CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

Media’s Portrayal of Women in

A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of Master of Social Work

By

Odrea Dixon

May 2018 The graduate project of Odrea Dixon is approved:

______Dr. Alejandra Acuña Date

______Dr. Wendy Ashley Date

______Dr. Judith A DeBonis, Chair Date

California State University, Northridge

ii Dedication

This research project is dedicated in loving memory to my daddy, Oliver L. Dees who (passed away on May 2, 2015). Daddy, you weren’t here physically to see me earn this degree, but you were a part of the application process; I know if you were still alive you would be so proud of me. I miss you. For my children, Chris, Nakia, Deron, and

Lucy, thank you for your support and patience. You each have been my inspiration; I love you and pray that you will soon find what you want to do as you grow into your own independence. I hope that I have been a good role model for all of you. For my mother,

Linda Dees, words cannot express the love and admiration I have for you. I love you and

I thank you for the support and encouragement that you have shown me through this process. For my siblings, Dondre, Ovahl and Larisha, it’s never too late to achieve your goals or switch career paths like I did. Thank you for your motivation and encouragement; I love you all.

iii Table of Contents

Signature Page ii

Dedication iii

Abstract v

Introduction 1

Method 7

Results 10

Discussion 13

References 16

Appendix A: Survey Consent 20 Appendix B: 16-Item Survey 21

iv

Abstract

Media’s Portrayal of Women in Reality Television

By

Odrea Dixon

Master of Social Work

TV is the media source that is most commonly watched by individuals in the

United States. According to a 2017 Nielsen report, adult women over the age of 18 view television on an average of 30 hours per week. Very few studies have explored the impact of television and the body image of adult women. This qualitative exploratory study examined the relationship between watching reality television and the negative body image and self-image among adult women. An open-ended survey was sent electronically using Qualtrics and Facebook. A total of 50 women (35 African Americans, 7

Caucasians, 4 Latinas and 4 other unidentified ethnicities) completed surveys assessing their personal views on reality television and their self-image, and television viewing habits. The study findings revealed that reality television has a negative impact on its viewers but not on their body image. Thirty-nine of the 50 participants reported that reality television programs have no impact on their body image. Forty of the 50 participants reported that they felt that reality television programs could be damaging to the women who view them. Forty-three of the 50 participants reported observing women being represented as angry, uneducated, over-sexualized and materialistic. Future research studies should further investigate the relationship between watching reality television and low body image and low self-esteem among adult women.

v Introduction

“Now every girl is expected to have Caucasian blue eyes, full Spanish lips, a classic button nose, hairless Asian Skin with a California tan, a

Jamaican dance hall ass, long Swedish legs, small Japanese feet, the abs of a lesbian gym owner, the hips of a nine-year-old boy, the arms of Michelle

Obama, and doll tits.” -Tina Fey Bossypants (p.23)

In her memoir, Bossypants Tina Fey highlighted what every girl in

America is expected to look like. Multiple researchers have found that television has and continues to establish unrealistic beauty standards for women. Women were once mainly portrayed as subservient housewives, teachers, secretaries and well-mannered beings in shows such as Leave it to Beaver, Little House on the

Prairie and Private Secretary. Present day shows such as Sex in the City, Two and a Half Men and Scandal portray women as hypersexual career women, home wreckers, strippers, promiscuous, dysfunctional, hostile, violent, and divas.

Berberick, (2003) found that unrealistic portrayals of women in the media have a negative impact on women’s self-image.

Numerous scholars have studied media’s representation of women in domestic and stereotypical roles, gender inequality, and as sex objects.

However, there has been little done to assess the effects that the portrayal of women on reality television can have on its viewers and their self-image.

Murray and Ouellette (2004) defined reality television as “an unabashedly commercial genre united less by aesthetic rules or certainties than by fusion of popular entertainment with the self-conscious claim to the discourse of the real”

1 (p. 3). There is a variety of reality television shows with many categories to entertain viewers, such as dating and relationships, court shows, talent competitions etc. For the purpose of this study, the research focused on one of the more popular subgenres in reality television known as docusoap. Merriam

Webster (n.d.) defines docusoap as, “a TV series in which the real-life activities of a group of people are presented in soap opera style”.

