human experience, and changed the way we parallel processing, a strategy we borrowed to use work, what we do at play, and even how we think. for computers. Ideas combine in unexpected ways as As a young entrepreneur, the A hundred years from now, generations whose they built on each other’s work. lives have been unalterably changed by the impact Even simple historical concepts aren’t simple. History Can Be Fun story goes, Steve Jobs asked of automating computing will wonder how it all What’s an invention? Breakthrough ideas some- Besides—computer history can be fun. An elegan- Robert Noyce for advice. Noyce happened—and who made it happen. If we lose times seem to be “in the air” and everyone knows tly designed classic machine or a well-written is reported to have told him that history, we lose our cultural heritage. it. Take the integrated circuit. At least two teams of software program embodies a kind of truth and Time is our enemy. The pace of change, and our people invented it, and each produced a working beauty that give the qualifi ed appreciative viewer that “You can’t really understand rush to reach out for tomorrow, means that the model. They were working thousands of miles apart. an aesthetic thrill. Steve Wozniak’s hand-built what’s going on now unless you story of yesterday’s breakthroughs is easily lost. They’d never met. It was “in the air.” motherboard for the Apple i is a beautiful painting. Compared to historians in other fi elds, we have Often the process and the result are accidental. The source code of Apple’s MacPaint program is understand what came before.” an advantage: our subject is new, and many of our “I wasn’t trying to invent an integrated circuit,” Bob poetry: compressed, clear, with all parts relating pioneers are still alive. Imagine if someone had done Noyce, co-inventor of the integrated circuit, was to the whole. As Albert Einstein observed, “The a videotaped interview of Michelangelo just after he quoted as saying about the breakthrough. “I was best scientists are also artists.” from the scrap heap. He tried to fi nd a home for this painted the Sistine Chapel. We can do that. Genera- trying to solve a production problem.” The history Engineers have applied incredible creativity to important computer. No institution wanted it. So he tions from now, the thoughts, memories, and voices of computing is the history of open, inquiring minds solve the knotty problems of computing. Some of kept it and began to build his own collection around it. of those at the dawn of computing will be as valuable. solving big, intractable problems—even if some- their ideas worked. Some didn’t. That’s more than Gordon Bell, also at dec, joined the effort and But we also have a disadvantage: history is easier times they weren’t trying to. ok; it’s worth celebrating. added his own collection. Gordon’s wife, Gwen, to write when the participants are dead and will not The most important reason to preserve the history Silicon Valley understands that innovation thrives attacked with gusto the task of building an institu- contest your version. For us, fi erce disagreements of computing is to help create the future. As a young when it has a healthy relationship with failure. tion around them. They saw, as others did not, that rage among people who were there about who did entrepreneur, the story goes, Steve Jobs asked Noyce (“If at fi rst you don’t succeed…”) Technical in- these early machines were important historical what, who did it when, and who did it fi rst. There for advice. Noyce is reported to have told him that novation is lumpy. It’s non-linear. Long periods of artifacts—treasures—that rank with Gutenberg’s are monumental ego clashes and titanic grudges. But “You can’t really understand what’s going on now the doldrums are smashed by bursts of insight press. Without Olsen and the Bells, many of the that’s fi ne, because it creates a rich goldmine of in- unless you understand what came before.” and creativity. And, like artists, successful engineers most important objects in our collection would have Figures from Robert formation that we, and historians who come after us, Technology doesn’t run just on venture capital. are open to the happy accident. been lost forever. Noyce’s planar IC patent, can study. Nobody said history is supposed to be easy. It runs on adventurous ideas. How an idea comes In other cultures, failure can be shameful. Bob Noyce would have understood the errand we “Semiconductor device- It’s important to preserve the “why” and the to life and changes the world is a phenomenon Business failure can even send you to prison. But are on. Leslie Berlin’s book The Man Behind The and-lead structure” (U. S. Patent # 2981877) “how,” not just the “what.” Modern computing is worth studying, preserving, and presenting to future here, failure is viewed as a possible prelude to suc- Microchip tells the story of Noyce’s comments at a fi led in July, 1959 the result of thousands of human minds working generations as both a model and an inspiration. cess. Many great technology breakthroughs are family gathering in 1972. He held up a thin silicon inspired by crazy ideas that bombed. We need to wafer etched with microprocessors and said, study failures, and learn from them. “This is going to change the world. It’s going to revolutionize your home. In your own house, you’ll Where are all the museums? all have computers. You will have access to all Given the impact of computing on the human sorts of information. You won’t need money any experience, it’s surprising that the Computer History more. Everything will happen electronically.” Museum is one of very few institutions devoted And it is. We are living in the future he predicted. to the subject. The Computer History Museum wants to preserve There are hundreds of aircraft, railroad, and not just rare and important artifacts and the automobile museums. There are only a handful stories of what happened, but also the stories of of computer museums and archives. It’s diffi cult to what mattered, and why. They are stories of heretics say why. Maybe the fi eld is too new to be consid- and rebels, dreamers and pragmatists, capitalists ered history. and iconoclasts—and the stories of their amaz- We are proud of the leading role the Computer ing achievements. They are stories of computing’s History Museum has taken in preserving the history Golden Age, and its ongoing impact on all of us. of computing. We hope others will join us. It is an age that may have just begun. The kernel of our collection formed in the 1970s, Dr. Leonard J. Shustek is the Museum’s co-founder and when Ken Olsen of the Digital Equipment Corpora- Chairman of the Board of Trustees. He acted as chief cura- tion rescued sections of mit’s Whirlwind mainframe tor in the development of the content plan for Revolution.

12 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 13 The Interpretive Challenges We chose to embrace the contemporary nature Once we settled on the curatorial structure, we of computing history. The curatorial “voice” in moved to another set of important questions. First, Revolution is intended to act as a friendly, informed how comprehensive should the exhibition be? A guide, and we often provide the participants with a key consideration in exhibition planning is never platform to tell their stories from their own perspec- what to put in, but what to leave out. We had tives. Most of these perspectives are presented in BY KIRSTEN TASHEV to grapple with the physical constraints of the more than 100 media stations, which are rich with space, the limits of visitors’ endurance, and, most stories from the Museum’s oral history collection. importantly, the Museum’s commitment to interpret The curatorial decisions themselves were shaped by the story of computing in a way that makes it consultation with dozens of experts and participants accessible to a broad audience. around the world. The team decided early on that Revolution could not and should not be an exhaustive treatment. The Audience INTERPRETING Revolution is a representation of overarching themes As we dealt with all of these issues, we always had and stories that are signifi cant or representative, and an overarching question in mind: What about our Finding the right balance in telling an epic story also interesting to visitors. Sometimes (when you are audience? A particular challenge for the Museum is lucky) a story is both important and interesting! The the range of expertise of our visitors. Some simply exhibition therefore becomes a kind of introduction use computers and are curious about who invented to computer history: the technology, the people, the them. Others are engineers, programmers, and tech- HISTORY successes and failures. The goal is for the visitor to nical experts in the industry. And, of course, some For Revolution, we chose to balance theme and be intrigued, not overwhelmed, and to want to learn are the legends who’ve made computing possible. History with its fl ickering lamp chronology. To capture the drama of historical more, either online or through additional reading. How can an exhibition be all things to all people? stumbles along the trail of the past, milestones, while preserving a thematic framework, Then we moved to questions of interpretation. It can’t. The Revolution team decided early on, we developed a conceptual approach of 19 themed Would the exhibition be object-driven or story- therefore, that the primary audience for the exhibi- trying to reconstruct its scenes, to galleries. Each gallery shows the development of driven? In other words, should we only tell stories tion would be non-technical visitors. An exhibition revive its echoes, and kindle with pale computing over time. Yet each also is anchored by a for which we have objects? How would we create is a lousy medium for the exhaustive presentation of gleams the passion of former days milestone object—an icon—illustrating a dramatic, an exhibition about software? What about signifi - facts. We see Revolution as an important, long-term revolutionary moment in time. cant machines that no longer exist? chance to make computer history accessible and WINSTON CHURCHILL The Memory & Storage gallery transports the The decision was clear. Revolution would be a compelling to the broadest possible audience. visitor back to 1956, when an unorthodox team story-based exhibition. The objects in the Museum’s We then began to think about how we could of West Coast engineers came up with something vast collection would be a springboard for stories respond to visitors of different ages, learning styles, Developing a history exhibition almost always totally new, the fi rst disk drive, the ramac 305. about all sorts of things: hardware stories, soft- and expertise. We set about to create a variety of en- involves balancing the tension of chronology and Stored data could be accessed randomly and directly. ware stories, people stories, even sociological and try points. There are charts and graphs for quantita- theme. Chronology is simple: in the case of comput- But the ramac isn’t the whole story. In the gallery it political stories. Exhibition techniques, like movies tive learners. There are atmospheric murals, models, ers, the approach might be, “The mainframe begat is surrounded by more stories and a huge array of and dioramas, models and photomurals—and, yes, and recreated environments with sights and sounds the minicomputer, the minicomputer begat the per- memory and storage innovation. Some technologies objects—would bring those stories to life. for experiential learners. There are stories about sonal computer, …” Who doesn’t like the simplicity succeeded, some failed, but all form a rich tapestry A third set of questions involved the “voices” people and companies for narrative learners. There and drama of the “Milestones of History” or, for that represents the evolution of the memory and for Revolution. The history of computers is contem- are hands-on displays and demonstrations for ex- Atari founders Ted Dabney and Nolan Bushnell with that matter, “David Letterman’s Top Ten”? storage industries. porary. Most of the story happened in living plorative learners. The information is layered so that Larry Emmons and Pong Organizing by theme is also popular. A historian Another example: In the Computer Games memory. Exhibitions about contemporary history visitors can go as deep as their interests take them. creator Al Alcorn, 1972 might say: Let’s show visitors a succession of disk gallery, the visitor travels to 1972 as a young engi- are powerful, because everyone who walks through drives and let them see the evolution story of how neer, Al Alcorn, creates one of the fi rst video arcade the door (regardless of age) has some personal they just got smaller and smaller. games, Pong. And with this new arcade game, the connection to the story. A personal connection to Of course, in reality, history is not so simple, pioneering company Atari is born. But Atari isn’t a story is a powerful tool for learning. or simply thematic. Many events happen in parallel, the whole story either. Pong is surrounded by a gal- But we also know that many of our visitors were breakthroughs come out of left fi eld, connections lery that starts in the earliest days of computing, “present at the creation.” Some might even be the are often indirect. And so-called obsolete technolo- when computer programmers developed games pioneers who worked on the objects on display. gies still persist today. for mainframes and, later, minicomputers and fi nally, Here is where history gets messy. Those who have And then there is the physical reality of an exhibi- for the computer game platforms we know today. a stake in the story are likely to have a view about tion, where designers and curators must choose Thus, the history of memory and storage is told how the story should be told. You could call this where artifacts and stories will physically go. In the thematically with the ramac 305 as its icon. The frame of mind: “I was there, dammit!” Yet the disk drive example, a strict chronology would place history of computer games is told thematically with historian is obligated to ask: are they remembering the fi rst disk drive, the ramac 305, in 1956, and Pong as its icon. Each gallery is organized in this correctly? Do other participants agree? then ibm’s microdrive in 1999. In this layout, the way. This overall approach gave us the curatorial two could be hundreds of feet away from each other, freedom to highlight objects based on their historical and the drama of contrasting a 24" disk platter next signifi cance as well as their appeal to visitors, and to to a 1-1/4" disk platter is completely lost. make them gateways to a larger thematic story.

