Women and Men of Uzbekistan 2007–2010: Statistical Bulletin

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 44067 February 2014

Prepared by State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics

For ADB RETA 7563: Promoting Gender-Inclusive Growth in Central and West Asia

Developing Member Countries

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents

STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON STATISTICS

WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN 2007– 2010 Statistical bulletin

Tashkent – 2012 WOMEN’S COMMITTEE OF UZBEKISTAN

STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON STATISTICS

CIVIC INITIATIVES SUPPORT CENTER

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

UNITED NATIONS ENTITY FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN

ISBN ______WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

CONTENTS

Foreword ...... 8

1. POPULATION ...... 14

1.1 Dynamics of avilable population in 2007–2011 ...... 20 1.2 Share of urban and rural population in total number of population in 2007–2011 (diagram) ...... 20 1.3 Number of resident population by sex in 2007–2011 (diagram)...... 2 1 1.4 Births, deaths and natural increase of population by sex in 2007–2010 ...... 22 1.5 Births, deaths and natural increase of population in cities and towns having 50 000 population and over in 2010...... 2 3 1.6 Share of urban and rural population in total number of population in regions in 2007–2010 ...... 24 1.7 Number of resident urban and rural population by sex in 2007–2011 ...... 2 5 1.8 Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2007 ...... 6 2 1.9 Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2008 ...... 27 1.10 Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2009 ...... 28 1.11 Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2010 ...... 29 1.12 Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2011 ...... 30 1.13 Age composition of population by sex in 2007–2011...... 3 1 1.14 Women and men ratio by age groups in 2007–2011...... 3 7 1.15 Women and men ratio by urban and rural regions as of January 1, 2011...... 38 1.16 Total fertility rate in 2007–2010 ...... 39 1.17 Total fertility rate in 2007–2010 (diagram)...... 39 1.18 Number of live births by maternal age and birth order in 2010 ...... 4 0 1.19 Deaths by sex and main cause of death in 2010 ...... 41 1.20 Deaths by age, sex and main cause of death in 2007–2010...... 4 2 1.21 Age-specific death rates (2010) ...... 44 1.22 Standardized death rates by main cause of death (2007–2010) ...... 45 1.23 Maternal mortality (2007–2010) ...... 46 1.24 Maternal mortality rate in 2007–2010 (chart) ...... 46 1.25 Infant mortality rates in 2007–2010 ...... 47 1.26 Infant mortality rates in 2007–2010 (chart) ...... 47 1.27 Life expectancy at birth, by sex in 2007–2010 ...... 48 1.28 Average age of population as of January 1, 2011 ...... 49 1.29 Number of women and men at highest fertility age (20–29 years) as of January 1, 2011 ...... 5 0 1.30 Number of registered marriages and divorces in 2007–2010...... 5 1 1.31 Dynamics of marriage and divorce rates in 2007–2010 (diagram)...... 5 1 1.32 Marriages by education of bride and groom in 2007–2010 ...... 5 2 1.33 Number of marriages by age of bride and groom in 2010...... 5 4 3 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.34 Number of married by sex, age and previous marital status in 2010 ...... 55 1.35 Average age at first marriage in 2010 ...... 5 6 1.36 Number of divorces by age and duration in 2010 ...... 57 1.37 Number of divorces by education of divorced in 2007–2010...... 58 1.38 Migration of population in 2007–2010 ...... 60 1.39 Distribution of families by type in 2010 ...... 61 1.40 Marital status by age in 2010 ...... 6 2

2. HEALTHCARE ...... 63

2.1 Morbidity caused by active tuberculosis among women and men by age groups in 2010 ...... 74 2.2 Morbidity rate of active tuberculosis among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 74 2.3 Morbidity caused by malignant neoplasm among women and men by age groups in 2010 ...... 75 2.4 Morbidity rate of malignant neoplasm among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 75 2.5 Morbidity caused by syphilis among women and men by age groups in 2010 ...... 76 2.6 Morbidity rate of syphilis among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 76 2.7 Morbidity caused by gonorrhea among women and men by age groups in 2010...... 7 7 2.8 Morbidity rate of gonorrhea among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 7 7 2.9 Morbidity rate of mental diseases among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 78 2.10 Morbidity rate of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis among women and men in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 78 2.11 Morbidity rate of drug addiction and mental disorders (2010)...... 79 2.12 Morbidity of population caused by selected infectious diseases (2010)...... 79 2.13 Incidence of disease among women in 2007–2010...... 8 0 2.14 Abortions and childbirth in 2007–2010 ...... 81 2.15 Abortions by age groups in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 82 2.16 Number of childbirth and number of abortions in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 82 2.17 Number of abortions by regions in 2007–2010...... 8 3 2.18 Number of abortions in first pregnancies by regions in 2007–2010 ...... 86 2.19 Use of contraceptive in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 88 2.20 Health state of pregnant women, new mothers and newborns in 2007–2010 ...... 89 2.21 Medical service institutions and health workers in 2007–2010...... 9 1 2.22 Distribution of physicians by qualification category in 2010...... 93 4 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.23 Distribution of physicians by speciality in 2007–2010 ...... 94 2.24 Provision of pregnant women and women in child-birth with hospital beds by regions in 2007–2010...... 9 . 6 2.25 P rovision of children (0–14 years) with hospital beds by regions in 2007–2010 ...... 98

3. EDUCATION ...... 10 0

3.1 Number of children attending permanent pre-school institutions in 2007–2010 ...... 112 3.2 Number of people studying at different types of educational institutions as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year...... 11 2 3.3 Number of children entering the first grade in 2007–2008 – 2010/2011 academic years ...... 113 3.4 Distribution of teachers by sex and type of education in 2007–2008 – 2010/2011 academic years...... 11 3 3.5 Principals of general education schools by sex as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year...... 11 4 3.6 Teaching staff of state higher educational institutions in 2007–2010 ...... 115 3.7 Number students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2007/2008 academic year.1 ...... 16 3.8 Number students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2008/2009 academic year...... 1 17 3.9 Number students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2009/2010 academic year...... 1 18 3.10 Number of students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year...... 1 19 3.11 Students of secondary special, vocational educational institutions in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years...... 12 0 3.12 Enrolment in secondary special, vocational educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years...... 12 2 3.13 Distribution of graduates from secondary special, vocational educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years ...... 124 3.14 Students of vocational colleges by specialization as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year ...... 126 3.15 Students of higher educational institutions in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years ...... 127 3.16 Enrolment in higher educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years...... 1 29 3.17 Distribution of graduates from higher educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years...... 13 1

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3.18 Distribution of students of higher educational institutions by branches in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years ...... 13 3 3.19 Number, enrolment and distribution of post-graduate students by sex in 2007–2010 ...... 135 3.20 Distribution of post-graduate students by sex and research area in 2010...... 1 36 3.21 Post-graduate students by sex and regions in 2010 ...... 137 3.22 Doctoral degree candidates by sex and regions in 2010 ...... 1 38 3.2 3 N umber of academicians of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2007–2010...... 1 38 3.2 4 N umber of researches and scientists by sex in 2007–2010...... 1 39 3.2 5 C andidates of Science, engaged in R&D in 2007–2010 ...... 140 3.2 6 D octors of Science, engaged in R&D in 2007–2010 ...... 14 0 3.2 7 N umber of researches and scientists, engaged in R&D by sex and research area in 2010 ...... 14 1

4. LABOR MARKET ...... 142

4.1 Number of economically active population in 2007–2010 ...... 149 4.2 Economic activity rates by sex in 2007–2010 (diagram) ...... 150 4.3 Employment by principle place of business, sex and age groups in 2007–2010 ...... 151 4.4 Employment by sex and level of education in 2007–2010 ...... 152 4.5 Employed by level of education in 2010 (diagram)...... 15 2 4.6 Employed by sectors of economy in 2010 ...... 153 4.7 Employment by sectors of economy in 2010 ...... 154 4.8 Number of workers and employees by sex and regions in 2007–2010...... 1 55 4.9 Proportion of women and men in total number of workers and employees in the official sector of economy by regions in 2010 (diagram)...... 1 56 4.10 Working conditions in industry as of January 1, 2011 ...... 157 4.11 Working conditions in construction as of January 1, 2011...... 1 58 4.12 Occupational injuries in 2007–2010 ...... 159 4.13 Number of unemployed registered with labor agencies as being jobless and as those who are looking for a job in 2007–2010...... 16 0 4.14 Distribution of registered unemployed by sex and level of education as of January 1, 2011 (diagram) ...... 162

5. SOCIAL PROTECTION ...... 163

5.1 Number of pensioners registered with social security agencies by sex and type of pension in 2007-2010 ...... 167 5.2 Average amount of social guarantees (pensions), granted to population in 2007–2010 ...... 168

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5.3 Number of disabled registered wit institutions of social security of population in 2007–2010 ...... 169 5.4 Number of women and men firstly diagnosed as disabled people by regions in 2007–2010 ...... 170

6. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ...... 171

6.1 Gender in public authorities as of December 31, 2010...... 1 76 6.2 Gender employment in managerial positions by sectors of economy as of January 1, 2011 ...... 177

7. POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF WOMEN ...... 178

8. GENDER ASPECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ...... 1. 79

8.1 D istribution of individual entrepreneurs by type of economic activity as of January 1, 2011 ...... 185 8.2 Distribution of active individual entrepreneurs by sex and regions as of January 1, 2011...... 1 86 8.C 3 redits granted by commercial banks to small business entities in 2007–2010 ...... 187

9. CRIMINALITY ...... 188

9.1 Dynamics of individuals committed crimes in 2007–2010 (diagram)...... 19 0 9.2 Distribution of individuals committed crimes by age in 2007–2010 ...... 190 9.3 Distribution of individuals committed crimes by type of crime in 2007–2010 ...... 1 19 9.4 Number of individuals convicted of crimes in 2007–2010 ...... 195

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FOREWORD The achievement of gender equality on the modern stage of the world development considered being an important part of development strategy aimed at ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all the people let it be women and men in all spheres of social society life to reach social justice and human security. For the UN Member States Full-scale implementation of national commitments on ensuring the gender equality means a worthy contribution to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and a solid proof of commitment to the UN principles. The society is more and more recognizing that promotion of the principle of equality between women and men is a fundamental and integral part of a democratic government. The processes occurring in the world clearly show that the policy of economic development cannot be gender-neutral; there is a direct link between gender equality and economic efficiency. Consideration for the needs and interests of both sexes, as well as setting the equal opportunities for men and women contributes to improving the situation of both women and men, strengthening the families, improving the physical, spiritual and moral upbringing of children, and thus enhancing the nation's potential and opportunities to stimulate economic progress. In turn, the economic growth offers great opportunities to improve gender equality in the long term. For effective growth of the country, it is necessary to create an institutional mechanism that will guarantee the equal opportunities for women and men in all spheres of the society and public domains. The issues of equal rights and equal opportunities for men and women are reflected in such fundamental international documents as the Declaration of Rio de Janeiro on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration, 1992), the Cairo Conference on Population and Development (1994), Beijing Conference on Women (1995) and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements (1996). The Republic of Uzbekistan had demonstrated to the world its commitment to democratic principles, acceding to almost 70 major international instruments in the field of human rights since the early days of its independence. They are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention “On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, the Millennium Development Goals and others. 8 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Based on its own model of socio-economic transformation of the society, the Republic of Uzbekistan delegates a key role in addressing the issues of national development based on the equality between women and men and the empowerment of women in all spheres of the State and society to the civic institutions and private sector as important partners, capable of initiating the development and implementation of the economic and legal mechanisms. Equality between women and men are enshrined in the Basic Law of the country– the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which Article 18 reads: “All citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall have equal rights and freedoms and shall be equal before the law, without discrimination by sex, race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, convictions, individual and social status”. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan attaches the full range of personal, social, political, cultural and economic rights that specified in the International Bill of Human Rights to each person. According to the Basic Law of Uzbekistan, inalienable rights to life, liberty and personal security are attached to everyone. During the years of independence, the Republic of Uzbekistan has also adopted more than one hundred of legislative acts, concerning the citizens’ rights and liberties. These are the laws: “On Elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, “On Appealing against Actions and Decisions Violating the Rights of Citizens”, “On Social Protection of Disabled People in Uzbekistan”, “On Property”, “On Education”, “On Guarantees of Electoral Rights of Citizens”, “On Citizens' Appeals”, “On Freedom of Access to Information”, “On Public Associations”, “On Employment” and many others.. Ensuring the rights of women to full-scale participation in the electoral process and the equality of electoral standards for men and women of Uzbekistan, is vested by the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Elections to Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan” and “On Elections to Provincial, District and City (Town) Councils of People's Deputies”, “On Guarantees of Electoral Rights of Citizens”, “On All-National Discussion of the Draft Laws”, “On Referendum in the Republic of Uzbekistan”, “On Elections of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan”. Article 5 of the Law “On Guarantees of Electoral Rights of Citizens” highlights that “no direct or indirect restriction of citizens' electoral rights is allowed except for the requirements established by legislative acts on elections”. The law “On Elections to Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan” dated as of August 29, 2003 (Article 22) stipulates that women must constitute no less 9 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN than 30% of total number of candidates nominated by political party. The Law “On Guarantees of Electoral Rights of Citizens” (Article 20) guarantees judicial protection of electoral rights of citizen regardless of their sex. The Family Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1998) provides for the equality of personal and property rights of women and men in marriage (Article 2) and obligations of both spouses concerning the upbringing and care of children, as well as all other family matters (Article 21). Access of women and girls to education, training and developing of their abilities is considered a crucial factor in expanding their rights and opportunities and improving their welfare; the right to education is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Article 41) to all citizens regardless of their sex. Equal rights for women and men to education have also been established by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education” and rights to physical development and athletics – by the Law “On Physical Culture and Sports” (Article 2). For a larger representation of women in decision-making process, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued the Decree “On Strengthening the Role of Women in State and Social Construction in the Republic of Uzbekistan” on March 2, 1995 and “On Additional Measures to Support the Activity of the Women's Committee of Uz-bekistan” – on May 24, 2004. The relative Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers were also adopted. The Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1995) applies a protectionistic approach to the woman's right to work. An employer may not refuse to employ a woman on the grounds of her pregnancy or possession of many children; the Articles of the Code include certain provisions that protect women from working in hazardous or arduous working conditions, as well as other benefits across pregnancy. Their salaries during the maternity leave are preserved at the same level. The Uzbek legislation provides a set of measures aimed at prevention of violence against women. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan provides various types of punishment for violent acts committed against women (Articles 103, 115, 117.121, 136). All regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan are in accordance with the Articles of the Constitution and do not contain any provisions that could be considered as discriminating against women. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Article 141) prosecutes direct or indirect violation or restriction of the equal rights of the citizens). 10 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Parliamentary Commissioner for Human Rights, the Commission for Observance of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms under the Commissioner of the Oliy Majlis for Human Rights (1995). In order to coordinate the activities of all governmental and non-governmental organizations related to protection of human rights, the National Center of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Human Rights (1996) has been formed. In order to examine existing legislation and its compliance with the international norms and standards in the field of human rights and to develop proposals on implementation of the international legal norms on human rights into the current legislation of the country; to conduct a scientific examination of the draft laws and develop proposals on legislative plans and programs, the Institute for Monitoring of Current Legislation under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been established. With the purpose of further strengthening the institute of family and supporting it both on the part of the government and society, considering motherhood and fatherhood as the highest manifestation of humanity and civic consciousness, as well as recognition of women's particular contribution to sustainable generation and development of human resources and transfer of socio-cultural values, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov proclaimed the year of 2012 as the “Year of the Family” at the function dedicated to the 19th anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Noting the particular importance of this event, he said: “We are keenly aware that implementation of the tasks the family is facing today depends primarily on solving material, moral and educational issues, which nowadays are extremely relevant”. We must remember that these issues are inseparably tied with the creation of more opportunities for women, our dear sisters, those homemakers who are not complaining about the difficulties of life, bear the burden of maintaining and strengthening their families. In other words, we all need to learn it well that assistance to the family is the assistance to our women still carrying on the main burden of the household”. Thus, during the years of independence, the country has founded a progressive and robust framework on the legislative and executive levels for realization of public policy concerning women and men, aimed at ensuring the constitutional principle of equality between women and men in legal, organizational, financial and economic, social and other fields.