Reality television is a booming industry all over the world. In 2015, 750 reality shows aired on cable television, of that nearly half (350) were brand new shows (VanDerWerff, 2016). According to a 2016 Nielsen report, African

Americans have the highest rate of total TV usage, watching an average of 218 hours of television a month compared to Whites who watch an average of 155.3 hours, Hispanics an average of 123.2 hours and Asian Americans an average of

92.3 hours.

The number of women of color represented in media has increased based on reality television (Gauntlett 2008). Currently, there is six popular reality television shows, including Love and Hip Hop, Basketball Wives, The Real

Housewives, Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Black Ink Crew, and Baller

Wives that feature African American women of diverse backgrounds. According to Perkins (1996), African American woman exist in a world where White men characterize beauty. Goldman and Waymer, (2015) stated, “beauty standards for

Black people, as well as other groups, are often based on Eurocentric ideas,” (p.

29). Historically, media has portrayed African American women as over- sexualized human beings (Ward, 2016) and women who are objectified in

2 advertisements and entertainment (Berberick, 2010). According to Cheung

(2015, para.7) stated that “negative imagery of Black women appears twice as often as positive depictions”.

Literature review.

Television and body image

A great amount of research has been conducted on body image and media. Body image can be defined in many ways. According to Merriam

Webster (2018), body image is defined as “a subjective picture of one’s own physical appearance established both by self-observation and by noting the reactions of others”. Body image research asserts that media has the potential to influence an individual’s body satisfaction (Markey & Markey, 2010).

Tiggeman (2005) used a questionnaire to examine the role of television in the body image of adolescent girls and boys. Interestingly, Tiggeman (2005) found that time spent watching television did not correlate to body image perception; however, the amount of time spent watching soap operas was positively related to wanting to be thin. Myers and Biocca (1992) examined the possible effects of idealized (thin) body images presented in advertisements and television programming. In their study Myers and Biocca (1992) found that watching less than 30 minutes of television and/or commercials can have an impact on a young woman’s perception on the shape of her body and her body image.

Body image and adult women

An ample amount of research has been conducted on older women and their attitudes on body dissatisfaction and eating disorders when exposed to

3 media. In a study done by Slevec and Tiggeman (2011), exposure to television correlated with disordered eating and body dissatisfaction in women between the ages of 35 and 55. The authors also found that older women body dissatisfaction is influenced by television and younger women are influenced by magazine images. Hefner et al. (2014) examined the relationship between media exposure and the casting of midlife women with body shapes of women in their twenties. The authors found that women in their midlife are more vulnerable to negative body image perceptions and eating disorders as a result of viewing media that highlights older women with younger looking bodies.

Reality television and interest in cosmetic surgery

It is specifically in reality television that we see a lot of plastic bodies and interest in cosmetic surgery. The reason this is a concern is the popularity of reality television. Research has demonstrated that media emphasizes a slender body image for women, (Harper & Tiggemann, 2008; Mask & Blachard, 2011).

In a study completed by Crockett, Pruzinsky, and Persing, (2007), 79 percent of the 42 participants reported that television impacted their choice to have cosmetic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons

(2017), there has been a significant growth in cosmetic surgery since 2000: butt lift procedures increased by 41 percent with a total of 4,804 procedures completed, breast implants procedures reported to be up 254 percent with

300,378 procedures being completed. Berberick (2010) found that women who go under the knife are unhappy with their bodies. Markey and Markey (2010) examined the influence reality television featuring cosmetic surgery had on 170

4 college students’ interest in having some form of cosmetic surgery done to their face and body. The authors found that 40% of the students (86% women) had a greater desire to change their bodies after watching reality television programs containing cosmetic surgery. Unsurprisingly, they also found that individuals who had a desire to alter their bodies were unsatisfied with their body. This study further determined that the participants who did not watch such programming had no interest in having cosmetic surgery performed on their bodies.

Due to the lack of research on adult women, the current literature is much needed for overlooking the portrayal of women on reality television, the images that they represent and how the media affect their (adult females) physical, psychological and mental well-being. With so many reality television programs currently on the air and the production of future shows it is important to investigate the power that these shows have on its audiences. While the literature has mainly focused on addressing adolescents and their body image,

(Strasburger, 2011; Chen & Wang, 2012; Gurminder & Ravijot, 2012) limited research has examined the media’s portrayal of women over the age of 25.