14 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 15 Media plays a key role. The team developed more We have years of experience with a more than 100 media elements, including minimovies, technical audience, and our team has ensured there’s animations, atmospheric slide shows, oral history plenty in Revolution for our lovable “geek” visitors. excerpts, and even vintage video games. The media They often carry the stories in their heads and we brings objects to life, shows machines as they once know the sheer joy they get just by looking at an old BY PAULA JABLONER operated, captures the personalities of the inventors, computer and “decoding” it. They value under- and tells stories that are emotive of the times. standing the complexity of computing and the “back We will use media to keep the exhibition fresh. stories” of technology. SEARCHING FOR For example, the Museum’s oral history program is Thus, the curatorial team tried wherever possible ongoing and new excerpts can be added over time. to show complexity and select stories that were less well known in technical circles. Technical specifi ca- HIDDEN GEMS tions for key machines are included. The oral history stations present computing pioneers explaining their IN THEIR OWN WORDS: technical breakthroughs in their own words. In short, The Museum’s extensive collection is a curator’s Intel id in the Digital Logic gallery. Compare Revolution is accessible and engaging but also has kaleidoscope of possibilities for developing your badge to theirs, and consider whether ORAL HISTORIES “meat”a technical person can sink his or her teeth into. Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing. security or photography has gotten any better The artifacts, oral histories, marketing brochures, over the years. “I’m sitting on a curb or some steps outside of a bus terminal, waiting for Design photographs, audio recordings, letters, software, Stroll into the Computer Games gallery and this guy…and the idea of playing games with a television set resurfaced… Finally, we understood that exhibition design fi lms, and ephemera are interwoven to create a dance to the 1982 classic disco tune, Pac-Man The next morning in my offi ce I sat down and wrote a four-page paper… plays a key role in creating a high-quality visitor tapestry of computing history for the Exhibition. Fever. With her background in music, one It lays out the whole idea of attaching something to a television set and experience. The Museum was fortunate to work Since January, 2010, the Museum archi- archivist found her muse in combing through the playing interactive games with it, though I don’t think the term interactive with Dennis VanSickle and Andrea Rolleri and vists’ mantra has been, “The hunt is on!” They Museum’s audio collection. Could your muse was there yet. It was not until early next year that I conferred with a director their outstanding team at vs&r, an experienced searched the Museum’s collection and scoured be the LP, Music from Mathematics played by of R&D, suggested that maybe he ought to put a few bucks into it to make exhibition design fi rm, on Revolution’s design and other repositories in pursuit of the perfect im- IBM 7090 Computer and Digital to Sound Trans- it a legitimate project.” on the overall visitor experience. agery to make computing history come alive on ducer, now embarking on its second life in the PIONEER VIDEO GAME DEVELOPER RALPH BAER DESCRIBES HIS 1966 “AHA” MOMENT. The design team understood from the start that your Revolution visit. This was their true reward Computer Graphics, Music & Art gallery? content would take a front seat. Neutral colors en- after years of diligent cataloging. The photo- Step into the Supercomputers gallery to view An art museum curator or historian would give anything if Leonardo sure that the artifacts, images and media stand out. graphs, documents, graphics, and artifacts all The Cray Way movie, featuring many artifacts DaVinci were still alive to answer a few questions—on videotape. The The walls and fl oor treatment create intimate gal- work in concert to provide a sense of time and from the collection, including newly animated Museum is blessed with a priceless opportunity: most of the computer leries so that the 19 themes clearly emerge. A wood place, creating a human dimension that everyone Cray pamphlets. The Museum shot footage and DaVincis are still with us. The Museum’s Oral History Program has fl oor creates the main path through the gallery and can relate to. personal stories in Cray’s hometown of Chip- captured their thoughts in more than 300 videotaped oral histories. touches each of the icons and milestones. Lighting The univac computer cuts a distinctive pewa Falls, Wisconsin. A twist on mining the Visitors to Revolution fi nd themselves face-to-face with the giants in creates a sense of drama, highlighting objects large impression, but The Univac System brochure de- archives, the new interviews were added to the more than 50 oral history clips. MacPaint authors Andy Hertzfeld and and small, and guides the visitor through strategic picting the univac as the center of the universe, permanent collection. Bill Atkinson recall the creation of MacPaint, one of the most beautifully placement. This design approach allows visitors to usurping the sun, raises it to other-worldly status. The cumulative effect of all the riches gleaned conceived and executed software programs in history. Charles Simonyi navigate through this large and complex exhibition. It shouts of a hubris far beyond the anchored from the Museum’s collection creates an impact describes the genesis of WYSIWYG, which is why the document you see The goal is to create a space where visitors feel a weight and solid lines of the artifact itself. Its that any of the items alone would lack. You’ll on your screen is exactly what comes out of your printer. Max Mathews sense of adventure, exploration, and surprise! space iconography permeates the brochure, fi nd yourself transported back through the shares stories from the early history of computer music. almost wrapping you in the 1950s. decades. Will seeing that fi rst addictive game Top: The Univac System Our oral histories capture the remarkable personalities behind the tech- What’s Next? Or maybe your fancy will be tickled with a you played as a teenager among the illuminated brochure, 1955 nology. Many talk more like artists than engineers. Some are quiet tinkerers. With the opening of Revolution, the Museum 1956 typewritten letter, in the Analog Computers software boxes in the Personal Computer They all like to play—with machines, concepts, problems, Bottom: The playing fi eld for begins a new chapter. The possibilities are endless gallery, from Richard Norberg, who was leaving gallery trigger a few high-scoring memories? Namco’s Pac-Man, 1980 and wild ideas. (The man who headed the IBM System/360 project wrote for creating thematic connections across the 19 the University of Illinois. The letter to Professor After 35 years of intense collecting, the that the engineeer working in a lab perfectly expressed the creative joy galleries, whether through live docent tours or with Nordsieck referenced the transfer of $500 in Museum has amassed more than 5,000 linear of a child making mud pies.) handheld technology. The online exhibition allows Nordsieck “spare-parts.” Norberg planned to feet of archives, 10,000 photographs, 3,000 There are deep, inspiring lessons here. Math and science are fun. Build- for signifi cant growth in both breadth and depth. build his own differential analyzer with the parts moving images, more than 450 oral histories and ing things that solve human problems is a worthy calling. New problems are Finally, the extensive infrastructure for media allows and the letter’s intent was to avoid University thousands of artifacts, many displayed for the a chance for new learning. So are mistakes. The oral histories excerpted for us to include additional oral histories and entirely red tape. fi rst time in Revolution. Revolution are an appetizer. They can be enjoyed in full at computerhistory. new fi lms in all of the theaters. Revolution will The heroic glitz of the marketing brochures is Paula Jabloner is the Museum’s Director of Collections. org, as videos or as PDF transcripts. evolve, change, and progress—just as the exhibi- contrasted by the functional severity of employee She directed a multi-year effort to collect, catalog and tion’s subject itself. id badges, with their unfl attering dmv-style pho- prepare the extensive number of artifacts in Revolution. Kirsten Tashev is the Museum’s Vice President of Collec- tos. You can inspect eniac co-inventor J. Presper tions & Exhibitions. She led the development of Revolution Eckert’s univac badge in the Early Computer

from the project’s inception in 2000. NAMCO ©REMINGTON RAND, INC. / © Companies gallery, or a youthful Robert Noyce’s

16 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 17 C_d_Yecfkj[hi

:_]_jWb Ikf[hYecfkj[hi Be]_Y

Ie\jmWh[J^[Wj[h 7hj_\_Y_Wb?dj[bb_][dY[ HeXej_Yi C[cehoIjehW][

CW_d\hWc[i 9ecfkj[h=hWf^_Yi" Cki_Y7hj REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING H[Wb#J_c[9ecfkj_d] ?dfkjEkjfkj ;Whbo9ecfkj[h 9ecfWd_[i 9ecfkj[h=Wc[i 8_hj^e\j^[9ecfkj[h

F[hiedWb9ecfkj[hi 7dWbe]9ecfkj[hi CeX_b[9ecfkj_d]

D[jmeha_d]j^[M[X FkdY^[Z9WhZi 9WbYkbWjehi M^WjÊiD[nj5

?cc[hi_ed FWj^mWo TAKE

Eh_[djWj_ed J^[Wj[h H[lebkj_ed A WALK

Floor plan of the EDITED BY THE CURATORIAL STAFF Revolution Exhibition PHOTOGRAPHS BY MARK RICHARDS

18 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 19 Hollerith Electric Tabulating System (replica) by Roberto Guatelli

FIRST STEPS ON THE PATH TO COMPUTERS CALCULATORS

Banks calculating interest. a Japanese abacus. Each culating tool aside from Abacus from Boston’s Kids dividing up cook- was a champion at oper- fi ngers, the abacus is a Hong Far Low restau- ies. Engineers designing ating his device. In four masterpiece of power and rant, founded in 1879, on loan from the Museum bridges. We make calcu- out of fi ve competitive simplicity. Abacuses were of Chinese in America. lations every day. And for rounds, the abacus won. widely used in Asia and Courtesy of the Family as long as we’ve juggled Perhaps the oldest Europe for centuries, and of Louie Shee Wong and numbers greater than our continuously used cal- remain common today. Gok Jum Wong fi ngers and toes, we’ve sought aids to make computations easy and accurate. PUNCHED For centuries, calcula- tors were the only ma- FROM MATH TO DATA chines to help us compute,, CARDS forming a long lineage of devices stretching from People used calculators The U.S. Constitution the ancient abacus to to manipulate numbers. requires a census today’s digital computer. But how do you make ma- every decade. That was The Versatile, chines that also manipu- manageable in 1790, Venerable Abacus late words or ideas? with fewer than four An American soldier and Punched cards, a main- million Americans to tally. Japanese postal worker stay of early offi ce auto- Not so simple a century faced off in Tokyo in 1946. mation and computing, later, with 63 million. Pvt. Thomas Wood had an helped launch the transi- Estimates warned that electric calculator. Kiyoshi tion from doing math to the 1890 census wouldn’t Matsuzaki held a soroban, processing data. Patterns be fi nished before the of holes punched in cards 1900 census began! can represent any kind The government’s The merchant with his of information. Punched answer? A contest to de- counting frame, ink cards can preserve data vise a solution. Herman drawing, probably by Kano, 1878 too: just fi le them away! Hollerith won. He sug- gested recording data Making Sense of the on punched cards, which Census: Hollerith’s would be read by a Punched Card Solution tabulating machine. Nothing stimulates cre- ativity like a good crisis. KANO IMAGE COURTESY OF THE LIBRARY CONGRESS COURTESY KANO IMAGE