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Building a culture of equality between women and men is a systematic and permanent process, which requires a broad public consensus and partnership with the civic institutions. A mutually coordinated work of all the society sectors – government agencies, civil society organizations, businesses, trade unions and great masses of population is required. Special efforts should be aimed at changing social and cultural behavior patterns of men and women and overcoming the patriarchal stereotypes about male and female roles in the society. Organization of purposeful activities of all strata of society requires a creation of the actual gender-disaggregated database, conducting a gender analysis and monitoring of gender situation at the level of all regions. The urgency of creation and the availability of such information in each country were particularly emphasized at the IV World Conference on Women (Beijing, September, 1995). In accordance with the Article 206a of the “Beijing Platform for Action”, the offices for national statistics should ensure the collection, processing, analysis and presentation of statistical data regarding people broken down by sex and age in order to reflect the concerns and issues related to position of women and men in the society. To ensure the accessibility of all strata of population to information on the country gender development and to implement the recommendations of the IV World Conference on Women (Beijing, September, 1995), the Office for National Statistics, in close collaboration with government and civil society organizations systematically publish the statistical bulletins that contain data describing the position of women and men in Uzbekistan in the sphere of education, healthcare, employment and labor market, social security, public administration etc. This bulletin is a continuation of a series of publications on gender statistics. It includes materials of government and department statistics, data provided by the Women's Committee of Uzbekistan, the National Center for the Human Rights, as well as some developments of nongovernmental nonprofit organizations on gender issues. During preparation of this bulletin, the drafters were keen to follow the international standards and recommendations in shaping the content and composition of indicators reflecting the position of women and men in different life perspectives of society. The data presented in this statistical bulletin covers the period of 2007–2010; it is intended for a broad readership – the highest management 12 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN personnel, government employees, civil society organizations, academia, business, trade unions and the broad strata of population. The Asian Development Bank and theU nited Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women have supported the publication of this bulletin. The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan and CISC (Civic Initiatives Support Center) NGO had prepared and submitted the data for this bulletin.

The Working Group is particularly grateful for the valuable advice, assistance and support to Ms. Elmira Basitkhanova (Deputy Prime Minister, Chairperson of the Women's Committee of Uzbekistan), Mr. Kazuhiko Higuchi (Country Director of the Uzbekistan Resident Mission, ADB), Ms. Damira Sartbaeva (Regional Programme Director, UN Women Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia), Ms. Susann Roth (Social Development Specialist (Gender and Development), Central and West Asia Department, ADB), Mr. Kakhramon Khudaykulov (Vice-Chairman of the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics), Ms. Mekhri Khudayberdiyeva (Senior Social Development Officer (Gender), Uzbekistan Resident Mission, ADB), Ms. Farzona Khashimova (Programme Specialist, Gender Advisor in Uzbekistan, UN Women Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia) and Mrs. Dilovar Kabulova (Chairperson of the Civic Initiatives Support Center).

Explanation of symbols: - not applicable; ... not available; 0.0 index value is less than measuring unit.

Minor discrepancy between the totals and the sum in some cases can be explained by using of round-off data.

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POPULATION

Section “Population” presents gender-based statistics representing number and age of population, the absolute and relative indices of natural population movement – the number of births and deaths, including causes of death, the number of marriages and divorces, common, private, and standard indices of the intensity of demographic processes, indices of the mechanical movement – migration. Data on the number of population is based on the current estimation. The current total population has been estimated based on the population census data. Data on births, deaths, marriages and divorces are based on statistical information from the registries of births, deaths, marriages and divorces maintained by civil status registration agencies. Registered births refer only to live births. Age data are specified for the permanent (resident) population. The permanent population consists of those individuals permanently residing in the country, including those who are temporarily on leave. Several indicators in this Section are broken down by regions, urban and rural areas. Total ratio of fertility and mortality is the ratio of the number of live births and deaths observed within the calendar year to the average annual number of permanent population (calculated per 1000 of population). Rate of natural increase of population is the difference between the general ratios of fertility and mortality (birth and death rates). Life expectancy at birth is the number of years, which on average one person would have to live, on condition that during the lifetime of the generation born in that particular year the mortality rate in each age group would be the same as in the year for which the given index is calculated. Total fertility rate is the number of children that an average woman would give birth to during her reproductive age (15–49 years), on condition that during fertility period the fertility rate at each age level would be the same as in the year for which the given index is calculated. Marriage and divorce rates are the ratio of the number of registered marriages and divorces to the average annual resident population (calculated per 1000 of population).

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Ratios of causes of deaths are the ratios of the number of deaths with known causes to the average annual resident population (calculated per 100.000 of population of respective sex). Standardized death rates are those standardized by direct method, i.e. obtained for each class of causes of death as the arithmetic mean of the indices for the five-year age groups, age-weighted according to the unified age structure adopted by European standard of age structure. Mortality rate of able-bodied population by main cause of death is calculated as a quotient from division of total number of deaths of able-bodied population caused by the specified cause of death per average annual number of population of the same age. Infant mortality rate is calculated as the overall amount of the following two multiples: (i) the ratio of newborn deaths under 1 year from the generation born in the reported year to the total number of births during the same period; (ii) the ratio of number of deaths under 1 year from the generation born in the preceding reported year to the total number of births during the same period (calculated in pro mil). Maternity mortality rate is calculated as the ratio of women died of complications of pregnancy, childbirth and during the postpartum period per 100 000 of survivors. Migration – is the flow of people (migrants) across the borders of the territory (country, regions internally) related to the change domicile (permanent residence). Migration is distinguished as internal (within a country) and external (outside of country). The data on migration obtained from authorities of the state statistics resulted from processing of statistics coming from statistical records of arrival and departure documents issued by the bodies of internal affairs. Statistical data of the reported period (2007–2010) indicate that the number of the resident population of the Republic of Uzbekistan has been increasing constantly and reached 29,123.4 thousand as of January 1, 2011. The structure of the population in terms of number of women and men was generally equal: women – 14,555.0 thousand and men – 14568.4 thousand. The sex ratio has stabilized at 50 percent. Within the period of 2007–2011 (at the beginning of year) the number of women has increased by 1216.8 thousand persons (9.1%), of men – by 1242.8 thousand people (9.3%). In 2007, 1001 women accounted for every 1000 men and in 2011, only 999.

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The pattern of age and sex structure of the population shows the numerical superiority of men at early ages which is kept up to the age of 30–34 years (the proportion of 941 women per 1.000 men is kept up to the age of 5 and in 2011, at the age of 30–34 years there were 996 women per 1000 men). In 2011, the numerical superiority of the female population at older ages was preserved, starting from the age 40–49 years (1056 women per 1000 men) and increases with the maximum peak at the age of 70 and more (1381 women per 1000 men) because of earlier death of men. The ratio of population by sex is not the same in urban and rural areas and in the regions of the country. On January 1, 2011, there were 1010 women per 1000 men in urban areas, and 987 women - in rural area. Number of men by regions is less than number of women in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Bukhara, Tashkent, Samarkand and Khorezm regions and Tashkent city. On January 1, 2011, in these regions, there were 999 men per 1000 women in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, 997 – in Samarkand region, 992 – in Khorezm, 990 – in Bukhara, 990 – in Tashkent and 959 – in Tashkent city. In the reported period (2007–2010), the dynamics and structure of the age and sex structure of population in the country was shaped under the influence of the fertility characteristics. In 2007–2010, the number of births in the country has increased from 608.9 to 634.8 thousand, while the intensity of childbirth has decreased – a total ratio of birth has decreased from 22.6 to 22.0 ppm. Reduction of the intensity of fertility is confirmed by the total fertility rate, which has decreased from 2.554 births per woman in 2007 to 2.342 in 2010. The observed tendency is traced in both urban and rural populations. Positive changes can be traced in the structure of the newborns’ birth order – the portion of the first-born and second-born children is increasing while the share of the third-born and fourth-born children is decreasing, which indicates a growth in family planning and the transition to the type of family with average number of children. The rate of illegitimate birth in the country – the proportion of children born by those mothers who were not registered as married, has decreased from 13.5% in 2007 to 9.7% in 2010. No significant changes were registered in the average age of the first marriage of women (22.5 – in 2007 and 22.4 – in 2010) and men (25.4 and 25.6 years) during the reported period).

16 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Resulted from the decrease in birth rate, the age structure of population has changed – the proportion of population below working age has slightly decreased (from 34.2% in 2007 to 31.3% in 2011) and the proportion of the able-bodied population has increased – from 58.7% in 01.01.2007 to 61.1 in 01.01.2010 with the relative stability of the older ages – 7.6% in 01.01.2010. Thus, the progressive nature of the age structure of the population in the country is retained – the proportion of children under the age of 15 exceeds the proportion of population of older ages by more than 4.1 times. At the beginning of 2011, the average age of population was 27.2 years including women – 27.8 and men – 26.6, which mean according to international classification that the population of the country is young. Use of contraceptives is the most common way of family planning in the country. The most popular type of contraception is IUDs, use of hormonal contraception is very low – nearly 10 times lower than the use of intra-uterine devices. The use of contraception per 100 women of childbearing age in the reported period has a tendency to decrease – use of IUDs has decreased from 51.1 in 2007 to 44.2 in 2010, and hormonal contraception – from the 5.3 to 4,5, respectively. A positive trend in decrease in abortions is taking shape, still their number is quite high - in 2007, there were 7.4 abortions per 100 births (including stillborns) and in 2010 – 6.6 abortions, this figure dropped from 5.6 to 5.0 per 1000 women of childbearing age. The indicator is particularly high in the age group of 20–34 years (9 cases per 1000 women in 2007 and 7.7 – in 2010); in the age group of 15–19 years – 1.4 and 1.2 cases, respectively. The value of marriage – family relationships is very high in the country; the number of registered marriages is growing rapidly. The number of marriages has increased from 254.2 thousand in 2007 to 292.3 in 2010. Accordingly, the marriage rate increased from 9.4 ppm in 2007 to 10.1 in 2010. In 2010, the highest number of marriages was registered among women aged 18–24 years (78.5%) and among men age 20–29 years (86.1%). At the same time, the number of divorces is reducing – there were 17.8 thousand divorces in 2010 versus 18.2 thousand in 2007. Accordingly, the divorce rate has decreased from 0.7 in 2007 to 0.6 ppm in 2010. The demographic situation in the country is characterized by qualitative changes, which along with the peculiarities of age structure of population (favorable proportion of young and older ages), health care reforming, strengthening of preventive medicine, social support and protection of

17 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN vulnerable groups of population, has resulted into relatively low and steadily declining mortality rate. In 2007, the total mortality rate has decreased from 5.1 to 4.8 ppm; in the 2010, the death rate of men has been declining more rapidly than the death rate of women: the mortality rate of women has decreased from 4.7 to 4.5 ppm, of men – from 5, 5 to 5.1 ppm. Reducing mortality caused by all types of death is observed in both women and men. The main cause of death in 2010 for both women and men were blood circulation diseases – they have caused 64.7% of all deaths among women and 58.0% – among men. Among the major causes of death, high proportion of men died from accidents, poisonings and injuries (8.6% of all died men), and women – from neoplasms (8.1%). There is still a significant difference in mortality rates of male and female population of working age. In 2010, the death rate (deaths per 100 thousand of population of working age) from all causes among men was 2.1 times higher than the one among women, including the deaths from accidents, poisonings and injuries – by 3.7 times, blood circulation diseases – by 2.7 times, infectious and parasitic diseases – by 2.3, diseases of the digestive system – by 1.9, respiratory diseases – by 1.7 and diseases caused by all other reasons - by 1.5 times. The main causes of death among women of working age are the blood circulation diseases (32.2% of all deaths among women), neoplasms (19.6%), diseases of the digestive system (11.8%), accidents, poisonings and injuries ( 10.5%); among men - the blood circulation diseases (40.7%), accidents, poisonings and injuries (18.5%), diseases of the digestive system (10.7%), neoplasms (9.0%). Certain positive changes expressed in a noticeable decrease of infant and maternal mortality took place because of consequent implementation of the whole range of government targeted programs to protect the health of mother and child and shape a healthy generation in the country. The infant mortality rate has decreased from 13.6 ppm in 2007 to 11.0 ppm in 2010. Decrease in infant mortality rate is observed both in urban and rural populations. The intensity of decrease in infant mortality rate of rural population is higher than the one of urban. And this, despite the fact that rural population has a lower infant mortality rate – the infant mortality rate of rural

18 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN population has decreased from 12.3 ppm in 2007 to 8.8 ppm in 2010, and as for urban population, from 16.2 to 13.7 ppm., respectively. Decrease in infant mortality is observed both among girls and among boys. However, the infant mortality rate among boys is higher than among girls. Thus, the mortality rate among boys in 2007 was 15.5 ppm vs. 11.5 ppm among girls, in 2010 – 12.4 and 9.6 ppm., respectively. Maternal mortality has declined from 23.5 in 2007 to 21.0 cases per 100 thousand of live births in 2010. Decrease in mortality, marked almost through the entire age range, has adequately revealed in the indicator of life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth in population was on average 72.9 years (versus 72.7 years in 2007), including women – 75.1 (versus 75.0), and men – 70.6 versus 70.3 years. Average life expectancy at birth of the urban population is higher than that of rural (73.1 vs. 72.7 years for the rural population in 2010); the average life expectancy among urban women was 75.7 years versus 74.5 years for rural women, whereas for rural men this figure is higher than that for urban men (71.0 versus 70.4). In the reported period, the narrowing of the gap in life expectancy at birth for women and men is continued (with an overall growth of this index); in 2007, the gap was 4.7 years and in 2010 – 4.5 years. Migration is one of the factors affecting the number of population. However, within the reported period the external migration in the country had no any significant impact on the change in the number of population. Migration outflow is reducing steadily and in 2010, it was about 44.1 thousand people, of whom 53.9% were women and 46.1% were men.

