Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

DRAFT FOR COMMENTS

FRA 2000 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS STUDY FOR MEXICO, CUBA AND

Rome, October 1999

Forest Resources Assessment Programme Working Paper 11 Rome 1999 The Forest Resources Assessment Programme

Forests are crucial for the well-being of humanity. They provide foundations for life on earth through ecological functions, by regulating the climate and water resources, and by serving as habitats for plants and animals. Forests also furnish a wide range of essential goods such as wood, food, fodder and medicines, in addition to opportunities for recreation, spiritual renewal and other services.

Today, forests are under pressure from expanding human populations, which frequently leads to the conversion or degradation of forests into unsustainable forms of land use. When forests are lost or severely degraded, their capacity to function as regulators of the environment is also lost, increasing flood and erosion hazards, reducing soil fertility, and contributing to the loss of plant and animal life. As a result, the sustainable provision of goods and services from forests is jeopardized.

FAO, at the request of the member nations and the world community, regularly monitors the world’s forests through the Forest Resources Assessment Programme. The next report, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (FRA 2000), will review the forest situation by the end of the millennium. FRA 2000 will include country-level information based on existing forest inventory data, regional investigations of land-cover change processes, and a number of global studies focusing on the interaction between people and forests. The FRA 2000 report will be made public and distributed on the world wide web in the year 2000.

The Forest Resources Assessment Programme is organized under the Forest Resources Division (FOR) at FAO headquarters in Rome. Contact persons are:

Robert Davis FRA Programme Coordinator [email protected]

Peter Holmgren FRA Project Director [email protected] or use the e-mail address: [email protected]

DISCLAIMER

The Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) Working Paper Series is designed to reflect the activities and progress of the FRA Programme of FAO. Working Papers are not authoritative information sources – they do not reflect the official position of FAO and should not be used for official purposes. Please refer to the FAO forestry website (www.fao.org/fo) for access to official information.

The FRA Working Paper Series provides an important forum for the rapid release of preliminary FRA 2000 findings needed for validation and to facilitate the final development of an official quality-controlled FRA 2000 information set. Should users find any errors in the documents or have comments for improving their quality they should contact either Robert Davis or Peter Holmgren at [email protected].

2 Table of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS ...... 7

1 INTRODUCTION...... 8

2 ARGENTINA...... 9

2.1 STATUS OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 9 2.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 9 2.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 10 2.3.1 Fibers...... 10 2.3.2 and ...... 10 2.3.4 Essential oils ...... 10 2.3.5 Tree seeds...... 10 2.3.6 Walnuts ...... 10 2.3.7 ...... 10 2.4 REFERENCES ...... 11 2.5 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 11 3 BOLIVIA...... 12

3.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 12 3.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 12 3.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 12 3.3.1 Rubber...... 13 3.3.2 Nuts...... 13 3.3.3 Palm hearts ...... 13 3.3.4 Essential oils ...... 13 3.3.5 ...... 13 3.3.6 Edible Oils ...... 13 3.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS...... 13 3.4.1 Colourants and dyes...... 14 3.4.2 Important Commercial Wild Animals...... 14 3.5 REFERENCES ...... 15 3.6 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 15 4 BRAZIL ...... 16

4.1 STATUS OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 16 4.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 16 4.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 17 4.3.1 Fibers...... 17 4.3.2 Resin, , and tanin ...... 17 4.3.3 Essential oils ...... 17 4.3.4 Rubber and ...... 17 4.3.5 ...... 17 4.3.6 Palm hearts ...... 18 4.3.7 Medicine...... 18 4.3.8 Edible oils ...... 18 4.3.9 Nuts...... 18 4.3.10 Fruits...... 18 4.3.11 Colourants and dyes ...... 18 4.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS...... 18 4.4.1 Honey...... 19 4.4.2 Silk ...... 19 4.4.3 Commercial Wild Animals ...... 19 4.4 REFERENCES ...... 20

3 4.5 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 21 5 CHILE...... 22

5.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 22 5.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 22 5.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 22 5.3.1 Fiber ...... 23 5.3.2 Medicine...... 23 5.3.3 Essential oil...... 23 5.3.4 Nuts...... 23 5.4 OTHER FOOD PRODUCTS...... 23 5.4 REFERENCES ...... 24 5.5 RESOURCE PEOPLE ...... 24 6 COLOMBIA ...... 25

6.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 25 6.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 25 6.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 25 6.3.1 Fiber ...... 26 6.3.2 Latex and gums...... 26 6.3.3 Palm hearts ...... 26 6.3.4 Edible oil...... 26 6.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS...... 26 6.4.1 Honey...... 26 6.5 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL WILD ANIMALS ...... 27 6.6 REFERENCES ...... 28 6.7 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 28 7 CUBA ...... 29

7.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 29 7.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 29 7.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 29 7.3.1 Resin, bark and tree seeds ...... 29 7.3.2 Construction and wrapping material...... 30 7.3.3 Fodder...... 30 7.3.4 Tannin ...... 30 7.3.5 Fruits...... 30 7.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS...... 30 7.4.1 Honey...... 30 7.5 REFERENCES ...... 31 7.6 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 31 8 ECUADOR...... 32

8.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 32 8.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 32 8.3 NON-WOOD GOODS...... 32 8.3.1 Fiber ...... 33 8.3.2 Latex and gums...... 33 8.3.3 Nuts...... 33 8.3.4 Edible oils ...... 33 8.3.5 Palm hearts ...... 33 8.3.6 ...... 33 8.3.7 Honey...... 33 8.3.8 Ornamental fish and other live animals ...... 34 8.4 REFERENCES ...... 35 8.5 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 35 9 FRENCH GUIANA...... 36

4 9.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS ...... 36 9.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES...... 36 9.3 REFERENCES ...... 36 9.4 RESOURCE PERSONS ...... 37 10 MEXICO...... 38

10.1 STATUS OF NWFP STATISTICS...... 38 10.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES ...... 38 10.3 NON-WOOD GOODS ...... 38 10.3.1 Ornamental plants ...... 39 10.3.2 and other fibers...... 39 10.3.3 Resin ...... 39 10.3.4 Wax, tannin and gum ...... 39 10.3.5 Medicine...... 39 10.3.6 Yucca, opuntia and agave products...... 39 10.3.7 Nuts...... 40 10.3.8 Edible oils ...... 40 10.3.9 Spices ...... 40 10.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS ...... 40 10.4.1 Mushrooms ...... 40 10.4.2 Honey...... 40 10.5 REFERENCES...... 41 10.6 RESOURCE PERSONS...... 41 11 PARAGUAY ...... 42

11.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS...... 42 11.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES ...... 42 11.3 NON-WOOD GOODS ...... 42 11.3.1 Tannin ...... 42 11.3.2 Essential oils ...... 43 11.3.3 Edible oil...... 43 11.4 OTHER NWF PLANT PRODUCTS ...... 43 11.4.1 Honey...... 43 11.5 REFERENCES...... 44 11.6 RESOURCE PERSONS...... 44 12 PERU...... 45

12.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS...... 45 12.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES ...... 45 12.3 NON-WOOD GOODS ...... 45 12.3.1 Ornamental plants ...... 46 12.3.2 Fodder...... 46 12.3.3 Fiber...... 46 12.3.4 Latex ...... 46 12.3.5 Medicine...... 46 12.3.6 Fruits...... 46 12.3.7 Nuts...... 46 12.3.8 Palm hearts ...... 46 12.3.9 Edible oil...... 47 12.3.10 Cocoa ...... 47 12.3.11 Colourants and dyes ...... 47 12.3.12 Commercial animals ...... 47 12.4 REFERENCES...... 48 12.5 RESOURCE PERSONS...... 48 13 URUGUAY...... 49

13.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS...... 49 13.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES ...... 49

5 13.3 NON-WOOD GOODS ...... 49 13.3.1 Honey...... 49 13.4 REFERENCES...... 50 13.5 RESOURCE PERSONS...... 50 14 VENEZUELA ...... 51

14.1 STATE OF NWFP STATISTICS...... 51 14.2 NON-WOOD GOODS AND SERVICES ...... 51 14.3 NON-WOOD GOODS ...... 51 14.3.1 Bamboo and other fibers...... 52 14.3.2 Resin ...... 52 14.3.3 Nuts...... 52 14.3.4 Edible oil...... 52 14.3.5 Cocoa...... 52 14.3.6 Palm hearts ...... 52 14.3.7 Honey...... 52 14.3.8 Important Commercial Wild Animals ...... 52 14.4 REFERENCES...... 54 14.5 RESOURCE PERSONS...... 54 APPENDIX 1: TABLES ...... 55

APPENDIX 2: CONTACTS ...... 77 Argentina ...... 77 Bolivia ...... 77 Brazil ...... 77 Chile ...... 78 Colombia...... 78 Cuba ...... 79 Ecuador ...... 79 French Guiana ...... 79 Mexico ...... 80 Paraguay...... 80 Peru ...... 80 Uruguay ...... 80 Venezuela...... 81

Paper drafted by Dennis Johnson, Ph.D. and edited by Patrizia Pugliese

6 Abbreviations

BEF Biomass Expansion Factor

BV Biomass of inventoried volume

CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Ensemanza

Cirad Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement

EDC Eros Data Centre

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

FORIS Forest Resources Information System

FRA Forest Resources Assessment

GIS Geographic Information System

NWFP Non-Wood Forest Products

SNU Sub National Unit(s)

UN-ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

VOB Volume Over Bark

WD Wood Density

WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre

7 1 Introduction

The next global forest resources assessment (FRA 2000), describing the state of forest resources for the year 2000 and its changes over the last 20 years, will conclude and report its findings in the year 2000. Along with the core information on the state and changes in forests, FRA 2000 includes new parameters on ecological aspects of forests, sustainable forest management and non-wood goods and services. Experts in forest resources from member countries, international and national organisations, NGO’s and individuals contributed to planning the assessment during the Kotka III Expert Consultation on The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (1996). One of the new parameters is the assessment of non-wood goods and services on a global basis. The collection of such information was seen as a necessary part of the assessment due to the major importance that non-wood products have in local economies and communities and represent important alternative uses of forests. At the same time however, the collection of such information was seen as a particularly challenging element of the assessment due to the enormous difficulties of collecting global comparable information on goods and services which are often site specific and highly diverse in their characteristics.

The original Kotka proposal suggested dividing non-wood goods and services into 6 major groups (food and medicine, fodder and forage, industrial extracts, protection, social and economic, aesthetic, cultural and spiritual) and requested for each major group a short description, an indication of their relative and absolute importance, changes in supply and demand, and indications of quantity and value supplied. This proposal was tested under the present working paper, where information on these elements was collected for the countries of Mexico, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. The author of the paper, Dennis Johnson, Ph.D., worked extensively in many of the countries and in libraries in the USA and in FAO to compile the information.

This document represents the first un-validated information for these countries and is being forwarded to the participating countries for comments and validation. Validated reports will eventually be used in the FRA 2000 final publication.

8 2 ARGENTINA

2.1 Status of NWFP statistics

Argentina participated in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile 1994 (FAO 1995). The country report, prepared by Cristina Résico, was brief (4 pages), because detailed national surveys of NWFP do not exist. Subsequently, a botanical database was compiled in Argentina, which provides scientific and vernacular names, geographic distribution and reported uses. However, the database does not provide any statistical information about the level of utilization of the respective species and whether or not they are for subsistence use or are commercialized. Nevertheless, the database is a valuable first step toward generating national information on the relative importance of NWFP. It must be acknowledged that this report on Argentina’s NWFP is incomplete since only 11 entries are found on the accompanying table.

2.2 Non-wood goods and services

In Argentina, a number of NWFP are extracted from natural forests as well as cultivated within and outside the forests and woodlands. Based upon data available, the most important NWFP appear to be:

· resin and tannin

· essential oils

· forest tree seeds

· walnuts

· fiber

· honey

Other non-wood goods exploited in Argentina at the national level include (53 t in 1996) for ornamental use and rushes (240 t in 1996) for weaving various products. Palm heart production is known to occur in Missiones Province, but production data are not available.

Tourism is an important forest service, especially as related to the Lake District (Neuguén Province) and the area of Iguazu Falls (Misiones Province). Argentina has a network of 32 protected areas which includes 17 national parks; most are located in the northern and southwestern parts of the country. Nearly 2,7 million ha are under protection (IUCN 1982).

9 2.3 Non-wood goods

Subsistence use of NWFP is common in Argentina as it is in other countries and a few are commercialized. No estimates were found as to the value of all types of NWFP in Argentina and it is uncertain as to whether or not some products are being exported. Among the NWFP known to exist and under some level of exploitation in the country are ornamental plants, other than the helecho . Given that Argentina is a major livestock producing country, fodder is undoubtedly an important supplement in the diet of the animals. Essential oils and medicinal plants are likewise important, but again statistical data on the levels of production are lacking. Bamboo occurs in Argentina but data on its use are not collected. The magnitude of importance of wild mushrooms and the meat of animals is likewise unknown at the national level.

2.3.1 Fibers

The introduced and naturalized mimbre shrub is grown to provide raw material for furniture (955 t in 1996) and rushes are collected in the wild and used for basketry, etc. Formio is a native fiber plant, but in decline. Production of 80 t was recorded for 1996.

2.3.2 Resin and tannin

Tree plantations (800 000 ha in 1994-95), in addition to providing wood products, are the source of industrial (19 904 t in 1996). from native and introduced species (63 200 t in 1996) also figure among this group of products.

2.3.4 Essential oils

The tung tree is under cultivation for its seed which yields an oil (3 000 t in 1997) used in the paint and industries.

