Comparative Analysis of Agrarian Landscape Character with respect to Water Usage in Rahata Taluka, Ahemadnagar

Dipeeka Dilip Hivarkar Department of Landscape Architecture, Dr. B.N. College of Architecture Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

International Journal of Research in Civil Engineering, Architecture & Design Volume 4, Issue 2, April-June, 2016, pp. 208-219 ISSN Online: 2347-2855, Print: 2347-8284, DOA: 05022016 © IASTER 2016, www.iaster.com

ABSTRACT

Agriculture is an important source of livelihood in Ahemadnagar district, which falls in water scarcity zone, according to agro climatic zones of . Agriculture in the district depends mainly on the rainfall from south-west monsoon. Study focuses on manmade water catchment system as well as rainfall. From rainfall data of last ten years it has been observe that Rahata is the most affected zone among , Rahuri, Newasa & Sangmner. There are total of thirty two villages in Rahata taluka out of which twenty seven villages are benefited by manmade water catchment systems under Godavari right canal and Pravara left canal, remaining five villages are not benefited by any manmade water catchment systems. Villages under Pravara left canal and villages which doesn't have manmade water catchment systems have been studied for this paper. This research paper would highlight the changing agrarian landscape character in water scarcity areas with respect to water usage and through water techniques used in agricultural practices and issues related to water sources. Also indirectly the study would throw light on how to reduce the rapid growth of urbanization and negative impacts on villages and project public awareness and participation.

Keywords: Agrarian Landscapes, Agriculture, Scarcity, Water Management, Techniques, Usage.

1. INTRODUCTION

Ahemadnagar is the biggest district of Maharashtra in terms of area and population and Agriculture is the main source of occupation. Ahemadnagar falls in a scarcity zone, still its known for best production of yields, Sugarcane production and Sugar factories. Apart from the rainfall ,district is benefited by manmade catchment system of , Mula and Darana dams. Some of the villages don’t have this facility and still good amount of yield and productivity is carried out in this region.

'Water scarcity’ is the major issue in today's life. Due to increasing urbanization, human growth and industrialization water requirement is also increasing. So we need to develop different water techniques for water conservation and usage. Hence, this topic is important and needed in future and presents condition, which will help in problem solving of water scarcity issue. This topic describes about water techniques in scarcity areas and water usage, cropping pattern and agrarian landscape character.

2. METHODOLOGY

Study is conducted through study of research paper papers to understand different issues, aims, methodologies and solutions. Review of newspapers and articles published on water scarcity and water usage to understand perspective of people. Interviews of irrigation department officers to know about legal framework k of water, yearly charges for agricultural water usage.

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3. INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA

Ahmednagar is the biggest district of Maharashtra. The total geographical area of the district is 17.41 lakh ha. The net cropped area is 12, 56,500 ha, out of which an area of 3, 30,000 ha. (26.27 %) is under canal (84,000 ha) and well irrigation. About 9, 26,500 ha. (73.73 %) area is rain fed. The area under Kharif crops is 4, 60,000 ha. (36.6 per cent) while 7, 58,000 ha (60.32 per cent) area is under Rabi crops. Agriculture in the district depends mainly on the rainfall from south-west monsoon. The distribution of rainfall is most uneven. A major portion of the district lies in the zone of low rainfall ranging from 508 mm. to 635 mm. ( Geography, 2006).

Godavari river

Pravara river

Figure 1. Map showing rivers in Ahemadnagar Figure 2. Rainfall map of Maharashtra showing District. (Maps of India, Ahmadnagar District, location of Ahemadnagar district(Central ground 2014) Water Board, Drought, 2009)

Inference: Hence, from Fig no-1 it is proven that, Ahemadnagar and Solapur districts falls under scarcity zones, as it receives less than 40days rainfall/year, which is the lowest rainfall among rest of the districts in Maharashtra state.

3.1. Natural Parameters of Ahemadnagar District

From Fig no-3The district is drained by two chief rivers ,the Godavari and the Bhima a tributary of the Krishna. The Water-shed line is the great spur of the Sahyadris which branches off at Harichandragad and stretches completely across the district from west to east. The important rivers flowing through the district are Paravara, Mula, Sina and Dhora. Pravara is tributary of the river Godavari. Waters of the river Pravara fall from a great height, creating the Randha Falls.(Prof. Shivaram Mahadu Korade, 2012).