19 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.1. Number of available population (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year; thousand)

Number of population Number of newly born Years both sexeswomenmen both sexes women men

2007 26663,8 13338,2 13325,6 555,9 269,1 286,8

2008 27072,2 13536,9 13535,3 608,9 295,0 313,9

2009 27533,4 13760,8 13772,6 646,1 313,1 333,0

2010 28001,4 13986,4 14015,0 651,3 314,4 336,9

2011 29123,4 14555,0 14568,4 634,8 305,9 328,9

1.2. Share of urban and rural population in total number of population (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year; in percentage)

2011*) 51 2, 48,8

2010 51,5 48,5

2009 51,7 48 3,

2008 35,8 64,2

2007 35,9 64,1

0 25 50 75 100 Urban population Rural population

20 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.3. Number of resident population by sex (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year; in percentage)

2011*) 50,0 50,0

2010 49,9 50,1

2009 50,0 50,0

2008 50,0 50,0

2007 50,0 50,0

0 25 50 75 100

Women Men

*) According to a sample survey of population conducted in accordance to Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 71 dated as of March 14, 2011 “On Measures on Preparation and Carrying Out a Sample Survey of the Population”

21 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.4. Births, deaths and natural increase of population by sex (2007–2010) (persons)

Women Men

of which of which Years natural natural births deaths under births deaths under increase increase 1 year 1 year

Total population 2007 295001 63876 3309 231125 313916 73554 4753 240362 2008 313124 64506 3327 248618 332972 74286 4648 258686 2009 314389 62031 3144 252358 336931 71579 4454 265352 2010 305902 64426 2952 241476 328908 73985 4086 254923

Urban population 2007 92417 26937 1232 65480 98981 31202 1808 67779 2008 98440 26972 1272 71468 104663 30735 1715 73928 2009 140599 33435 1648 107164 151653 37935 2233 113718 2010 139094 35255 1676 103839 150296 40139 2292 110157

Rural population 2007 202584 36939 2077 165645 214935 42352 2945 172583 2008 214684 37534 2055 177150 228309 43551 2933 184758 2009 173790 28596 1496 145194 185278 33644 2221 151634 2010 166808 29171 1276 137637 178612 33846 1794 144766

22 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.5. Births, deaths and natural increase of population in cities and towns having 50.000 population and over in 2010 (persons)

Live-births Deaths Natural increase

Город both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Tashkent 39314 18793 20521 16142 7614 8528 23172 11179 11993 Angren 3466 1686 1780 1096 498 598 2370 1188 1182 Asaka 1301 613 688 301 150 151 1000 463 537 Andijan 8369 4047 4322 2228 1049 1179 6141 2998 3143 Bekabad 1903 883 1020 576 255 321 1327 628 699 Bukhara 4397 2101 2296 1365 652 713 3032 1449 1583 Gulistan 1549 714 835 431 188 243 1118 526 592 Jizzakh 2563 1219 1344 586 267 319 1977 952 1025 Denau 1508 718 790 317 146 171 1191 572 619 Zarafshan 1579 780 799 380 150 230 1199 630 569 Kagan 1044 459 585 297 144 153 747 315 432 Kattakurgan 1802 854 948 428 220 208 1374 634 740 Karshi 4886 2355 2531 954 491 463 3932 1864 2068 Kokand 4824 2288 2536 1414 652 762 3410 1636 1774 Kasan 1683 819 864 305 147 158 1378 672 706 Margilan 4459 2141 2318 1132 552 580 3327 1589 1738 Navoi 2464 1198 1266 599 270 329 1865 928 937 Namangan 10419 4966 5453 2139 959 1180 8280 4007 4273 Nukus 6220 3051 3169 1358 594 764 4862 2457 2405 Olmalyk 2456 1135 1321 970 449 521 1486 686 800 Samarkand 6659 3224 3435 2377 1123 1254 4282 2101 2181 Termez 2755 1256 1499 586 264 322 2169 992 1177 Urgench 2836 1293 1543 887 422 465 1949 871 1078 Ferghana 4477 2197 2280 1448 731 717 3029 1466 1563 Khodjaili 1780 844 936 447 205 242 1333 639 694 Chirchik 2436 1158 1278 1215 598 617 1221 560 661 Chust 780 411 369 218 103 115 562 308 254 Shakhrisabz 2217 1075 1142 388 175 213 1829 900 929 Shakhrikhan 1643 793 850 355 173 182 1288 620 668 Yangiyul 1426 684 742 499 238 261 927 446 481

23 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.6. Share of urban and rural population in total number of population by regions (2007–2010) (at the end of year; in percentage)

Urban population Rural population

2007 2008 2009 2010*2007 2008 2009 2010*

Republic of 35,8 51,7 51,5 51,2 64,2 48,3 48,5 48,8 Uzbekistan Republic of 48,5 50,4 50,3 49,8 51,5 49,6 49,7 50,2 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 29,2 53,6 53,3 53,1 70,8 46,4 46,7 46,9

Bukhara 29,2 38,8 38,6 38,3 70,8 61,2 61,4 61,7

Jizzakh 29,8 47,4 47,2 48,1 70,2 52,6 52,8 51,9

Kashkadarya 24,6 43,6 43,4 43,4 75,4 56,4 56,6 56,6

Navoi 39,5 49,6 49,4 49,2 60,5 50,4 50,6 50,8

Namangan 37,1 64,7 64,6 64,3 62,9 35,3 35,4 35,7

Samarkand 25,1 37,4 37,2 36,8 74,9 62,6 62,8 63,2

Surkhandarya 19,1 37,2 37,0 36,5 80,9 62,8 63,0 63,5

Syrdarya 31,1 41,3 41,3 41,4 68,9 58,7 58,7 58,6

Tashkent 39,3 50,1 50,0 49,5 60,7 49,9 50,0 50,5

Ferghana 27,8 58,8 58,6 57,4 72,2 41,2 41,4 42,6

Khorezm 21,8 34,2 33,9 33,7 78,2 65,8 66,1 66,3

City of Tashkent 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 - - - -

24 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.7. Number of resident urban and rural population by sex (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year)

20072008 2009 2010 2011*

Thousands Total 26663,8 27072,2 27533,4 28001,4 29123,4 women 13338,2 13536,9 13760,8 13986,4 14555,0 men 13325,6 13535,3 13772,6 14015,0 14568,4 Urban population 9584,6 9698,2 14236,0 14425,9 14897,4 women 4830,5 4885,2 7157,3 7245,4 7487,3 men 4754,1 4813,0 7078,7 7180,5 7410,1 Rural population 17079,2 17374,0 13297,4 13575,5 14226,0 women 8507,7 8651,7 6603,5 6741,0 7067,7 men 8571,5 8722,3 6693,9 6834,5 7158,3 Share of women and men in the total population, in percentage Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 women 50,0 50,0 50,0 49,9 50,0 men 50,0 50,0 50,0 50,1 50,0 Urban population 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 women 50,4 50,4 50,3 50,2 50,3 men 49,6 49,6 49,7 49,8 49,7 Rural population 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 women 49,8 49,8 49,7 49,7 49,7 men 50,2 50,2 50,3 50,3 50,3

25 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.8. Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2007 *) (thousand persons)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 26663,8 13338,2 13325,6 9584,6 4830,5 4754,1 17079,2 8507,7 8571,5 Uzbekistan Republic of 1582,7 789,8 792,9 767,5 388,1 379,4 815,2 401,7 413,5 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 2409,8 1204,4 1205,4 707,2 356,8 350,4 1702,6 847,6 855,0

Bukhara 1545,1 776,4 768,7 453,2 226,7 226,5 1091,9 549,7 542,2

Jizzakh 1064,7 532,4 532,3 317,5 161,6 155,9 747,2 370,8 376,4

Kashkadarya 2462,2 1229,0 1233,2 606,7 303,2 303,5 1855,5 925,8 929,7

Navoi 819,5 406,1 413,4 324,8 157,7 167,1 494,7 248,4 246,3

Namangan 2134,5 1063,0 1071,5 792,3 394,5 397,8 1342,2 668,5 673,7

Samarkand 2955,5 1478,6 1476,9 747,6 377,2 370,4 2207,9 1101,4 1106,5

Surkhandarya 1957,8 971,7 986,1 376,3 189,3 187,0 1581,5 782,4 799,1

Syrdarya 684,3 340,6 343,7 213,3 103,7 109,6 471,0 236,9 234,1

Tashkent 2492,5 1248,6 1243,9 979,0 495,0 484,0 1513,5 753,6 759,9

Ferghana 2920,3 1459,2 1461,1 817,5 415,6 401,9 2102,8 1043,6 1059,2

Khorezm 1477,8 742,3 735,5 324,6 165,0 159,6 1153,2 577,3 575,9

City of Tashkent 2157,1 1096,1 1061,0 2157,1 1096,1 1061,0 - - -

*) According to current record

26 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.9. Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2008 *) (thousand persons)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 27072,2 13536,9 13535,3 9698,2 4885,2 4813,0 17374,0 8651,7 8722,3 Uzbekistan Republic of 1595,4 795,5 799,9 774,5 392,0 382,5 820,9 403,5 417,4 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 2451,2 1224,6 1226,6 716,9 361,4 355,5 1734,3 863,2 871,1

Bukhara 1566,1 786,7 779,4 456,8 228,3 228,5 1109,3 558,4 550,9

Jizzakh 1079,5 539,7 539,8 321,2 163,3 157,9 758,3 376,4 381,9

Kashkadarya 2509,4 1252,5 1256,9 616,5 308,2 308,3 1892,9 944,3 948,6

Navoi 829,0 410,7 418,3 327,8 158,8 169,0 501,2 251,9 249,3

Namangan 2174,3 1082,5 1091,8 806,3 401,2 405,1 1368,0 681,3 686,7

Samarkand 3003,4 1502,0 1501,4 755,0 380,7 374,3 2248,4 1121,3 1127,1

Surkhandarya 1992,1 988,6 1003,5 381,3 192,0 189,3 1610,8 796,6 814,2

Syrdarya 693,0 344,9 348,1 215,8 105,0 110,8 477,2 239,9 237,3

Tashkent 2522,4 1263,2 1259,2 990,8 500,8 490,0 1531,6 762,4 769,2

Ferghana 2972,2 1484,4 1487,8 827,2 420,5 406,7 2145,0 1063,9 1081,1

Khorezm 1504,2 755,2 749,0 328,1 166,6 161,5 1176,1 588,6 587,5

City of Tashkent 2180,0 1106,4 1073,6 2180,0 1106,4 1073,6 - - -

*) According to current record

27 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.10. Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2009 *) (thousand persons)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 27533,4 13760,8 13772,6 14236,0 7157,3 7078,7 13297,4 6603,5 6693,9 Uzbekistan Republic of 1615,7 804,8 810,9 814,6 411,7 402,9 801,1 393,1 408,0 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 2499,9 1248,4 1251,5 1338,9 671,4 667,5 1161,0 577,0 584,0

Bukhara 1588,8 798,1 790,7 616,8 303,9 312,9 972,0 494,2 477,8

Jizzakh 1098,3 549,0 549,3 520,7 264,6 256,1 577,6 284,4 293,2

Kashkadarya 2563,6 1279,0 1284,6 1116,8 557,1 559,7 1446,8 721,9 724,9

Navoi 839,3 415,8 423,5 416,7 203,1 213,6 422,6 212,7 209,9

Namangan 2217,2 1103,1 1114,1 1434,1 713,6 720,5 783,1 389,5 393,6

Samarkand 3061,6 1530,1 1531,5 1145,8 577,6 568,2 1915,8 952,5 963,3

Surkhandarya 2033,8 1009,2 1024,6 756,2 382,5 373,7 1277,6 626,7 650,9

Syrdarya 703,4 349,9 353,5 290,7 143,8 146,9 412,7 206,1 206,6

Tashkent 2552,6 1278,2 1274,4 1278,3 645,5 632,8 1274,3 632,7 641,6

Ferghana 3022,1 1508,8 1513,3 1776,2 900,0 876,2 1245,9 608,8 637,1

Khorezm 1530,8 768,3 762,5 523,9 264,4 259,5 1006,9 503,9 503,0

City of Tashkent 2206,3 1118,1 1088,2 2206,3 1118,1 1088,2 - - -

*) According to current record

28 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.11. Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2010 *) (thousand persons)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 28001,4 13986,4 14015,0 14425,9 7245,4 7180,5 13575,5 6741,0 6834,5 Uzbekistan Republic of 1632,0 811,9 820,1 820,3 413,4 406,9 811,7 398,5 413,2 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 2549,1 1272,5 1276,6 1358,4 680,7 677,7 1190,7 591,8 598,9

Bukhara 1612,5 809,6 802,9 622,4 306,4 316,0 990,1 503,2 486,9

Jizzakh 1116,8 558,0 558,8 526,8 267,7 259,1 590,0 290,3 299,7

Kashkadarya 2616,1 1304,8 1311,3 1135,7 565,9 569,8 1480,4 738,9 741,5

Navoi 851,6 421,8 429,8 420,9 205,0 215,9 430,7 216,8 213,9

Namangan 2258,5 1122,9 1135,6 1458,8 725,2 733,6 799,7 397,7 402,0

Samarkand 3119,0 1558,1 1560,9 1160,4 584,7 575,7 1958,6 973,4 985,2

Surkhandarya 2075,0 1029,6 1045,4 767,9 388,1 379,8 1307,1 641,5 665,6

Syrdarya 714,4 355,3 359,1 294,7 145,9 148,8 419,7 209,4 210,3

Tashkent 2585,9 1293,5 1292,4 1293,2 652,3 640,9 1292,7 641,2 651,5

Ferghana 3074,6 1534,2 1540,4 1802,5 912,5 890,0 1272,1 621,7 650,4

Khorezm 1561,6 783,4 778,2 529,6 266,8 262,8 1032,0 516,6 515,4

City of Tashkent 2234,3 1130,8 1103,5 2234,3 1130,8 1103,5 - - -

*) According to current record

29 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.12. Number of resident population by sex as of January 1, 2011 *) (thousand persons)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 29123,4 14555,0 14568,4 14897,4 7487,3 7410,1 14226,0 7067,7 7158,3 Uzbekistan Republic of 1680,9 841,0 839,9 837,0 422,3 414,7 843,9 418,7 425,2 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 2672,3 1326,5 1345,8 1420,1 706,8 713,3 1252,2 619,7 632,5

Bukhara 1683,8 846,2 837,6 644,3 322,6 321,7 1039,5 523,6 515,9

Jizzakh 1166,7 582,7 584,0 560,6 282,9 277,7 606,1 299,8 306,3

Kashkadarya 2722,9 1355,5 1367,4 1181,2 589,1 592,1 1541,7 766,4 775,3

Navoi 873,0 430,8 442,2 429,2 208,3 220,9 443,8 222,5 221,3

Namangan 2379,5 1176,5 1203,0 1529,7 756,4 773,3 849,8 420,1 429,7

Samarkand 3270,8 1637,5 1633,3 1202,6 610,3 592,3 2068,2 1027,2 1041,0

Surkhandarya 2175,1 1081,4 1093,7 794,7 398,5 396,2 1380,4 682,9 697,5

Syrdarya 727,2 362,2 365,0 300,7 150,8 149,9 426,5 211,4 215,1

Tashkent 2644,4 1328,9 1315,5 1308,3 662,0 646,3 1336,1 666,9 669,2

Ferghana 3229,2 1609,4 1619,8 1852,4 932,2 920,2 1376,8 677,2 699,6

Khorezm 1601,1 803,8 797,3 540,1 272,5 267,6 1061,0 531,3 529,7

City of Tashkent 2296,5 1172,6 1123,9 2296,5 1172,6 1123,9 - - -

30 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.13. Age composition of population by sex (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year; thousands)