20 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 21 Nordsieck Differential Analyzer, US, 1956

ANALOG COMPUTERS

DIFFERENT WAYS TO MEASURE AND MODEL THE WORLD

Our world is a symphony assembled an analog of infi nite variations. Long computer in 1950. It was before digital computers modeled on differential existed, engineers built analyzers built since the models to simulate those 1930s—but with key dif- real world nuances. ferences. Analog computers con- For instance, Nord- tinued this tradition, using sieck’s computer used mechanical motion or the electrical connections fl ow of electricity to model instead of mechanical problems and generate shafts. And he set himself answers quickly. They the priorities of “conve- remained the preferred nience and simplicity,… tool until digital comput- portability, and economy.” ers, based on electronic His device’s small size switches, became fast and straightforward engi- enough for software to do neering satisfi ed the fi rst the same job. three requirements. Its $700 price tag satisfi ed Nordsieck’s the fourth. Differential Analyzer Using $700 worth of surplus World War II sup- plies, Arnold Nordsieck

Arnold Nordsieck with the Nordsieck Differential Analyzer, 1950 ARNOLD NORDSIECK IMAGE COURTESY OF THE OF THE COURTESY ARNOLD NORDSIECK IMAGE URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT

22 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 23 ENIAC, University of Pennsylvania, ca. 1945 THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANIES EARLY COMPUTER The UNIVAC System brochure, 1955, and close-up UNIVAC I COMPANIES Supervisory Control Console, Remington Rand, 1951

The stored-program A versatile, general- electronic computer rep- purpose machine, UNIVAC resented a breakthrough. was the brainchild of John But if you wanted one, you Mauchly and J. Presper had to build it yourself. Eckert, creators of ENIAC. There were no commer- They proposed a statistical cial manufacturers. tabulator to the U.S. Cen- As interest grew, both sus Bureau in 1946, and startups and existing in 1951, UNIVAC I passed companies gambled that Census Bureau tests. making general-purpose Within six years, 46 computers for others of the million-dollar UNI- might prove a viable busi- VAC systems had been ness. Yet nobody knew installed—with the last how big the potential mar- operating until 1970. ket was or whether such a venture was savvy or folly.

UNIVAC Computing burst into popular culture with UNI- VAC (Universal Automatic Computer), arguably the fi rst computer to become a household name. COURTESY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES OF THE UNIVERSITY PENNSYLVANIA COURTESY

World War II acted as of storing programs in computer to run at elec- BIRTH OF midwife to the birth of memory replaced the tronic speed without being the modern electronic switches and wiring with slowed by any mechanical computer. Unprecedented readily changed software. parts. For a decade, until THE COMPUTER military demands for a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC calculations—and hefty ENIAC may have run more In 1942, physicist John wartime budgets— calculations than all of COMPUTATION BECOMES ELECTRONIC Mauchly proposed an spurred innovation. mankind had done up to all-electronic calculating Early electronic com- that point. machine. The U.S. Army, puters were one-of-a-kind meanwhile, needed to cal- machines built for specifi c culate complex wartime tasks. But setting them ballistics tables. Proposal up was cumbersome and met patron. time-consuming. The The result was ENIAC revolutionary innovation (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), built between 1943 and 1945—the fi rst large-scale

UNIVAC I Supervisory Control Console, Remington Rand, US, 1951 © REMINGTON RAND, INC. © REMINGTON

24 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 25 SAGE Maintenance Console, IBM, 1958

Taking a census? You and communications sys- REAL-TIME can wait while comput- tem developed for the Air ers crunch the numbers. Force by Lincoln Labora- Braking your car? Guiding tories, offered a solution. a missile? Running an SAGE (Semi-Automatic COMPUTING assembly line? Waiting Ground Environment) is not recommended. linked 23 sites across the REACTING TO THE REAL WORLD Time matters. U.S. and Canada, coordi- Real-time computing nating weapons systems responds to events as and processing radar, they happen, something weather reports, and even early computers other data. By the time were able to do. Demand it became fully opera- for real-time computing tional in 1963, however, began with the military, the principal threat had but swiftly expanded to shifted from aircraft to industrial, medical, and missiles, making SAGE’s soon, everyday uses. value questionable. Nev- ertheless, it remained in A SAGE Defense service until 1982. Fear of nuclear-armed Soviet bombers terrifi ed 1950s America. SAGE, a massive real-time control

Capt. Charbonneau sits in front of SAGE’s situation display console at the Lincoln SAGE Weapons Director Labs’ Experimental Direction Console with Light Gun Center, where SAGE testing (right) and Intercept took place Technician Console, 1958 CAPT. CHARBONNEAU IMAGE COURTESY OF THE MITRE CORPORATION COURTESY CHARBONNEAU IMAGE CAPT.

26 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 27 IBM S/360 tape drives, 1964

THE BACKBONE OF BIG BUSINESS MAINFRAMES

With technology, what you IBM System /360 can do infl uences what IBM dominated comput- you want to do—which ing in 1961, with about gradually expands what two-thirds of the Ameri- you can do. can market. But could Businesses in the 1950s IBM hold onto its lead? Its increasingly recognized product line was frag- computers’ broad po- mented with incompatible tential. They demanded machines, poorly suited fl exible, large-scale to offer companies a machines able to con- single, unifi ed, easily solidate varied tasks. The expandable system. workhorse mainframe IBM’s System/360, computers that met these a new family of general- demands in turn reshaped purpose computers, how businesses operate, changed everything. increasing centraliza- Programs for one tion and nourishing new System/360 computer demand for powerful ran on all, letting custom- mainframes. ers readily consolidate computing capabilities. Every subsequent IBM mainframe is a descendant of the fi rst System/360s.

Fred Brooks, computer architect, ca. 1965 BROOKS IMAGE © INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION (IBM) CORPORATION MACHINES BUSINESS © INTERNATIONAL BROOKS IMAGE

28 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 29 Rey Johnson in front of RAMAC, ca. 1956

© INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION (IBM) CORPORATION MACHINES BUSINESS © INTERNATIONAL TELLING COMPUTERS WHAT TO DO A computer is a versatile literature, written for machine. It can do nearly both computers and anything—but does people to read. But it’s nothing until instructed also a business: making, SOFTWARE by software. selling, and supporting Creating the programs it is a multi-billion dollar our civilization now de- industry. pends on involves science, engineering, and craft. B_dYebdH[Yaed[h Software is a kind of B, JKJEH%FB7JE 8B?II JH79 J;B9ECF CKCFI @EII 97B

7FB

9ECJH7D 9E8EB,, 9E8EB 8#E

?FB ?FB#L IB?F :_8EB

7B=;9 ­­#' ­­#( FWiYWb I?CI9H?FJ I?CI9H?FJ??? Computers are master the one you wanted re- B78 records and encyclope- through sequentially—is C79IOC7 HOW COMPUTERS REMEMBER dias to grandma’s recipes. essential to the way we IDE8EB) IDE8EB* These abilities require use computers today. Be]e

two kinds of memory: IBM’s RAMAC (Random 9EC?J IDE8EB IBM RAMAC actuator main memory (fast and Access Method of Ac- i^ and disk stack, 1956, comparatively expensive) counting and Control) on loan from IBM and storage (big, slower, magnetic disk drive and cheap). Both types pioneered this ability. '/+* '/++ '/+, '/+- '/+. '/+/ '/,& '/,' '/,( '/,) '/,* '/,+ '/,, '/,- '/,. '/,/ '/-& '/-' have rapidly and continu- The RAMAC 350 stor- ally improved. age unit could hold the Portion of a chart that shows equivalent of 62,500 The First Disk about 150 of the thousands punched cards: 5 million Drive: RAMAC 350 of programming languages characters. that have been invented Computers hold thou- sands of data records. Imagine if fi nding

30 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 31 Cray-3 CPU Octant close-up

THE FASTEST BRAINS FOR THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS How powerful must a computer be to earn the title “supercomputer”? SUPERCOMPUTERS Super is relative. Every era has supercomputers, but the defi nition shifts as technology advances. Today’s supercomputers may be tomorrow’s PCs. Supercomputers tackle the most calcu- lation-intense problems, such as predicting weather, codebreaking, and designing nuclear bombs. Early supercom- puters were one-of-a- kind machines for the government or military— the only customers who could afford them.

The Cray-1 Seymour Cray usually Supercomputer worked alone or with a Featuring a central small team column surrounded by a padded, circular seat, the Cray-1 looked like no other computer. And performed like no other computer. It reigned as the world’s fastest from 1976 to 1982. Its distinctive design refl ected Seymour Cray’s innovative engineering solutions and theatrical fl air. The round tower minimized wire lengths, while the distinctive bench concealed power supplies. Densely pa- cked integrated circuits and a novel cooling system refl ect Cray’s at- tention to “packaging and plumbing.”

Cray-1A, Cray Research, Inc., 1976

32 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 33 LESS IS MORE: SMALLER, SIMPLER, CHEAPER

MINICOMPUTERS MIPS R10000 CPU, 1996

This new kind of com- All digital computers work on integrated circuits puter, smaller and on the same principle: will double every year simpler than mainframes, manipulating on/off for the next 10 years. So was designed to interact signals to implement logic predicted Gordon Moore, directly with users and functions. Fairchild Semiconductor’s the outside world. A fl ex- There have been many R&D Director, in 1965. ible, inexpensive tool, it ways to generate those “Moore’s Law” came brought computers within on/off signals, from me- true. In part, this refl ected the reach of a larger and chanical devices to elec- Moore’s accurate insight. more diverse range of tromagnetic relays, vacu- But Moore also set customers. um tubes, transistors, and expectations—inspiring a Minis also sparked integrated circuits (ICs). self-fulfi lling prophecy. a new generation of This evolution brought Doubling chip complex- computer companies. ever-faster, smaller com- ity doubled computing Competition accelerated ponents, yielding dramatic power without signifi cant- innovation and reduced improvements in capacity ly increasing cost. The prices, spurring broad and cost that transformed number of transistors per adoption. computers from specialty chip rose from a handful tools to everyday devices. in the 1960s to billions by DEC’s Blockbuster: the 2010s. The PDP-8 Moore’s Law The Canadian Chalk River The number of transistors Nuclear Lab approached and other components Digital Equipment Corpo- ration in 1964. It needed a LESS IS MORE: SMALLER, SIMPLER, CHEAPER special device to monitor a reactor.