Figure 3. Map Showing Agro Climatic Zones of Fig No.4. Map Showing Location of Rahat Ahemadnagar District. (kvk. Pravara, District, 2011) Taluka in Ahemadnagar District.

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Inference: Hence, from fig no-3, it is observed that Akoletluka falls in ghat zone, falls in transit zone and rest talukas of the district falls in scarcity zone, which includes Sangmaner ,, Rahata, Shrirampur, Newasa, Pathardi, , Karjat, , Jamkhed, Rahuri.

Villages of the Rahata taluka are dependent on on Pravara right canal & Godavari right canal.

3.2. Study Area

Rahata taluka is a taluka in Shrirampur subdivision of in Maharashtra State of India. Rahata city is located on the Nagar-Manmad road, 5 km from holy place . There are around 32 villages in Rahata taluka. (Wikimedia Ahmednagar District, 2009)

3.3. Land Use of Rahata Taluka

Fig No-8-Map Showing Water Distribution Through Different Canals to Villages in Rahatataluka (Rahata Tahsil Office, Rahata.)

It is observed that, Agriculture is the main occupation in Rahata taluka.

3.4. Distribution of Water Canals in Rahata Taluka

Up Upper zone - right canal Lo Lower zone -Pravara river left canal Mi Middle zone -Wells, Bore wells, Tanker water.

3.5. Criteria for Selecting Villages Upper zone Villages has been selected by considering the following criteria: Middle zone As mentioned in the scope, the study is limited to the only talukas which are irrigated by Bhandardara dam, hence, upper zone villages are Lower zone not involved in the study as they get irrigated by Godavari right canal.

Fig No-8-Map Showing Water Distribution Through Different Canals to Villages in Rahata taluka (Rahata Tahsil Office, Rahata.)

Pimpri Nirmal village from middle zone (no irrigation facility) and Nandur village from lower zone (irrigated by Pravara left canal) has been selected on the basis of available water sources and water techniques used for irrigation. (Fig No-10).

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4. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1. Water Techniques 4.1.1. Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in whichthe roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favorable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish. One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed. (Jains Sprinkler Systems, 2015) Figure 4.1.1.1: Drip Irrigation Technique

4.1.2. Sprinklers Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.

Sprinklers provide efficient coverage for small to large areas and are suitable for use on all types of properties. It is also adaptable to nearly all irrigable soils since sprinklers are available in a wide range of discharge capacity.

Suitable for almost all field crops like Wheat, Gram, Pulses as well as Vegetables, Cotton, Soya bean, Tea, Coffee, and other fodder crops. Suitable for Residential, Industrial, Hotel, Resorts, Public & Government Enterprises, Golf Links, Race courses. (Jains Sprinkler systems, 2015) Figure 4.1.2.1: Use of Sprinklers for Small Crops

4.1.3. Coco Peat

Cocopeat is a multipurpose growing medium made out of coconut husk. The fibrous coconut husk is pre washed, machine dried, sieved and made free from sand and other contaminations such as animal and plant residue. Cocopeat is a very good alternative to traditional peat moss and Rock wool. Its air filled porosity and high water holding capacity makes it, an ideal growing medium for the plant crops. It is 100% organic and eco friendly, free from soil borne pathogen and weed. It has a pH of 5.7 – 6.5 ,EC level <1 mS/cm is ideal for plant growth.