2007 2008 2009

womenmen women men women men

Total population

Total 13338,2 13325,6 13536,9 13535,3 13760,8 13772,6

including at the age of, years:

0–2 777,5 824,6 811,0 860,4 866,2 918,4

3–5 733,6 777,4 747,6 792,8 748,7 794,1

6–7 504,4 529,8 489,7 515,6 492,4 520,4

8–15 2427,3 2535,7 2348,7 2459,7 2271,5 2381,7

16–17 615,4 640,7 645,2 667,3 654,3 676,8

18–19 620,0 635,1 606,8 627,1 611,8 635,9

20–24 1393,2 1411,3 1449,2 1470,5 1490,4 1519,0

25–29 1115,4 1129,0 1153,9 1167,3 1195,5 1208,2

30–34 986,8 998,7 996,4 1003,5 1016,0 1019,5

35–39 873,7 845,1 899,7 881,2 914,0 908,8

40–49 1572,9 1497,2 1597,8 1518,8 1620,8 1534,6

50–59 863,9 812,4 925,8 870,9 1002,3 945,2

60–69 417,1 383,3 417,8 385,4 417,5 384,3

70 and over 437,0 305,3 447,3 314,8 459,4 325,7

31 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2010 2011*

womenmen women men

Total population

Total 13986,4 14015,0 14555,0 14568,4

including at the age of, years:

02– 911,6 968,8 930,9 991,6

35– 772,3 818,4 814,7 862,4

67– 489,9 520,2 502,1 531,0

815– 2196,1 2305,6 2179,8 2286,8

16– 17 636,0 662,8 625,6 651,2

18–19 641,9 663,5 661,7 682,5

20–24 1508,5 1544,2 1551,0 1594,7

25–29 1241,7 1256,7 1335,5 1345,7

30–34 1045,1 1050,7 1104,1 1108,6

35–39 938,4 933,7 988,5 988,9

40–49 1631,6 1547,7 1715,3 1624,2

50–59 1076,8 1014,4 1189,2 1119,3

60–69 422,4 388,3 468,1 427,7

70 and over 474,1 340,0 488,5 353,8

32 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2007 2008 2009

womenmen women men women men

Urban population

Total 4830,5 4754,1 4885,2 4813,0 7157,3 7078,7

including at the age of, years:

02– 240,7 255,6 252,4 267,9 320,1 337,8

35– 225,3 239,7 229,6 244,7 364,4 385,5

67– 156,8 164,9 152,5 160,1 238,4 251,3

815– 758,3 793,5 731,3 768,2 1112,5 1161,8

16– 17 195,7 204,6 205,2 212,2 324,8 334,8

18–19 210,1 216,4 200,7 208,4 304,6 316,2

20–24 487,6 502,3 504,7 520,1 768,0 786,6

25–29 399,8 405,8 410,4 418,1 622,2 629,7

30–34 378,9 378,2 377,9 374,1 547,4 542,4

35–39 346,7 365,5 358,6 379,6 510,9 521,5

40–49 625,7 589,1 628,1 594,1 895,3 849,5

50–59 397,2 355,9 418,7 375,3 593,0 544,6

60–69 199,7 163,7 201,1 166,3 261,0 227,1

70 and over 208,0 118,9 214,0 123,9 294,7 189,9

33 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2010 2011*

womenmen women men

Urban population

Total 7245,4 7180,5 7487,3 7410,1

including at the age of, years:

02– 394,6 416,3 411,9 438,6

35– 377,7 398,6 380,8 398,5

67– 237,0 251,1 244,4 257,8

815– 1075,8 1124,8 1065,6 1112,8

16– 17 312,6 325,2 305,2 317,3

18–19 318,1 328,7 327,7 338,1

20–24 767,9 792,2 780,1 809,7

25–29 642,6 652,2 685,6 693,0

30–34 556,0 553,7 579,9 577,6

35–39 517,9 519,4 536,4 534,0

40–49 890,9 855,9 929,2 894,9

50–59 619,5 567,3 672,2 614,3

60–69 257,2 219,8 280,8 240,0

70 and over 277,6 175,3 287,5 183,5

34 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2007 2008 2009

womenmen women men women men

Rural population

Total 8507,7 8571,5 8651,7 8722,3 6603,5 6693,9

including at the age of, years:

02– 536,8 569,0 558,6 592,5 546,1 580,6

35– 508,3 537,7 518,0 548,1 384,3 408,6

67– 347,6 364,9 337,2 355,5 254,0 269,1

815– 1669,0 1742,2 1617,4 1691,5 1159,0 1219,9

16– 17 419,7 436,1 440,0 455,1 329,5 342,0

18–19 409,9 418,7 406,1 418,7 307,2 319,7

20–24 905,6 909,0 944,5 950,4 722,4 732,4

25–29 715,6 723,2 743,5 749,2 573,3 578,5

30–34 607,9 620,5 618,5 629,4 468,6 477,1

35–39 527,0 479,6 541,1 501,6 403,1 387,3

40–49 947,2 908,1 969,7 924,7 725,5 685,1

50–59 466,7 456,5 507,1 495,6 409,3 400,6

60–69 217,4 219,6 216,7 219,1 156,5 157,2

70 and over 229,0 186,4 233,3 190,9 164,7 135,8

35 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2010 2011*

womenmen women men

Rural population

Total 6741,0 6834,5 7067,7 7158,3

including at the age of, years:

02– 517,0 552,5 519,0 553,0

35– 394,6 419,8 433,9 463,9

67– 252,9 269,1 257,8 273,1

815– 1120,3 1180,8 1114,2 1174,0

16– 17 323,4 337,6 320,4 333,9

18–19 323,8 334,8 334,0 344,4

20–24 740,6 752,0 770,9 785,0

25–29 599,1 604,5 649,9 652,7

30–34 489,1 497,0 524,2 531,0

35–39 420,5 414,3 452,1 454,9

40–49 740,7 691,8 786,1 729,3

50–59 457,3 447,1 517,0 505,0

60–69 165,2 168,5 187,3 187,7

70 and over 196,5 164,7 201,0 170,3

36 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.14. Women and men ratio by age groups (2007–2011) (at the beginning of year; number of women per 1000 men of the respective age group)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*

Total 1001 1000 999 998 999 including at the age of, years: under 5 942 943 944 942 941 5–9 951 950 947 946 947 10–14 956 954 953 952 953 15–19 969 966 964 962 964 20–24 987 986 981 977 973 25–29 988 989 989 988 992 30–34 988 993 997 995 996 35–39 1034 1021 1006 1005 1000 40–44 1061 1060 1062 1053 1050 45–49 1039 1043 1051 1055 1063 50–54 1054 1051 1048 1050 1054 55–59 1078 1080 1079 1079 1075 60–64 1027 1054 1087 1101 1108 65–69 1136 1109 1086 1070 1071 70–74 1213 1199 1199 1207 1211 75–79 1367 1401 1416 1426 1384 80 and over 1987 1869 1806 1703 1718

37 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.15. Women and men ratio by urban and rural regions as of January 1, 2011 *) (persons)

Number of men per 1000 women

total population urban population rural population

Republic of 1001 990 1013 Uzbekistan Republic of 999 982 1015 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 1014 1009 1020

Bukhara 990 997 985

Jizzakh 1002 981 1022

Kashkadarya 1009 1005 1012

Navoi 1027 1061 995

Namangan 1022 1022 1023

Samarkand 997 970 1013

Surkhandarya 1011 994 1021

Syrdarya 1008 994 1018

Tashkent 990 976 1003

Ferghana 1006 987 1033

Khorezm 992 982 997

City of Tashkent 959 959 -

38 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.16. Total fertility rate (2007–2010) (number of children per 1 woman)

Years Total population Urban population Rural population

2007 2,554 2,223 2,744

2008 2,637 2,212 3,107

2009 2,530 2,188 2,903

2010 2,342 2,081 2,619

1.17. Total fertility rate (2007–2010) (number of children per 1 woman)

3,11 2,90 3 2,74 2,62 2,22 2,21 2,19 2,08 2

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Urban population Rural population

39 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.18. Number of live births by maternal age and birth order in 2010

Including order of birth Total number of children 1 child 2 child 3 child and more Total population Total 634810 262761 196388 175661 15–19 37884 35360 2449 75 20–24 281319 171127 95777 14415 25–29 203388 45817 79383 78188 30–34 82287 8100 14913 59274 35–39 25401 1922 3287 20192 40–44 4206 427 509 3270 45–49 267 3 60 204 50–54 46 - 8 38 55 and over 12 5 2 5 Urban population Total 289390 122081 90687 76622 15–19 19447 18134 1275 38 20–24 126471 76851 43320 6300 25–29 90290 21479 35932 32879 30–34 38525 4287 7880 26358 35–39 12499 1096 1946 9457 40–44 2016 227 298 1491 45–49 119 3 32 84 50–54 17 - 3 14 55 and over 6 4 1 1 Rural population Total 345420 140680 105701 99039 15–19 18437 17226 1174 37 20–24 154848 94276 52457 8115 25–29 113098 24338 43451 45309 30–34 43762 3813 7033 32916 35–39 12902 826 1341 10735 40–44 2190 200 211 1779 45–49 148 - 28 120 50–54 29 - 5 24 55 and over 6 1 1 4

40 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.19. Deaths by sex and main cause of death in 2010

Number, persons Per 100.000 population

womenmen women men

Total 64426 73985 446,1 512,1

of which:

cardiovascular 41696 42924 288,7 297,1 diseases

accidents, poisonings 2149 6370 14,9 44,1 and injuries

neoplasms 5222 5051 36,2 35,0

respiratory diseases 3812 4619 26,4 32,0

digestive diseases 3448 4603 23,9 31,9

infectious and 1163 2126 8,1 14,7 parasitic diseases

41 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.20. Deaths by sex and main cause of death in 2007–2010

Number of death, persons Per 100.000 population

women, men, women, men, 16–54 years 16–59 years 16–54 years 16–59 years

2007

Total 12016 26454 154,2 327,1

cardiovascular diseases 3576 9973 45,9 123,3

accidents, poisonings 1246 5571 16,0 68,9 and injuries

neoplasms 2243 2263 28,8 28,0

respiratory diseases 561 1025 7,2 12,7

digestive diseases 1621 2973 20,8 36,7

infectious and parasitic 774 1713 9,9 21,2 diseases

other diseases 1995 2936 25,6 36,3

2008

Total 11890 26639 148,7 319,9

cardiovascular diseases 3485 9946 43,6 119,4

accidents, poisonings 1275 5401 15,9 64,9 and injuries

neoplasms 2274 2371 28,4 28,5

respiratory diseases 548 1000 6,9 12,0

digestive diseases 1540 3100 19,3 37,2

infectious and parasitic 696 1666 8,7 20,0 diseases

other diseases 2072 3155 25,9 37,9

42 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Number of death, persons Per 100.000 population

women, men, women, men, 16–54 years 16–59 years 16–54 years 16–59 years

2009

Total 11818 26104 144,3 304,9

cardiovascular diseases 3514 9942 42,9 116,1

accidents, poisonings 1295 5205 15,8 60,8 and injuries

neoplasms 2306 2397 28,2 28,0

respiratory diseases 675 1121 8,2 13,1

digestive diseases 1368 2880 16,7 33,6

infectious and parasitic 685 1640 8,4 19,2 diseases

other diseases 1975 2919 24,1 34,1

2010

Total 12063 26540 140,2 294,5

cardiovascular diseases 3880 10789 45,1 119,7

accidents, poisonings 1262 4902 14,7 54,4 and injuries

neoplasms 2361 2399 27,4 26,6

respiratory diseases 601 1088 7,0 12,1

digestive diseases 1426 2834 16,6 31,4

infectious and parasitic 657 1539 7,6 17,1 diseases

other diseases 1876 2989 21,8 33,2

43 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.21. Age specific death rates in 2010 (annual average number of deaths per 1000 resident population of corresponding sex and age)

Including at the age of, years Total 15–19 20–24 25–29

Women

Total population 4,461 0,383 0,627 0,813

Urban population 4,738 0,360 0,621 0,813

Rural population 4,166 0,406 0,633 0,814

Men

Total population 5,121 0,584 0,938 1,349

Urban population 5,455 0,538 0,885 1,348

Rural population 4,774 0,629 0,992 1,351

44 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.22. Standardized death rates by main cause of death (2007–2010) (number of deaths per 100.000 population)

Death rates by main cause of death

of which:

Years infectious accidents, malignant cardiovascular respiratory digestive all causes and parasitic poisonings neoplasms diseases diseases diseases diseases and injuries

Both sexes

2007 1064,4 19,9 72,5 722,9 54,1 61,6 42,2

2008 1049,0 17,7 71,2 719,6 49,5 62,5 39,9

2009 982,3 16,9 70,7 676,8 45,1 54,5 36,6

2010 981,9 15,2 67,9 690,1 42,9 51,3 34,0

Women

2007 906,2 13,2 66,0 627,5 45,0 52,8 18,8

2008 894,0 11,4 64,8 626,1 41,0 52,6 18,1

2009 839,5 11,3 65,9 588,8 37,7 45,2 16,8

2010 841,4 10,2 62,7 601,7 35,9 42,6 16,4

Men

2007 1242,6 27,1 80,4 831,4 64,8 71,1 66,9

2008 1223,1 24,7 79,2 825,9 59,7 73,2 62,9

2009 1142,4 22,8 77,1 776,5 53,9 64,4 57,6

2010 1140,2 20,5 74,7 790,3 51,4 60,9 52,5

45 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.23. Maternal mortality (2007–2010 *)

Total number of women died from Years complicated pregnancy, child-birth Per 100 000 live-birth children and post-natal, total, persons

2007 143 23,5

2008 145 22,4

2009 198 30,4

2010 133 21,0

*) Source: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan

1.24. Maternal mortality rate (2007–2010) (per 100.000 live-births)

30,4 30 22,4 23,5 21,0 20

0 2007 2008 2009 2010

46 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.25. Infant mortality rates (2007–2010) (number of deaths at age under 1 year per 1000 live-births)

2007 2008 2009 2010 Total population both sexes 13,6 12,5 11,7 11,0

girls 11,5 10,8 10,0 9,6

boys 15,5 14,1 13,2 12,4 Urban population

both sexes 16,2 14,9 13,3 13,7

girls 13,6 13,1 11,7 12,0

boys 18,6 16,5 14,8 15,2 Rural population both sexes 12,3 11,4 10,4 8,8

girls 10,5 9,7 8,6 7,6

boys 14,0 13,0 12,0 10,0

1.26. Infant mortality rates (2007–2010) (number of deaths at age under 1 year per 1000 live-births)

20,0

15,5 14,1 15,0 13,2 12,4

11,5 10,0 10,8 10,0 9,6

5,0 2007 2008 2009 2010

Girls Boys

47 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.27. Life expectancy at birth, by sex (2007–2010) (years)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Total population

both sexes 72,7 72,9 72,9 72,9

girls 75,0 75,1 75,2 75,1

boys 70,3 70,5 70,6 70,6

Urban population

both sexes 72,0 73,1 73,2 73,1

girls 75,0 75,4 75,9 75,7

boys 69,8 70,7 70,6 70,4

Rural population

both sexes 72,8 72,5 72,4 72,7

girls 74,5 72,7 74,3 74,5

boys 71,1 70,2 70,6 71,0

48 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.28. Average age of population as of January 1, 2011 *)