Instead of designing a ("&&&"&&&"&&&

custom, hard-wired con- '".&&"&&&"&&&

troller as expected, young '",&&"&&&"&&&

DEC engineers C. Gordon '"*&&"&&&"&&&

Bell and Edson DeCastro '"(&&"&&&"&&& CjbWZgd[igVch^hidgh

did something unusual: '"&&&"&&&"&&&

they developed a small, .&&"&&&"&&&

general purpose com- ,&&"&&&"&&& Close-up of DEC PDP-8 puter and programmed it fl ip-chip modules *&&"&&&"&&& to do the job. (&&"&&&"&&& A later version of that machine became the &.+% '%&% DIGITAL LOGIC PDP-8, one of the most Moore’s Law diagram successful computers of HOW DIGITAL COMPUTERS COMPUTE the next decade.

PDP-8 in Volkswagen Beetle,1965 and PDP-8 brochure, 1965 BEETLE / BROCHURE IMAGES © DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION (DEC) EQUIPMENT CORPORATION © DIGITAL BEETLE / BROCHURE IMAGES

34 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 35 TRYING TO MAKE COMPUTERS HUMAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & ROBOTICS

Mechanical servants. Au- Shakey tomated employees. We’ve Robots require intel- long imagined machines ligence to understand able to replicate human sensory input, make thought and action. plans, and take actions. Computers provide the That makes them ideal for sophistication needed testing many AI concepts. for human-like behavior. Shakey, developed at But getting machines to the Stanford Research actually think like people Institute (SRI) from 1966 has proved stubbornly to 1972, was the fi rst User operating Alto elusive. It’s unclear how mobile robot to reason workstation, ca. 1974 far we feasibly can go, but about its actions. Shakey’s LIBRARY OF THE PARC COURTESY ongoing attempts to cre- playground was a series ate Artifi cial Intelligence of rooms with blocks and HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION have yielded a vast array ramps. Although not a of benefi cial products and practical tool, it led to services. advances in AI techniques, INPUT & OUTPUT including visual analysis, route fi nding, and object manipulation. Computers have always graphical interfaces users saw on screen. E- been good at calculations was key to creating mail. Alto for the fi rst time and data processing. But powerful hardware and combined these and other to evolve from specialized software systems now-familiar elements in devices to a universal tool that anyone could use. one small computer. required more effi cient Developed by Xerox as Xerox Alto ways to “talk” to people. a research system, the A mouse. Removable Early computers com- Alto marked a radical leap data storage. Networking. municated primarily with in the evolution of how A visual user interface. coded text. Gradually they computers interact with Easy-to-use graphics learned to use images. people, leading the way to software. “What You See Is The development of today’s computers. What You Get” (WYSIWYG) printing, with printed documents matching what Sven Wahlstrom and Nils Nilsson with Shakey at SRI, ca. 1967

Alto II Computer System, Xerox (PARC), 1973

Shakey, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 1969 WAHLSTROM & NILSSON IMAGE COURTESY SRI INTERNATIONAL COURTESY IMAGE & NILSSON WAHLSTROM

36 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 37 The Utah Teapot, ca. 1974 To fi nd the earliest Pong computer games, fi nd “The machine is broken.” the earliest computers. That terse message Games have always been summoned Al Alcorn part of computing. Some to Andy Capp’s bar in were created for tests Sunnyvale two weeks or demonstrations. after Alcorn had in- Others merely refl ect stalled the Pong arcade that computer pioneers game. Pong’s problem? were human—and hu- Popularity. Its milk mans play. carton coin-catcher was Games illustrate that jammed with quarters. “fun” or “entertaining” Pong heralded a gam- need not mean “sim- ing revolution. Mechani- ple.” Their increasingly cal arcade games like sophisticated hardware pinball had appeared PLAYING ON COMPUTERS and software mirrors the in the late 1800s. Pong, evolution and transfor- designed by Alcorn for mations in the complex- Atari in 1972, launched COMPUTER GAMES ity, power, and size of the video game craze computers. that transformed and reinvigorated the old arcades and made Atari the fi rst successful video game company.

COMPUTER GRAPHICS, MUSIC & ART COMPUTERS & CREATIVITY

Computers were origi- idea of creativity and test- he generated a 3D “wire nally devised to calculate. ing the boundaries of what frame” defi ning the Pong Advertisement, 1972. But they are increasingly it means to be an artist. teapot’s shape, adding By 1974, Atari had sold over used to create. a surface “skin.” 8000 units, and would eventu- The Utah Teapot ally sell 35,000 Computers have grown For 20 years, program- Computers manipulate into a powerful medium mers used Newell’s data. So, how do you for enjoying, sharing, teapot as a starting point, get them to generate and creating art, music, exploring techniques of images? By representing and fi lm. We are also light, shade, and color to images as data. continually exploring and add depth and realism. Martin Newell, at the expanding the computer’s University of Utah used potential to generate new a teapot as a reference Teapot rendering works, redefi ning the very model in 1975 to create a dataset of mathematical coordinates. From that

Pong prototype, Atari, 1972, on loan from Al Alcorn. This was the actual unit placed in Andy Capp’s bar in Sunnyvale in

COURTESY OF THE SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH OF THE SCHOOL COMPUTING AT COURTESY 1972. It still worked as of 2002

38 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 39 Steve Wozniak designed the Apple II in 1977. An available fl oppy disk drive (1978) and spreadsheet program VisiCalc (1979) made it a blockbuster

COMPUTERS FOR EVERYONE PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Computers evolved to hide their complex, IBM introduced its PC primarily for military, technical aspects behind in 1981 with a folksy ad- scientifi c, government, a user-friendly interface. vertising campaign aimed and corporate users with Individuals could now af- at the general public. Yet, substantial needs…and ford and understand com- the IBM PC had its most substantial budgets. They puters, which dramatically profound impact in the populated labs, universi- changed everyday life. corporate world. Compa- ties, and big companies. nies bought PCs in bulk, The IBM PC Homes? Small business- revolutionizing the role of Many companies were es? Not so much. computers in the offi ce— dubious. Could small per- Over time, however, and introducing the sonal computers really be costs dropped. Equally im- Microsoft Disk Operating serious business tools? portant, computers grew System (MS DOS) to a vast The IBM name was a reas- sophisticated enough user community. suring seal of approval. The Apple II When it debuted in 1977, the Apple II was promoted IBM PC, 1981. IBM’s as an extraordinary com- fi rst personal com- puter arrived at least puter for ordinary people. 5 years after others The user-friendly design were available, but and graphical display instantly legitimized made Apple a leader in

the market the fi rst decade of per- ARCHIVE / APPLE AD © COMPUTER, INC. OF THE IBM CORPORATE PC AD COURTESY sonal computing. Top: IBM PC advertisement, Unlike the earlier Apple 1981. In promoting their PC, I, for which users had to IBM touted their long history supply essential parts of making computers such as a case and power Bottom: Apple II ad. The supply, the Apple II was rainbow apple logo, with a fully realized consumer colors chosen by Steve product. Design and Jobs, emphasized the color marketing emphasized display of the Apple II simplicity—an everyday tool for home, work, or school.

40 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 41 Google server, ca. 1999 Custom software and Ethernet connections turned this rack of 80 off-the-shelf PCs and 2 HP Ethernet routers into a Google search engine

Early computers were so Networking has trans- Google Rack heavy that the fl oor below formed computers from The Internet and Web MOBILE YOU CAN TAKE IT WITH YOU them sometimes needed stand-alone data crunch- are about sharing and reinforcing. Today, com- ers into the foundation using information. An im- puters slip into purses or of an unprecedented portant part of that pro- COMPUTING pockets and are mis- global community. Net- cess is fi nding informa- placed as easily as keys. working rests on a simple tion, often through search Miniaturization and concept: getting com- engines like Google. falling costs made it puters to communicate Search queries go possible to take comput- with each other. to modern versions of ers everywhere, and to This requires a physi- servers such as these. merge them with devices cal connection, such as But this isn’t a typical like phones and cameras. wires or radio links, and industrial computer Wireless communica- a common language rack. Google’s found- tion over global networks (protocol) for exchanging ers, students at Stanford, weaves computing into data. Once these are in excelled at scrounging our lives wherever we go. place comes the layer we equipment. That talent see: information systems later helped them meld Larry Page and Sergey The PalmPilot such as the Web. generic PC components Brin met as Stanford gradu- This was the fi rst widely ate students in 1995. They into racks like this. Clever popular handheld com- Connecting People argued constantly but be- software turned them puter. Its success helped Networks connect com- came inseparable friends, into fl exible providers of bridge the previously puters to each other. sometimes called “larryand computing power. sergey” by classmates separate worlds of the But how do people use electronic organizer, those connections? the PC, and, later, the Information systems mobile phone. like the Web let us share The PalmPilot suc- content such as text, pic- PalmPilot handheld ceeded by redefi ning the tures, or music. The Web computer, U.S. Robotics, handheld as an accessory running over the Internet 1996 to the personal computer, has become our global Above: PalmPilot proto- not its replacement. Win- commons, absorbing type, Palm, Inc., 1995 ning features included older media—from video This “tethered prototype” seamless one-button to books and telephone let engineers develop synchronization with the calls—and transforming software for the PalmPilot before production units PC, handwriting recogni- how we work, buy, and were available tion that really worked, stay in touch. easy-to-use organizer functions, fast responses, NETWORKING pocket size, and an af- fordable price of $299. & THE WEB

CONNECTING COMPUTERS, CONNECTING PEOPLE SYNCHRONIZED ELEGANCE IMAGING ELEGANCE SYNCHRONIZED FROG DESIGN COURTESY

42 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 43 Hasso Plattner, co-founder and former chairman of SAP AG, is one of more than 50 people featured from around the world in the What’s Next Theater

VOICES OF THE REVOLUTION In two generations, we have moved from a world with no electronic com- puters to one with com- puters in everything from telephones to toasters.

What’s next? That’s a tricky ques- tion. Breakthroughs spring from a fortuitous but devilishly elusive combination of vision, experimentation, tenac- WHAT’S ity, and luck. Still, the diffi culty of forecasting the future doesn’t stop us from trying. The What’s Next? Theater explores a provocative array of predictions, prognoses, NEXT? hunches, and hopes.