Further research is also needed to examine the images that these programs represent women specifically African American women over the age of 25. The purpose of this study is to examine how society believes women are being portrayed regarding their self-image and body-image in one of society’s most influential media outlet, the television. This research will help society to create awareness about these issues, help women to be more acceptable for who they

5 are, and value their own strengths and traits instead of measuring themselves and undermining their qualities. The study will answer the following question: is there a relationship between watching reality television and negative body image and low self-esteem among adult women?

6 Method

Participants.

Participants for this study only included women over the age of 18, who were frequent spectators of the following reality television shows: (Basketball

Wives, Love and Hip Hop, The Real Housewives, Keeping up with the

Kardashians, Black Ink or Baller Wives). A total of 50 adult women between the ages of 25 and 65 participated and responded to a Facebook online survey

(using Qualtrics), which took approximately 5 to 10 minutes to complete.

Seventy percent of the female respondents self-identified as African American,

14% of the sample was Caucasian, 8% Hispanic, and 8% “other”. No incentive was given to the participants to volunteer to take the survey. Geography and social economic status were not a variable in this research and was not looked at.

Measures.

A 16-item survey was administered through Qualtrics to assess self- reported personal views on reality television, body-image, self-image, and television viewing habits. The researcher designed the survey to examine the frequency and intensity of reality televison consumption, to gather the viewer’s perceptions of the representation of African American women who are portrayed in these programs and to explore the impact of those perceptions.

Participants responded to open and closed questions including items such as:

(Do you watch reality television? Have you observed any demeaning stereotypes pertaining to the black woman in any of the reality shows that

7 you’ve watched? If so what are they? Do you believe these shows can be damaging to the women who view them? If so how? How have reality TV shows, such as the ones mentioned, impacted your body image?). For the full survey see Appendix B.

Research Design.

A qualitative exploratory study design was used to examine the relationship between reality television and the self-image and body image of adult women who view them. In order to recruit participants, a Facebook ad was purchased targeting women age

18 and over that watch reality television. All interested participants were linked to the survey to complete anonymously.

Procedure.

The study was reviewed and approved by the California State University

Northridge Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to any data being collected.

After receiving CSUN IRB approval, a survey was created on Qualtrics online survey program. This researcher piloted the survey with a small sample to determine if the questions were understandable. Subsequently, after the approval, a Facebook page was developed for the sole purpose of recruiting participants for the study; an anonymous link to the survey was embedded in the advertisement post that was provided for participants. A consent form was placed at the beginning of the survey to inform the participants the purpose of the study and to ensure the participant’s confidentiality. For the survey consent see Appendix A.

8 The survey was conducted between February 5, 2018, to March 1, 2018. The data was downloaded from Qualtrics using Excel. Once the data was downloaded it was organized based on each question from the survey by placing each question and comments on its own spreadsheet. Next, the content and comments of each participant were analyzed to search for common themes. Themes were recorded by color coordinating the responses used to label the participants comments of the open-ended questions and then organized in a word document for organization.

9 Results Descriptive Results

Of the 101 surveys initiated, 50 women between the ages of 25 and 65 completed survey measures on media exposure (television), attitudes towards body image and cosmetic surgery, and attitudes towards reality television representation of women. Of the sample, 21 of the 50 (42%) reported watching reality television for 10 years. Seventy- two percent reported watching more than two of the following programs (Basketball

Wives, Love and Hip Hop, The Real Housewives, Keeping up with the Kardashians,

Black Ink or Baller Wives). Some of the participants reported watching one and seven of the shows. The women reported watching regular television (3 to 5 hours) for more hours than reality television (2 to 3 hours) per week.

Content analysis of the data revealed the following four (4) major themes.

Demeaning stereotypes pertaining to Black women?