2.3.5 Tree seeds

Seeds from the native Araucaria and other introduced species (316 t in 1995) are of commercial standing.

2.3.6 Walnuts

Argentina has a small production of walnuts (9 000 t in 1997).

2.3.7 Honey

The production of honey is of some importance in the country (65 000 t in 1997), although it is unclear whether the honey is derived from wild collecting or commercial bee keeping, or a combination of the two.

10 2.4 References

Coppen, J.J.W. and G. A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

DRFN. 1997a?. Anuario de Estadística Forestal 1996. Dirección de Recursos Forestales Nativos. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

DRFN. 1997b?. Productos forestales no madereros. Dirección de Recursos Forestales Nativos. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

FAO. 1995. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8, Santiago.

FAO.1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

2.5 Resource Persons

¨ Ruben Coirini, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Castilla de Correo 509, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Tel: 54 51 681 763; Fax 54 51 681 765.

¨ Cristina Résico, Dirección de Recursos Forestales Nativos, Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente Humano, San Martín 459, piso 2, 1004 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel: 54 1 394 1180; Fax 54 1 394 1180; E-mail: [email protected]

11 3 BOLIVIA

3.1 State of NWFP statistics

Bolivia took part in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile 1994 (FAO 1995b). Amelinda Zonta and Oscar Llanque Espinoza prepared and presented the country report which provided detailed information and production data on the six principal NWFP. Nevertheless there are several product categories, mentioned below, for which statistics apparently are not yet being collected. Therefore, it must be stated that this report is incomplete. Available data on 11 products are presented in the accompanying table.

3.2 Non-wood goods and services

Bolivia has a wide range of natural environments which provide an array of NWFP. According to available data, the most important NWFP are the following:

· rubber

· nuts

· palm hearts

· essential oils

· spices

· edible oil

· colourants and dyes

Bolivia, along with several other Latin American countries, has embraced the concept of extractive reserves. In Bolivia these are being defined as Indigenous Territories. Brazil nuts and are the two major NWFP in the Indigenous Territories (Ruiz Pérez 1993).

Tourism is of an undetermined importance as a non-wood service, with the major attractions being in the historic culture sites of the highlands. There are 20 designated protected areas in Bolivia, including 10 national parks; the total land area under protection amounts to 4,35 million ha IUCN 1982).

3.3 Non-wood goods

The total value of NWFP in Bolivia apparently has never been calculated, but it must be considerable, especially in the highland portions of the country where human population densities are high. Inasmuch as Bolivia is a relatively poor country, subsistence use of NWFP is assumed to be important. Products of presumed importance lacking statistical production data are ornamental plants, fodder, bamboo, fiber, tannin, mushrooms and honey.

12 The total export value of non-wood forest products in 1990 was estimated to be US$20-25 million (Broekhoven 1996).

3.3.1 Rubber Bolivia has millions of rubber trees in the forests of the eastern lowlands, but over the past two decades natural rubber production has declined steadily; in 1997 an estimated 10 000 t was recorded, but exports have decline to zero. Natural rubber is being underutilized at present.

3.3.2 Nuts

One of the leading Bolivian NWFP is Brazil nuts (7 900 t in 1993). All production comes from the wild and it is oriented toward the export markets. Brazil exports in 1997 had a value of more than 30 million US dollar. Chestnuts, on the other hand, come from plantation sources. The production in 1997 was reported to be 24 000 t.

3.3.3 Palm hearts

Another of the main NWFP of Bolivia (528 t of canned product in 1993). In the case of Bolivia, the tree being exploited is the single stemmed asaí (Euterpe precatoria), production which is probably not economically sustainable. Palm heart exports had a value of more than 12 million US dollars in 1997.

3.3.4 Essential oils

An unknown quantity of essential oils is produced in Bolivia and the source not given, but 76 t were reportedly exported in 1992.

3.3.5 Spices

The only reported is achiote (Bixa orellana) which is common throughout Tropical America. Production figures are not available but it is documented that 19 t were exported in 1993.

3.3.6 Edible Oils

Cusi is a typical subsistence source of ; export of 10 t of seeds was reported in 1992.

3.4 Other NWF plant products

Cocoa bean production in 1997 amounted to 4 000 t. In 1992, Bolivia had recorded legal exports of coca leaves amounting to 135 t.

13 3.4.1 Colourants and dyes

Cochineal insect for red dye production is an unusual NWFP in Bolivia, with 400 kg reportedly exported in 1992.

3.4.2 Important Commercial Wild Animals

Wild animals are an important aspect of NWFP in Bolivia; live animals for biomedical research and as pets, and hunted as sources of meat and skins. A recent survey of these uses is given below. Statistical data were not found on the quantities hunted or captured or value of these animals.

Mammals Birds

Aotus spp. (1) Ara spp. (4) Saimiri spp. (1) Aratinga spp. (4) Cebus spp. (1,2) Brotogeris spp. (4) Alouatta spp. (1) Pionites spp. (4) Lagothrix lagotricha (4) Amazona spp. (4) Lutra longicaudis (3) Emberizinae (4) Pteronura brasiliensis (3) Leopardus paradalis (3) Reptiles Panthera onca (3) Tapirus terrestris (2) Podocnemis expansa (2) Tayassu pecari (2,3) Podocnemis unifilis (2) Mazama americana (2,3) Caiman crocodilis (3) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (3) Melanosuchus niger (3) Agouti paca (2) Boa constrictor (3) Eunectes murinus (3) 1. Live animals for biomedical research 2. Meat 3. Skin 4. Live animals, pets, etc.

Source: TCA, 1995.

14 3.5 References

Broekhoven, G. 1996. Non-timber forest products. IUCN, Gland.

Estrella, E. 1995. Plantas medicinales Amazonicas: realidad y perspectivas. Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Ruiz Pérez, M., Sayer, J. A. and Jehoram, S.C.1993. El extractivismo en América Latina. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Stoian, D. 1999. The palm heart industry of northern Bolivia: structure, benefits, and viability. In: de Jong, W. and Campell, B. (eds) (forthcoming) Contributions of non- timber forest products to socio-economic development. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.

TCA. 1995. Uso y conservación de la fauna silvestre en la Amazonia. Tradato de Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

3.6 Resource Persons

¨ Oscar Llanque and Amelina Zonta, Instituto para el Hombre, Agricultura y Ecologia, Universidad Técnica del Beni, Casilla 6, Riberalta-Beni, Bolivia. Tel: 591 852 2426; Fax 591 852 8485.

¨ Dietmar Stoian, Department of Forest Policy, University of Freiburg, Bertoldstr. 17, 79085 Freiburg, Germany. Tel: 49 761 203 3725; Fax 49 761 203 3729; e-mail: [email protected]

15 4 BRAZIL

4.1 Status of NWFP statistics

Statistics on NWFP production have been collected and published for many years in Brazil by the Brazilian Institute for Statistics and Geography (IBGE) in the Anuário Estatístico do Brasil and in more detailed form in an annual series entitled Produção da Extração Vegetal e da Silvicultura. Another factor that has contributed to the enhanced status of statistics is the fact that the concept of extractive reserves originated in Brazil in the 1980s and this has spawned numerous studies of the Amazonian NWFP. Four recent examples of more detailed publications are as follows: a study of the commercialization of NWFP (Richards 1993); an investigation of extractivism’s role in regional development (Clüsener-Godt and Sachs 1994); a collection of articles on various aspects of extractivism (Emperaire 1996); and a study focused on rubber and Brazil nuts (Assies 1997). A current ITTO-funded project on NWFP in Amazonia has resulted in the creation of a database of non-wood products (LATEQ 1998). With a few exceptions (e.g. ornamental plants and mushrooms), Brazil’s NWFP are well documented, as evidenced by the 44 entries in the accompanying table.

4.2 Non-wood goods and services

Brazil’s extensive area, in particular the vast Amazon Basin region, provides a great number of NWFP. The most important products can be summarized as follows:

· fibers · resins and tannins · latex · essential oils · medicine · edible oils · nuts · spices · fruits · palm hearts · honey · guaraná · cocoa · silk

Tourism is a major economic activity in Brazil, for the country’s own large population and for foreign visitors alike. Brazil has an extensive network of 50 protected areas; 24 are national parks. The total area under protection is 10,6 million ha (IUCN 1982). As of 1993, Brazil had also established five extractive reserves, covering 2,16 million ha. Four of the reserves are in the Amazon Region with natural rubber as the major ; the human population of these rubber extractive reserves was estimated to be 21 910. The fifth is a marine reserve. Four additional babaçu palm extractive reserves had been decreed as of 1993, but not yet

16 formally established. The babaçu reserves cover an area of 36 322 ha in the states of Maranhão and Tocantins (Ruiz Pérez 1993).

4.3 Non-wood goods

Brazil publishes national production and value data on most NWFP, but it is difficult to assess the total value of NWFP products because certain products are derived from both wild and cultivated sources. Likewise, data on the value of exports, often the most reliable, may or may not represent the full value of production. The current ITTO project has calculated that the value of NWFP in Brazil’s Amazon Region alone was US$65 436 600 in 1995 (LATEQ 1998).

4.3.1 Fibers

Buriti palm leaf fiber production in 1995 was 387 t, which is obviously underreported for this palm which is the most common in the Amazon Basin. A reported 2 078 t of carnaúba fiber was produced in 1995. Both these fibers have wide use in weaving baskets, hats, mats and so on for local and domestic consumption. Piaçava fiber (84 990 t in 1995) is the most commercialized with a major export market; it is used principally in brush making.

4.3.2 Resin, rosin, turpentine and tanin

Brazil has extensive areas of tree plantations (7 million ha in 1994-95) which in addition to wood products, yield resin (60 000 - 65 000 t in the mid 1990s), rosin (36 000 t per year in 1987-89), gum turpentine (8 000 t per year in 1987-89) and tannin (191 830 t of acacia bark in 1995). 72 t of Copaíba balsam was produced in 1995.

4.3.3 Essential oils

Commercial essential oils from the wild consist of rosewood oil (68 t exported in 1992) and tonka beans (48 t in 1995). Oiticica oil recorded production of 13 613 t of seeds in 1995. Eucalyptus leaf oil (26 160 t in 1995) is obtained from plantations. In addition, tung trees are cultivated for seed oil (1 286 t in 1995).

4.3.4 Rubber and latex

Products include natural rubber (53 000 t in 1997), sorva latex (1 106 t in 1989), balata (18 t in 1990) but possibly no longer commercialized and maçaranduba latex (116 t in 1990) which also may no longer be collected.

4.3.5 Wax

Carnaúba wax has been a product of northeastern Brazil for decades and continues to be because of its unique characteristics; production of wax was 5 228 t and powder 12 164 t in 1995.

17 4.3.6 Palm hearts

Brazil is the world’s major producer of canned palm hearts, supplying a large domestic and export market. Production in 1995 was recorded as 20 653 t, virtually all from wild stands of the palm in the lower Amazon.

4.3.7 Medicine

Data on two medicinal plants are collected, although dozens are sold in local markets. Ipecac production was 2 t in 1995 and there were 2 155 t of jaborandi leaves harvested the same year.

4.3.8 Edible oils

Brazil derives edible oil from four native trees: babaçu palm (76 000 t of oil in 1997. NB. Babaçu kernel production in 1997 was given as 190 000 t. The degree to which these kernels are represented in production data for babaçu oil is unclear); licuri palm (6 696 t) , pequi (2 454 t) and tucum palm (2 257 t), the last three representing tons of seed collected in 1995.

4.3.9 Nuts

Three major cultivated nuts are (647 000 t), cashew (113 000 t) and walnut (4 000 t), all data for 1997. Brazil nuts represent the most valuable wild nut with production in 1995 reported at 40 216 t, in shell. (Araucaria) production was reported to amount to 5 319 t in 1995.

4.3.10 Fruits

Fruit production form natural forests in 1995 was: açaí fruit 108 922 t, mangaba 310 t and umbu 10 969 t.

4.3.11 Colourants and dyes

Annatto cultivation resulted in production of 8 870 t of seed in 1994.

4.4 Other NWF plant products

Black pepper vine growing is a major activity; 34 927 t were produced in 1994. Guaraná is native to Brazil and is a caffeine beverage plant; 2 243 t of seed were produced in 1995. production is another significant crop with 293 000 of beans recorded for 1997.

18 4.4.1 Honey

Honey production reported for Brazil (18 000 t in 1997) apparently combines wild and bee farming sources.

4.4.2 Silk

Brazil is a silk producer and exporter. Production in 1997 was recorded as 2 000 of raw and waste silk.

4.4.3 Commercial Wild Animals

There are no published data available on the production levels or value of faunal resources in Brazil, although they must be considerable. The export value of ornamental fish alone, in 1988 amounted to US$826 million (Richards 1993). Listed below are animal species which have been identified as being of commercial significance.

Mammals Birds

Saguinus spp. (1) Ara spp. (4) Saimiri spp. (1) Aratinga spp. (4) Cebus spp. (1,2) Brotegeris spp. (4) Alouatta spp. (1) Amazona spp. (4) Lagothrix lagotricha (4) Lutra longicaudis (3) Reptiles Pteronura brasiliensis (3) Leopardus paradalis (3) Podocnemis expansa (2) Panthera onca (3) Podocnemis unifilis (2) Trichechus inunguis (2) Peltocephalus dumerilianus (2) Tapirus terrestris (2) Geochelone denticulata (2) Tayassu pecari (2,3) Caiman crocodilus (3) Tayassu tajacu (2,3) Melanosuchus niger (3) Mazama americana (2,3) Boa constrictor (3) Odocoileus virginianus (2) Eunectes murinus (3) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (3) Agouti paca (2)

1. Live animals for biomedical research 2. Meat 3. Skin 4. Live animals, pets, etc.

Source: TCA, 1995.