Total population Urban population Rural population

both both both womenmen women men women men sexes sexes sexes

Republic of 27,2 27,8 26,6 28,4 29,2 27,7 26,0 26,4 25,6 Uzbekistan Republic of 26,3 26,7 25,8 26,9 27,6 26,2 25,6 25,9 25,4 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 27,4 27,9 26,9 27,9 28,5 27,3 26,9 27,3 26,4

Bukhara 28,0 28,5 27,5 29,9 30,5 29,3 26,8 27,2 26,3

Jizzakh 26,0 26,6 25,4 27,7 28,4 26,9 24,5 25,0 24,0

Kashkadarya 25,7 26,1 25,3 26,7 27,2 26,3 24,9 25,2 24,5

Navoi 27,7 28,0 27,3 28,7 29,1 28,3 26,7 27,0 26,3

Namangan 26,9 27,3 26,5 26,9 27,4 26,5 26,8 27,2 26,5

Samarkand 26,3 26,9 25,8 28,4 29,2 27,7 25,1 25,5 24,7

Surkhandarya 25,6 25,9 25,3 26,8 27,1 26,5 24,9 25,2 24,5

Syrdarya 25,8 26,3 25,3 26,5 26,7 26,2 25,3 26,0 24,7

Tashkent 28,5 29,3 27,7 29,8 30,8 28,7 27,3 27,8 26,7

Ferghana 27,8 28,3 27,2 27,9 28,6 27,3 27,6 28,1 27,1

Khorezm 26,4 26,9 25,8 27,7 28,4 26,9 25,7 26,1 25,3

City of Tashkent 31,6 33,1 30,0 31,6 33,1 30,0 - - -

49 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.29. Number of women and men at highest fertility age (20–29) as of January 1, 2011*)

Distribution by sex, Persons in percentage Number of women per women menwomen men 1000 men

Republic of 2886420 2940458 49,5 50,5 982 Uzbekistan Republic of Karakalpakstan 176402 179894 49,5 50,5 981 regions:

Andijan 255393 263153 49,3 50,7 971

Bukhara 169060 165550 50,5 49,5 1021

Jizzakh 117038 119097 49,6 50,4 983

Kashkadarya 278422 280497 49,8 50,2 993

Navoi 87971 90384 49,3 50,7 973

Namangan 233892 241545 49,2 50,8 968

Samarkand 330439 332088 49,9 50,1 995

Surkhandarya 223170 220754 50,3 49,7 1011

Syrdarya 80012 81560 49,5 50,5 981

Tashkent 261127 272554 48,9 51,1 958

Ferghana 306096 311971 49,5 50,5 981

Khorezm 161839 161379 50,1 49,9 1003

City of Tashkent 205559 220032 48,3 51,7 934

50 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.30. Number of registered marriages and divorces (2007–2010) (thousands)

Number of marriages Number of divorces Years total urban arearural areatotal urban area rural area

2007 254,2 85,7 168,5 18,2 10,4 7,8

2008 250,2 84,0 166,2 16,4 9,3 7,1

2009 272,1 124,4 147,7 16,9 11,5 5,4

2010 292,3 144,2 148,1 17,8 12,4 5,4

1.31. Dynamics of marriage and divorce rates (2007–2010) (per 1000 population) 12 10,1 9,8 10 9,4 9,1

2 0,7 0,6 0,6 0,6 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Marriages Divorces

51 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.32. Marriages by education of bride and groom (2007–2010) (units)

Total population Urban population Rural population

womenmen women men women men

2007

Total married 254202 254202 85679 85679 168523 168523 including with education: higher 11385 21626 5724 11459 5661 10167

incomplete higher 5045 4297 2507 2175 2538 2122

secondary special 50349 42479 21064 17616 29285 24863

incomplete secondary 2317 1891 511 417 1806 1474

secondary 184994 183776 55804 53933 129190 129843

primary and lower 107 127 65 76 42 51 education not indicated 5 6 4 3 1 3 2008

Total married 250159 250159 83993 83993 166166 166166 including with education: higher 12307 22326 5801 11678 6506 10648

incomplete higher 4555 3865 2096 1747 2459 2118

secondary special 53173 44680 22406 18517 30767 26163

incomplete secondary 1918 1339 392 306 1526 1033

secondary 178062 177757 53223 51659 124839 126098

primary and lower 142 186 75 84 67 102 education not indicated 2 6 - 2 2 4

52 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Total population Urban population Rural population

womenmen women men women men

2009

Total married 272083 272083 124436 124436 147647 147647 including with education: higher 12191 23613 7184 14193 5007 9420

incomplete higher 6009 5314 3331 2815 2678 2499

secondary special 73003 56351 37999 29784 35004 26567

incomplete secondary 2319 1565 901 624 1418 941

secondary 178366 185025 74921 76915 103445 108110

primary and lower 195 210 100 103 95 107 education not indicated - 5 - 2 - 3 2010

Total married 292286 292286 144162 144162 148124 148124 including with education: higher 12927 24615 8459 16376 4468 8239

incomplete higher 7327 6580 4754 4236 2573 2344

secondary special 83612 66089 46971 38105 36641 27984

incomplete secondary 2961 2046 1170 820 1791 1226

secondary 185255 192664 82652 84437 102603 108227

primary and lower 200 247 156 175 44 72 education not indicated 4 45 - 13 4 32

53 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.33. Number of marriages by age of bride and groom in 2010

Total Age of groom including at the age of, years Age of bride marriages under 18 18–19 20–24 25–29

Total 292286 11 5305 130989 120698 including: under 18 8223 3 904 5368 1873 18–19 57817 3 3432 37275 16523 20–24 171590 5 951 85199 78345 25–29 39750 - 17 3023 23141 30–34 9114 - 1 122 781 35–39 3075 - - 1 33 40–44 1262 - - 1 1 45–49 618 - - - 1 50 and over 837 - - - -

Continued

Age of groom including at the age of, years Age of bride 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50 and over

Total 21042 6963 3252 1713 2313 including: under 18 64 9 2 - - 18–19 537 38 9 - - 20–24 6247 659 153 28 3 25–29 10079 2439 689 295 67 30–34 3751 2669 1068 451 271 35–39 298 1029 886 422 406 40–44 65 114 381 319 381 45–49 - 6 50 152 409 50 and over 1 - 14 46 776

54 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.34. Number of married by sex, age and previous marital status in 2010

Married women Age, years for the first time widows divorced marital status not indicated

Total 286519 1195 4570 2 including: under 20 65986 9 43 2 20–24 171062 105 423 - 25–29 38539 239 972 - 30–34 7678 252 1184 - 35–39 2031 215 829 - 40–44 667 106 489 - 45–49 300 77 241 - 50–54 148 85 162 - 55–59 69 48 139 - 60 and over 39 59 88 - Continued Married men

Age, years marital status for the first time widows divorced not indicated

Total 279162 3352 9769 3 including: under 20 5307 4 5 - 20–24 130469 106 413 1 25–29 118200 393 2103 2 30–34 17948 538 2556 - 35–39 4478 534 1951 - 40–44 1420 519 1313 - 45–49 699 389 625 - 50–54 298 354 371 - 55–59 186 248 209 - 60 and over 157 267 223 -

55 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.35. Average age at first marriage in 2010

Including population: Total urban rural

womenmen women men women men

Republic of 22,4 25,6 22,4 25,7 22,4 25,6 Uzbekistan Republic of 23,5 26,2 23,7 26,5 23,2 26,0 Karakalpakstan regions:

Andijan 21,9 25,5 21,7 25,5 22,1 25,5

Bukhara 22,2 24,2 22,2 24,2 22,2 24,1

Jizzakh 22,5 26,0 22,4 25,8 22,6 26,1

Kashkadarya 22,5 26,0 22,5 26,1 22,4 25,9

Navoi 22,7 25,5 22,8 25,8 22,5 25,3

Namangan 21,4 24,8 21,1 24,6 21,7 25,1

Samarkand 22,3 25,8 22,4 25,9 22,3 25,7

Surkhandarya 23,1 26,5 23,1 26,7 23,0 26,4

Syrdarya 22,4 25,7 22,3 25,5 22,6 26,0

Tashkent 22,2 25,4 22,3 25,3 22,2 25,4

Ferghana 21,4 24,8 21,3 25,0 21,5 24,7

Khorezm 23,0 25,2 23,3 25,6 22,9 25,0

City of Tashkent 23,6 27,4 23,6 27,4 - -

56 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.36. Number of divorces by age and duration in 2010

Total Including duration of marriage, years Age, years number of divorces under 1 1–4 5–9 10–19 20 +

Women

under 20 265 111 154 - - - 20–24 3473 520 2661 292 - - 25–29 5048 299 2073 2374 302 - 30–34 3825 160 450 1208 2007 - 35–39 2296 82 156 241 1689 128 40–44 1257 44 57 85 483 588 45–49 711 42 25 35 168 441 50–54 484 19 35 17 89 324 55–59 247 16 5 4 43 179 60 and over 188 10 7 11 24 136

Men

under 20 14 9 5 - - - 20–24 1121 261 828 32 - - 25–29 4732 456 3048 1189 39 - 30–34 4657 247 1209 2101 1100 - 35–39 3115 121 291 654 2024 25 40–44 1661 66 70 133 1060 332 45–49 1100 58 81 72 310 579 50–54 659 40 29 38 137 415 55–59 359 19 36 10 61 233 60 and over 376 26 26 38 74 212

57 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.37. Number of divorces by education of divorced (2007-2010)

Total population Urban population Rural population

womenmen women men women men

2007 Total number of divorced 18201 18201 10364 10364 7837 7837 including with education: higher 1602 1912 1049 1226 553 686

incomplete higher 190 195 128 133 62 62

secondary special 2050 1901 1365 1250 685 651 incomplete secondary 200 192 90 87 110 105

secondary 14154 13993 7727 7664 6427 6329

primary and lower 5 4 5 4 - - education - 4 - - - 4 not indicated 2008 Total number of divorced 16417 16417 9318 9318 7099 7099 including with education: higher 1823 2163 1159 1375 664 788

incomplete higher 104 104 52 50 52 54

secondary special 2045 1804 1353 1206 692 598 incomplete secondary 57 79 33 46 24 33

secondary 12383 12256 6718 6637 5665 5619

primary and lower 5 11 3 4 2 7 education ------not indicated

58 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Total population Urban population Rural population

womenmen women men women men

2009 Total number of divorced 16901 16901 11550 11550 5351 5351 including with education: higher 1673 2071 1468 1749 205 322

incomplete higher 180 112 133 77 47 35

secondary special 3215 2795 2512 2177 703 618 incomplete secondary 99 97 59 61 40 36

secondary 11728 11817 7373 7480 4355 4337

primary and lower 6 6 5 4 1 2 education - 3 - 2 - 1 not indicated 2010 Total number of divorced 17794 17794 12404 12404 5390 5390 including with education: higher 1582 2298 1384 1981 198 317

incomplete higher 285 272 248 242 37 30

secondary special 3438 3151 2641 2414 797 737 incomplete secondary 104 108 58 71 46 37

secondary 12340 11899 8037 7645 4303 4254

primary and lower 31 38 28 30 3 8 education 14 28 8 21 6 7 not indicated

59 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.38. Migration of population (2007–2010)

Total persons In percentage

womenmen women men

Immigrants

2007 86985 64187 57,5 42,5

2008 88440 61292 59,1 40,9

2009 82753 55324 59,9 40,1

2010 85230 54545 61,0 39,0

Emigrants

2007 119418 94892 55,7 44,3

2008 113236 82600 57,8 42,2

2009 109422 78288 58,3 41,7

2010 108998 74860 59,3 40,7

Migration gain

2007 -32433 -30705 51,4 48,6

2008 -24796 -21308 53,8 46,2

2009 -26669 -22964 53,7 46,3

2010 -23768 -20315 53,9 46,1

60 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.39. Distribution of families by type in 2010 (data of household sampling surveys)

In percentage

A married couple with children 19,7

A married couple without children 2,6

A married couple with/without children 40,8 and other relatives

Two and more married couples with/without 26,3 children and other relatives

Single parent families headed by mother 1,3

Single parent families headed by father 0,1

Single parent families headed by mother (father) 2,6 with parents of mother (father) and other relatives

Other families 6,6

Total 100,0

61 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

1.40. Marital status by age in 2010 (data of household sampling surveys; in percentage)

Never being married Married Age women men women men

16-19 *) 53,0 27,4 1,5 0,2 20-24 33,3 54,9 12,8 5,0 25-29 8,4 14,1 15,7 15,5 30-34 2,2 2,0 14,2 15,0 35-39 1,0 0,7 12,1 13,7 40-49 1,3 0,5 22,6 23,9 50-59 0,5 0,2 14,3 16,1 60-69 0,2 0,1 4,4 6,3 70 and over 0,1 0,1 2,4 4,3

Continued

Widowed Divorced Age women men women men

16-19 *) 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 20-24 0,2 0,0 3,1 0,0 25-29 0,9 1,6 17,9 12,7 30-34 2,4 1,3 19,8 22,0 35-39 3,0 1,3 16,0 23,7 40-49 15,1 5,2 27,5 24,3 50-59 23,3 13,4 11,3 14,5 60-69 21,5 24,3 3,0 2,3 70 and over 33,5 52,9 1,4 0,5

*) Marital status defined for women is 16 years and older, and for men – 18 years and older. Men aged 16–17 account for 50.9 percent of total number of men in the age group 16–19 years old.

62 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

HEALTHCARE Section “Healthcare” contains basic statistical data on the health status of population presented by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan in a gender context. Special emphasis is laid on the indices characterizing the morbidity of women and men caused by: - socially significant diseases – active tuberculosis, malignant neoplasms, sexually-transmitted diseases, mental and behavioral disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substance; - infectious diseases; - indicators of health status of pregnant women, birthing mothers, new mothers and new-borns; - incidence of pregnant women of certain diseases, preceded or emerged during pregnancy. Data on the number of healthcare personnel, their qualification categories assigned according to professional training and work experience; networks of health care institutions and their activities is also presented. Morbidity rate is the ratio of patients registered during the given year at healthcare facility when referred to the facility or during routine medical check-up (or registered as under dispensary observation). Primary morbidity is registered when a patient is diagnosed for the first time in his/her life. General morbidity of the population is the rate of the total number of patients registered during the given year. This accounted for all patients diagnosed either for the first time or for the second (multiple) referrals for a specific disease. Level of morbidity is determined as the rate of primary diagnosed patients to the average number of the resident population. Contingent of patients is the population of all individuals suffering from a specific disease and referred to a healthcare facility during the current and past years. The index is calculated as the ratio of patients registered at healthcare facilities by the end of the year to the total population by the end of the same year. 63 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems (WHO (before 1999 – IХ Revision, since 1999 – Х Revision)) was used for development of statistical data on morbidity. Total number of doctors includes all physicians with higher medical education employed by healthcare facilities, social services, scientific research institutions, educational and personnel training agencies, healthcare management and others. Total number of mid-level healthcare personal includes all individuals with secondary vocational health education employed by healthcare facilities, social services, preschool facilities, schools orphanages and others. In-patient facilities are the facilities, which provide healthcare services to the hospitalized patients. These include hospitals, health and sanitary units, dispensaries with in-patient facilities and other facilities capable of maintaining hospital beds with 24-hour healthcare service available. Outpatient and polyclinic facilities include all healthcare facilities providing outpatient healthcare services to the population either during a patients visit or through home-based care (polyclinics, outpatient facilities, dispensaries, polyclinic departments in hospitals, independent healthcare points, prenatal services etc.). The number of visits within one shift characterizes the capacity of outpatient or polyclinic facilities. Planned capacity of an outpatient or polyclinic facility is its design capacity, as determined by the number of visits per shift, the due provision of necessary premises, equipment, staff, pharmaceuticals and vehicles, and the capability of providing outpatient and polyclinic services as per established schedule and in compliance with design capacity of such type of outpatient or polyclinic facilities. National vaccination calendar (NVC) is a scheme of scheduled vaccinations in the Republic of Uzbekistan conducted within the prescribed time limits. The vaccination is scheduled for seven key communicable diseases: tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles and epidemic mumps. The age of initial vaccination and follow-up vaccination (re-vaccination) are established ac-cording to the National vaccination calendar.