Participants were asked to describe any demeaning stereotypes pertaining to

Black women they observed in any of the reality shows they have watched. The most frequent stereotypes used were aggressive (16 times), loud (13 times) and angry (7 times). Forty-three of the 50 participants reported observing women being portrayed as gold diggers, angry, loud, ghetto, catty, sluts, uneducated, classless, ratchet, over- sexualized and messy. One participant stated, “Yes, I have observed demeaning stereotypes pertaining to Black women. Which is why I hate watching it. I have seen this perpetuation of being aggressive, always fighting, unable to hash things out in conversation, superficiality, and materialism when they do come into some money and 90

% of the women are depicted are negative.” Another participant stated, “Women are often portrayed as ill-educated, money grabbing, over-sexualized.” In addition, the

10 participants that stated they did not observe demeaning stereotypes reported that the

“other” reality television shows viewed (Married to Medicine, Catfish, and the Bachelor) did not portray women in this way.

Damaging to the women who view them?

Participants were asked if they believed that reality television shows could be damaging to the women who view them. Forty of the 50 participants reported that they felt that reality television programs could be damaging to the women who view them.

One participant stated, “Yes, it can make them start altering their looks to fit in especially if they feel bad about themselves.” Another participant stated, “Yes if the stereotypes are perceived by others as a true depiction of women especially women of color then the mindset begins to change about who we are and can be.” The majority of the participants that reported that reality television was not damaging stated that it is all based on an individual’s perception of who they are and how they feel about themselves.

Impacted your body image?

When asked if any of the reality programs viewed have impacted the individual’s body image, 39 of the 50 participants reported that reality television programs do not impact their body image. One participant who reported that there was no impact stated,

“None of them impact my body image because most of the women on these shows have had some type of surgery to enhance their body parts.” Another stated, “I believe it made me embrace my natural curves even more. There is not just one shape on television anymore”. Participants who stated their body image was impacted by watching reality television used language such as “I joined the gym,” “made me have plastic surgery,” “I think my butt should be bigger and my boobs lifted,” “They can make you feel like you

11 will never measure up to the level of these women lives,” “Negatively, they are all perfect,” “Make me feel a thin waist and a fat butt is the way to be,” and “What is glamorized on TV is not realistic and I feel more obese than ever.”

Interest or desire in getting plastic surgery?

Participants were asked if reality TV shows impacted their desire or interest to get plastic surgery. Thirty-four of the 50 participants reported there was no impact on their desire or interest in getting plastic surgery. One participant reported, “Reality TV shows have actually had an adverse impact on my perception considering the ridiculous size of women’s behinds and breast after surgery.” Some participants reported that reality TV shows did have an impact on their desire or interest to get some form of plastic surgery.

One participant stated, “I sometimes think about getting my breasts done.” Another participant stated, “I am fairly happy with my body but yes I feel very inadequate while watching these shows.”

In summary, while many of the women reported that they are frequent consumers of reality television, the total television viewing time did not seem to make an impact on respondent’s desire or interest in cosmetic surgery. Although, many of the respondents reported that the shows are demeaning and damaging to the women who are cast on the shows and to the women who view them, it does not deter them from watching them on a weekly basis.

12 Discussion

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether watching reality television shows was associated with negative representation and body image among adult women viewers. The current findings indicate that watching reality television is related to the negative representation of adult women, however, reality television was not related to negative body image among adult women.

Slevec and Tiggeman (2011) and Myers and Biocca (1992) found that exposure to television correlated with body dissatisfaction with the population they sampled. The majority if not all the characters on these programs have had some form of plastic surgery to enhance their body. In a recent clip of Love and Hip-Hop Season 8 Episode 7, one of the cast members Mariahlynn speaks to another cast member Remy Ma about how she is not happy with the way her body looks and contemplates having plastic surgery done to her body based on the beauty standards in the music industry. In the same episode, were clips from Mariahlynn going to a plastic surgeon to get her body enhancements that she contemplated earlier. Adult women tend to alternate their physical appearance to maintain the beauty of their younger selves.

Based on several themes that occurred from the opened-ended responses, the study revealed several findings. Women who did watch reality television reported high rates of observing demeaning stereotypes about black women. However, these women did not greatly endorse that observing these demeaning stereotypes impacted their body image in a negative way. Specifically, women reported a limited desire for plastic surgery as they felt content with their real bodies. There were a small number of participants who expressed a desire for plastic surgery. However, participants did endorse that they felt

13 that reality television could be damaging to its viewers. A major theme that emerged from the analysis is that the participants believe that reality TV has damaging effects on impressionable audiences. Participants endorsed that they feel that reality television portrays stereotypical depictions of women in general. African American women were portrayed as being mean, aggressive, angry and uneducated. This study may contribute to bridging the gaps in literature to assist in further research exploring reality television, its portrayal of women and how it may have negative impacts on women.