19 4.4 References

Assies, W. 1997. Going nuts for the rainforest: non-timber forest products, forest conservation and sustainability in Amazonia. Tropenbos, Amsterdam.

Clüsener-Godt, M. and I. Sachs. (eds).1994. Extractivism in the Brazilian Amazon: perspectives on regional development. MAB Digest 18. UNESCO, Paris.

Coppen, J. J. W. 1995a. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 1. FAO, Rome.

Coppen, J. J. W. 1995b. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 6. FAO, Rome.

Coppen, J. J. W. and G. A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

Emperaire, L. (ed). 1996. La forêt en jeu: l’extractivisme en Amazonie centrale. ORSTOM, Paris.

FAO. 1995. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IBGE.1998a. Anuário Estatístico do Brasil – 1996. Vol. 56. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro.

IBGE.1998b. Produção da Extração Vegetal e da Silvicultura. Vol. 10. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro.

Iqbal, M. 1995. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products. Non-Wood Forest Products 8. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

LATEQ. 1998. Non-wood tropical forest products: processing, collection and trade. Laboratório de Tecnologia Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, D.F. Brasil.

Richards, E. M. 1993. Commercialization of non-timber forest product in Amazonia. Socio-economic Series 2, Natural Resources Institute, Kent, U.K.

Ruiz Pérez, M., Sayer, J. A. and Jehoram, S.C. 1993. El extractivismo en América Latina. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

TCA. 1995. Uso y conservación de la fauna silvestre en la Amazonia. Tradato de

20 Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

4.5 Resource Persons

¨ José de Arimatéa Silva, Departamento de Recursos Florestais, IBAMA, SAIN, Av. L4, Lote 4, Ed. Sede do IBAMA, Bloco B, Sala 2, Cep 70800-200, Brasília, D.F. Brasil. Tel: 5561 226 2081; Fax: 5561 226 8711.

¨ Floriano Pastore Jr. and Vag-Lan Borges, Laboratório de Tecnologia Química, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 04574 – Cep 70910- 900, Brasília, D.F. Brasil. Tel: 5561 347 5509; Fax: 5561 340 6645; E-mail: [email protected]

21 5 CHILE

5.1 State of NWFP statistics

Chile hosted and contributed a country report to the 1994 FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean held in Santiago, Chile (FAO 1995). In addition, a more detailed study of the Chile’s NWFP was recently completed and published in 1998 (Campos Roasio 1998). These two studies provide an accurate account of the current status of NWFP in the country, to the extent that it can be determined from data which are currently gathered and reported. Chile stands as an example of the limit to which NWFP can be studied and understood from existing data sources. The identified data gaps that exist, discussed below, can only be filled by carrying out field and market surveys to estimate production quantities, the levels of subsistence and commercial use and exports as applicable. Results of such surveys could lay the groundwork for periodic systematic data collection on these non-wood goods and services. Chile’s current status is reflected in the 14 product classes in the accompanying table.

5.2 Non-wood goods and services

Because of its great latitudinal spread, the country of Chile possesses a wide range of environments and forest and non-wood forest products. The leading NWFP are the following:

· resin · essential oils · tree seeds · fibers · walnuts · medicine · mushrooms · honey · meat

Chile has a number of attractions for nature tourism, ranging from desert in the north to temperate rain forest in the south. A total of 31 protected areas have been established in Chile, 15 of which are national parks. The land area under protection exceeds 3 million ha. (IUCN 1982).

5.3 Non-wood goods

The total production and value of Chile’s NWFP have not been calculated, but it is estimated that about 220 000 people are involved in the collection, processing, production and commercialization of NWFP. It is further noted that this is more than twice the number (approximately 100 000 people) directly involved in the country’s timber industries (FAO 1998). Export data are easier to obtain and they indicate that in 1997 the value of NWFP goods Chile exported amounted to US$34 169 199 (Campos Roasio 1998).

22 Chile has unknown levels of production of ornamental plants, fodder (especially from Prosopis in the arid north where an estimated 20 000 ha exist), bamboo, tannins, spices and palm honey (miel de palma); all these products represent significant gaps in the national data on NWFP. Taking miel de palma (tapped from the endemic Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis) as an example of a data gap, the canned product is sold in supermarkets in Santiago, along with, in season, the coquitos (seeds) of the palm. But apparently no study has yet been done on the economic value of this production for the domestic market.

Extensive timber tree plantations of pine and eucalyptus (1,8 million ha in 1994-95) are sources of turpentine (425 t exported in 1997), pine oil (142 t produced in 1997) and essential oil from eucalyptus leaves (6 t exported in 1997). Tree seed is another commercial product with about 350 permanent nurseries involved in the production. In 1997, there was production of 1,54 t of seed with a value of US$1,19 million. Pine plantations also provide habitat for the growth of pine (Boletus luteus) (Petit 1998).

5.3.1 Fiber

Basket (mimbre) is cultivated, predominantly around the village Chimbarongo and supports an estimate 1 200 small furniture industries. An estimated 6 200 t of raw basket willow are produced annually on about 200 ha of land.

5.3.2 Medicine

Boldo and quillay are native trees exploited for their medicinal products. In 1997, exports of 1 205 t of boldo leaves and 873 t of quillay bark were recorded. Together they had a value of nearly US$4 million.

5.3.3 Essential oil

Essential oil is derived from the seed of the native avellano, and 6 t were exported in 1997. The cultivated rosa mosqueta is also a source of essential oil with exports of 84 t, valued at about US$1,2 million, reported for 1997.

5.3.4 Nuts

Nut growing exists on a small scale with walnut production amounting to 13 000 t in 1997.

5.4 Other food products

Honey production (5 000 t in 1997), mushrooms (exports of 4 405 t, valued at over US$7 million in 1997) and hares, hunted for meat which is exported (105 000 kg in 1995) constitute the three other major food NWFP.

23 5.4 References

Campos Roasio, J. 1998. Productos Forestales no Madereros en Chile. Serie Forestal No. 10. FAO, Santiago.

Coppen, J.J.W. and G.A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998a. Latin America and the Caribbean: national forest programmes. Update 33. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1998b. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

Iqbal, M. 1995. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products. Non-Wood Forest Products 8. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Petit A., J. 1998. Los hongos de pino. Bosques y Desarrollo 17:32-34.

5.5 Resource People

¨ Daniel Barros, Depto. de Silvicultura, Instituto Forestal, Huerfanos 554, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 639 6189; Fax 562 638 1286.

¨ José Antonio Cabello Medina, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Avda. Bulnes 285, 7 piso, Of. 703, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 696 66 77; Fax 562 671 5881.

¨ Jorge Campos Roasio, Instituto de Investigaciones Technológicas, Avda. Santa María 6400, Vitacura, Casilla 19002, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 242 8100; Fax: 562 218 5307.

¨ René Carmona Cerda, Depto. de Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 9206, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 541 7703 A. 220; Fax: 562 541 4131.

¨ Roberto Garfias Salinas, Depto. de Manejo de Recursos Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 9206, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 541 7703 A. 233; Fax 562 541 4952.

24 6 COLOMBIA

6.1 State of NWFP statistics

Colombia participated in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Santiago, Chile in 1994 (FAO 1995b). The country report by Dário Vallejo Rendón summarized three studies that had been done on different NWFP in Colombia. However, the report dealt in large part with the plant species, geographic distribution and demand for products that the NWFP could fill, rather than providing data on production and commercialization. It is assumed that such data are not collected at present, although that would be the logical next step. Data on 11 product classes could be located for the table in this report.

6.2 Non-wood goods and services

Colombia has a great diversity of habitats which support a correspondingly high amount of floral and faunal diversity. Potentially, it should have an equally high number of NWFP.

Based on available current data, the most important commercial NWFP are as follows:

· fiber · latex and gums · edible oils · palm heart · honey

Colombia’s natural landscapes of lowlands and high mountains make it attractive for nature tourism. The country has an extensive system of protected areas (covering nearly 4 million ha) which includes a network of 25 national parks (IUCN 1982). There were 124 228 registered visitors to national parks in 1990 (Broekhoven 1996). In addition to protected areas, Colombia has designated reserve areas for indigenous people within which they are guaranteed the right to subsistence use of the floral and faunal resources and sustainable extraction of commercial products such as tagua nuts (Ruiz Pérez 1993).

6.3 Non-wood goods

There is very little data on production, value or export of NWFP at the national level for Colombia. No statistics are available, nationally or regionally, on major product groups such as ornamental plants, fodder, bamboo, resin, tannin, essential oil, edible oil (from native palm seed), medicinal plants, species, colorants/dyestuffs and mushrooms. These products include both wild collected materials and those derived from cultivation. Colombia represents the most significant gap as far as knowledge of NWFP at the country level is concerned in all of South America.

25 Colombia had, in 1990, an area of 180 000 ha of mostly industrial tree plantations which leaves little doubt that there are secondary products being produced, but not recorded statistically.

6.3.1 Fiber

Chiqui-chiqui palm fiber is extracted on a minor scale (509 t in 1990),

6.3.2 Latex and gums

Natural rubber is extracted on a minor scale from the wild (477 t in 1990). In 1985, Colombia recorded export of gums valued at US$78 700. The quantity represented by these gum exports is not available.

6.3.3 Palm hearts

According to Broekhoven (1996), palm heart represents the most important NWFP in Colombia. In the period 1977 to 1987, average annual export earnings from palm heart amounted to US$202 500, but have increased rapidly more recently. In 1991, there were seven palm heart canning factories. All production is wild collected from natural stands of the naidí palm.

6.3.4 Edible oil

The most recent major plantation crop in Colombia is the African oil palm. This palm yields edible oil from the mesocarp of the fruit (483 000 t of palm oil in 1997), as well as from the seed (production of 79 000 t of palm kernels in 1997).

6.4 Other NWF plant products

Coconut production amounted to 75 000 t in 1997. As one of the world’s principal coffee growers, the shade-grown crop is very important; production was 646 000 t in 1997. In the same year, Colombia recorded cocoa bean production of 47 000 t.

6.4.1 Honey

Estimates of honey production by FAO in 1997 were placed at 3 000 t.

26 6.5 Important Commercial Wild Animals

Although there are no data on production, value and exports of Colombia’s faunal resources, a survey has shown that the following wild animals are of commercial significance.

Mammals Birds

Saguinus spp. (1) Ara spp. (4) Aotus spp. (1) Aratinga spp. (4) Saimiri spp. (1) Brotogeris spp. (4) Cebus spp. (1,2) Amazona spp. (4) Alouatta spp. (1) Emberizinae (4) Lagothrix lagotricha (4) Lutra longicaudis (3) Reptiles Pteronura brasiliensis (3) Leopardus paradalis (3) Podocnemis expansa (2) Panthera onca (3) Podocnemis unifilis (2) Trichechus inunguis (2) Geochelone denticulata (2) Tapirus terrestris (2) Caiman crocodilus (3) Tayassu pecari (2,3) Melanosuchus niger (3) Tayassu tajacu (2,3) Boa constrictor (3) Mazama americana (2,3) Eunectes murinus (3) Odocoileus virginianus (2) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (3) Agouti paca (2) 1. Live animals for biomedical research 2. Meat 3. Skin 4. Live animals, pets, etc.

Source: TCA, 1995.

27 6.6 References

Broekhoven, G. 1996. Non-timber forest products. IUCN, Gland.

Moll, H. A. J. 1987. The economics of oil palm. PUDOC, Wageningen.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Ruiz Pérez, M., Sayer, J. A. and Jehoram, S.C. (1993): El extractivismo en América Latina. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

TCA. 1995. Uso y conservación de la fauna silvestre en la Amazonia. Tradato de Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

6.7 Resource Persons

¨ Dário Vallejo Rendón, Corporación de Investigaciones Amazónicas Araracuara, Calle 20 # 5-44, Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia. Tel: 571 283 6755.

28 7 CUBA

7.1 State of NWFP statistics

The FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Santiago, Chile in 1994 (1995b), included participation by Cuba. A country report was authored by Dildonio Lorente Ruiz. The report addressed six categories of products and provides some data on production and value, and distinguishes between collected and cultivated sources. A new study of NWFP in Cuba was under way in late 1998 but the results were not available for incorporation into this report. The table accompanying this report contains data on 12 product classes.

7.2 Non-wood goods and services

NWFP are an important component of the rural economy of the island of Cuba. On the basis of data which are available for this report, the leading commercialized products are the following:

· resin · bark · tree seed · fodder · construction and wrapping material · tannin · coconut and cocoa cultivation · fruits · honey

Cuba’s natural beauty, especially its beaches, are a tourist attraction. There is only incomplete information on protected areas in Cuba. Four natural reserves exist with a combined area of 24 305 ha (IUCN 1982).

7.3 Non-wood goods

Noteworthy gaps in data on NWFP in Cuba exist in the categories of ornamental plants, bamboo, essential oils, medicinal plants, spices, edible oils, dyestuffs, gums and mushrooms. Most if not all of these gaps should be filled by the FAO study which is in process.

7.3.1 Resin, bark and tree seeds

Cuba’s extensive areas of tree plantations (448 000 ha in 1994-95) furnish resin (annual average 668 t, 1989-1993), bark (annual average 6 234 t, 1984-1993) and tree seed (annual average 880 kg, 1988-1993).

29 7.3.2 Construction and wrapping material

Cuba has a rich native palm flora and it provides several products for which data are available. Palms are a primary source of thatching material; palm leaf sheaths and petioles are employed to cover tobacco bales and to make furniture.

7.3.3 Fodder

Pigs and other livestock feed on palm fruits (6 000 t per year 1989-1993).