64 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Public health is one of the main indicators of social development. From the economic point of view, a health and education are two key components of the human capital. Retrospective studies confirm that the current economic prosperity is largely conditioned upon the improved health of population in recent years. In turn, health and lifestyle depend more on the socio-economic development of society, than on the healthcare. There are convincing facts of relation between morbidity and mortality and the level of welfare of the nation, with per capita income, a share of assets in the structure of the state budget, directed to public health. Population’s health status is a powerful prognostics factor of subsequent economic growth, in some cases even more important than education. The state of health, according to the WHO definition, means not merely the absence of diseases and weakness, but it is also a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. This comprehensive definition of population health has become a base of national model of country’s social development, and creation of a socially oriented market economy and its major part – the national healthcare system. The concept, the basic directions and key mechanisms of reforming the health care system in the country were defined by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of November 10, 1998 “On State Program of Reforming the System of Healthcare of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The conceptual basis for the program of healthcare reform in the country, were: - Equal accessibility to the healthcare services for all strata of the population; - Creation of equal conditions for urban and rural populations for obtaining the high-quality primary care; - Ensuring a systematic and comprehensive monitoring of patients taking into account the individual features of each patient; - Organization of the network of absolutely accessible health facilities that can provide competent emergency care in the hospitals through the whole territory of the country;

65 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

- Establishing a network of medical facilities, effectively combining a primary care health center, emergency health service and special referral center, equipped with high-tech equipment and highly qualified specialists for wide coverage of population with health services; - Expanding the sources of healthcare financing, including through the development of private healthcare and optimization of pay-lines, and the use of financial resources for health development, including through the concentration of the budget funding for primary care, outpatient treatment and prevention rather inefficient use of expensive hospital beds; - Optimization of health management system, taking into account the experience of progressive world and peculiarities of healthcare organizations in Uzbekistan. To ensure the health reform a regulatory-legal framework was set, covering about 20 laws and 100 decrees of the President and the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which are being improved and developed in accordance with the needs of society. In particular, certain alterations and additions to the corresponding laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan: “On Protection of Citizens' Health”, “On State Sanitary Control”, “On AIDS Prevention”, “On Pharmaceuticals and Pharmaceutical Activity”, “On Compulsory Treatment of Patients with Alcoholism, Drug Addiction or Substance Abuse”. New laws were adopted: “On Prevention of Disease Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)”, "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances”, “On Psychiatric Assistance to the Citizens”, “On Protection of Population from Tuberculosis”, “On Donation of Blood and Blood Components”, “On Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Disorders” and “On Guarantees of the Rights of the Child”. First, the legal framework has been established to provide a legislative environment for the following priorities in transformation of the healthcare system: - Reforming of primary care centers; - Creation of the state-guaranteed effective system of emergency service at all administrative and territorial levels; - Creation of specialized high-tech medical centers;

66 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

- Improving the health financing system, creation of sustainable and competitive private health sector, transformation of the existing system of medical training; - Ensuring a stable epidemiological well-being in all regions of the country and further expansion of medical aid provided to mothers and children. As a result, the primary care centers of the country including those in rural areas have been radically transformed. Instead of the previous inefficient five-step system, a fundamentally new system of primary care for rural population, consisting of rural health units (SVP) and territorial medical associations was created. To ensure the state guaranteed emergency medical aid, a system of emergency service was organized, represented by the Republican Scientific Center for Emergency Medical Aid, with the branches in regional centers and emergency departments in the districts. The emergency service system is equipped with the latest high-tech healthcare facilities. The next stage of deepening the health system reform has been defined by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.UP-3214 of 26.02.2003 “On Further Steps of the Health System Reform”. According to this Decree, four Republican specialized medical centers have been set and started to function, these are surgery center, urology center, cardiology center and eye microsurgery center, equipped with the piece-of-art equipment and staffed by the highly qualified medical personnel. Creation of these centers allowed providing the population with high-tech medical aid, organizing a methodical guidance of specialized regional agencies and improving the effectiveness of training and retraining of highly qualified medical personnel for the educational institutions of the country. Training of future specialists in the educational institutions is conducted at qualitatively new level, a system of distribution and compulsory internship of graduates of medical universities (received government educational grants) was introduced, training of specialized doctors is pro-vided through clinical residency and the training of nurses has started in the higher educational institutions. System of material incentives and remuneration of doctors and medical staff has been changed radically - the size of their salaries and the mechanism of

67 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN promotion of the material incentives were placed into direct dependence on complexity and intensity of their work and the quality of the provided medical care. The next following directions for reform in this area were outlined by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Decree “On Main Directions on Further Deepening of Reforms and Implementation of the State Program for Healthcare Development” of 19.09. 2007 No.UP-3923. Thus, in the framework of the implementation of this Decree 13 multi-field regional center and six National specialized scientific-practical centers were created: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dermatology and Venereology, Pediatrics, Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation, Phthisiology and Pulmonology and Endocrinology. These centers provide the specialized high-tech medical care to population; exercise a scientific and practical guidance over the respective activities of the specialized regional agencies and the newly created multi-field regional medical centers as well as diagnostic regional centers; besides, these centers serve as educational facilities for training and retraining of the specialized doctors. In providing the countrywide improvement of the quality and accessibility of public healthcare, protection of motherhood, childhood, and upbringing the physically healthy and spiritually wealthy young generation, a consistent implementation of the recently adopted decrees is very important. In particular, the Resolutions of the President of Uzbekistan “On Measures to Improve the Organizational Structure and Activity of AIDS Centers” as of 26 December 2008 No. 1023, “On Additional Measures to Protect the Health of Mother and Child, and Forming Healthy Generation” as of April 13, 2009 No. PP-1096, “Program of Measures to Further Strengthening and Improve the Efficiency of the Process to Improve Reproductive Health, Birth of a Healthy Child, the Formation of Physically and Spiritually Mature Generation for 2009- 2013” as of by July 1, 2009 No. 1144 and others were adopted. Because of large-scale effort to reform a healthcare in the country, the following steps have been completed as on 01.01. 2011 г.: - a solid scientific basis of public healthcare has been created; - public health institutions were equipped with up-to-date medical equipment, medicines and consumables;

68 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

- 1158 hospitals and 5993 outpatient clinics have been established and provide a primary care to population; - 14 regional centers of emergency medical services (EMF) have been established and now operate in all regions and in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, 172 EMF departments have been opened under the central district and municipal hospitals. - 220 centers of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance (SSES), 192 disinfection stations, 5 anti-plague station, and 3 Research Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiological Profile, which ensured a stable sanitary- epidemiological situation in the country have been set; - 79,9 thousand physicians and 310,2 thousand specialists of mid-level medical personnel provide the healthcare services; - a reliable system of quality control of medical services has been established; - the personnel problem has been solved positively and prestige of medical profession was raised. - a policy of training the specialists for the work in healthcare institutions has been revised, today it is aimed at providing complete and balanced amount of general practitioners (GPs) and sub specialists, improving the training and retraining of highly qualified personnel, improving the nursing and raising nurses’ responsibility for diagnostic and therapeutic treatment. Retraining of specialists in the specialized leading institutes, clinics and centers of the country, as well as internship in the countries of near and far abroad has been practiced widely. Special offices were opened in the health care facilities for the training of highly qualified nurses. Transition to a two-level system of training specialists has been completed in the higher education institutions: the first level is a Bachelor’s program (7 years of education) and the second level is specialized training - Master's degree (2–3 years). At the middle level of medical education, the transformation of medical schools into medical colleges has been completed. Development of non-government healthcare sector, both through privatization of public health facilities and the establishing of new private healthcare institutions is under way.

69 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The recently formed progressive health financing system is functioning now, it is widely practiced in the states with market economy – the health financing is made through allocation of budgetary means per capita; the funding of outpatient-polyclinic facilities is based on the number of served population and the funding of hospitals – on the number of treated patients. New sources of funding of the healthcare system are the state budget funds, the special-purpose health funds, extra funds received for additional medical care and for provision of paid services, voluntary and charitable contributions of different enterprises, institutions, organizations, associations and individuals to health care institutions; loans from banks and other legal sources. A guaranteed package of health services was adopted as well as medical aid quality standards. The patients themselves pay for those medical services provided beyond the ones guaranteed by the package; however, the low- income groups of the population are served at the expense of public funds. Health of population is the most important indicator of the country’s well- being. Public health being an integral indicator highly objectively reflects the level of economic and social development. Public health, according to data of the World Health Organization, depends on the conditions and way of living, where 50% is nutrition, genetics and heredity – 20%, the environment and natural conditions – 20% and the state of health – 10%. The most important generalizing indicator of public health is the indicator of life expectancy and its dynamics, infant and maternal mortality rates. Today, in Uzbekistan, the positive changes in the level and dynamics of these indicators are clearly seen (see the details in Section “Population”), which allow referring the country to one of the wealthy countries in the world. Rates of morbidity and mortality caused by diseases, having a “social dimension” are equally important to characterize the health status of population and its transition to gender equality. They characterize to some extent economic, moral and psychological state of society, the degree of intensity of social processes. So called “social diseases” include some infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, venereal diseases, excessive drinking and alcoholism, drug addiction and substance abuse, suicide and violent death, etc. 70 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The morbidity of women and men caused byactive tuberculosis (per 100 thousand population) has decreased noticeably in 2010 as compared to 2007 – among women it fell from 55.3 to 50.6 cases, among men – from 79.6 to 71.2 cases, respectively. Among all cases of active tuberculosis, the share of men is significantly higher than that of women – in 2010, of total number of patients with newly diagnosed cases of active tuberculosis the share of women was 41.5%, and – men – 58.5%. Despite the general decrease in the incidence of active tuberculosis among population in 2010 as compared to 2007, the intensity of reducing the incidence is higher among men, thus, the share of infected women in 2010 is by 0.5 percentage points higher than in 2007, so the share of infected men is less by the same amount (41.5% women in 2010 versus 41.0% – in 2007 and men – 58.5% vs. 59.0% – in 2007). Most of the cases of active tuberculosis in 2010 - are women and men in the age group of 25–54 years: 48.6% of all cases of active tuberculosis are women, and 50.5% – men, the second largest age group is 18–24 years: 13.6% and 14.1% of all cases, respectively. In this age group, of total number of all cases of active tuberculosis, women accounted for 40.7% and men – for 59.3%. High proportion of cases of active tuberculosis is among children in the age group of 0–14 years: the share of girls in this age group accounts for 12.4% and boys – for 14.1% of all cases, the total number of cases in this age group is 38.4% – girls and 61.6% – boys. In 2010, as in the past, the morbidity caused by malignant neoplasms (the number of cases per 100 thousand population) among women was much higher than among men – 73.6 versus 61.1 cases, respectively. The share of diseased women compared to diseased men was also higher in 2010; of total number of persons having malignant neoplasms, the proportion of women was 54.6% and men – 45.4%. Most of the cases accounted for the age group of 45–64 years (47.4% of all cases of malignant neoplasms were registered among women and 42.1% – men, respectively). In general, in the reported period, this indicator (among women) has a tendency to decrease; this process in women is more intensive than in men. Thus, the incidence of malignancy among women decreased from 78 cases in 2007 to 73.6 in 2010, (4.4 cases per 100 thousand population) in men – from 64.2 to 61.1 cases (3.1 cases). 71 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Morbidity caused by syphilis, both in women and men has a frank tendency to decrease. The level and proportion of syphilis cases is lower in women than in men – in 2010, of total number of cases of syphilis the share of women was 40.1% (versus 44.3 percent in 2007), men – 59.9% (versus 55.7% in 2007). Women in the age group of 21–29 years (43.8% of all syphilis cases in women) have the largest proportion of all cases of syphilis, men of 40 years and older (38.2%). In general, the age group of 30 years and older accounted for 48.4% of all cases of syphilis in women and 62.1% – in men. The share of children of 0–14 years accounted for 0.2% in girls and boys for all cases of syphilis, of which 40% were girls and 60% were boys. Number andmorbidity rate of gonorrhea in women and men is decreasing. Thus, the number of cases in 2010 as compared to 2007 has decreased by 11.7 percent, including women by 17.2%, and men – by 7.7%. The morbidity rate in women decreases more rapidly than in men, the rate in women fell from 19.2 cases in 2007 to 14.9 cases in 2010, and in men – from 26.1 to 22.7 cases, respectively. Among all new cases of gonorrhea in 2010, women accounted for 39.7% (versus 42.3% in 2007), and men – for 60.3% (versus 57.7% in 2007). Most of the diseased population among men and women account for the age group of 21–29 years, 57.5% – women and 56.0% – men. In this age group, 40.3% were women, 59.7% – men. As for children (0–14 years) in girls was 0.8% of all infected women, boys – 0.2% of all infected- men. In this age group (0–14 years), the proportion of cases in girls is almost two times higher than among women of all population sick with gonorrhea – 77.3%. Morbidity caused bymental disorders in women and men has significantly decreased in 2010 as compared to 2007. The number of cases per 100 thousand population has decreased in women from 114.2 in 2007 to 109.1 cases in 2010, in men – from 152.9 to 148.1 cases, respectively. Among all cases with mental disorders in 2010, women accounted for 42.4%, men – for 57.6%. Morbidity caused by alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis in women is by 14.7 times lower than in men (2.4 cases per 100 thousand population versus 35.3 in men) and in the reported period has been decreasing among both female and the male population. In 2010, this figure decreased as compared to 2007 among women by 31.4% and by 7.8% – among men. 72 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

In 2010, the morbidity caused by drug addiction and substance abuse was lower in women than in men almost by 25 times (in 2007 – by 20.1 time); and during the period of 2007–2010 it has decreased in women from 0.9 cases per 100 thousand in 2007 to 0.6 cases in 2010 (33.3%), and from 18.1 to 14.8 cases (18.2 %) in men, respectively. Among all sick with drug addiction and substance abuse, men accounted for 95.9% of and women – for 4.1%.