Limitations

This study added some needed contribution to the literature however, there were several limitations to my study. The first limitation of this study was that the data was only collected using Facebook. If the study included other social media sources such as

Twitter and LinkedIn, the study could have resulted in a larger population of women.

Second, the small sample size does not allow for the findings to be generalized for all women who watch reality television. One hundred and one individuals started the survey however only fifty (50) completed it in its entirety. If a monetary value for an incentive was offered or if the survey was shorter this may have incentivized the participants to complete the survey in its entirety. The study would have benefitted more if there was a diverse group of women that participated in the survey. Despite the limitations, this study has shown that the media continues to portray women in a negative way. Future studies could look at women of diverse ethnicities, other reality television programs to see if the findings are replicated with studies of other ethnicities.

14 Implications

This study revealed that reality television has a negative impact on its viewers but not on their body image. Future research studies should further investigate the relationship between watching reality television and low body image and low self-esteem among adult women. Furthermore, reality TV shows may have an influence on African

American and general viewers. Thus, social workers need to practice cultural competency, and follow the NASW Code of Ethics guidelines to provide services and justice for all, advocate and empower their black clients. For example, social workers can educate their African American clients about the negative effect of the portrayal of Black women on their own self-image, as well as society’s perceptions, and help to learn how to reduce the influence of these stereotypes. They can also empower their clients to see objectively their own values. In addition, it is equally important for social workers to increase their own awareness about these labels, so they may realize their own perceptions, judgments and the way they interact with their African American clients. By increasing, social workers own awareness and helping clients may help to significantly reduce or eliminate the impact of these stereotypes.

15 References

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (2018). Retrieved from

http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/press-releases/new-statistics-reveal-

the-shape-of-plastic-surgery/

Berberick, S. N. (2010). The objectification of women in mass media: Female

self-image in misogynist culture. The New York Sociologist, 5(1), 1-15

Body Image. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bodyimage/

Chen , X., & Wang, Y. (2012). Is ideal body image related to obesity and

lifestyle behaviours in African American adolescents? Child: Care,

Health and Development, 38(2), 219-228.

Cheung, A. (2015). Black women’s progress collides with media stereotypes.

Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/11/black-

history-black-women/23266115/

Crockett, R.J., Pruzinsky, T., & Persing, J. A. (2007). The influence of plastic

surgery “reality TV” on cosmetic surgery patient expectations and

decision making. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 120(1), 316-324.

Docusoap. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/docusoap/

Fey, T. (2011). Bossypants. New York, NY: Hachette Book Group, Inc.

Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender, and identity: An introduction (2nd ed.).

New York: Routledge.

16 Goldman, A., & Waymer, D. (2015). Black women in reality television

Docusoaps. New York, NY: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.

Gurminder, S., & Ravijot K. (2012). Body Image Concern in Relation

to Peer and Media Influence in Adolescents. Indian Journal of Health and

Wellbeing, 3(3), 659-663

Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin-ideal media images on

women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58(9),

649-657.

Hefner, V., Woodward, K., Figge, L., Bevan, J., Santora, N., & Baloch, S.

(2014). The Influence of Television and Film Viewing on Midlife

Women's Body Image, Disordered Eating, and Food Choice. Media

Psychology, 17(2), 1-23.

Markey, C. N., & Markey, P. M. (2010). A correlational and

experimental examination of reality television viewing and interest in

cosmetic surgery. Body Image, 7(2), 165-171.

Mask, L., & Blanchard, C. (2011). The protective role of general self

determination against “thin-ideal’ media exposure on women’s body

image and eating- related concerns. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(3),

489-99.

Murray, S., & Ouellette, L. (2009), Reality tv: remaking television culture.

New York: New York University Press.

17 Myers, P., & Biocca, F. (1992). The Elastic Body Image: The Effect of

Television Advertising and Programming on Body Image Distortions in

Young Women. Journal of Communication, 42(3), 108-133.