44 REVOLUTION: THE FIRST 2000 YEARS OF COMPUTING HISTORY COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 45 THE NEW SPACE

25,000 sq. ft. of new exhibition space— quadruple the museum’s previous exhibition space

2,500 sq. ft. FOCUS education center A with classrooms 5,000 sq. ft. of open gallery space in the Museum’s lobby STUNNING Creating a new gathering place NEW

“Shoreline Entry” is the original name of the Museum’s home at 1401 N. Shoreline Boulevard. From its opening in 1993, our building was, in fact, the gate- way to a vast Silicon Graphics, Inc. (sgi) campus in Mountain View—a campus which today is largely VENUE. occupied by the Googleplex and extends from u.s. 101 to the tidal areas at Shoreline Park. The new lobby was designed by Mark Horton / Studios Architecture of San Francisco designed the Architecture of San Francisco. It comprises 6,000 building for sgi as “a departure from Silicon Valley’s square feet of public and reception space for Mu- refl ective-glass anonymity,” as described by James S. seum guests. The terrazzo fl oor is the world’s largest Russell in his 1999 book, The Power of the Pragmatic. punched card—with an actual message embedded in “The exterior of the building for the fi rst time the code. New landscaping opens the existing high became much more sculptural, acting as a billboard glass walls onto Shoreline Boulevard and provides and recruitment poster,” Russell wrote. a new, visually attractive vista for traffi c and pedes- The building won numerous awards for architec- trians passing the Museum. ture and design throughout the 1990s. Among A new café is situated in the atrium area of the them were two awards for excellence in design lobby, with ample seating and easy access to the from the California Council of the American Insti- Museum’s entry patios. The new Museum store tute of Architects. opens onto the lobby and is one of the larger spaces The Museum purchased the building and land in of its kind in Northern California museums. 2002 for $25 million and relocated its offi ces and The new Orientation Theater, every visitor’s fi rst collection from temporary quarters at Moffett Field. stop in the Museum experience, is a multimedia “Shoreline Entry” was given a slight makeover by the space with 50 seats that opens onto the portal architecture fi rm ehdd. The Museum then launched entry for Revolution. The 5,000 sq. ft. Gallery area with virtually the entire collection housed in the on the fi rst fl oor has reopened to the public and space now occupied by Revolution, and many rare is adjacent to the permanent exhibition Mastering and famous artifacts displayed in the area known the Game and the alcove housing the Babbage as Visible Storage on the west side of the fi rst fl oor. Difference Engine No. 2. The new lobby is The 400-seat Hahn Auditorium took shape on the With these changes and the opening of Revolu- where visitors will second fl oor along with administrative offi ces and tion, the Museum carries on the innovative spirit fi nd the expanded Museum Store and open areas soon in demand for Silicon Valley events. that originally gave rise to “Shoreline Gateway” and a brand new Cafe With our expansion to launch Revolution, the adds to it a new dimension: a cultural and commu- MARK RICHARDS Museum is now a visually stunning new destination. nity gathering place in the heart of Silicon Valley.

46 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 47 content and messages in ways that would enable Below: Docents people to engage in the kinds of historical inquiry Tim Robinson (left) and exploration that others in this issue have de- and Steve Russell in docent training FOCUS scribed. Among our specifi c goals were to “promote understanding about the ongoing relevance of the history of computers,” “to inspire innovation and creativity,” and “to enable our audiences to experi- THE DOCENT: ence their personal stories in our content and learn through the stories of others.” PART TECHIE, PART STORYTELLER THE This is a tall order, however. Museum visitors Museum docents are perfectly suited to the job of bringing computer his- typically represent an enormous range of interests, tory to life. Many are retired hardware and software engineers who worked learning styles, and educational and professional on the legendary machines of the past. (They know the stories that didn’t backgrounds; in our case, we also need to account make it into the offi cial corporate brochures and press releases!) Some were for variation in visitors’ technical knowledge and ex- pioneers of their generations, developing innovative technologies that con- pertise. Revolution—both the physical installation tinue to enthrall us today. Others got into the business through marketing, EDUCATION and the online version—was designed with diverse research, and industrial design. They range in age from mid-20s to early 90s, visitors in mind, and with the assumption that it cutting their teeth on computers ranging from the IBM 1401 to the TRS-80, would be supported by programs and materials that Still vivid in my mind is the wonder and and everything in between. All share a passion for computer history and the would make its content appealing and accessible to delight that comes from sharing their stories with others. delight with which I—then 13 years old— anyone—young and old, techie and non-geek alike. Docent training is rigorous. In addition to becoming experts on the read the account of the August 7, 1944 It is an exciting proposition. We have expanded exhibition—even before there was an exhibition to learn about—these intrepid Harvard Mark I computer, an elecrome- our focus to include not only the “what” of our interpreters went through a year-long course, devoting hundreds of hours MISSION content, but the how, the why, and the who as well. to classes, reading assignments, Museum observations, and outside study chanical marvel for which Howard Aiken What is it that we want people to learn? What do The passion to keep teaching—and learning was the architect and IBM engineers and research—not to mention all the time and effort they put into writing and we want them to be able to do with their newfound Clair Lake, Benjamin Durfee and Francis practicing their tours. With all this skill and expertise under their belts, they understanding? Why is it important for them to are ready to uphold the mission of the Museum—to educate and inspire visi- Hamilton were the implementation de- know and do these things? How can we make it tors who come here from all walks of life. signers. Equally wonder provoking was possible for them to meet these educational goals? For visitors who wish to explore on their own, Revolution offers plenty to the reading of Vannevar Bush’s ‘That Who are we doing all this for, and how do we need see and do. For those who want a more personal experience, there is no bet- to adjust and fl ex so that different people will be We May Think’ paper in the April 1945 ter way to spend their time than to engage in a conversation with a docent. able—and want—to enjoy and learn from their Atlantic Monthly. You won’t fi nd an authentic “I was there” perspective like this in many other experiences here? These questions and more are at museums! But don’t get the wrong idea: docents are learning as much from FREDERICK P. BROOKS, JR., CO-DESIGNER OF THE IBM SYSTEM/360 the core of our educational concerns. visitors as visitors are from them—and they are having just as much fun The result of all this thinking about visitors is a set doing it. Every time they lead a discussion, answer a question, or encourage of interactive tours, school workshops, and materi- a visitor to tell his or her own story, they fi nd out new and intriguing infor- As with all museums, visitors are at the heart of als—both in print and online—that seek to stimulate mation that only deepens their own love of computer history… and makes our institution, and education is at the heart of our curiosity and motivate people to ask questions and them even more eager to get back on the fl oor and do it again. mission. A museum is not a museum without the connect with computer history on a personal, al- people who come to view its objects, to take part most visceral level. But we need to learn, too! Over in its events, to scan its website, and, ultimately, to the next few weeks, months, and years, we will be make sense of the ideas and stories that arise from continually evaluating, revising, and re-evaluating their experiences with its content. Put another way: the effi cacy and success of our educational pro- the artifacts, in and of themselves, are meaning- grams, as we fi nd out more about who visits, and less. Their meanings are created in the minds of the what, how, and why they learn here. In this way, the people who interact with them, and it is up to the Museum, like history itself, will continue to evolve, A Museum educator leads BY LAUREN SILVER 6th–8th grade students in Museum to facilitate those interactions. teaching us all about the best ways to “explore a school workshop, “You + Our core values are in complete alignment with the computing revolution and its impact on the Computers = Making History” this point of view. In the strategic plan that our human experience.” staff and trustees adopted in 2009, we articulated a Dr. Lauren Silver is the Museum’s Director of Education. She number of people-centered values and aspirations. designed a comprehensive plan for the Museum’s docent We took as our explicit obligation the mandate team, jointly led the training of more than 40 docents, and to “meet audiences where they are,” delivering our led the development of the education plan for Revolution.

48 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 49 Computers get smaller, faster, and cheaper. Pop Culture: Computers and technology popu- Museums don’t. Without the no-limits world of the late novels, movies, and comic books. Sometimes Web, our exhibits would be constrained by the size they’re the stars. The most memorable—and

The virtual world allows us of our building. Most of the Museum’s treasures human—character in 2001: A Space Odyssey was to display nearly 75% of would remain stored in a warehouse. easily hal 9000, the well-spoken, emotionally con- the Museum’s vast collection. The new computerhistory.org presents more than fl icted supercomputer. The interplay between hard Revolution Online includes 75% of the museum’s collection, including all of the science and popular entertainment is fascinating. all the galleries, artifacts and media in the onsite content in the on-site Revolution exhibition. But it Games: Even brilliant scientists play with comput- exhibition—and much more offers many more stories, artifacts, videos, and oral ers. That play has led to spectacular advances. The histories—more than 4,000 new pages in all. Visi- vacuum tubes were barely warm in the fi rst main- tors can search for and link to topics according to frames when programmers at such august institu- their interests and passions. tions as mit tested their heavy-duty machines by in- venting games such as SpaceWar! These early games The Computer as Storyteller quickly established the “blow stuff up” esthetic that The computer can tell its own story—a useful trick dominates the billion dollar gaming industry today. for an historical artifact. A Civil War cannon can’t Business: Visitors can follow the stories of compa- describe the noise and chaos of combat. But the nies as they were born and as they grew: Apple, In- computer can give a vivid account of itself in words, tel, Xerox—hundreds of companies’ fortunes made pictures, and video. Anyone anywhere in the world and lost. It’s no use creating a wonderful product with a pc, a laptop, or a web-friendly device can if nobody wants to buy it. The marketplace battles, have access to the Museum’s presentation of com- including the tv commercials and sales brochures, puter history—for free. are a wonderful resource for anyone with a better The history of computing is thousands of stories mousetrap to sell. that all can be joined together in different ways— by timelines, by people, by place, by companies, by Skim the Surface or Go Deep technologies. The fl exibility of the web allows visi- The website is layered. The casual visitor can easily tors to create their own intriguing narratives. capture the core of any topic in computer history. But For example: students, historians, and researchers can also dig deep. Famous Failures: Most new ideas, products and For example, we can display an early version of companies bombed. But those failures created fertile fortran in the physical exhibition. But the truly soil for success. The lessons for today’s inventors obsessed can access an entire programming manual and entrepreneurs are priceless. online. The Digital Logic gallery presents a rich Geography: Silicon Valley is a famed epicenter overview of computer pioneer Gordon Moore. If that of technology. But computing innovation thrived fails to satisfy, the website features a two-hour video around the world. What have other countries and of Moore talking about how he came up with his regions contributed? famous law and the future of computing technology.