7.3.4 Tannin

Mangrove is a source of tannin in Cuba; in the period 1989-1993, average annual production amounted to 247 t, valued at US$27 900.

7.3.5 Fruits

The mountainous region of eastern Cuba is a source of several wild fruits (7-8 000 t per year).

7.4 Other NWF plant products

Coconut production totalled 26 000 t and cocoa 2 000 t in 1997.

7.4.1 Honey

Cuba registered 6 000 t of honey production in 1997.

30 7.5 References

Coppen, J.J.W. and G. A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

7.6 Resource Persons

¨ Miguel Alvarez González, Instituto de Investicaciones Forestales, Calle 174 # 1723 e/17B y 17C, Siboney, Playa, Cuidad Habana, Cuba. Tel: 537 21 2145; Fax: 537 66 6071; E- mail: [email protected]

¨ Dildonio Lorente Ruiz, Empresa Forestal, Ministerio de la Agricultura, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Tel: 537 335 086; Fax: 537 335 086.

¨ Margarita Mesa Izquierdo, E-mail: [email protected]

31 8 ECUADOR

8.1 State of NWFP statistics

Ecuador took part in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Santiago, Chile in 1994 (FAO 1995b). A co-authored country report by Consuelo Rojas and Eduardo Mansur was presented at the workshop. The report discussed a number of NWFP in the three major regions of Ecuador, although in several instances products were discussed only in terms of their characteristics and potential, without including any statistical data on production or value. A total of 14 product classes are included in the accompanying table.

8.2 Non-wood goods and services

Ecuador’s diverse environments supply a variety of NWFP. Those products for which data are available are as follows:

· fiber · latex and gum · nuts · edible oil · palm hearts · mushrooms · honey · ornamental fish

Ecuador has a wide range of environments and very scenic landscapes making it a popular nature tourist destination. A dozen protected areas exist in the country, which together cover an area of nearly 2 million ha; five are national parks (IUCN 1982). The most popular site is the Galapagos Archipelago; 60 000 to 125 000 people visit the islands annually with direct revenue reaching US$700 000 each year (Broekhoven 1996).

8.3 Non-wood goods

In 1990, the value of Ecuador’s export of NWFP totalled US$12,9 million. Of the total, articles of toquilla and mocora palm fiber accounted for US$7,9 million and tagua nuts and products for US$4 million (Broekhoven 1996). NWFP for which no data are available include ornamental plants, fodder, bamboo, resin, tannin, essential oils, medicinal plants, spices and dyestuffs.

Given Ecuador’s 64 000 ha of tree plantations, all industrial, it is safe to assume that there is some production of resin, essential oil and so on from these plantations, although data could not be found on these products.

32 8.3.1 Fiber

Ecuador recorded 3 571 t of cabuya fiber production in 1989. The other major fiber is toquilla used to weave the famous “Panama” hats; exports of hats in 1992 were valued at US$4,6 million. At least three palm fibers are known to be commercialized: chambira, Astrocaryum chambira, (Holm Jensen and Balslev 1995); piassaba, Aphandra natalia, (Borgtoft Pedersen 1996); and mocora, Astrocaryum standleyanum. Some production of the latter is aggregated with toquilla.

8.3.2 Latex and gums

Natural rubber production, presumed to be from wild trees, amounted to 2 000 t of rubber in 1997. A small quantity (1,1 t) of gum was produced in 1990; the product has declined sharply in importance in the 1970s and 1980s.

8.3.3 Nuts

Tagua (vegetable ivory) has become a leading NWFP in the 1990s; production of 327,3 to of tagua palm nuts, valued at US$2,4 million were recorded in 1992. Conservation International’s Tagua Initiative has been the driving force behind the rise of this NWFP.

8.3.4 Edible oils

An undetermined area of oil palm plantations has been established in Ecuador. Production in 1997 amounted to 31 000 t of palm kernels and 188 000 t of palm oil

8.3.5 Palm hearts

Palm hearts represent one of the leading NWFP in terms of production and exports. In 1990, 603,4 t of the canned product was exported, valued at US$932 800.

8.3.6 Mushrooms

Mushrooms are grown in pine plantations, but the quantities are small (10 t in 1993) and consumed domestically.

Other NWF plant products

Coconut production in 1997 amounted to 42 000 t. The same year 94 000 t of cocoa beans were produced.

8.3.7 Honey

Honey production is recorded to have been 1 000 t in 1997.

33 8.3.8 Ornamental fish and other live animals

Living ornamental fish exports by Ecuador in 1990 amounted to 29,4 t (Broekhoven 1996). It is assumed that the figure represents the weight of shipments including the fresh water in which the fish are being transported alive. Wild animals for biomedical research, pets and as sources of skins and meat are important in Ecuador, as indicated below. In 1990, the value of “living animals, not for food” exported by Ecuador stood at US$76 000, an amount that appears to be understated.

Mammals Birds

Saguinus spp. (1) Ara spp. (4) Aotus spp. (1) Aratinga spp. (4) Saimiri spp. (1) Brotogeris spp. (4) Cebus spp. (1,2) Pionites spp. (4) Alouatta spp. (1) Amazona spp. (4) Lagothrix lagotricha (4) Emberizinae (4) Lutra longicaudis (3) Pteronura brasiliensis (3) Reptiles Leopardus paradalis (3) Panthera onca (3) Podocnemis expansa (2) Trichechus inunguis (2) Podocnemis unifilis (2) Tapirus terrestris (2) Geochelone denticulata (2) Tayassu pecari (2,3) Caiman crocodilus (3) Tayassu tajacu (2,3) Melanosuchus niger (3) Mazama americana (2,3) Boa constrictor (3) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (3) Eunectes murinus (3) Agouti paca (2)

1. Live animals for biomedical research 2. Meat 3. Skin 4. Live animals, pets, etc.

Source: TCA, 1995.

34 8.4 References

Borgtoft Pedersen, H.1996. Production and harvest of fibers from Aphandra natalia (Palmae) in Ecuador. Forest Ecology and Management 80:155-161.

Broekhoven, G. 1996. Non-timber forest products. IUCN, Gland.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

Holm Jensen, O. and H. Balslev. 1995. Ethnobotany of the fiber palm Astrocaryum chambira () in Amazoniam Ecuador. Economic Botany 49(3):309-319.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

TCA.1995. Uso y conservación de la fauna silvestre en la Amazonia. Tradato de Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

8.5 Resource Persons

¨ Francis Kahn, ORSTOM, Apartado 17.11.6596, Quito, Ecuador. Tel: 5932 565 336; Fax 5932 504 020; E-mail: [email protected]

35 9 FRENCH GUIANA

9.1 State of NWFP statistics

It does not appear that formal statistics are collected on NWFP in French Guiana, despite the fact that 90% of this Overseas Department of France is made up of undisturbed equatorial rain forest (IUCN 1986). Indigenous peoples inhabit the rain forest and are dependent upon it to a significant degree for their livelihood, so it is safe to assume that NWFP uses are described in the anthropological literature although not in statistical terms.

French Guiana is an excellent example of presumed intensive and extensive use of NWFP for which there is no supporting statistical data. Only one product is included in the table for French Guiana.

9.2 Non-wood goods and services

Wild harvested palm hearts (over 2 000 000 trees harvested in 1985-86) represent the fragmentary production data found for French Guiana. The pinot palm (Euterpe oleracea), which is the source of the palm heart production, is a clustering palm with the potential for sustainable management.

French Guiana has three national parks designated, all located on the coastal plain, and covering an area of 60 000 ha (IUCN 1982).

9.3 References

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

Grenand, P. et al. 1987. Parmacopees traditionnelles en Guyane (Creoles, Palikur, Wayampi). Memoires ORSTOM 108, Paris.

Grenand, P. and Prevost, M-F. 1994. Les plantes colorantes utilisees en Guyane Francaise. Journ. d’Agric. Trad. et de Bota. Appl., nouvelle serie, 36(1):139-172.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

IUCN. 1986. Plants in Danger. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Ricci, J.-P. 1990. Les pinotières. Revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques No. 220, Spécial Guyane. 55-63.

36 9.4 Resource Persons

¨ Jean-Jacques de Granville, Marie-Françoise Prévost, ORSTOM, French Guiana. E-mail: [email protected]

37 10 MEXICO

10.1 Status of NWFP statistics

Mexico was one of the countries participating in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile 1994 (FAO 1995b). Mario Aguilar Hernández contributed a country report detailing some of the major NWFP. More detailed information on Mexico’s NWFP was published in an earlier book by Romahn de la Vega. (1992). Updating and complementing the two studies is a major Mexican government study which looked at NWFP on a regional basis (CTCNF 1996). As a result of these three publications, the status of Mexico’s NWFP is as well documented as any country in the region. The table accompanying this discussion contains 39 entries.

10.2 Non-wood goods and services

Mexico is a large country with a broad range of physical environments, which provide a great variety of NWFP. Following is a summary of the most important products:

· ornamental plants · bamboo and other fibers · resin and turpentine · wax, tannin and gum · medicine · fruits · nuts · edible oil · spices · mushrooms · honey

Mexico’s natural landscapes, especially its coastal areas and forests, are major attractions for nature-based tourism. An extensive network of 30 protected areas exists in Mexico, covering slightly more than 550 000 ha. Nineteen are in the highest protected category as national parks (IUCN 1982).

10.3 Non-wood goods

Mexico officially recognizes about 250 NWFP, of which around 70 are considered to be the most commercial and their exploitation is subject to some form of control. The economic value generated by NWFP in 1994 was on the order of 75,3 million new pesos. Broken down the country into three ecosystems shows the following percentage of production by weight and percentage of total value of NWFP: arid-semiarid ecosystem 25,7% and 24,2%; temperate cool ecosystem 66,6 % and 45,9%; tropical ecosystem 21% and 31,7%. This is an interesting statistic since it reveals the national predominance of NWFP in the temperate climate portion of Mexico. However, it should be pointed out that by itself pine resin

38 production in Jalisco and Michoacán states accounts for 53,7 % of production by weight and 38,3% of value for the temperate cool ecosystem (CTCNF 1996).

10.3.1 Ornamental plants

Chamaedorea palm leaves and seed represent the most important ornamental NWFP, with 1 494 t of leaves and 216 t of seed registered for 1994, as well as sotal plants (6 t), Spanish moss (675 t) and moss (258 t).

10.3.2 Bamboo and other fibers

Bamboo production in 1994 from only Nayarit state amounted to 127 t, which certainly understates the importance of these plants which are widespread in Mexico. Guia parra silvestre is a source of plant supports; 74 t were produced in 1994. . Ixtle is a general term for fiber from agave and yucca; in 1994 production stood at 1 032 t. That year 703 t of palmilla fiber and 635 t of lechugilla fiber were produced. Vara de perlilla is a broom fiber plant; in 1994 production was 81 t. Palm thatch use is widespread in tropical Mexico; the production of 26 t recorded from the Washingtonia palm; 2 321 t of palapa fiber in Nayarit state; 64 t of Sabal palm fiber in Yucatán state and palma real fiber in various states (3 415 t); all appear to be underreported.

10.3.3 Resin

Mexico is a major producer of resin (36 731 t in 1994), from which are derived gum rosin (22 000 t in 1991) and turpentine (4 000 t in 1991). In addition to native pines, an estimated 259 000 ha of tree plantations exist in the country.

10.3.4 Wax, tannin and gum

Candelilla wax production was 1 608 t, tannin 971 t and gum 393 t; data for 1994. All three products are derived from wild plants.

10.3.5 Medicine

Barbasco root production stood at 1 404 t in 1989 but the product has been replaced by synthetic sources of the steroid it contains and therefore is no longer reported as a commercial product. Barbasco is mentioned here to exemplify the volatile nature of some NWFP. Production of damiana leaves was 4 t in 1994; damiana contains a natural laxative and stimulant. A total of 258 t of Aloe vera juice was reported in 1994. These examples are but two of hundreds of medicinal plants in use in Mexico.

10.3.6 Yucca, opuntia and agave products

These plant types are traditional sources of NWFP in Mexico. Yuccas furnish (4 791 t) which has several food and drug industry uses. Opuntia cacti leaves (2 146 t) are eaten by humans and provide forage for animals. Cactus fruits are also important but no production data are available. The agaves are sources of forage, fiber and the juice used in making

39 alcoholicbeverages. Production of 5 060 t was reported. All statistics in this paragraph apply to 1994.

10.3.7 Nuts

Cultivated nuts in Mexico were represented in 1997 by dates (2 000 t), coconut (1,169 t of nuts) and walnut, (19 000 t, in shell). Mexico recorded small production quantities of pecan (176 t) and pine nuts (181 t) in 1994.

10.3.8 Edible oils

Data on the land area devoted to oil palm plantations is not available, but in 1997 estimated production of palm kernels was 16 000 t, and palm oil was also16 000 t.

10.3.9 Spices For spices, there are 1994 data available on pepper (3 788 t) and (6 t).

10.4 Other NWF plant products In 1997 Mexico recorded production of 49 000 t of cocoa beans.

10.4.1 Mushrooms

Mexico’s mushroom production in 1994 was recorded at 21 t, with exports being important.

10.4.2 Honey

Honey production was 54 000 t in 1997.

40 10.5 References

Coppen, J.J.W. 1995. Gums, resins and latexes of plant origin. Non-Wood Forest Products 6. FAO, Rome.

Coppen, J. J. W. and G. A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

CTCNF. 1996. Los recursos forestales no maderables de México. Consejo Técnico Consultivo Nacional Forestal, Mexido, D.F.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

González Leija, L. A. 1987. Mexican non-wood forest products. North American Forestry Commission Fourteenth Session, Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario, Canada 13-17 October 1987.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Romahn de la Vega, C. F. 1992. Principales productos forestales no maderables de México. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo.