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It has a good absorbency of Water helps keep Nutrients and Fertilizers being used in minimal amount. It has a resistant property to Bacterial and Fungal growth. Its high Water holding and Air filled porosity help to stimulate high Seed raising germination rates.

peat has innumerable advantages in the agricultural and domestic gardening. The main advantage is that the valuable nitrogen is preserved in coco peat and moisture content is retained mainly in potting mix in home gardening. Figure 4.1.3.1: Use of Coco Peat to Keep the Soil Moist for Longtime

 The coco peat has a tendency to expand in its volume, ie. Four to five times from its original volume provided.  Coco peat provides the plants easy porosity for growing roots and good airiness for the plant healthy growth.  Coco peat restructures the soil and helps to retain moisture in garden/nursery beds.  Frequency of watering is reduced.  Coco peat extends the life of compost.  Coco peat helps to plants free from insects, weeds, seeds, salts and chemicals.  Coco peat minimizes the aborts in the compost pile.  5Kg brick = 20 kg cockpit

4.1.4. Percolation Pond

A percolation pond is a small water storage structure constructed across a water body to harvest the runoff from the catchment and impound for a longer time thereby recharging ground water storage in the zone of influence of pond . Such ponds are very useful in harvesting the unutilized balance of the surface flow during period of availability and conserving it in the underground reservoirs.

Should be constructed across a natural stream or a water course . Impound water for a longer time. Facilitate percolation of impounded water both horizontally and vertically . Should be located in the upstream .( Impound – resist or to keep for a long time. (Manoj Thanga, 2013), (The National Committee on plasticulture Agriculture , 2010)

4.1.5. Farm Pond

The major portion of stored water in earthen tanks has been lost due to seepage. It is found that water loss through seepage i.e. 1.21 to 10.54 cumecs/million sqm from heavy clay loam To porous gravelly soils in the earthen ponds is The major constraints to its failure. In other words we can say that the drop in depth per day (cm) of pond water via seepage and Evaporation is 10.36 to 90.65 cm from heavy clay loam to porous gravelly soils. Figure 4.1.5.1: Storage of Canal Water along the Fields for Ground Water Recharge

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To avoid this depletion of stored water, pond sealing/ mechanically treating the ponds are necessary by installing lining of impervious material as Plastics film lining alone or in combination with conventional lining has proved to be an effective seepage proof in ponds and reservoirs but most effective and cost economic also. Plastics film is the flexible membrane, which is a hydraulic barrier consisting of a functionally continuous sheet of synthetic or partially synthetic or flexible material.

Benefits of Pond Lining with Plastics Films

Reduction in seepage losses to the maximum extent (95%).

Harvesting and storing of rain water from early monsoons. Utilization of harvested rain-water for short term crops as well as during off season. Lining of ponds and reservoirs with plastics film improve water availability over a longer period of time. It is highly useful in porous soils where water retention in ponds and water harvesting tanks is minimal.

Figure 4.1.5.2: Schematic Section of Pond for Drip Irrigation Water Storage

Economical and effective method of storing water. Eliminates water logging and prevents upward intrusion of salts into stored water. Useful for the purpose of storage of drinking water, for pisci culture and for providing supplementary irrigation. Prevents soil erosion. Technique is also suitable for lining of effluent ponds and channels to reduce soil and ground water contamination.

It can also be used in the lining of saltpans for improving productivity as well as quality of salt. (The National Committee on plasticulture Agriculture , 2010) (FAO Training Farm ponds).

Figure 4.1.5.3: Schematic Section of Percolation Pond for Ground Water Recharge

Detail study of these components will give findings. These findings will be used for the comparative analysis of agrarian landscape character of both the villages.

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5. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Table 1

Zone Source Quality Quantity Systems Conclusions H M L Storage Distribution (character of agrarian landscape) Ground water Soft Well, Open channel, A natural ecosystem is water Bore Well Drip irrigation, formed around Sprinklers percolation water Canal Soft Percolation Drip irrigation, ponds. The activity of irrigation water pond, Sprinklers, storing of water is

Farm pond. Percolation seasonal, hence Nandur (Ground water germination of seasonal recharge of wells grasses and scrubs are & bore wells) forming which is helpful in ecological succession. It gives habitat for seasonal aquatic flora and fauna . Gives Natural landscape visual character but its manicured activity.

Images

Well Drip irrigation Sprinklers Percolation ponds

Bore well Bore well Canal Open Channel

Zone Source Quality Systems Results Quantity (character of agrarian landscape) H M L Storage Distribution Ground water Hard Open channel, No ecosystem is found water Well, Bore Drip irrigation, around Farm ponds. The Well Sprinklers activity of storing of water is depending on Tanker water Soft Farm pond. Drip irrigation, rain, due to water water Sprinklers scarcity , germination of seasonal grasses and scrubs are forming which is helpful in ecological succession has been not observed. No water present hence, no habitat for seasonal aquatic flora and fauna. Gives dry visual character.