Nielsen. (2016). Powerful. Growing. Influential. The African-

American Consumer. Nielsen, Retrieved from

http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2014/powerful-growing-

influential-the-african-american-consumer.html/

Nielsen. (2018). Modern Day Women: The Powerhouse that invests, engages and

influences. Nielsen, Retrieved from

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the-powerhouse-that-invests-engages-and-influences.html

Perkins, K. R. (1996). The Influence of Television Images on Black

Females' Self- Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness. Journal of Black

Psychology, 22(4), 453-69.

Slevec, Julie, & Tiggemann, Marika. (2011). Media Exposure, Body

Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Middle-Aged Women: A Test

of the Sociocultural Model of Disordered Eating. Psychology of Women

Quarterly, 35(4), 617-627.

Strasburger, V. (2011). Children, adolescents, obesity, and the media.

Pediatrics, 128(1), 201-8.

Tiggemann, M. (2005). Television and Adolescent Body Image: The Role of

18 Program Content and Viewing Motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical

Psychology, 24(3), 361-381.

VanDerWerff, T. (2016, January 7). 750 reality tv shows aired on cable in 2015.

yes, 750. Vox Media, Retrieved from

https://www.vox.com/2016/1/7/10728206/reality-shows-how-many-peak-

tv

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1995–2015, The Journal of Sex Research, 53:4-5, 560-577.

19 Appendix A

Survey Consent

Media’s Portrayal of Women in Reality Television

My name is Odrea Dixon, and I am conducting a research study for my master's thesis. I want to learn more about the relationship between reality television and the self-image of Black adult women. I believe obtaining feedback from Black women is important so that their voices will be heard. I hope the study will bring awareness of the media’s responsibility and its social obligation to changing the way it portrays women both within and outside the television and film industries.

I would appreciate your taking the time to complete the following survey. It should take about five to ten minutes of your time. Your responses are voluntary and will be confidential. Responses will not be identified by the individual. Instead, all responses will be compiled together and analyzed as a group. Furthermore, you can choose not to take this survey, or not answer any specific questions, without any negative consequence to you.

By clicking on the survey, you are giving your consent to participate in the study.

Thank you, you are a great help!

20 Appendix B

16-Item Survey

Reality Television Survey

1. Do you identify as a woman? (IF NO PLEASE STOP HERE)

▪ Yes

▪ No

2. Do you watch reality television? (IF NO PLEASE STOP HERE)

▪ Yes

▪ No

3. How many years have you watched reality television?

▪ Fill In

4. How much time per week do you spend watching reality television?

Fill In

5. How much time per week do you spend watching regular television?

▪ Fill In

6. Do you watch any of the following programs? Check all that apply.

▪ Love and Hip Hop

▪ Basketball Wives

▪ The Real Housewives

▪ Baller Wives

21 ▪ Black Ink Crew

▪ Keeping up with the Kardashians

▪ Other (Fill In)

7. Have you observed any demeaning stereotypes pertaining to the black woman

in any of the reality shows that you've watched? If so what are they?

▪ Fill In

8. Do you believe these shows can be damaging to the women who view them? If

so how?

▪ Fill In

9. How have reality TV shows, such as the ones mentioned, impacted your body

image?

▪ Fill In

10. How have reality TV shows, such as the one's mentioned, impacted your

interest or desire in getting plastic surgery?

▪ Fill In

11. How do these shows represent womanhood, sisterhood, and motherhood of the

black woman?

▪ Negative

▪ Positive

▪ Both

12. Do you see yourself in the character /(s) on any of the shows personally? If yes,

how do you relate? if no, how come?

22 ▪ Fill In

13. Do you see yourself in the character /(s) on the show professionally? If yes, how

do you relate? if no, how come?

▪ Fill In

14. In reality television, women’s physical appearance is communicated as being

the key to success in the workplace and in romantic relationships (Pozner,

2010). What role do you think physical appearance play in the workplace?

▪ Fill In

15. What is your age?

▪ Fill In

16. To which racial or ethnic group(s) do you most identify?

▪ African-American (non-Hispanic)

▪ Asian/Pacific Islanders

▪ Caucasian (non-Hispanic)

▪ Latino or Hispanic

▪ Native American

▪ Other (Fill In)

23