10.6 Resource Persons

¨ Mario Aguilar Hernández, Subsecretaría Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Av. Progreso No. 5, Colonia del Carmen, Delegacion Coyoacan, 04100 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. Tel: 915 658 4889.

¨ Victor Sosa Cedillo, Subsecretaría de Recursos Naturales. E-mail: [email protected]

41 11 PARAGUAY

11.1 State of NWFP statistics

Paraguay did not participate in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile 1994. Sources of data on NWFP are quite limited and for more than a dozen product categories there are no data at all. This report is therefore incomplete. The accompanying table contains data only on 8 product categories.

11.2 Non-wood goods and services

Paraguay is fairly homogenous in terms of its physical geography, but has extensive forest areas and hence potentially a number of NWFP. On the basis of available data, the most important NWFP are as follows: essential oils edible oil medicine honey.

Paraguay has an area of 1,24 million ha under protection, consisting of seven national parks, two national reserves and two protected forests (IUCN 1982)

11.3 Non-wood goods No estimates, however preliminary, were encountered as to the total value of NWFP in Paraguay. But it can be assumed that subsistence use of NWFP within the country must be substantial. Included among these uses for which no data are available are the product categories of ornamental plants, fodder, bamboo, resins, other medicinal plants, wild fruits, dyestuffs, gums, mushrooms and bushmeat. The surveys of wild fruits and useful plants carried out Cerro Cora – Amambay National Park are an indication of the range of NWFP (Basualdo 1997a,b). To give a specific example of the lack of data. Paraguay has extensive almost pure stands of the multipurpose caranday palm (Copernicia alba) which provides thatch, leaf fiber, palm hearts, fruits suitable for livestock feed and stems as a source of construction wood and as utility poles.

An area of 13 000 ha of pine and eucalyptus plantations are recorded for Paraguay, which apparently are 92% non-industrial. Their non-industrial nature could account for the lack of recorded resin production.

11.3.1 Tannin The native quebracho trees are the main source of tannin. Value of exports in 1993 amounted to over US$3 million.

42 11.3.2 Essential oils The native palo santo trees are the source essential oil. Value of exports in 1993 amounted to US$480 thousand. An undetermined area of land is devoted to tung tree plantations, with production of tung oil amounting to 8 000 t in 1997.

11.3.3 Edible oil

Paraguay recorded production of 11 000 t of palm kernels (probably from the Acrocomia palm) in 1997 which likely was used to express vegetable oil. In 1993, the country produced 3 524 t of oil, identified as coming from Acrocomia totai. Value of exports of this oil amounted to US$2,4 million that year

11.4 Other NWF plant products

The native yerba mate is the source of a popular leaf tea in Paraguay, but the levels of production for tea are unknown. Fresh leaves are also employed in popular medicine.

11.4.1 Honey

Honey production in Paraguay in 1997 was estimated to be 1 000 t.

43 11.5 References

Basualdo, I. Z. de et al. 1997a. Frutos silvestres. Dirección de Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre, Asunción.

Basuldo, I.Z. de et. al. 1997b. Plantas utilies. Dirección de Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre, Asunción.

Cardozo Román, C. J. 1996. Análisis de un sub-sector de la industria de productos no maderables del bosque (PNMB) del Paraguay: Acrocomia aculeata. Ka’aguy Revista Forestal del Paraguay 12(10:41-44.

FAO. 1995. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Statz, J. 1999, in prep. Nutzung und Vermarktung von Nicht-Holz Walkprodukten als Handlungsfeld forstlicher Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Doctoral thesis (in process), University of Freiburg, Germany.

11.6 Resource Persons

¨ Jochen Statz, University of Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]

¨ Isabel Zaldivar de Basualdo, Depto. de Botánica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay.

44 12 PERU

12.1 State of NWFP statistics Peru was represented at the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile 1994 (FAO 1995b). A comprehensive three-part country report was presented by César A. Barriga Ruiz, Yolanda Guzmán Guzmán and Alejandro Gómez Silvera. Although there exist a few data gaps, discussed below, it can be said with confidence that all NWFP for which statistics are collected were included. The accompanying table contains 29 entries.

12.2 Non-wood goods and services Of all the South American countries, Peru exhibits the greatest physical diversity and hence a full compliment of NWFP. The most important products are as follows:

· ornamental plants · fodder · fiber · rubber · medicine · fruits · nuts · edible oil · palm hearts · cocoa · colourants and dyes · animals

Peru’s rich natural and cultural landscapes make it a popular tourism destination. The country has 22 protected areas which combined total 4,3 million ha. Five of the protected areas are national parks (IUCN 1982). There are also two indigenous peoples’ communal reserves: Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo and Yanisha, which are the Peruvian equivalent of extractive reserves (Ruiz Pérez 1993).

12.3 Non-wood goods

The value of all Peru’s NWFP does not appear to have been estimated, no doubt because of the difficulty of calculating the levels of subsistence use of many of the products. However, export figures from the early 1990s place the value of exports at US$22,25 million (FAO 1995b). Although there are no production or commercial value data available on bamboo, resins, tannins, essential oils, spice, gums, mushrooms and honey, examples of each are identified and discussed in the FAO Workshop proceedings (FAO 1995b).

45 12.3.1 Ornamental plants

Orchids appear to be the only one of Peru’s ornamental plants for which data are gathered; in 1991 production was 285 kg, exported and valued at US$6 014.

12.3.2 Fodder

Algarrobo is a very important fodder source in the coastal desert. An estimated 2 million t of fruit were produced in the early 1990s.

12.3.3 Fiber

Nine native fiber sources were reported for 1991. Cabuya reported 1 680 kg of fiber, junco 80 175 kg, toquilla 20 000 kg and piasaba 654 871 kg; totora reported 2 748 t of fiber; the following reported production by units: carrizo 4,9 million, caña brava 2,1 million, caña guada 104 000, and carricillo 11 800.

12.3.4 Latex

Peru recorded a small quantity (62 784 kg) of natural rubber production in 1991.

12.3.5 Medicine

Barbasco and curare are major medicinal plants with 1991 production of 70 729 kg and 62 784 kg, respectively. Rataria root production that year amounted to 20,5 t. Medicinal plant exports totaled US$1,8 million in 1991.

12.3.6 Fruits

Peru is one of the few countries with data on wild fruit production. The aguaje palm is very common in Amazonian Peru with great subsistence use; nevertheless, production is given as 11 020 kg in 1991. Umari fruit production is recorded as 1 000 kg in 1991, a major understatement. 5 790 kg of pijuayo were recorded as produced in cultivation in 1997.

12.3.7 Nuts

Wild Brazil nuts are gathered in eastern Peru; production is listed as 2 500 t in 1991, with export of 1 104 t valued at US$3,12 million. Coconut is cultivated and the production level in 1997 was 14 000t.

12.3.8 Palm hearts

Extraction of palm hearts from native huasaí palms yielded production of 677 120 kg of canned palm hearts in 1991; most all of this production was exported and had a value of US$1,6 million.

46 12.3.9 Edible oil

According to FAO estimates, 5 000 t of palm kernels and 35 000 t of palm oil were produced in Peru in 1997 from plantations of the African oil palm. The size of the total area under this tree is not available.

12.3.10 Cocoa

In 1997 19 000 t of cocoa beans were harvested from 32 000 ha.

12.3.11 Colourants and dyes

Annatto production (4 000 t in mid 1990s) derives from both cultivation and wild/managed plants. Cochineal insect production amounted to 500 t in 1993, yielding an export 77 t of carmine valued at US$6,7 million.

12.3.12 Commercial animals

The importance of wild animals within the context of Peru’s NWFP is supported by statistical data. Live bird exports were calculated to be 50 000 units in 1991. In the same year, 15 563 units of animal skins were produced.

47 12.4 References

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

Green, C. L. 1995. Natural colourants and dyestuffs. Non-Wood Forest Products 4. FAO, Rome.

Iqbal, M. 1995. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products. Non-Wood Forest Products 8. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Ruiz Pérez, M., Sayer, J. A. and Jehoram, S.C. 1993. El extractivismo en América Latina. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Wickens, G. E. 1995. Edible nuts. Non-Wood Forest Products 5. FAO, Rome.

12.5 Resource Persons

¨ César A. Barriga Ruiz, Depto. de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado 456, Lima 100, Peru. Tel: 5114 352 035; Fax 5114 331 130.

¨ Alejandro Gómez Silvera, División de Manejo y Aprovechamiento Forestal, PRONAMACHCS, Apartado 14-0016, Lima 14, Peru. Tel: 5114 716 611; Fax: 5114 713 182.

¨ Yolanda Guzmán Guzmán, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Av. Abelardo Quinones Km. 2.5, Apartado 784, Iquitos, Peru. Tel: 5194 232 925; Fax: 5194 235 527.

¨ Alberto Yataco Pérez, Proyecto Nacional Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas y Conservación de Suelos, Apartado 14-0016, Lima 14, Peru. Tel: 5114 716 611; Fax: 5114 713 182.

48 13 URUGUAY

13.1 State of NWFP statistics

Uruguay did not take part in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, in Santiago, Chile in 1994. Sources of data on NWFP are limited to FAO sources, making this assessment very incomplete. Only two product categories are reported in the accompanying table.

13.2 Non-wood goods and services

Uruguay is chiefly a country of grasslands, which may explain the paucity of information on non-wood forest products.

A total area of 30 593 ha is under protection in Uruguay, divided amongst eight protected areas, one of which is a national park (IUCN 1982).

13.3 Non-wood goods

There does not appear to have ever been any study of the value of NWFP in Uruguay. This may reflect a situation where such products are deemed unimportant.

13.3.1 Honey

The production of 7 000 t of honey was reported for 1997. Some of this is derived from eucalyptus plantations (Pou, pers. com.).

49 13.4 References

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998a. Latin America and the Caribbean: national forest programmes. Update 33. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1998b. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

13.5 Resource Persons

¨ Mario A. Abad, Francisco Arucho 1162/301, 11.300 Montevideo, Uruguay. Tel. 598 2 78 92 14.

¨ Rosario Pou, EUFORES, S.A. Juan Carlos Gómez 1445/403, 11 000 Montevideo, Uruguay. Fax: 598 2 916 4176; E-mail: [email protected]

50 14 VENEZUELA

14.1 State of NWFP statistics

Venezuela participated in the FAO Workshop on NWFP in Latin America and the Caribbean, held in Santiago, Chile in 1994 (FAO 1995b). A country report written by Judith Petit presented an excellent analysis of the status of NWFP in Venezuela. Subsequently, Petit (1996) published a book entitled “Productos Forestales no Madereros de Venezuela,” which provided additional information. These studies document well those plants and products for which production data, etc. are known, and identifies the gaps that remain to be filled. The accompanying table includes data on 12 NWFP.

14.2 Non-wood goods and services

Venezuela’s diversity of environments provide a variety of NWFP. Products for which data are available are summarized as follows:

· bamboo and other fibers · resin · nuts · edible oil · cocoa · palm hearts · honey

Venezuela has a diverse geography and attractive landscapes of seacoast, mountains and forests for nature tourism. The country has an extensive system of 43 protected areas, with a total area of 7,7 million ha. Of these, there are 26 national parks, the highest protected status (IUCN 1982). In addition, Venezuela has designated the Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve which serves as a buffer zone to two national parks and has extractive reserve functions (Ruiz Pérez 1993).

14.3 Non-wood goods

It does not appear that an attempt has yet been made to calculate the total value of NWFP at the national level in Venezuela. No data are available for ornamental plants, fodder, latex, tannins, essential oils, medicinal plants, spices, dyestuffs, gums and mushrooms. Wild fruits are commercialized, as documented by Melnyk (1996) in Amazonas State, but data are lacking.

51 14.3.1 Bamboo and other fibers

Bamboo is known to be widely used in South America, but Venezuela is the rare country with statistical data to document its use; in 1992 production was nearly 565 000 units. Statistical data on three fibers in 1992 show production of 128 000 kg of chiquichique fiber, nearly 4 million kg of reeds and 508 600 kg of bejuco mimure.

14.3.2 Resin

Venezuela has an estimated 600 000 ha (1994-95) of pine and eucalyptus plantations, nearly all industrial. Pine plantations are the source of an estimated 7 000 t of crude resin annually in the mid 1990s.

14.3.3 Nuts

Coconut plantations yielded 131 000 t of and 15 000 t of copra in 1997.

14.3.4 Edible oil

Cultivation of African oil palm is found in Venezuela. The total area under this tree crop is not available, but in 1997 production of palm kernels amounted to 13 000 t and palm oil 51 000 t.

14.3.5 Cocoa

This crop is important in Venezuela; 19 000 t of cocoa beans were produced in cocoa plantations in 1997.

14.3.6 Palm hearts

Venezuela’s palm heart industry is concentrated in the Orinoco Delta where extensive stands of manaca palm supply the raw material. Production of 1,9 million palm hearts is reported for 1992, most of which is for the export market.

14.3.7 Honey

Honey production in 1997 was estimated at 1 000 t.

14.3.8 Important Commercial Wild Animals

Although no data could be found on quantities of animals hunted or captured and their commercial value, the key species have been identified and are given below:

Mammals Birds

Aotus spp. (1) Ara spp. (4)

52 Saimiri spp. (1) Aratinga spp. (4) Cebus spp. (1,2) Brotogeris spp. (4) Alouatta spp. (1) Pionites spp. (4) Lutra longicaudis (3) Amazona spp. (4) Pteronura brasiliensis (3) Leopardus paradalis (3) Reptiles Panthera onca (3) Tapirus terrestris (2) Podocnemis unifilis (2) Tayassu pecari (2,3) Peltocephalus dumerilianus (2) Tayassu tajacu (2,3) Geochelone denticulata (2) Mazama americana (2,3) Caiman crocodilus (3) Odocoileus virginianus (2) Boa constrictor (3) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (3) Eunectes murinus (3) Agouti paca (2)

1. Live animals for biomedical research 2. Meat 3. Skin 4. Live animals, pets, etc.

Source: TCA, 1995.