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6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OVERALL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER

Table 2

No Parameters Observations Conclusions (character of agrarian landscape) Irrigated villages (Nandur) Non-irrigated villages(Pimpri Nirmal) 1 Average Rainfall for This is the lowest rainfall June to Oct 440.2 mm 440.2 mm in Ahemadnagar district. From 2005-2014 Source: http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/rain2002t014.pdf 2 Manmade water 14 villages are benefited system source (Canal) by Pravara river left Pravara River left canal No canal facility canal, 5 villages are not benefited by canal. Source: Irrigation department , Ahemadnagar, Rahata Taluka Tahsil Office 3 Traditional water Wells, Boar wells, Wells, Boar wells, Ponds Traditional water sources Sources Ponds for ground water for ground water are same in both the recharge recharge zones. Source: Survey 4 Irrigation Techniques a. Before 5 years Open water channels Open water channels Ground water recharge is b. Now Drip irrigation, Mini Drip irrigation, Ponds for done by canal water in sprinkler, Sprinkler, Ponds drip system water storage Nandur zone and Ground for drip water storage , Tanker water supply water recharge is dependent on rainfall Source: Survey 5 Frequency of Canal Kharip Rabbi Summer No canal facility irrigation (No of (1-7 to (15-10 (1-3 to In Nandur zone No. of rotation/year) 14-10) to 28- 30-6) water rotation/year are 2) getting decreasing, due to a. Before 5 years 2 3 3 water scarcity b. In 2013 1 1 1 b. Current 1 (No more rotation) Source: Irrigation department , Ahemadnagar, Survey 6 Cropping Pattern a. Before 5 years Maximum production of Seasonal crops (Jawar, Increase in cropping of sugarcane, Seasonal Crops Bajara, Wheat, Soybean) orchards, decrease in b. In 2014 Grapes, Pomegranate Pomegranate sugarcane planting, no

6.1. Findings of the Study 6.1.1. Findings from Interviews I. Irrigation Department -Findings from interview

1.Fivetalukas out of 16 are getting water from Bhandardara dam. 2.The number of water rotations per year are getting decreases. 3.Gangapur dam, Darana dam, Krishna basin which are not originating from Nagar district provide water to upper and lower talukas.

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II. Rahurividyapith -Findings from interview

1.Area under cropping is greater than area under irrigation in Ahemadnagar district. 2. Jowar and cereal production is maximum in Ahemadnagar district. 3.Maximum sugarcane which required maximum quantity of water, production is from which falls in low rainfall zone.(less than 500 mm)

III. Farmers-Findings from interview

1.Each farmer takes 2-3 crops per year depending on area of field. 2.Drip irrigation, small sprinklers, sprinklers, water storage lakes are the systems used by farmers for water conservation. 3.Fruit production is the drastic change in cropping pattern in last 2 years, due to less amount of water. 4. The water level of traditional water sources are dependent on canal water.

6.2. The Features Contributing Majorly To the Present Agrarian Landscape Character

The components of agrarian landscape which contribute to the landscape character of the area are as follows

a. Cropping pattern b. Water systems c. Distribution of crops & vegetables d. Seasonal variations

6.2.1. How The Agrarian Landscape Is Associated With Natural Parameters?

Soils are natural entities that exist in a wide range of different types. Composed of inorganic and organic matter, and with solid, liquid and gaseous components, they contain large numbers of living organisms and are the medium that supports life in its broadest sense. Unlike air, water, and biota, which are mobile systems, soil is site-specific, and although more stable than the other three systems, it shows great variability in space and time. Soils are a cultural heritage, forming an essential part of the landscape in which we live and containing archaeological treasures of high value for the understanding of the history of earth and mankind.

Agriculture has for a long time been based on the notion of the soil as an inexhaustible resource for continually increasing production. Soil is affected by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Some agricultural activities contribute to these negative effects. However, increasing industry, urbanization, road construction, fire, other human activities in agrarian areas and climate changes are also major factors, which changes the agrarian landscape continuously.