73 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.1. Morbidity caused by active tuberculosis among women and men by age groups in 2010

Distribution by sex, Years Women Men in percentage women men

Total

thousands 7,2 10,2

in percentage 100,0 100,0 41,5 58,5

including at the age of, years:

014– 12,4 14,1 38,4 61,6

15– 17 3,4 3,4 41,0 59,0

18– 24 13,6 14,1 40,7 59,3

25– 54 48,6 50,5 40,6 59,4

55 and over 22,0 17,9 46,6 53,4

2.2. Morbidity rate of active tuberculosis among women and men in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population) 90 79,6 77,5 80 75,0 71,2 70

60 55,3 52,5 50,8 50,6 50

30 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

74 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.3. Morbidity caused by malignant neoplasm among women and men by age groups in 2010

Distribution by sex Years Women Men in percentage women men

Total

thousands 10,5 8,7

in percentage 100,0 100,0 54,6 45,4

including at the age of, years:

014– 2,1 3,5 42,3 57,7

15– 17 0,9 1,5 41,3 58,7

18– 44 23,0 16,6 62,6 37,4

45– 64 47,4 42,1 57,5 42,5

65 and over 26,6 36,3 46,9 53,1

2.4. Morbidity rate of malignant neoplasm among women and men in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population) 80 78,0 74,8 75,1 73,6

70 64,2 61,7 62,7 61,1 60

30 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men 75 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.5. Morbidity caused by syphilis among women and men by age groups in 2010

Distribution by sex, Years Women Men in percentage women men

Total

thousands 1,0 1,5

in percentage 100,0 100,0 40,1 59,9

including at the age of, years:

0–14 0,2 0,2 40,0 60,0

15–17 1,2 0,4 33,7 66,3

18–20 6,4 5,0 46,4 53,6

21–29 43,8 32,3 47,6 52,4

30–39 23,9 23,9 40,1 59,9

40 and over 24,5 38,2 30,0 70,0 2.6. Morbidity rate of syphilis among women and men in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population) 15 13,6

11,7 11,2 10,8 10,5 10 8,8 8,7 7,1

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

76 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.7. Morbidity caused by gonorrhea among women and men by age groups in 2010

Distribution by sex, Years Women Men in percentage women men

Total

thousands 2,1 3,2

in percentage 100,0 100,0 39,7 60,3

including at the age of, years:

0–14 0,8 0,2 77,3 22,7

15–17 1,3 1,5 35,1 64,9

18–20 10,5 13,6 33,6 66,4

21–29 57,5 56,0 40,3 59,7

30–39 20,5 19,8 40,5 59,5

40 and over 9,4 8,9 41,0 59,0

2.8. Morbidity rate of gonorrhea among women and men by age groups in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population) 30 26,1 26,3 25 23,7 22,7 19,2 20 17,4 17,2 14,9 15

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

77 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.9. Morbidity rate of mental diseases among women and men in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population)

200 158,4 156,9 152,9 148,1 150 114,2 107,7 109,1 109,1 100

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

2.10. Morbidity rate of alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis among women and men in 2007–2010 (number of cases per 100 000 population)

38,3 40 35,3 32,5 34,3 30

10 3,5 2,8 2,6 2,4 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

78 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.11. Morbidity rate of drug addiction and mental disorders 2010

Per 100 000 Distribution by sex, population in percentage women men women men

First time diagnosed patients:

psychotic disorders 109,1 148,1 42,4 57,6

alcoholism and alcoholic 2,4 35,3 6,3 93,7 psychosis drug addiction and substance abuse 0,6 14,8 4,1 95,9

2.12. Morbidity of population caused by selected infectious diseases 2010

Per 100 000 Распределение population по полу, в % women men women men

Acute enteric infection 75,9 160,5 32,1 67,9

Including bacterial dysentery 9,8 10,2 48,9 51,1

Viral hepatitis 121,8 133,3 47,7 52,3

Scarlet fever 1,4 1,9 41,7 58,3

Chickenpox 13,9 15,5 47,2 52,8

Mumps 4,4 5,6 43,9 56,1

Measles 0,3 0,5 39,3 60,7

German measles - - - -

Meningitis infection 0,1 0,1 40,0 60,0

Acute infection of respiratory tract 1122,1 1193,6 48,4 51,6

Influenza 3,0 4,1 42,5 57,5

79 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.13. Incidence of disease among women in 2007–2010

2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of registered patients Persons for the first time malignant neoplasms 10480 10207 10417 10505 mamma 2038 2053 2094 2261 uterus 1718 1664 1808 1737 placenta and ovary 558 557 563 538 active tuberculosis 7436 6985 7277 7215 alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis 475 390 362 337 syphilis 1453 1211 1212 1008 gonorrhea 2576 2395 2389 2132 uterus erosion and ectropion, thous. 36,7 37,7 36,6 35,4 menstruation disorder, thous. 49,4 54,2 49,4 52,4 sterility, thous. 8,9 9,5 8,9 11,5 complicated pregnancy, childbirth 234,4 265,0 262,7 261,0 and post natal, thous.

2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of registered patients Per 100 000 women for the first time malignant neoplasms 78,0 74,8 75,1 73,6 mamma 15,2 14,9 15,1 15,8 uterus 12,8 12,1 13,0 12,2 placenta and ovary 4,2 50,8 52,5 50,6 active tuberculosis 55,3 44,5 46,0 44,7 alcoholism and alcoholic psychosis 3,5 2,8 2,6 2,4 syphilis 10,8 8,8 8,7 7,1 gonorrhea 19,2 17,4 17,2 14,9 uterus erosion and ectropion, thous. 272,1 268,9 263,8 248,1 menstruation disorder, thous. 367,4 393,9 356,1 367,2 sterility, thous. *) 116,8 121,5 112,9 141,6 complicated pregnancy, childbirth 3087,3 3421,3 3332,7 3213,7 and post natal, thous. *) *) Per 100000 women at fertility age (15–49)

80 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.14. Abortions and childbirth in 2007–2010

2007 2008 2009 2010

Abortions, (including mini-abortions) – total, thous. 42,7 41,8 46,0 40,7

per 1000 women (15–49) 5,6 5,4 5,8 5,0

per 100 childbirth 7,4 6,7 7,2 6,6

Number of abortions among women, years:

15–19 2,2 2,2 2,0 1,9

20–34 31,8 29,9 34,3 30,0

35 and over 8,7 9,7 9,7 8,8

Per 1000 women at the age of

15–19 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,2

20–34 9,0 8,1 9,1 7,7

35 and over 3,5 3,8 3,8 1,9

Number of abortions among women 6,0 5,5 5,8 6,1 pregnant for the first time, thous.

Childbirth (including still-born)

total, thousands 580,1 619,9 636,6 619,5

per 1000 women (15–49) 76,4 80,1 80,8 76,3

81 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.15. Abortions by age groups in 2007 (per 1000 women at the fertility age)

10 9,0 9,1 8,1 7,7 8

6 3,5 3,8 3,8 4 1,9 2 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,2

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 15–19 years 20–34 years 35 years and over

2.16. Number of childbirth and number of abortions in 2007–2010 (thousands) 800 651,3 634,8 608,9 646,1 600

400

200 42,7 41,8 46,0 40,7

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of childbirth (without still-born) Number of abortions including mini-abortions

82 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.17. Number of abortions by regions in 2007–2010 (including mini-abortions)

Total

2007 2008 2009 201 0

Republic of Uzbekistan 42681 41758 45968 40651

Republic of Karakalpakstan 1782 1850 2119 2533

regions:

Andijan 2154 2062 3734 3166

Bukhara 1358 1449 1245 1387

Jizzakh 1358 1092 978 1112

Kashkadarya 1724 1666 1788 1562

Navoi 2243 1946 2003 1498

Namangan 1841 1901 2610 1957

Samarkand 5326 4933 5981 4274

Surkhandarya 1297 1146 1325 1346

Syrdarya 1014 1024 1118 943

Tashkent 3767 3559 3602 2541

Ferghana 3900 3750 4426 3170

Khorezm 1877 1823 1593 1410

City of Tashkent 13040 13557 13446 13752

83 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Per 1000 women (15–49)

2007 2008 2009 201 0

Republic of Uzbekistan 5,6 5,4 5,8 5,0

Republic of Karakalpakstan 3,9 4,0 4,5 5,3

regions:

Andijan 3,1 2,9 5,1 4,2

Bukhara 3,0 3,1 2,6 2,9

Jizzakh 4,6 3,6 3,2 3,5

Kashkadarya 2,5 2,4 2,5 2,1

Navoi 9,5 8,1 8,2 6,0

Namangan 3,0 3,0 4,1 2,9

Samarkand 6,4 5,8 6,9 4,7

Surkhandarya 2,4 2,0 2,3 2,2

Syrdarya 5,1 5,1 5,5 4,5

Tashkent 5,3 5,0 5,0 3,4

Ferghana 4,7 4,4 5,1 3,5

Khorezm 4,4 4,2 3,6 3,1

City of Tashkent 21,5 22,2 22,0 22,1

84 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Per 100 births

2007 2008 2009 201 0

Republic of Uzbekistan 7,4 6,7 7,2 6,6

Republic of Karakalpakstan 5,2 5,0 5,4 6,8

regions:

Andijan 4,0 3,5 6,1 5,5

Bukhara 4,3 4,5 3,6 4,2

Jizzakh 5,7 4,0 3,9 4,5

Kashkadarya 3,1 2,7 2,9 2,6

Navoi 13,1 10,9 11,2 8,3

Namangan 3,6 3,6 5,1 3,9

Samarkand 8,7 7,1 8,1 6,0

Surkhandarya 3,1 2,4 2,8 2,7

Syrdarya 6,3 6,0 6,6 5,9

Tashkent 8,0 7,1 6,8 5,4

Ferghana 5,6 5,6 6,5 4,6

Khorezm 6,0 5,8 4,5 4,1

City of Tashkent 28,6 27,6 26,3 27,3

85 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.18. Abortions in first pregnancies by regions in 2007–2010

Cases

2007 2008 2009 201 0

Republic of Uzbekistan 6001 5465 5835 6141

Republic of Karakalpakstan 439 443 546 696

regions:

Andijan 371 370 456 497

Bukhara 124 77 29 122

Jizzakh 193 69 42 144

Kashkadarya 69 82 69 408

Navoi 303 240 255 298

Namangan 377 412 344 274

Samarkand 515 525 544 392

Surkhandarya 102 79 188 125

Syrdarya 297 325 349 391

Tashkent 547 566 679 608

Ferghana 596 611 600 491

Khorezm 97 94 87 123

City of Tashkent 1971 1572 1647 1572

86 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

In percentage of total number of abortions

2007 2008 2009 201 0

Republic of Uzbekistan 14,1 13,1 12,7 15,1

Republic of Karakalpakstan 24,6 23,9 25,8 27,5

regions:

Andijan 17,2 17,9 12,2 15,7

Bukhara 9,1 5,3 2,3 8,8

Jizzakh 14,2 6,3 4,3 12,9

Kashkadarya 4,0 4,9 3,9 26,1

Navoi 13,5 12,3 12,7 19,9

Namangan 20,5 21,7 13,2 14,0

Samarkand 9,7 10,6 9,1 9,2

Surkhandarya 7,9 6,9 14,2 9,3

Syrdarya 29,3 31,7 31,2 41,5

Tashkent 14,5 15,9 18,9 23,9

Ferghana 15,3 16,3 13,6 15,5

Khorezm 5,2 5,2 5,5 8,7

City of Tashkent 15,1 11,6 12,2 11,4

87 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.19. Use of contraceptive in 2007–2010 (per 100 women at the fertility age 15–49)

60 51,1 48,1 46,3 50 44,2

10 5,3 5,1 5,5 4,5

0 2007 2008 2009 2010

IUD

Hormonal medicines

88 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.20. Health state of pregnant women, new mothers and newborns in 2007–2010

2007 2008 2009 2010 Total number of women, whose period of pregnancy is over, thous. *) 545,5 575,5 590,1 586,6 of them:

normal birth 521,4 548,8 558,3 556,8

premature birth 12,4 15,2 16,5 15,6

spontaneous and therapeutic abortions 11,7 11,4 15,3 14,2 Out of women who completed period of pregnancy, percentage 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

of them:

normal birth 95,6 95,4 94,6 94,9

premature birth 2,3 2,6 2,8 2,7

spontaneous and therapeutic abortions 2,1 2,0 2,6 2,4

Out of women who completed period of pregnancy, thous.:

anemia 343,3 346,0 364,9 317,6

cardiovascular diseases 2,6 2,9 2,4 2,3

diabetus 0,03 0,05 0,05 0,04

late toxicosis 12,4 11,5 10,6 10,9

urine-genital diseases 25,5 22,4 19,4 20,7

venous complications 6,3 5,6 5,7 4,1

Birth anomalies (per 1000 childbirth):

anemia 240,8 234,6 247,7 181,0

cardiovascular diseases 4,0 4,4 3,3 2,1

*) Of those registered in the antenatal clinics 89 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2007 2008 2009 2010

diabetus 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

late toxicosis 35,5 31,1 27,4 23,1

urine-genital diseases 30,6 24,5 25,4 17,4

venous complications 3,7 4,0 3,9 3,9 intrapartum hemorrhage and post-natal period 28,4 22,7 19,3 18,4

birth anomalies 31,2 23,1 17,1 15,5

Children born with certain disease or acquiring sickness (weighting 1000 and more):

total, thousands 90,0 105,0 73,6 57,2 in percentage against the 15,5 16,9 11,5 9,2 number of live-births out of them with certain diseases:

congenital anomaly 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,4 certain health state appearing 19,3 13,2 10,8 during the prenatal period 18,5 Rate of premature birth out of total number of births:

total, thousands 19,2 20,5 21,7 22,4

in percentage against the number of live-births3,3 3,3 3,4 3,6

90 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.21. Medical service institutions and health workers in 2007–2010 (at the end of year)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Number of medical institutions 1191 1139 1162 1158

Number of hospital beds, thousands 138,8 137,5 139,6 139,6

per 10 000 population 51,3 49,9 49,8 47,9

Out of total number of hospital beds:

children, thousands 29,4 28,7 28,5 28,5

per 10 000 children aged 0–14 35,1 34,4 34,0 33,7 Women in pregnancy 20,3 20,1 19,9 and in childbirth, thousands 20,6 per 10 000 women aged 15–49 лет 26,9 25,9 25,3 24,0

gynecological, thousands 6,2 6,1 5,9 5,9

per 10 000 women 4,6 4,4 4,2 4,1 Number of ambulances and out-patient’ clinics 5810 5754 5869 5993 Capacity, total number of visits per shift, thousands 414,5 413,6 415,5 422,5 per 10 000 population 153,1 150,2 148,4 145,1

Number of antenatal clinics (offices) 2475 2599 2703 2857 Number of junior doctors and obstetric stations/posts 2339 2219 2322 2341 Number of Rural Medical Stations/ Posts 1213 711 596 570

91 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2007 2008 2009 2010 Preventorium (for adults and children) 87 82 87 91 number of beds, thousands 12,9 11,7 12,2 13,2

number of recovered, thousands 168,4 167,5 170,0 186,1

Rest-home and holiday hotels 53 53 54 48

number of beds, thousands 3,8 3,8 3,9 3,1

number of recovered, thousands 41,7 47,2 48,0 44,1 Number of rest-home and holiday hotels 42 43 45 44 number of beds, thousands 6,0 6,0 6,2 6,0

number of recovered, thousands 55,4 77,0 81,7 71,5 Number of children’s 29 29 28 28 health centers number of beds, thousands 4,2 4,1 3,9 3,9 number of recovered, children, thousands 24,3 23,5 23,7 23,7 Number of: 76,9 77,1 80,4 79,9

physicians, thousands:

per 10 000 population 28,4 28,0 29,0 27,4

pediatricians, thousands: 10,5 10,2 9,7 9,7

per 10 000 children 12,5 12,2 11,6 11,5 obstetricians-gynecologists, 5,9 5,8 5,8 6,0 thousands: per 10 000 women (15–49) 4,4 4,2 4,1 4,1 paramedical personnel, 283,8 291,3 301,9 310,2 thousands: per 10 000 population 104,8 105,8 107,8 106,5

obstetricians, thousands: 24,4 24,9 25,5 26,0

per 10 000 women (15–49) 31,8 31,9 32,1 31,3

92 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.22. Distribution of physicians by qualification category in 2010