FOCUS THE WEB EXPERIENCE Building a comprehensive online exhibition

BY BOB SANGUEDOLCE

50 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 51 Cray-3 CPU section, Cray Computer Corporation,1995 Unlike Cray’s previous designs, the Cray-3 used The Apple MacPaint source code is another story and present history as it happens. It’s a lot easier to unproven technology— that rewards both casual curiosity and intensive add web pages than it is to build a new 5,000 sq. ft. gallium arsenide and study. We’ve published the code, in its entirety, on building addition. sophisticated assembly robots to build it the website. For a programmer who’s really into the The warp-speed innovation of computing tech- art of coding, the MacPaint code is an early master- nology requires that we be nimble in designing the piece. It’s also a business story. MacPaint is one website. Our designers and programmers took of the fi rst desktop design and graphics programs. care to make the site work well across a wide spec- It’s also a cultural story, because with MacPaint, trum of devices: from smartphones and iPads all Apple introduced the idea that computers are about the way up to giant lcd monitors. We’re also now more than computing. They can be an extension “in the cloud,” utilizing cloud servers to deliver of the creative mind. Revolution’s image and video content. The website also includes the ability to add the voices of the wider technology community. Input A Global Learning Tool and content from industry leaders, innovators, More than 2 million people visited computerhistory. academics, and others can be added to each history org in 2010. Revolution Online will bring in 10 story, providing alternative views, depth, and nuance. times that number—more than 20 million people a year. Many of those new visitors are from around History as it Happens the world, as international access to the Museum’s Computing history isn’t over. It’s happening now. website continues to grow explosively. Many more wonders are yet to come. Computer The new website will also expand the Museum’s technology moves forward and new devices come educational tours, programs, and workshops. Now ORAL HISTORIES onto the market every week. The Museum will we can tell the inspiring story of computing history, continue its mission of collecting, interpreting, and not just to thousands of students at the Museum, exhibiting. The Web allows the Museum to record but to millions of students all over the world. We’re always thrilled when we hear how students and edu- cators are able to access and utilize the Museum’s online resources. BY JON PLUTTE More than 2 million people ON THE ROAD Most museums have websites. Few fully exploit the Web’s unlimited capacity for access, storage, and visited computerhistory.org in In search of context behind the life of an icon 2010. Revolution Online will storytelling. Our collection and exhibits aren’t dupli- cated by any other institution, and the Internet lets bring ten times that number— us share our unique resources with the world. Check “Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. Home to dairy farms… has an extensive collection of Cray computers, also more than 20 million people it all out at computerhistory.org/revolution Leinenkugel beer…and…supercomputing.” had photos of Seymour Cray and his associates that Bob Sanguedolce is the Museum’s Vice President of As Media Producer for the Computer History we could use for the new exhibition. They were will- a year. Technology. He led the design, development, and deploy- Museum, I am working with the Museum’s curators ing to loan us one of his original notebooks for our ment of the web media and technology for Revolution. to make dozens of movies. Some are 1-minute clips new exhibition as well, but they wanted to hand it of interviews of computer pioneers. But most are to a Museum staffer, not ship it. high-end productions on a range of subjects from We were going. World War II code-breaking to the invention of the Dag Spicer, the Museum’s Senior Curator, and I World Wide Web. But the movie about Seymour determined that we would leave the fi rst week of Cray was different. May and stay for about 4 days. Seymour Cray is an iconic fi gure in computing. The most critical thing we needed was a fi lm crew. Widely regarded as the father of supercomputers, I decided to use a local crew for a several reasons. he was a quiet Midwestern man closely tied to his Most important was that we needed a guide. hometown of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. Unfor- Where are the best-looking dairy farms? Where tunately, he passed away almost 15 years ago, and is the Leinenkugel Brewery? Can we fi nd Seymour archival interviews don’t reveal much of Cray, the Cray’s house? man. To understand him, we needed to get to Chip- Fortunately, through a series of recommendations, pewa Falls, fi lm the place, and interview some of we connected with Rick Wold of Studio One the people who helped him create his computers. Teleproductions in Eau Claire, less than 15 miles Founder and Museum Trustee Gordon Bell could from Chippewa Falls. Rick had ideas about the best- connect us with two important people from Cray’s looking dairy farms, knew where Leinenkugel The interconnectivity of the life—Les Davis, his trusted assistant, and Gary was, and had actually shot at the Chippewa Falls Museum website allows Smaby, who tracked Cray’s company for investment Museum before. Since we had determined we visitors to create personal fi rm Piper-Jaffray. We also found that the Chippewa would interview Les Davis at the museum, we hired tours based on their passions

MARK RICHARDS Falls Museum of Industry and Technology, which Studio One to work with us.

52 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 53 as the sun burst out in that glorious late afternoon undoubtedly for Dag as a curator, you live for those light cinematographers appropriately refer to as moments when you are let into another world, when “the golden hour.” When you watch the fi lm you will you are surprised, when all of the pieces fall into see this footage, and it looks great. Bear in mind place and you get a glimpse of the past. that we used virtually all of the farm footage we got Today the raker’s nephew and his rock band prac- in that lucky ten minutes. After that adventure, we tice in the bomb shelter. called it a day. The celebration was short-lived. We had one more It poured that night. stop on our whirlwind tour: we had to drive right back to Minneapolis to interview Gary Smaby, the Tuesday investment analyst. Gary was another great inter- We started out Tuesday by shooting a few additional view with insights into the workings of Cray’s busi- shots in downtown Chippewa Falls. Then came our ness and Cray himself. investigative reporting. In 1958 Seymour Cray con- The next day, we headed home. vinced Control Data Corporation (cdc) to let him Our trip to Chippewa Falls gave us more than move his operation from Minneapolis to Chippewa footage and photos. The trip was important because Falls. The story goes that he built a house on 65 it gave us insight into what motivated Seymour acres, then “put the cdc lab in his backyard.” Cray and his colleagues, helped us understand an We wanted to fi lm that house and lab. important place and time in the development of the We knew generally that the lab was “by the river,” computer, and it made the exhibition and movies far we knew the general location, but there was no richer than they would have been if we had just read fi ndable address, and the directions we got from Les books to assemble the story of Seymour Cray. This Leinenkugel Beer sign on Main Street in Chippewa Davis, among others, usually amounted to a broad is, I hope, something the Museum will do more of Falls, Wisconsin description rather than actual directions. So we in the future. We not only gained an understanding went Cray-house hunting. of the history, but also the context of that history. Chippewa Falls After picking up Seymour Cray’s journal, we After a few missed turns and a few dead ends, we That will make the Museum a richer and more Flying out from home always seems easier than the moved on. We needed to fi lm shots of downtown ended up in a sprawling housing area that, quite exciting experience now and in the future. return fl ight. You are excited about the trip, have Chippewa Falls. As we shot in this quaint little honestly, just seemed like the right place. As a matter Jon Plutte served as the executive producer of all of the a lot to do, and are rested. There always seems to Midwestern town, Rick would frequently shake of fact, as we drove up the hill to a small level area, I media viewable on the more than 100 screens in Revolution be more room on the plane. No exception this time. someone’s hand, ask how their sister was, then thought to myself that one of the houses, a low brick and their Internet counterparts. We got in to Minneapolis uneventfully, found our proceed to shoot again. rancher, seemed like the place an engineer would Dag Spicer is the Museum’s Senior Curator. He helped hotel, and prepared for our next day. Next was the Leinenkugel Brewery and its sur- build in the late 1950s. When we got to the top of create the intellectual framework and interpretive schema roundings. The last shot of the day was dairy the tree-covered hill, we found ourselves looking for Revolution. Monday farms. At this point it was nearing the end of the at a couple of houses and a low industrial building This was a packed day. We drove to Chippewa Falls day, and of course, it looked like rain. One day like you’d fi nd in Mountain View in the ‘60s. Out in and met Rick and his assistant/wife, Mary Anne, it went from sunny and cold to sunny and warm, front of that lab was a pleasant-looking fellow rak- The house was built like a for breakfast at 7 in the morning, the result of a to threatening rain. ing leaves. Rick decided to have a chat with the leaf- fortress, or, more accurately, hundred mile drive starting at 5:30. Rick knows Welcome to Wisconsin in the springtime. raker, although he (surprisingly) didn’t know him. everyone in that part of the world and he spent the Rick walked up, sheepishly followed by the pro- a bomb shelter. Cray, probably entire time greeting old friends, asking how their Golden Cows ducer, and described our Cray mission. A big smile rightly, thought that his town second cousin was, sharing gossip. Not like Califor- We drove out of town, into the nearby countryside, crossed the raker’s face. “Oh yeah, Cray’s house nia, that’s for sure. trying to reach the dairy farms before either the light is right over there, you want to see inside? My sister might be a Soviet target back First stop was the Chippewa Falls Museum of In- went away or it rained. We saw the clouds were lives there!” It turns out that his father had bought at the height of the Cold War dustry and Technology, right downtown. We were to getting more and more ominous, the sky was getting the old Cray house and they were very proud of it. interview Les Davis in the museum, in front of one darker and darker. Then it started to rain. But it The house was built like a fortress, or more accu- of their Cray computers. The museum’s Executive was a light rain, so hope prevailed. When we fi nally rately, a bomb shelter. Cray, probably rightly, thought Director, Rebecca Kitzberger, graciously came in on reached our dairy (with cows), the rain turned to that his town might be a Soviet target back at the her day off to let us use the museum. drizzle, and then it stopped. We were unloading out height of the Cold War, and prepared well. The walls Les was articulate and poignant. He talked of the van when I looked up and realized there was are concrete-fi lled cinder block. It has a water cistern. about how Seymour worked, discussed their work a break in the clouds, and that a patch of sun was Deep in the bowels of the building is a bomb shelter relationship, and also gave us some insights into the moving towards us and, more importantly, our farm, with space for plenty of supplies. Seymour Cray personal relationships that the Cray team developed and even more importantly, the cows. We scrambled was prepared. And behind the house, past the next over the years. A truly great interview. to get the camera set up, and started fi lming just hill, was the old cdc lab. For me as a fi lmmaker, and

54 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 55 IBM SYSTEM 32– FERRARA MEAT COMPANY INC.