Change in agrarian landscape may occur due to degradation of soil in agricultural practices, some agricultural cultivation practices. The most significant forms of physical degradation of the soil due to agriculture are: erosion; desertification; water-logging; compaction. Change in agrarian landscape may occur due to, some agricultural cultivation practices. Related agricultural practices are: over-use of manure and mineral fertilizers; emissions of pollutants by intensive livestock production; spreading of sewage sludge on agricultural soils; the use of pesticides with unintended side-effects (slow degradation).

The soil type in Nandur village is more fertile than Pimpri Nirmal village. Most of the area consist of black cotton soil It is formed due to weathering of basaltic rocks, characterized by deep black in color, rich in moisture holding, sticky, develops heavy, deep cracks in summer season. This soil is suitable

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for Cotton, wheat, Jowar and Sugarcane. which needs less water and resulting in good productivity. Pimprinirmal village has got Clay loam type of soil. It is slightly brown, somewhat skin color, sticky in nature, not too rich in water holding capacity. It is compact and slippery in rains.

As compared to Nandur zone, Pimprinirmal zone is having severe water scarcity, which is affecting productivity of yields, life style and entire economy. Canal water plays an important role in agricultural production in Ahemadnagar district. Hence, though its falling in scarcity area it also depend upon manmade water catchment system (Canal Water) along with Rain water. Hence, maximum changing character in agrarian landscape is observed in PimpriNirmal zone.

Due to seasonal and suitable cropping pattern in Pimpri nirmal zone water is conserved. Also tanker water system is innovative example of growing crops which farmers have been adopted.

6.2.2. How Does The Visual And Ecological Character Of The Study Area Is Dependent Upon The Usage Of Water?

6.2.2.1. Visual Character Nandur Zone View of black cotton soil, maximum of green cover less soil cover is seen, Mixed crops (seasonal and throughout the year), Mixture of urban (Tar Roads) and rural landscape character (fields)

Figure 6.2.2.1.1: Schematic Section of Percolation Pond for Ground Water Recharge

Pimpri Nirmal Zone

View of rocky soil, maximum of soil cover less green cover is seen, only seasonal crops are seen, rural landscape character is seen Due to mud roads.

Figure 6.2.2.1.2: Schematic Section of Percolation Pond for Ground Water Recharge

6.2.2.2. Ecological Character A natural ecosystem is formed around water pond. The activity of storing of water is seasonal, hence germination of seasonal grasses and scrubs are forming which is helpful in ecological succession. It gives habitat for seasonal aquatic flora and fauna. Gives Natural landscape visual character but it’s manicured activity. (Water source - Canal).

Figure 6.2.2.2.1: Nandur Zone - Percolation Pond

No ecosystem is found around water pond. The activity of storing of water is depending on rain, due to water scarcity , germination of seasonal grasses and scrubs are forming which is helpful in ecological succession has been not observed. No water is present, hence, no habitat for seasonal aquatic flora and fauna. Gives dry visual character. (Water source- Rain Water)

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Figure 6.2.2.2.2: Pimpri Nirmal Zone – Percolation Pond

Hence, from above images, it is seen that, ecology in Pimpri Nirmal zone is affecting landscape character than Nandur zone, in terms of visual aspects, textural qualities, Tangibles and intangibles (Flora & Fauna), ambiance etc, due to water scarcity which needs to be address.

7. CONCLUSIONS

The suggestions could be made that, plantation of native grasses in Pimpri Nirmal Zone , to increase succession process (because very few % of forest land) it will help in increase in rainfall, so that groundwater recharge of traditional water sources can be improved, grow forest areas for increase in rainfall, plantation of meadows which will serve as fodder grasses for cattle and economy generating options will be created for farmers, waste water from the surrounding areas can be treated and it can be used for agricultural purpose.

Designing ecosystems around water storage ponds to increase ecological succession, revival of existing streams and nalas to increase ground water levels could be done. Also these villages can be adopted by the surrounding villages, so that issue of water for agriculture can be solved.

REFERENCES

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