53 14.4 References

Coppen, J.J.W. and G. A. Hone. 1995. Gum naval stores: turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Non-Wood Forest Products 2. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995a. Forest resources assessment 1990. Tropical forest plantation resources. Forestry Paper 128. FAO, Rome.

FAO. 1995b. Memoria: consulta de expertos sobre productos forestales no madereros para America Latin y el Caribe. Forestry Series No. 1, Santiago.

FAO. 1997. Latin American and Caribbean Forestry Commission. State of forestry in the region - 1996. Forestry Series No. 8. FAO, Santiago.

FAO. 1998. FAO production yearbook. Vol. 51 – 1997. FAO, Rome.

IUCN. 1982. IUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas. Tycooly Publishing, Dublin.

Melnyk, M. 1996. Indigenous enterprise for the domestication of trees and the commercialization of their fruits. In: Leakey, RR.B. et. al eds. Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems. Non-wood Forest Products 9, FAO, Rome.

Petit A., J. 1996. Productos forestales no madereros de Venezuela. Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Mérida, Venezuela.

Ruiz Pérez, M., Sayer, J. A. and Jehoram, S.C.1993. El extractivismo en América Latina. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

TCA. 1995. Uso y conservación de la fauna silvestre en la Amazonia. Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica, Secretaria Pro-Tempore, Lima.

14.5 Resource Persons

¨ Judith Petit, Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Av. Chorros de Milla, Nucleo Forestal, EDF IFLA, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venezuela. Tel: 5874 440 535; Fax: 5874 448 906. E-mail: [email protected]

54 Appendix 1: Tables

55 BRAZIL

Product Resource NWFP Importance Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value used system Plants and plant products

Fiber 2 Buriti fiber Mauritia flexuosa l F W N production of 387 t of fiber in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Carnaúba fiber Copernicia prunifera l F,O W N production of 2 078 t of fiber in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 1 Piaçava fiber Attalea funifera l F W I,N production of 84 990 t of fiber in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Resins 1 Resin Pinus spp. P C,W N,I average production of 60 000 - 65 000 t of resin in mid 1990s. Exports of 13 500 t of gum rosin and 3 000 t of turpentine in 1993 (Coppen & Hone 1995) 1 Rosin Pinus spp. P C N average production of 36 000 t of rosin in 1987-89 (Coppen 1995a) 1 Gum turpentine Pinus spp. P C N average production of 8 000 t of gum turpentine in 1987-89 (Coppen 1995a) 2 Copaíba balsam Copaifera spp. F W N,I production of 72 t of oil in 1995 (IBGE 1998b); exports of 56 t of copaíba in 1992 (Coppen 1995b)

Latex 1 Natural rubber Hevea brasiliensis P,F C,W N production of 53 000 t of natural rubber in 1997 (FAO 1998); area cultivated of 58 715 in 1994 (IBGE 1998a) 2 Sorva Couma spp. F W I production of 1 106 t in 1989; export of 500 t in 1992 (Coppen 1995b) 2 Balata Manilkara spp. F W N production of 18 t in 1990 (Coppen 1995b)

56 2 Maçaranduba Manilkara huberi F W N production of 116 t in 1990 (Coppen 1995b)

Vegetable wax 2 Carnaúba Copernicia prunifera F,O W I,N production of 5 228 t of wax and 12 164 t of powder in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Tannins 2 Angico Piptadenia spp. b F W N production of 577 t of bark in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Barbatimão Stryphnodendron b F W N production of 12 t of bark in 1995 barbatimao (IBGE 1998b) 1 Acacia negra b P C N production of 191 830 t of bark in 1995 (IBGE1998b) Essential and 2 Rosewood oil Aniba rosaeodora F W I,N export of 68 t of rosewood oil in drying oils 1992 (Coppen 1995)

2 Tungue, Aleurites fordii se P C N production of 1 286 t from tung oil 672 ha in 1994 (IBGE 1998a) 2 Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata se F W I,N production of 48 t of tonka bean in tonka bean 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Oiticica Licania rigida se F W N production of 13 613 t of oiticica seed in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 1 Eucalyptus spp. l P C N production of 26 160 t of leaves in 1995 (IBGE1998b) Medicinal 2 Ipecac Cephaelis r F W I,N production of 2 t of in 1995 plants ipecacuanha (IBGE 1998b)

2 Jaborandi Pilocarpus spp. l F W I production of 2 155 t of leaves in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 1 Açaí fruit Euterpe oleracea f F W N production of 108 922 t of fruit in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Mangaba Hancornia speciosa f F W N production of 310 t of fruit in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Umbu Spondias tuberosa f F,O W N production of 10 969 t of fruits in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Edible seeds / 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera se P,O C N production of 647 000 t of coconuts nuts in 1997; production of 3 000 t of copra in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Babaçu kernel Orbignya martiana se F W N production of 190 000 t of babaçu kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Caju, cashew Anacardium se P,O C,W I,N production of 113 000 t of cashew nut occidentale nuts (in shell) in 1997 (FAO 1998); area cultivated 57 680 615 ha in 1994 (IBGE 1998a)

2 Walnut Juglans sp. se P C N production of 4 000 t of walnuts (in shell) in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Bertholletia excelsa se F W I,N production of 40 216 t of in-shell nuts in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 1 Pinhão, pine Araucaria angustifolia se F W N production of 5 319 t of nuts in nuts 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Spices 1 Pimenta do Piper nigrum se P C N production of 34 927 t from reino, black 21 023 ha in 1994 (IBGE 1998a) pepper Edible oils 1 Babaçu oil Orbignya martiana se F W N production of 76 000 t of babaçu oil in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Palm oil Elaeis guineensis f P C N production of 661 809 t of oil palm fruits from area of 67 388 ha in 1994 (IBGE 1998a) 2 Licuri oil Syagrus coronata se F W N production of 6 696 t of seed in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Pequi oil Caryocar villosum se F W N production of 2 454 t of seed in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) 2 Tucum oil Astrocaryum tucuma se F W N production of 2 257 t of seed in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Colorants, 1 Annatto Bixa orellana se P,O C N production of 8 870 t of seed from 7 dyestuffs 545 ha in 1994 (IBGE 1998a) Palm hearts 1 Açaí Euterpe oleracea st F W I,N production of 20 653 t of palm hearts in 1995 (IBGE 1998b) Guaraná 1 Guaraná Paullinia cupana se P,O C N production of 2 243 t of seeds from 7 675 ha in 1995 (IBGE 1998a)

Cocoa beans 1 Theobroma cacao se P C N,I production of 293 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area of 724 000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products Honey 1 F,O W,C N production of 18 000 t of honey 1997 (FAO 1998) Silk 2 Raw silk Silk worm P C N production of 2 000 t of silk in 1997 (FAO 1998)

58 MEXICO Product Resource NWFP Importance Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value used system Plants and plant products Ornamental 2 Palma camedor Chamaedorea spp. l, p, F W, C I,N production of 1 494 t of leaves s se and 216 t of seed from wild and cultivated sources in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

2 Sotol Dasylirion p ? W N production of 6 tons of plants durangense in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) 2 Heno, Tillandsia usneoides p F W N production of 675 t of the plant Spanish moss in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

2 Musgo, ? p ? W N production of 258 t in 1994 moss (CTCNF 1996)

Bamboo 2 Bamboo ? st F W N production of 127 t in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

Plant 2 Guia parra Vitis cinerea st F W N production of 74 t in 1994 support silvestre (CTCNF 1996) Fiber 2 Ixtle Agave spp.; l P C N production of 1 032 t of ixtle Yucca spp. fiber in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

2 Palmilla fiber; Nolina spp. st O W N,I production of 703 t in 1994 bear grass (CTCNF 1996)

2 Lechuguilla Agave lecheguilla l O W,C N production of 635 t in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

2 Vara de perlilla Inphocarpus st ? O W N production of 81 t in 1994 microphillus (CTCNF 1996) Palm thatch 2 Palma Washingtonia spp. l O W,C N production of 26 t in 1994 washingtonia (CTCNF 1996) 59 Palm fiber 2 Huano Sabal yapa? l F,O W N production of 64 t in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) 2 Palapa Orbignya guacuyule l F W N production of 2 321 t in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) 2 Palma real Roystonea spp. l F W N production of 3 415 t of fiber in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Resins 1 Resin Pinus spp. F,P W,C N production of 36 731 t of resin in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Gum rosin production was about 22 000 t in 1991 (Coppen & Hone 1995) 1 Turpentine Pinus spp. F,P W,C N average production of 6 000 t of turpentine rosin in 1987-89 (Coppen 1995). Turpentine production was about 4 000 t in 1991 (Coppen & Hone 1995) Vegetable 2 Candelilla Euphorbia l O W I production of 1 608 t of wax in wax antisyphillitica 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

2 Jojoba wax Simmondsia chinensis se O W I,N production of 750 - 800 t of seed per year in late 1980s (González Leija 1987) Tannin 2 Cascalote Caesalpinia coriaria f F W N,I production of 971 t of tannin in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Gums 2 Goma de Achras zapota F W N production of 393 t in 1994 mascar (CTCNF 1996) Medicinal 2 Barbasco Dioscorea composita r O C N,I production has declined from plants 1 404 t in 1989 to nearly zero in 1993 (FAO 1995b) 2 Damiana Turnera diffusa l F W N production of 4 t of leaves in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Yucca sap 2 Palmilla Yucca schidigera st O W I,N production of 4 791 t of sap in 1994 (CTCNF 1996)

Cosmetics 2 Zábila Aloe vera l O W ? N production of 258 t in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Opuntia 2 Nopal Opuntia spp. l,f 0 W,C N production of 2 146 of cactus products in 1994 (CTCNF products 1996) Agave 2 Maguey Agave spp. 0 W,C N production of 5 060 t in 1994 products (CTCNF 1996)

60 Fruit 1 Date Phoenix dactylifera f P C N production of 2 000 t of dates in 1997 (FAO 1998) Edible 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera n P,O C N production of 1 169 000 t of seeds / nuts coconuts in 1997; production of 216 000 t of copra in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Palm kernel Elaeis guineensis n P O N production of 16 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Walnut Juglans sp. n ? ? N production of 19 000 t of walnuts (in shell) in 1997 (FAO 1998) 2 Nogal, Carya illinoiensis n F W N production of 176 t in 1994 pecan (CTCNF 1996) 2 Piñon, Pinus spp. n F W N production of 181 t of pine pine nut nuts in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Spices 1 Pimienta, Pimienta dioica se F,P W,C N,I production of 3 788 t in 1994 pepper (CTCNF 1996); 90% for export to USA, Canada and Europe (González Leija 1987) 2 Hoja de laurel, Laurus nobilis ? l P C N production of 6 t of laurel leaf bay leaf in 1994 (CTCNF 1996) Edible oils 1 Palm oil Elaeis guineensis f P C N production of 16 000 of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998) Mushrooms 2 Hongos ? p F W I,N production of 21 t of mushrooms in 1994 (CTCNF 1996); export of 8,4 t to Japan in 1993 valued at US$465 000 (FAO 1995b) Cocoa 1 Theobroma cacao se P C N,I production of 49 000 t of beans cocoa beans in 1997 from area of 86 000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products Honey 1 F? W? N,I production of 54 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

CUBA Product Resource Economic Value

61 NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance used system Plants and plant products

Fodder 2 Palmiche fruit Roystonea regia f O W N average annual production of 6 000 t of palm fruit (?), in period 1989 - 1993 (FAO 1995b) Palm 2 Yagua Roystonea regia l O W N production of some 450 000 dozen petioles, petioles/sheaths annually, valued at sheaths US$1 979 800, in period 1989 - 1993, including 39 200 exported (FAO 1995b) Thatch 2 Guanos palms and other O W N average annual production of plants 41 000 000 units, valued at US$1 148 000, in period 1989 - 1993 (FAO 1995b) Resins 2 Resin Pinus spp. F W N average annual production of 668 t of resin, valued at US$300 700, in period 1989-1993 (FAO 1995b)

Bark 1 Corteza Pinus sp., b P,O C N bark production totaled 6 234 t of Casuarina sp. between 1984 and 1993 (FAO 1995b)

Tannins 2 Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle F W N average annual production of 247 t tannin of tannin, valued at US$27 900, in period 1989-1993 (FAO 1995b) Fruits 2 Wild fruits, e.g. Psidium guayabita; f F W N production of wild fruit in guayabita del pinar, Psidium guajaba; mountainous regions alone is 7 - 8 guyaba silvestre, Jambosa jambosa, 000 t per year (FAO 1995b) pomarrosa, etc. etc.