CHM#: 102711734 DATE: 1978 DONOR: Gift of Ferrara Enterprises LLC A holdout from an earlier era of Silicon Valley slaughterhouses, meat packing, and processing plants, Ferrara Meats was located at 255 E. Trimble ROBERT NOYCE INTEL ID BADGE DYNABOOK PROTOTYPE Rd. San Jose, ca, in the shadow of high-tech such as Honeywell, Hewlett-Packard, and Unisys. RECENT ARTIFACT CHM#: 102716219 CHM#: 102716364 Ferrara, which was founded in 1933, acquired DATE: ca.1975 DATE: 2010 their ibm System/32 in 1978 for accounting, billing, DONATIONS DONOR: Gift of Ann Bowers Noyce DONOR: Gift of Alan Kay and inventory, and continued using it until 1998. COLLECTION BY DAG SPICER Intel was co-founded in 1968 by Gordon The Dynabook was a hypothetical machine “It was a complete bookkeeping system,” says Moore and Robert Noyce. Moore was a fi rst proposed by computer scientist Alan Bernice Ferrara Seimas, daughter of Ferrara founder chemist while Noyce was a physicist and Kay in 1968. Kay had a cardboard pro- Philip Ferrara. independent co-inventor, with Jack Kilby, totype similar to this one specially made The System/32 was introduced by ibm in 1975 of the integrated circuit (ic). Both Noyce for the Museum to serve as an example of and was aimed at small businesses by providing and Moore had come from Fairchild what the Dynabook could look like and ready-made software packages for common business Semiconductor, a company with a long list he used it while introducing the concept to functions with the system. With minimal training, a of innovations, but one that struggled with a wide variety of audiences. clerk could perform a variety of important business an east coast parent company that did not Although it bears a striking similarity functions. It was built at ibm’s Rochester, Minnesota understand the semiconductor business. to the laptop of today, Kay’s vision went plant and rented for under $1,000 a month. Frustrated, the pair left, bringing with beyond simply shrinking the hardware into them colleague Andy Grove, a chemical a portable form. It entailed key software engineer and visionary who led the com- developments and an educational cur- pany through its explosive growth in the riculum based on its unique capabilities— 1980s and ‘90s. possibilities that, in Kay’s view, remain Noyce, however, was the spiritual father unfulfi lled. of Intel and widely admired around the world as an honest, plain-speaking repre- sentative of the semiconductor industry. He garnered many honors, including the Na- tional Medal of Science and the National Medal of Technology. A heavy smoker, Noyce died of heart failure in 1990 at the age of 62.

56 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 57 MUSEUM DONORS SUPPORT

Capital Campaign Donors MEGA / $100K–$499K David Emerson CORE PATRON 32K CORE CLUB CORE FRIEND $1K+ Edward A. Feigenbaum Mooring Family Foundation Peter and Deborah Wexler CONTRIBUTING LEVEL 5K and Penny Nii Applied Materials Bill Campbell Anonymous (2) ACG Silicon Valley EXA / $10M+ Carol and Chris Espinosa CORE COMPANION $7K+ Howard and Eleanor Morgan L. Curtis Widdoes Jr. Robert Frankston Donna Dubinsky and Steve Blank and Alison Elliott Judy Estrin John and Sheree Shoch Peggy Burke and George B. Adams, III Dean and Lavon Morton Paul Winalski Alloy Ventures Dennis Boyle Sam and Carol Fuller Leonard J Shustek Campbell Fund Jack and Casey Carsten Institute of Museum & Allan and Katie Alcorn Jane and Malachy Moynihan William A. Wulf and Arma Partners Library Services CORE INVESTOR $5K+ Allen Fung Anita K. Jones Bill & Melinda Gates Patricia and Gene Carter Samuel H. Fuller Frances Allen Stanley and Joan Myers Fenwick & West† Foundation CORE SPONSOR 16K+ Ed and Lisa Colligan John Galloway Warren Yogi David Cheriton Terry and Dotty Hayes Eric P. Allman and Marshall Don and Helen Nielson The MITRE Corporation Elaine and Eric Hahn Anonymous Stephen Donaldson K. Mckusick Gideon and Sarah Gartner Bob and Carrie Zeidman Yogen and Peggy Dalal Peter Hirshberg Niemasik Kaufman Merrill Lynch Forest Baskett and Chris and Carol Espinosa Foundation PETA / $5M–$9.99M Dunlevie Family David Anderson Family Fund Stackoverfl ow Jennifer and Chuck House Carolyn Bell L. John Doerr and Ann Doerr Dave Rossetti and Jan Avent John Gustafson Fairchild Semiconductor Arthur and Jean Astrin Duane Northcutt and Monica Corporate Partners Upright Marketing† Christine Hughes and Lawrence and Janice Finch Jeff Hawkins and The Harlan E. Anderson Diane and Peter Hart Lam Robert Garner and Abe Ostrovsky Rick and Molly Bahr SUSTAINING LEVEL 100K† Wild Hare Computing Janet Strauss Eric and Elaine Hahn Foundation Robin Beresford Marcian and Judith Hoff Bob and Carol Peters The Joan and Irwin Jacobs John and Sheila Banning Google† Yamazaki Technology Gardner Hendrie and John and Andrea Hennessy Robert and Katherine Harvey Family Fund of the Jewish Charles and Jennifer House Paul Pierce Karen Johansen Maxfi eld Allen Baum and Donya White Hewlett Packard† Community Foundation Severns Family Foundation Andrea and John Hennessy Christine Hughes and Kate Pohl Dave House Family John and Rosemary Young Brian A. Berg Intel Corporation Pitch and Cathie Johnson Grant and Dorrit Saviers Abe Ostrovsky Revolution: The First 2000 Foundation James N. Porter The Hitz Foundation John and Maggie Best Intuit The Steven and Michele CORE CONTRIBUTOR $3K+ Matthew and Connie Ives Years of Computing was CORE PARTNER 8K+ William K. Pratt Intel Corporation Mark Horowitz and Peter B. Bishop made possible through the Kirsch Foundation Anonymous Family Fund SAP Jody Buckley Danny Cohen Frank and Denise Quattrone generosity of Bill Gates. Intuit, in honor of founder KLA-Tencor Erich Bloch Craig Jensen † Craig and Barbara Barrett Foundation IBM Scott Cook John Mashey and Angela Hey David N. Cutler Generous funding for the Lam Research Barry and Sharla Boehm Franklin P. Johnson, Jr. Yogen and Peggy Dalal Dennis M. Ritchie Microsoft Corporation Software Theatre provided TERA / $1M – $4.99M Burton and Deedee John and Barbara Ekiss Linear Technology Gene and Patricia Carter The Dirk and Charlene † by Intuit, Inc. in honor of McMurtry Fusun Ertemalp The Rock Foundation Fry’s Electronics Anonymous Judy Estrin Kabcenell Foundation Scott Cook Pierre and Pam Omidyar Richard and Virginia Case Ike and Ronee Nassi Erik E. Fair Florence Rosenbloom FOUNDING LEVEL 50K Gwen and C. Gordon Bell Gordon and Betty Moore Robert Kahn and Generous funding for Stephen Squires and Xan Chamberlain National Semiconductor Robin Beresford and Patrice Lyons Paul Rosenbloom Cisco Systems Digital Logic provided by Mike and Kristina Homer Ann Marmor-Squires Jim and Stephanie Nisbet Robert Garner Ned Chapin Intel Corporation The David and Lucile Peter and Beth Karpas Peter and Valerie Samson INVESTING LEVEL 25K Burgess and Karen and Mark Tucker Bernard L. Peuto Packard Foundation Terry and Dotty Hayes Mike Cisco † Exhibition technology and Elizabeth Jamieson Jerry and Judy Klein John and Christine 1185 Design Xilinx M. Kenneth and Barbara media systems generously Bernard L. Peuto John C. and Mindy W. Hollar Simon Cooper Sanguinetti † Gloria Miner Oshman Donald and Jill Knuth Eastwick Communications provided by Frys.com Peter and Cindy Ziebelman The Harry and Carol Saal John Mashey and Lee Courtney and Anne Schardt Max and Jodie Palevsky Sheldon Laube and Nancy Bernard LaCroute Ericsson Family Foundation Angela Hey Katy Jenkins Engel Laube, M.D. Robert Shaw Charles Simonyi Fund Individual Annual Donors Lucio Lanza PLATO Learning Daniel and Charmaine Jan and Sofi a Laskowski Andrea Cunningham For Arts & Sciences The Vadasz Family Fund Jean Shuler Warmenhoven Gary and Laura Lauder Perforce Software CORE CIRCLE James and Patricia William and Sonja Davidow John and Sheree Shoch Ike and Ronee Nassi Roger J. Sippl KILO / 5K – $100K Markevitch Catherine Lego Sendmail CORE BENEFACTOR 64K+ Aart De Geus and GIGA / $500K -$999K David R. Cheriton Living Dr. Richard Sites Sally M. Abel and The McElwee Family SUPPORTING LEVEL 10K Bell Family Trust Trust Esther John Roy Levin and Jan Thomson Bill and Roberta Campbell Mogens Lauritzen Madian and Shubha John and Elizabeth Toole Peter and Dorothy Denning Karl S. Lichtenberger and Fog Creek Software Bill and Melinda Gates Paul Baran Somasundaram Fry’s Electronics David and Robin Anderson Michelle L. Gutierrez Foundation Debby Meredith and Mr. and Mrs. Reid W. Dennis Oracle William and Margo Harding Lauren M. Speeth Sheldon Laube and David Babcock Curtis Cole Loewenstern Foundation Dave House Lloyd and Eleanor Dickman PARC Nancy Engel Laube, M.D. The McMurtry Family Robert and Lee Sproull Peggy Burke and Jean E. Sammet Mackenzie Family Fund † Donna Dubinsky and Foundation Eric and Susan Dunn The Mountain Winery Lawrence and Janice Finch Dennis Boyle Stratford Foundation Leonard J. Shustek Charles L. Seitz Jeff and Lynn Magill Stephen S. Smith and Les Earnest Rambus, Inc. Gordon and Betty Moore Lori Kulvin Crawford Pamela and Edward Taft Eric and Wendy Schmidt Paula K. Smith Family Guy L. Tribble and The Markkula Foundation Foundation David Emerson Sigma Partners Andrea Cunningham Foundation Susan K. Burnes Jeanie Treichel Gardner C. Hendrie and David Martin Grant and Dorrit Saviers and Rand Siegfried Maria Evans SRI International Karen Johansen Jan and Sylvia Uddenfeldt Lorna and Duane Wadsworth Edward and Pamela Taft Don and Joyce Massaro Studio1500† Gordon and Betty Moore Bruce Wonnacott Pierluigi Zappacosta Foundation Mendelsohn Family Fund SVB Financial Group and Enrica D’Ettorre Laurence Spitters Dianne and William D. Foundation Mensch, Jr.