Edible 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera n P,O C N production of 26 000 t of coconuts in seeds / nuts 1997 (FAO 1998) Forest 2 Various Pinus caribaea; se P C N, I average annual production of 880 seeds Pinus maestrensis; kg, total exported, valued at US$15 Tectona grandis; 300, in period 1988 - 1993 Eucalyptus sp. etc. (FAO 1995b) Cocoa 1 Theobroma cacao se P C N production of 2 000 t of cocoa beans beans in 1997 from area of 9 000 ha (FAO 1998)

62 Animal and animal products Honey 1 F? W? N,I production of 6 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

63 ECUADOR Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade Key species Part Product Source Uses Quantity, value tance name used ion system Plants and plant products Fiber 2 Cabuya Agave l P C N production of 3 571 t of fiber in 1989 on area of 3 207 ha americana (FAO 1995b)

1 Toquilla Carludovica l F W N,I exports of hats in 1992 were valued at US$4 647 000 palmata (FAO 1995b)

Latex 2 Natural Hevea F? W? N production of 2 000 t of natural rubber in 1997 (FAO rubber brasiliensis 1998)

Gums 2 Chicle F W N production of 1,1 t of chicle in 1990 valued at US$2 300 (Broekhoven 1996)

Edible seeds / 1 Coconut Cocos n P,O C N production of 42 000 t of coconuts in 1997; production of nuts nucifera 7,000 t of copra in 1997 (FAO 1998)

1 Palm Elaeis n P C N production of 31 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO kernel guineensis 1998) Edible oils 1 Palm oil Elaeis f P C N production of 188 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998) guineensis

Vegetable 1 Tagua se F W I,N export of 327,3 t of tagua nuts, valued at US$2 408 400 ivory spp. in 1992 (FAO 1995b)

Mushrooms 2 Hongos Boletus sp. p F W N production of 10 t in 1993, for domestic consumption silvestris (FAO 1995b)

Palm hearts 1 Palmito Euterpesp. st F W I,N exports of 603,4 t recorded in 1990, valued at US$932 800 (Broekhoven 1996)

Cocoa beans 1 Theobroma se P C N,I production of 94 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area cacao of 350 000 ha (FAO 1998)

64 Animal and animal products

Honey 2 F? W? N production of 1 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

Living 2 species not W I export of 29,4 t of living ornamental fish in 1990 ornamental identified (Broekhoven 1996) fish

65 COLOMBIA Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance used system Plants and plant products Fiber 2 chiqui-chique Leopoldinia l F W N production of 509 t in 1990 production from Llanos palm fiber piassaba (Broekhoven 1996) Orientalis department Latex 2 natural Hevea F W N production of 477 t in 1990 production from Amazonas, rubber brasiliensis (Broekhoven 1996) Putumayo, Vaupes and Guaviare departments Gums 2 species not F W I,N export of gums valued at no data on quantity the exports given US$78 700 in 1985 represented (Broekhoven 1996) Edible 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera n P,O C N production of 75 000 t of coconuts no data on area seeds / in 1997 (FAO 1998) nuts 1 Palm kernels Elaeis n P C N production of 79 000 t of palm area of 50 300 ha under oil guineensis kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998) palm in 1983 (Moll 1987)

Edible 1 Palm oil Elaeis f P C N,I production of 438 000 t of palm oil area of 50 300 ha under oil oils guineensis in 1997 (FAO 1998) palm in 1983 (Moll 1987)

Palm 2 naidí Euterpe st F W I,N production of about 1 105 t of palm in 1991 the industry generated hearts oleracea hearts in 1991 (Broekhoven 1996) direct or indirect employment for about 1 000 workers (Broekhoven 1996) Coffee 1 Coffea arabica se P C I,N production of 646 000 t of green yield of 620 kg/ha in 1997 coffee in 1997 from area of 1 041 (FAO 1998); coffee is 000 ha (FAO 1998) traditionally shade grown

Cocoa 1 Theobroma se P C N production of 47 000 t of cocoa yield of 465 kg/ha in 1997 beans cacao beans in 1997 from area of (FAO 1998) 102 000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products

Honey 2 F? W? N production of 3 000 t of honey in bee species not reported 1997 (FAO 1998)

66 VENEZUELA Product Resource NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part used Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance system Plants and plant products Bamboo 2 Guasdua Bambusa latifolia st F W N production of 564 940 units in 1992 (Petit 1996)

Fiber 2 Chiquichiqui Leopoldinia l F W N,I production of 128 000 kg of fiber in piassaba 1992 (Petit 1996) 2 Bejuco; reeds various st O W N production of 3 961 000 kg of reeds in 1992 (Petit 1996) 2 Bejuco ? st O W N production of 508 600 kg in 1992 (Petit mimure 1996) Resins 1 Crude resin Pinus caribaea P C N production estimated at 7 000 t of crude resin in mid 1990s (Coppen & Hone 1995) Edible seeds / 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera n P,O C N production of 131 000 t of coconuts in nuts 1997; production of 15 000 t of copra in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Palm kernel Elaeis n P C N production of 13 000 t of palm kernels guineensis in 1997 (FAO 1998) Edible oils 1 Palm oil Elaeis f P C N production of 51 000 t of palm oil in guineensis 1997 (FAO 1998) Palm hearts 1 Manaca Euterpe st N W I production of 1 900 000 palm hearts in oleracea 1992 (Petit 1996)

Cocoa beans 1 Theobroma se P C N production of 19 000 t of cocoa beans cacao in 1997 from area of 67,000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products

Honey 2 F? W? N production of 1 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

67 PERU Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part used Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance system Plants and plant products Ornamental 2 Orchids not indicated p F W N production of 285 kg in 1991, total s exported, value US$6 014 (FAO 1995b) Fodder 2 Algarrobo Prosopis spp. se F W N estimated production (early 1990s) of 2 067 750 t of fruit of Prosopis pallida, about 60% consumed by livestock, 20% commercialized by small agroindustry to fatten livestock (FAO 1995b) Fiber 2 Cabuya Fourcroya americana l O C N production of 1 680 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Carrizo Arundo donax st O W N production of 4 865 093 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Caña brava Ginerium sagittatum st O W N production of 2 108 200 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Caña guada Guada angustifolia st O W N production of 104 011 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Carricillo Penisetum sp. st O W N production of 11 800 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Junco Juncus sp. st O W N production of 80 175 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Totora Thypha angustifolia st O W N production of 2 748 t in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 1 Toquilla Carludovica palmata l F W N production of 20 000 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Piasaba ? l F W N production of 654 871 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

Latex 2 Jebe Hevea brasiliensis F W N production of 62 784 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

68 Medicinal 2 Ratania Krameria tiandra r F W N production of 20,5 t in 1991 plants (FAO 1995b)

2 Barbasco Lonchocarpus nicou F W I production of 70 729 kg in 1991, total exported, value US$112 449 (FAO 1995b) 2 Curare Chondodrendon F W N production of 62 784 kg in 1991 tomentosum (FAO 1995b) 2 Aguaje Mauritia flexuosa f F W N production of 11 020 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

2 Umarí Poraqueiba sericea f F W N production of 1 000 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b) 2 Pijuayo Bactris gasipaes f O C N production of 5,790 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b) Edible 1 Coconut Cocos nucifera n P,O C N production of 14 000 t of coconuts in seeds / 1997 (FAO 1998) nuts 1 Palm kernel Elaeis guineensis n P C N production of 5 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998) 1 Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa production of 2 500 t in 1991 (Wickens 1995); export of 1 104 t (in shell) valued at US$3 117 893 in 1991 (FAO 1995b) Edible oils 1 Palm oil Elaeis guineensis f P C N production of 35 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998) Colorants, 1 Annatto Bixa orellana se O W,C I,N estimated exports 4 000 t per year in dyestuffs mid 1990s (Green 1995)

Palm hearts 1 Palmito de Euterpe precatoria st F W I production of 677 120 kg of canned huasaí palm hearts in 1991, total amount exported, valued at US$1 611 060 (FAO 1995b)

69 Cocoa 1 Theobroma cacao se P C N production of 19 000 t of cocoa beans beans in 1997 from area of 32 000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products

Live animals 2 Birds Perico (Brotogeris F W N,I production of 50 000 units in 1991 pyrthopterus), Perico (FAO 1995b) esmeralda (Forpus coelestis), Loro cabeja roja (Aratinga erythrogenys), Loro frente roja (Aratinga wagleri), Jilgero comun (Carduelis magelianica), Picaflor (Myrtis fanny) Animal 2 Reptiles Pacazos (Iguana F W N,I production of 15 563 units in 1991 skins iguana), Capones (FAO 1995b) (Tropidurus occipitalis)

Bushmeat, 2 Cochineal Dactylopius cocus O C I production of 500 t of cochineal in insects etc. insect 1993 (Green 1995); export of 77 t of carmine valued at US$6 700 000 in 1993 (FAO 1995b)

70 BOLIVIA Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance used system Plants and plant products Latex 2 Natural rubber Hevea F W N,I legal export of 51 t of latex in 1993; brasiliensis value US$48 782; (FAO 1995); estimated 10 000 t total production in 1997 (FAO 1998)

Essential oils 2 Essential oils not specified ? ? W? I export of 76 t oil in 1992 (Estrella 1995) Medicinal 1 Coca leaf Erythroxylum l P,O C I,N export of 134,8 t of leaves in 1992 plants coca (Estrella 1995) Edible seeds 1 Castaña, Bertholletia se F W I,N value of exports in 1997 / Brazil nut excelsa US$30 786 000 (Stoian 1999) nuts 1 Chestnut Castanea sp. n P C N production of 24 000 t of chestnuts (in shell) produced in 1997 (FAO 1998) Spices 2 Achiote Bixa orellana se P,O C,W N,I export of 19,2 t in 1993 (FAO 1995)

Edible oils 2 Cusi Orbignya se F,O W N,I export of 10,1 t of seeds in 1992 phalerata (Estrella 1995)

Palm hearts 1 Asaí palmito Euterpe st F W I,N value of exports in 1997 precatoria US$12 355 420 (Stoian 1999)

Cocoa beans 1 Theobroma se P C N production of 4 000 t in 1997 from cacao area of 6 000 ha (FAO 1998) Animal and animal products

Bushmeat, 2 Cochineal Dactylopius F W N,I export of 400 kg of insect bodies in insects etc. insect cocus 1992 (Estrella 1995)

71 CHILE Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Productio Sourc Uses Quantity, value tance used n system e Plants and plant products Fiber 2 Mimbre, Salix viminalis st O C N production of 6 200 t/yr of raw yields average 12 t of dry basket willow material on about 200 ha; 59% is material/ha; 1 200 small used in artisental industries and 8% industries exported ; export value is US$800-1 (Campos Roasio 1998) 000/t (Campos Roasio 1998) Resins 1 Resin Pinus radiata P C N estimated 1 380 000 ha of Pinus export of 425 t of turpentine in radiata in 1997 (Campos Roasio 1997 (Campos Roasio 1998) 1998); experimental tapping has been done but resin yields not commercial (Coppen & Hone 1995) Essential 2 Avellano Gevuina avellana se F W N,I export of 6 t in 1997; value US$92 482 no data on area oils (Campos Roasio 1998) 2 Eucalyptus Eucalyptus l P C N,I export of 14 t in 1997; value US$44 no data on area globulus; 175 (Campos Roasio 1998) E. spp. 2 Rosa Rosa moschata se O C N,I export of 84 t in 1997; value US$1 169 Rosa mosqueta 254; naturlized in Chile; up to 200 1 500 000 ha of Rosa spp. in Chile 000 people work on fruit harvest (Campos Roasio 1998) (Campos Roasio 1998)

2 Pine oil Pinus radiata P C N,I export of 142 t of pine oil valued at US$206 177 in 1997 (Campos Roasio 1998) Medicinal 2 Boldo Peumus boldus l F W N,I export of 1 205 t of leaves valued at best known Chilean medicinal plants US$825 346 in 1997 (Campos Roasio plant in the world 1998) (Campos Roasio 1998)

2 Quillay Quillaja b F W N,I export of 873 t of bark valued at tree endemic to Chile (Campos saponaris US$3 071 526 in 1997 Roasio 1998) (Campos Roasio 1998) Edible 1 Walnut Juglans sp. n ? ? N production of 13 000 t of walnuts (in no data on area seeds/ shell) in 1997 (FAO 1998b) nuts

72 Mushroom 1 Mushrooms not specified p F? W? N, I export of dried, salted and frozen main markets USA, France s mushrooms was 4 405 t valued at (Iqbal 1995) US$7 057 954 in 1997 (Campos Roasio 1998) Forest 1 Eucalyptus, Rosa moschata se P C N,I export of 1,54 t of seed valued at about 350 permanent nurseries seeds Pinus US$1 188 659 in 1997 exist for forest seed production radiata, (Campos Roasio 1998) (Campos Roasio 1998) rosa mosqueta, etc. Animal and animal products

Bushmeat, 2 Liebre, F W N,I 80 749 hares yielded 105 244 kg of insects etc. hare meat in 1995; exports to France, Belgium, Netherlands and Germany. (Campos Roasio 1998) Honey 1 Apis mellifera F,O W,C N,I production of 5 000 t of honey in 1997 30 tree species identified as (FAO 1998b); annual exports about 1 honey sources 500 t (Campos Roasio 1998) (Campos Roasio 1998)

73 ARGENTINA Product Resource NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance used system Plants and plant products Ornamentals 1 Helecho, not indicated p F W N production of 53 t of ferns in 1996 (DRFN fern 1997a)

Rushes 2 Juncos not indicated st F W N production of 240 t of rushes in 1996 (DRFN 1997a) Fiber 2 Mimbre, Salix viminalis st O C N production of 955 t of mimbre in 1996 basket willow (DRFN 1997a)

2 Formio Formiun tenax st ? F ? W N production of 80 t in 1996 DRFN 1997b)

Resins 1 Pinus elliottii P C N production of about 30 000 t of crude resin in 1993 (Coppen & Hone 1995). Resin productions was 19 904 t, rosin & derivatives 25 840 t and turpentine 2 985 t in 1996 (DRFN 1997b)