†Includes in-kind donations

58 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 59 PROFILES Key People behind Revolution ABOUT THE TEAM ABOUT THE MUSEUM BACKGROUND

Dr. Leonard J. Shustek is the Dag Spicer, Senior Cura- Al Kossow is the Robert Karen Kroslowitz, Senior PROFESSIONAL SERVICES Vision Dave House The Computer History Babbage Difference HOURS Museum’s co-founder and tor, helped to create the N. Miner Software Cura- Registrar and Collections The lead architect for the To explore the computing Brocade Museum is the world’s lead- Engine No. 2 Wednesday–Sunday: Chairman of the 34-member intellectual framework and tor for the Museum and Manager, led the receipt, Museum’s public spaces was revolution and its Communications ing institution exploring the The Story of the First 10 am–5 pm Board of Trustees. Len was interpretive schema for jointly curated the Software location, staging, movement the award-winning fi rm of worldwide impact on the Systems, Inc. history of computing and its Computer Pioneer co-founder of the pioneering Revolution. He directed the fi lm and gallery. He is an and placement of physical human experience ongoing impact on society. Charles Babbage (1791- Mark Horton / Architecture of Christine Hughes CONTACT networking company Net- collection strategy for and acknowledged expert in the artifacts in the Revolution San Francisco. Mark Horton Mission Achievement Plus It is home to the largest 1871) designed the fi rst work General and has served curation of the Memory & fi eld of software curation galleries. She also directed, and Daniel Mason were To preserve and present international collection of modern programmable Computer History Museum Peter Karpas on the faculties of Stanford Storage and Supercomputers and preservation, and works where necessary, artifact the lead architects for the for posterity the artifacts computing artifacts in the computer—complete with a 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd PayPal University and Carnegie Mel- galleries. Dag is recognized extensively with groups out- restoration. project. and stories of the infor- world, including com- printer—but he failed to build Mountain View, CA 94043 lon University. He acted as internationally as an expert side the Museum to collect, puter hardware, software, it. Engineers at the London [email protected] A team of Museum staff The exhibition designers for mation age Dave Martin chief curator in the develop- in computing history, writes preserve and document the documentation, ephemera, Science Museum fi nally built 650.810.1010 in Collections and Exhibi- 280 Capital Partners ment of the content plan for and speaks regularly on a history of software. Revolution were Dennis Van President and CEO photographs, and mov- the fi rst working Babbage tions contributed over Revolution. variety of areas in the fi eld Sickle and Andrea Rolleri John C. Hollar John Mashey ing images. The Museum Engine in 2002. The Babbage David A. Laws curated the many months to locating, and serves on the editorial of Van Sickle & Rolleri, an Techvisor brings computer history to Difference Engine No. 2 on Kirsten Tashev, Vice Presi- Digital Logic gallery. David cataloging, moving and Board of Trustees board of the IEEE Annals of award-winning designer of life through an acclaimed display at the Museum has dent of Collections & Exhibi- has over 35 years experience placing physical items, to Leonard J. Shustek Donald J. Massaro the History of Computing. immersive museum environ- speaker series, dynamic 8,000 parts, weighs fi ve tons tions, led the development of in the semiconductor indus- photographing and digitizing Chairman Sendmail, Inc. ments. VS&R is based in website, on-site tours, and and measures 11 feet in Revolution from the project’s Dr. Lauren Silver, Director of try. He has worked for Silicon digital items and to obtain- VenCraft, LLC Medford, New Jersey. Philip McKinney physical exhibitions. length. Learn more about inception in 2000. She Education, designed a com- Valley companies, including ing oral histories and video Dave Anderson Personal Systems Exhibit Concepts, Inc., an this extraordinary object and directed the Museum’s cura- prehensive plan for the Mu- Fairchild Semiconductor, Ad- interviews. They included GridIron Systems Group, HP award-winning exhibit fabri- the people who built it. torial, collections and exhibi- seum’s docent team, jointly vanced Micro Devices (AMD) Elizabeth Borchardt, CURRENT EXHIBITS tions staff and led a team led the training of more than and Altera Corporation, in William Harnack, Sara Lott, cator based in Dayton, Ohio, C. Gordon Bell Debby Meredith Revolution: The First 2000 of architects, designers, 40 docents with Volunteer roles from product marketing Alex Lux, Judy Strebel, and was the lead fi rm construct- Microsoft Corporation JAFCO Ventures Mastering the Years of Computing media producers, writers, Manager Jim Somers and engineer to CEO. David also Heather Yager. ing the physical exhibition Game: A History of Grady Booch Ike Nassi Everyone uses computers. and content consultants over led the development of the served as staff director of the spaces in Revolution. The au- Computer Chess IBM Thomas J. Watson SAP Labs, LLC Few know the story of how a decade of work. Kirsten’s education plan for Revolu- Semiconductor Special Inter- dio/visual intregration team The history of computer MEDIA AND WEB TEAM Research Center they came to be. Revolu- many previous museum tion. Lauren oversees the est group at the Museum. was Bowen Innovations of Greg Papadopoulos chess is a fi ve-decade long Jon Plutte, Media Producer tion is the only historically credits include the Museum development of all education Indianapolis, Indiana. Peggy Burke New Enterprise quest, beginning in the Dr. Jim McClure curated the and award-winning docu- 1185 Design authoritative exhibition ex- of Jewish Heritage in New programs and materials for Associates earliest days of computing Calculators, Mainframes mentary fi lmmaker, served LEED-accredited MAI ploring the explosive growth York and the Mashantucket the Museum. She holds a Lori Crawford and refl ecting the ongoing and Input & Output galleries. as the executive producer of Industries of San Jose was Bernard L. Peuto of computers, software and Pequot Indian Museum in Ph.D. in developmental psy- SPO Partners & Co. advances in hardware Jim holds a Ph.D. in Civil/ all of the media viewable on the general contractor. Concord Consulting networking. It chronicles Connecticut. chology and has more than MAI Industries collabo- and software. Chess pre- Geological Engineering from the more than 100 screens in Andrea Cunningham Rich Redelfs the evolution and impact of 20 years of experience in a rated closely with VS&R and sented the perfect computing Gary Matsushita, Vice the University of California, Revolution and their Internet Rearden Commerce Foundation Capital modern computing from the wide range of educational challenge: a simple set of President of Operations, led Berkeley, and a Master’s in counterparts. His exhibi- Exhibit Concepts to execute abacus to the smart phone. settings Donna Dubinsky Dave Rossetti rules enabling games the design and construction Museum Studies. He is the tion production credits all the new interior design of the This 25,000 sq. ft. multimedia Numenta Cisco Systems, Inc. of stupefying complexity. of the Museum’s new public Museum’s fi rst Manager of 15 fi lms playing throughout exhibition space and the Mu- experience is a technological seum’s new public spaces. Learn more about the jour- spaces and directed the con- CURATORIAL TEAM Adult and College Programs. the galleries, the Icon Video David Emerson F. Grant Saviers wonderland that immerses ney to build a computer struction and modifi cation Alex Bochannek curated the segments in each gallery Funzio InPronto, Inc. visitors in the sights, sounds, Marc Weber is founding Hillman & Carr is an award- that challenged the world’s of the Museum’s exhibition Analog Computers, Birth of and the design of the more and stories of the computer curator of the Internet His- winning Washington, DC Edward Feigenbaum John F. Shoch best chess players. space. Before joining the the Computer, Early Com- than 40 interactive viewing revolution. tory Program at the Museum based fi lmmaker that served Stanford University Alloy Ventures Museum, Gary served as puter Companies and Real- stations. and curated the Mobile as producer of the Software the Worldwide Director of Time Computing galleries. Eric Hahn Steve Smith PDP-1 Computing and Networking Revolution Online was and Artifi cial Intelligence Real Estate & Facilities for Alex is pursuing European Inventures Group Arma Partners Digital Equipment Corpora- & the Web galleries. Marc launched through the year- fi lms. OpenTV, Inc., and as Senior and Russian computing tion’s (DEC) PDP-1 was actively collects artifacts and long efforts of Ton Luong Bill Harding Raymie Stata Manager of Facilities for history for the Museum and Mark Richards is photogra- the fi rst commercial comput- oral histories in the Internet and Ganna Boyko of the VantagePoint Venture Yahoo!, Inc. Apple, Inc. is also a consulting software pher for Revolution and took ers designed to interact with history fi eld worldwide. Technology team. Partners engineer in Silicon Valley. more than 7,000 images for Jan Uddenfeldt a single user. The Museum’s Bob Sanguedolce, Vice A team of producers, editors the exhibition. Dotty Hayes SonyEricsson restoration team brought President of Technology, led Chris Garcia curated the COLLECTIONS TEAM and researchers contributed Intuit, Inc. (retired) the PDP-1 back to working the design, development, Computer Games, Punched Paul Rosenthal is an expe- L. Curtis Widdoes, Jr. Paula Jabloner, Director to media and web produc- condition. They retrieved and deployment of the web Cards, Computer Graphics rienced interpretive writer Gardner Hendrie Mentor Graphics (retired) of Collections, directed a tion, including the capture of data from its main memory, and technology for Revolu- Music & Art and Personal for museum exhibitions and Sigma Partners multi-year effort to collect, more than 60 oral histories Mitchell Zimmerman restored all the peripherals tion. He also directed media Computers galleries. Chris, translated the curated mate- catalog and prepare the ex- and interview segments for Charles House Fenwick & West and loaded the machine with production and the creation a member of the Museum rial into exhibit text. tensive number of artifacts in the What’s Next Theater and Media X, Stanford vintage games, including of Revolution Online on the staff since 1999, is a regular Revolution. Paula also leads the extensive search for digi- University SpaceWar! Internet at computerhistory. contributor to Core Magazine the Museum’s ongoing effort tal footage and images. They org/revolution. Before joining and writes extensively on to expand public access to included Sridhar Dasari, the Museum, Bob served as popular culture on the our landmark collection Aimee Gardner, Ken Gruca, VP and Chief Information Internet. through digital cataloging, and Carol Stiglic. Offi cer (CIO) of eBay. online research and media accessibility.

60 CORE 2010-2011 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM C Dream. Design. Publish. No minimum print runs. No upfront costs. No waste.

Core Magazine computerhistory.magcloud.com

Create Your Own Magazine, Brochure or Catalog MagCloud, by HP, lets you turn your ideas, information and images into a beautful glossy print magazine in no time. With MagCloud you can commercially print 1 or 1000 copies to send to customers, friends or even make it available for sale on our website. Simply upload a PDF of your content and MagCloud will take care of the rest, with easy ordering and print management HP Labs is a proud sponsor of Core Magazine. services. So whether you are creating a photography portfolio, fashion magazine, company brochure or a school newsletter, MagCloud will take your This magazine was printed for the Computer History Museum publication from PDF to printed magazine with just a few clicks of the mouse. through HP MagCloud,using HP Indigo digital presses. Visit www.magcloud.com today and start publishing. Find more publications from the Computer History Museum at computerhistory.magcloud.com