Tannins 1 Prosopis N production of 63 200 t of tannins in 1996 torquata, Acacia (DRFN 1997b) atramentaria Essential oils 1 Tung oil Aleurites fordii se P C N production of 3 000 t of tung oil in 1997 (FAO 1998) Edible seeds/ 1 Walnut Juglans sp. n ? ? N production of 9 000 t of walnuts (in shell) nuts in 1997 (FAO 1998) Forest seed 2 Araucaria & se F W,C N production of 5 t in 1996, 316 t in 1995 other species (DRFNa 1997)

Animal and animal products Honey 1 F? W? N,I production of 65 000 t in 1997 (FAO 1998)

74 PARAGUAY Product Resource Economic Value NWFP Impor- Trade Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance name used system Plants and plant products Tannin 1 Quebracho Schinopsis spp. F W N,I value of exports in 1993 tannin distilled from wood US$3 321 000 (Statz 1999) Essential oil 1 Tung oil Aleurites fordii f P C N production of 8 000 t of tung no data on area oil in 1997 (FAO 1998)

1 Palo santo Bulnesia F W I value of exports in 1993 oil distilled from wood sarmienti US$480 000 (Statz 1999) Medicinal plants 2 Yerba Ilex paraguensis l F,P,O W,C N fresh leaves used in popular mate medicine (Basualdo 1997b) Edible seeds / 1 Palm not indicated n P C N production of 11 000 t of source not specified in FAO nuts kernel palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998, but likely from native 1998) Acrocomia Edible oils 1 Coco Acrocomia S F W I,N production of 3 524 t of oil Acrocomia totai aculeata in 1993; value US$2 480 also be part of this palm oil 000. Production decrease production (Basualdo 1997a). from 7 026 t in 1988 Statz (1999) reported value of (Cardozo Román 1996). exports in 1993 US$2 420 000. Production of 2 000 t of Source not specificied in FAO palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998 but assumed from 1998). Acrocomia

Animal and animal products

Honey 2 F? W? N,I production of 1 000 t in bee species not reported 1997 (FAO 1998)

75 URUGUAY

Product Resource

NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance used system

Plants and plant products

Animal and animal products

Honey 1 F? W? N,I production of 7 000 t in 1997

(FAO 1998b)

FRENCH GUIANA

Product Resource

NWFP Impor- Trade name Key species Part used Production Source Uses Quantity, value tance system

Plants and plant products

Palm hearts 2 coeurs de palmiers Euterpe oleracea st F W I 2 096 527 palm hearts, pinots May 1985 - June 1986

Animal and animal products

76 Appendix 2: Contacts

Listed below by country are the contacts attempted (successful and unsuccessful) to collect data on NWGS. Contacts marked with an asterisk * responded to my request for information.

Argentina

Ruben Coirini, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Castilla de Correo 509, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina. Tel: 54 51 681 763; Fax 54 51 681 765.

* Cristina Résico, Dirección de Recursos Forestales Nativos, Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente Humano, San Martín 459, piso 2, 1004 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel: 54 1 394 1180; Fax 54 1 394 1180; E-mail: [email protected] .

José Antonio Posluszny, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universided Nacional de Misiones, Juan Manuel de Rosas 325, C.P. 3360, Oberá, Misiones, Argentina. E-mail: [email protected].

Chris Van Dam, Project Coordinator, Agroforestry Development Project – Northwestern Argentina, España 2076, Casilla de Correo 559, 4400 Salta, Argentina. Tel/fax: 54 87 311 254 E-mail: [email protected].

Bolivia

Oscar Llanque and Amelina Zonta, Instituto para el Hombre, Agricultura y Ecologia, Universidad Técnica del Beni, Casilla 6, Riberalta-Beni, Bolivia. Tel: 591 852 2426; Fax 591 852 8485.

* Dietmar Stoian, Department of Forest Policy, Market and marketing Section, Bertoldstr. 17, 79085 Freiburg, Germany. Tel. 49 761 203 3725; fax 49 761 203 3729; E-mail: [email protected].

* Dra. Monica Moraes, Herbário Nacional de Bolivia, Casilla 10077, Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia. Tel: 591 2 792 416; fax 591 2 797 511; E-mail: [email protected].

Patricia Uberhuaga, Study Centre on Economic and Social Reality, Casilla 99, Cochabana, Bolivia. Tel: 591 42 32 442; fax 591 42 32 310; E-mail: [email protected].

Brazil

* José de Arimatéa Silva, Departamento de Recursos Florestais, IBAMA, SAIN, Av. L4, Lote 4, Ed. Sede do IBAMA, Bloco B, Sala 2, Cep 70800-200, Brasília, D.F. Brasil. Tel: 5561 226 2081; Fax: 5561 226 8711.

77 * Floriano Pastore Jr. and * Vag-Lan Borges, Laboratório de Tecnologia Química, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 04574 – Cep 70910-900, Brasília, D.F. Brasil. Tel: 5561 347 5509; Fax: 5561 340 6645; E-mail: [email protected].

* Jason W. Clay, Rights and Resources, 2253 N. Upton St., Arlington VA 22207.

Tel/fax: 703 524 0471. E-mail: [email protected].

* Charles R. Clement, Dept. Ciencias Agronômicas, INPA, C.P. 478, 69.011 Manaus, AM, Brasil. Tel: 55 92 236 9733; fax 55 92 236 0255; E-mail: [email protected].

Maria Teresa de Jorge Pádua, FUNATURA, SCLA 107 de Gemini Center II, Bloco B – Sala 201, 70.743 Brasilia, D.F. Brasil. Tel: 55 61 316 1476; fax: 55 61 223 6410.

* Jean-Paul Lescure, ORSTOM/ERMES, Technoparc 5 ru du Carbone, 45072 Orléans cedex 2, France. Tel: 33 2 38 49 95 50; fax 33 2 38 49 95 34; E-mail: [email protected].

Chile

Daniel Barros, Depto. de Silvicultura, Instituto Forestal, Huerfanos 554, Santiago, Chile.

Tel: 562 639 6189; Fax 562 638 1286.

José Antonio Cabello Medina, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Avda. Bulnes 285, 7 piso, Of. 703, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 696 66 77; Fax 562 671 5881.

Jorge Campos Roasio, Instituto de Investigaciones Technológicas, Avda. Santa María 6400, Vitacura, Casilla 19002, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 242 8100; Fax: 562 218 5307.

René Carmona Cerda, Depto. de Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 9206, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 541 7703 A. 220; Fax: 562 541 4131.

Roberto Garfias Salinas, Depto. de Manejo de Recursos Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 9206, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 541 7703 A. 233; Fax 562 541 4952.

* Juan Grau V., Agustinhas 641 Of. 11, C.P. 6500605, Santiago, Chile. Tel: 562 633 1904; fax 562 633 0963; E-mail: [email protected].

Colombia

Dário Vallejo Rendón, Corporación de Investigaciones Amazónicas Araracuara, Calle 20 # 5-44, Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia. Tel: 571 283 6755.

Ricardo Linares, National Corporation for Forestry Research, Cra 50 #27-70, Bloque C, Oficina 16901, Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia. Tel: 57 1 315 0736; fax 57 1 221 3473; E-mail: [email protected].

78 * Rodrigo Bernal. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, A.A. 7495, Bogotá, Colombia. Tel: 57 1 368 4262; fax 57 1 368 1345; E-mail: [email protected]. unal.edu.co.

* Carolina María Rudas, E-mail: [email protected].

Cuba

Miguel Alvarez González, Instituto de Investicaciones Forestales, Calle 174 # 1723 e/17B y 17C, Siboney, Playa, Cuidad Habana, Cuba. Tel: 537 21 2145; Fax: 537 66 6071; E-mail: [email protected]

Dildonio Lorente Ruiz, Empresa Forestal, Ministerio de la Agricultura, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Tel: 537 335 086; Fax: 537 335 086.

* Margarita Mesa Izquierdo, Servicio Estatal Forestal, Cuba. E-mail: [email protected].

Ecuador

* Francis Kahn, ORSTOM, Apartado 17.11.6596, Quito, Ecuador. Tel: 593 2 565 336; Fax 593 2 504 020; E-mail: [email protected].

Ekkehard Boese, Mathias Kircher, AP-PROFORS, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, 7 piso, Oficina 715, Eloy Alfaro y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador. Fax: 593 2 504 487; E-mail: [email protected].

Zhofae Aguirre, Consuelo Rojas, Community Forestry Project DFC-F, Apartado 17-21-0190, Quito, Ecuador. Tel: 593 2 342 005; tax 593 2 342 007; E-mail: [email protected].

* John Buchanan, Conservation International, 2501 M Street NW., Washington, DC 20037. Tel: 202 429 5660; fax 202 887 5188; E-mail: [email protected].

French Guiana

* Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, CIRAD, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France. Tel: 33 4 67 59 38 83; fax 33 4 67 59 37 33; E-mail: [email protected].

* Hélène Joly, CIRAD-Forêt, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier, France. Tel: 33 4 67 59 37 71; fax 33 4 67 59 37 55; E-mail: [email protected].

Jacques Plan, Office National des Forêt, Cayenne, French Guiana. Fax: 594 31 99 33.

Jean-Jacques de Granville, ORSTOM, BP 165, Cayenne Cedex, 97323, France. Tel: 33 594 299 283; fax: 33 594 319 855; E-mail: [email protected].

* Marie-Françoise Prévost, ORSTOM, BP 165, Cayenne Cedex, 97323, France. E-mail: [email protected].

79 Mexico

Mario Aguilar Hernández, Subsecretaría Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Av. Progreso No. 5, Colonia del Carmen, Delegacion Coyoacan, 04100 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. Tel: 915 658 4889.

* Victor Sosa Cedillo, Subsecretaría de Recursos Naturales. E-mail: [email protected].

Jan Wolf, ECOSUR, A.P. 63, San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. Tel: 52 967 8 18 83; fax 52 967 8 23 22; E-mail: [email protected].

Bruce Benz, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation, A.P. 64, Autlan de Navarro, Jalisco, C.P. 48900, Mexico. Tel: 52 338 11165; fax 52 338 10385; E-mail: [email protected].

Paraguay

Isabel Zaldivar de Basualdo, Depto. de Botánica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay.

* Jochen Statz, Forestry Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected].

Raul Gauto Street, Fundación Moises Bertoni, Procer Carlos Arguello #208 c/Mcal. Lopez, Asunción, Paraguay. Tel: 595 21 600 855; fax 595 21 608 741; E-mail: mbertoni.org.py.

Peru César A. Barriga Ruiz, Depto. de Manejo Forestal, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado 456, Lima 100, Peru. Tel: 5114 352 035; Fax 51 1 4 331 130.

Alejandro Gómez Silvera, División de Manejo y Aprovechamiento Forestal, PRONAMACHCS, Apartado 14-0016, Lima 14, Peru. Tel: 51 1 4 716 611; Fax: 51 1 4 713 182.

Yolanda Guzmán Guzmán, *Kember Mejía, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Av. Abelardo Quinones Km. 2.5, Apartado 784, Iquitos, Peru. Tel: 51 94 232 925; Fax: 51 94 235 527.

Josefina Takahashi Sato, INRENA, Ministerio de Agricultura, Calle Diecisiete N. 355, Urb. El Palomor – San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru. Tel: 51 1 224 3298; fax 51 1 224 3218; E-mail: [email protected].

Alberto Yataco Pérez, Proyecto Nacional Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas y Conservación de Suelos, Apartado 14-0016, Lima 14, Peru. Tel: 51 1 4 716 611; Fax: 51 1 4 713182.

Uruguay

80 * Rosario Pou, EUFORES, S.A. Juan Carlos Gómez 1445/403, 11 000 Montevideo, Uruguay. Fax: 598 2 916 4176; E-mail: [email protected]

Huan F. Porcile-Maderni, Forest Management and Protection Department, Forest Direction, 18 de julio 1455, piso 6, 11.200 Montevideo, Uruguay. Fax: 598 2 401 9706;

E-mail: [email protected].

Atilio Ligrone, Dirección Forestal , Ministerio de Ganaderia, Agricultura y Pesca, Avda. 18 de Julio 1455, Montivideo, Uruguay. Tel: 598 2 401 9707; fax 598 2 401 9706.

* Mario A Abad, Guiseppe Verdi 4384, 11.400 Montevideo, Uruguay. Tel: 598 2 613 2815.

Venezuela

Judith Petit, * Anibal Luna Lugo, Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Av. Chorros de Milla, Nucleo Forestal, EDF IFLA, Apartado 36, Mérida, Venezuela. Tel: 5874 440 535; Fax: 5874 448 906. E-mail: [email protected].

Dennis Johnson, 21 February 1999

81 FRA Working Papers

1998

1. FRA 2000 Terms and Definitions (18 pp. - E/F/S)

2. FRA 2000 Guidelines for assessments in tropical and sub-tropical countries (43 pp. - E/F/S)

1999

3. The status of the forest resources assessment in the South-Asian sub-region and the country capacity building needs. Proceedings of the GCP/RAS/162/JPN regional workshop held in Dehradun 8-12 June 1998. (186 pp. - E)

4. Volume/Biomass Special Study: georeferenced forest volume data for Latin America (93 pp. E)

5. Volume/Biomass Special Study: Georeferenced Forest Volume Data for Asia and Tropical Oceania

6. Country Maps for the Forestry Department website (24 pp. - E)

7. Forest Resources Information System (FORIS) Concepts and Status Report (22 pp. - E)

8. Remote Sensing and Forest Monitoring in FRA 2000 and beyond (24 pp. - E)

9. Volume/Biomass Special Study: Georeferenced Forest Volume Data for Tropical Africa

10. Memorias del Taller sobre el Programa de Evaluación de los recursos forestales en once Países Latinoamericanos (S)

Please send a message to [email protected] for electronic copies.

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