Distribution by sex, Qualification categories Women Men in percentage women men

Total

thousands persons 41,1 38,8

percentage 100,0 100,0 51,5 48,5

including category:

higher 31,7 33,5 50,0 50,0

I 17,2 20,8 46,8 53,2

II 1,8 2,6 41,6 58,4

Do not possess qualification 39,9 29,2 59,1 40,9 category *)

*) Excluding specialists with less than five year experience

93 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.23. Distribution of physicians by speciality in 2007–2010

Thousands

2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 76,9 77,1 80,4 79,9

of them:

therapeutists 19,9 20,2 21,6 22,3 including physicians on exercise therapy 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 surgeons 9,3 9,5 9,7 9,9

obstetricians-gynecologists 5,9 5,8 5,8 6,0

pediatricians 10,5 10,2 9,7 9,7

ophthalmologists 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

otorhinolaryngologists 1,3 1,3 1,3 1,3

phthisiologists 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1

neurologists 1,9 1,9 1,9 2,3

psychiatrists 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0

narcologists 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

dermatovenerologists 1,2 1,1 1,1 1,1

stomatologists 6,3 6,2 6,2 5,8 sanitary-and-antiepidemic group 4,2 4,2 4,3 4,3 roentgenologists and radiologists 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 oncologists 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6

including women 41,4 41,5 41,5 41,2

94 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Per 10 000 population

2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 28,4 28,0 29,0 27,4

of them:

therapeutists 7,4 7,3 7,7 7,7 including physicians on exercise therapy 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,03 surgeons 3,4 3,4 3,5 3,4

obstetricians-gynecologists x) 4,4 4,2 4,1 4,1

pediatricians xx) 12,5 12,2 11,6 11,5

ophthalmologists 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

otorhinolaryngologists 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

phthisiologists 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

neurologists 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,8

psychiatrists 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

narcologists 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

dermatovenerologists 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4

stomatologists 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,0 sanitary-and-antiepidemic group 1,6 1,5 1,5 1,5 roentgenologists and radiologists 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 oncologists 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2

including women 15,3 15,1 14,8 14,1

х) Estimated for total number of women хх) Estimated for total number of children aged 0–14 лет

95 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.24. Provision of pregnant women and women in childbirth with hospital beds by regions in 2007–2010

Total beds

2007 2008 2009 2010

Republic of Uzbekistan 20615 20271 20100 19933

Republic of Karakalpakstan 1076 1040 1075 1078

regions:

Andijan 2120 2110 2095 2105

Bukhara 1443 1428 1383 1362

Jizzakh 818 818 817 812

Kashkadarya 1768 1787 1747 1740

Navoi 732 717 722 707

Namangan 2092 1956 1899 1949

Samarkand 2201 2126 2137 2127

Surkhandarya 1159 1204 1189 1169

Syrdarya 736 685 671 616

Tashkent 1601 1600 1564 1559

Ferghana 2115 2090 2112 2052

Khorezm 1047 999 988 981

City of Tashkent 1707 1711 1701 1676

96 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Per 10000 women aged 15–49

2007 2008 2009 2010

Republic of Uzbekistan 26,9 25,9 25,3 24,0

Republic of Karakalpakstan 23,2 22,2 22,9 22,2

regions:

Andijan 30,1 29,4 28,6 27,5

Bukhara 31,3 30,5 29,2 27,5

Jizzakh 27,6 27,0 26,4 24,9

Kashkadarya 25,3 24,9 23,8 22,6

Navoi 30,7 29,7 29,4 28,2

Namangan 33,8 30,9 29,3 28,5

Samarkand 26,2 24,8 24,4 23,0

Surkhandarya 21,0 21,2 20,5 18,9

Syrdarya 36,8 33,7 32,5 29,3

Tashkent 22,4 22,2 21,5 20,8

Ferghana 25,0 24,2 24,0 22,2

Khorezm 24,2 22,6 21,9 21,2

City of Tashkent 28,1 28,0 27,8 26,5

97 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

2.25. Provision of children (0–14 лет) with hospital beds by regions in 2007–2010

Total

2007 2008 2009 2010

Republic of Uzbekistan 29365 28724 28475 28492

Republic of Karakalpakstan 1333 1357 1355 1375

regions:

Andijan 3019 2897 2848 2885

Bukhara 1280 1305 1366 1319

Jizzakh 966 979 963 942

Kashkadarya 2693 2692 2620 2631

Navoi 830 817 826 846

Namangan 3415 3110 3048 2962

Samarkand 3064 2950 2902 2896

Surkhandarya 1189 1219 1219 1229

Syrdarya 849 770 777 750

Tashkent 2515 2517 2409 2461

Ferghana 3224 3176 3194 3239

Khorezm 1289 1252 1205 1219

City of Tashkent 3699 3683 3743 3738

98 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Per 10000 children aged 0–14

2007 2008 2009 2010

Republic of Uzbekistan 35,1 34,4 34,0 33,7

Republic of Karakalpakstan 26,9 27,4 27,2 27,1

regions:

Andijan 40,5 38,8 37,9 37,9

Bukhara 28,1 28,8 30,2 28,6

Jizzakh 26,4 26,9 26,5 25,8

Kashkadarya 31,2 31,3 30,4 30,4

Navoi 34,2 34,1 34,8 35,4

Namangan 49,7 45,5 44,8 43,0

Samarkand 30,8 29,6 29,1 28,8

Surkhandarya 17,2 17,7 17,7 17,8

Syrdarya 38,8 35,3 35,5 34,2

Tashkent 35,2 35,3 33,7 34,3

Ferghana 35,6 35,4 35,7 35,7

Khorezm 26,9 26,3 25,1 25,1

City of Tashkent 72,6 71,2 71,2 69,7

99 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

EDUCATION

Section “Education” contains statistical data on the number of students of women and men by type of educational institutions, on the number of children in permanent pre-school facilities, on students of higher and secondary vocational institutions by branch profile of education institutions and groups of specialties, on the number of children enrolled in the first grade, on the number of students and teachers of general education, broken down by sex and grade groups, on admission and graduation of specialists from higher,secondary special and professional educational institutions. The data presented on the number of post-graduate students is broken down by research area and sex, admission and graduation of post-graduate students and the number of doctoral students by sex. The data also contains the gender-based distribution of experts/researchers carrying out research, scientific, design and technological work by scientific sector and speciality; and data on the number of women and men teaching in the educational institutions by type of educational institutions. Information was presented on pre-school facilities, general secondary schools, secondary and higher vocational institutions. Pre-school education in Uzbekistan is aimed at shaping a healthy, developed personality of a child preparing him/her to systematic training. Pre-school education in the country is delivered in public and private pre- school institutions. Pre-school educational institutions regardless of their type of ownership practice basic pre-school general education curriculum and standards for pre-school education of different kind, which ensure care, attendance, health improvement, training and education of children under the age of 7. General secondary education provides 9 years of education and is presented in two stages: primary education (I–IV grades) and general secondary education (I–IX grades). Primary education is focused on the development of fundamental literacy, knowledge and skills necessary to continue general secondary education. The admission age of children for the first year of primary education is 6–7 years old. General secondary education provides the necessary amount of knowledge to develop independent thinking, organizational skills and practical

100 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN experience, and to facilitate the student’s initial professional orientation and choice of the next stage of education. Secondary special, vocational education. Everyone has the right to choose an area of general secondary education-based learning in an academic lyceum or vocational college. Academic lyceum or vocational colleges provide an opportunity to receive a secondary special, vocational education with the right and foundation to either proceed working on the acquired profession or continue the education at the next level. Academic lyceum is a three-year secondary special educational institution providing intensive development of intellectual skills, in-depth differentiation and professionally oriented training of students. Vocational college is a three-year secondary vocational educational institution providing in-depth development of professional skills and abilities of students, who acquire one or several specialized fields of the selected profession. Higher education provides for highly qualified specialists. The program of higher professional education is applied in higher educational institutions – universities, academies, institutes and other educational institutions of higher education. Higher education has two stages: Bachelor’s and Master’s programs. Bachelor’s program provides basic higher education with fundamental knowledge in one of the areas of higher education and lasts at least four years.Master’s program is a program of higher education based on Bachelor’s program in a specific field of specialization lasting at least two years Postgraduate education is focused on ensuring the needs of society for scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel with the highest qualification. Postgraduate education can be received at universities and scientific- research institutions (post-graduate studies, graduate military courses, doctoral programs, research program courses). Advanced training and retraining of personnel provides in-depth and updating professional knowledge and skills. Out-of-school education is aimed is designed to meet the individual needs of children and adolescents for cultural, aesthetic, scientific and technical knowledge and sports activities through their leisure time arrangements. 101 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Out-of-school educational institutions include palaces, houses, clubs and centers of child and youth creativity, child and youth sport schools, fine art and music schools, studios, and libraries, recreational and other institutions. Full-time secondary students include individuals learning on a full-time basis in primary or secondary schools as well as students of special schools for disabled/impaired children. Gymnasiums and lyceums are included in the number of general secondary (complete) schools. Total number of students of higher educational institutions does not include foreign students studying in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The sources of information are the data of state statistical surveys of the activities of general education institutions, institutions of special secondary, vocational and higher education. Status of Education. Uzbekistan being a UN Member-State, showing its commitment to the principles of the UN in the field of education, and, considering the “education as a fundamental human right, oriented to the full development of the human person, strengthening of respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as promoting mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations”, was the first country on the post-Soviet territory, which started the reform of education based on its own model. The position of Uzbekistan in the field of education is enshrined in the Basic Law of the country – the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which guarantees the citizens universal rights to education and training, regardless of gender, language, age, racial and national affiliation, belief, religion, social origin, occupation , social status, place of residence and duration of residence on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The model and the concept of national education reform included the creation of entirely new educational system to meet international standards and requirements of innovative developing market economy of the country and corresponding Uzbekistan’s national culture. The concept envisaged a stepwise reform of the education system, which was predetermined by the hugeness of the task and the need to consider structural features of the country at every stage of its transformation.

102 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The main principles of the Uzbek concept of education reform are: • maintaining the integrity of the educational space of the republic of Uzbekistan; • introducing a system of educational standards; • ensuring continuity and consistency in the levels and stages of education; • ensuring a variety of educational programs; • combining mass and elite education at every stage; identifying gifted and talented youth; • providing an environment to consistently obtain fundamental and special knowledge at the highest level 0f education in leading educational institutions, including those in developed countries; • humanizing education – having students develop an integral picture of the world including high spirituality, culture and global thinking; • providing a rational mainstream occupation including national history, cultural traditions and customs, preserving and enriching the culture of Uzbek people, and recognizing education as an important instrument of promoting national development and respect towards the history and culture of other people. • providing compulsory general secondary as well as special, vocational education; • accessibility of education within the established national standards of education. Educational reform in the country was conducted in four stages. At the first preparatory stage (1991–1997), the existing problems of education have been studied from the standpoint of compliance with the existing system of education and market reforms and the best world achievements – the choice of a national model of education. At the second preparatory stage (1997–2001) a national model of continuous education of the population, was formed and domestic personnel training program has been developed. At the third stage (2001–2005) an active process of comprehensive reform of the education system has began in the country. At the fourth stage (2005 and in the following years) – there is a consequent comprehensive improvement of the system and quality of continuous education.

103 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Necessary legal and financial frameworks, as well as the appropriate organizational structure were established in the shortest time in the country for a coherent and systemic reform of education. The Constitution of the Republic Uzbekistan, the Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education” (1992), the new edition of the Law “On Education” (1997), “On the National Training Program” (1997), Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of 09.07.2004 № 321 “On Measures to Implement the National Program for Development of School Education for 2004–2009” have become the regulatory framework of the education reform. The National program for personnel training initiated by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a concept and long-term strategy of gradual reform of education in the country. The National Programme on personnel training has been implemented through a package of targeted national programs: - Programs of stepwise transfer to the secondary and secondary special education aimed at implementation of the state policy in the field of secondary specialized, vocational education; - Nation-wide public School Education Development Program for 2004–2009, providing for creation of equal education conditions for children in rural and urban schools; - Programs of equipping the general education schools with furniture, modern teaching and laboratory equipment, computers and sports equipment, provides for the strengthening and the convergence of material and technical base of urban and rural schools; - Programs of training, retraining and on-going professional education of pedagogical, engineering and teaching staff of secondary special and vocational education institutions aimed at improving the quality structure of the teaching staff in secondary special, professional education; - Programs for publication of textbooks and teaching aids for general education schools for 2005-2009., which provide for creation of comprehensive system for the preparation and staffing of schools with modern literature and teaching materials to meet the requirements of state educational standards. The last stage of the development and deepening the reform of education was developed and defined in the Concept of “Improving the Quality of Education for the Period of 2006–2010”. The current stage of reform is to implement modern stage of the reform for: 104 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

- Improving of the educational standards; - A new, more advanced system of training and retraining of pedagogical and managerial personnel; - Modern methods of teaching subjects using multimedia-based and interactive programs; - Bringing the research work in the field of public education closer to teaching practice. Implementation of this concept provides continuity and consistency of the stages of the reforms, the unity of teaching, training and education, and ultimately – a comprehensive development of personality and, what is important, the younger generation. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education” has identified the following stages of education: pre-school education, general secondary education, specialized secondary and vocational education, higher education, post-graduate education, training and retraining; out-of-school education. All together,these steps ensure the continuity of education in the country. Continuity of education in the country is considered as a guarantor of the development of cognition and formation of independent creative thinking of the individual, training of highly qualified specialists according to the requirements of the economy based on knowledge. The right to education is ensured by: the development of public and private educational institutions; on-job and off-job training/learning arrangements; free education in public types of educational institutions when continuing education to the next stage; the provision of rights to nationals with a home- education or self-education background to receive qualification through the accredited educational institutions. Under the implementation of the National Program for Personnel Training in the country, a new stage of education – a three-year free compulsory secondary special and vocational education was introduced. This new step has provided the link between general secondary education and the stage of professional training of young people and helped to overcome the existing gap between the knowledge obtained in school and lack of practical experience and skills in the workplace. To obtain secondary special education, two types of secondary special and vocational institutions were introduced – (i) professional colleges, providing, along with general education, professional knowledge in the chosen specialty,

105 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

(ii) academic high schools providing in-depth knowledge of the subjects, having scientific and practical importance. In higher education a two stages system of education was introduced; it consists of Bachelor’s and Master’s programs. Because of the reforms, the new state educational standards and state requirements for all types of education were prepared and books of new generation for institutions of general secondary education and secondary special and vocational education were prepared and published; sets of manuals and recommendations for specialists of pre-school institutions, schools, academic lyceums and professional colleges in the country were adopted. A new training curriculum and programs, providing continuity of subjects and disciplines was introduced in institutions of general secondary education and secondary special and professional educational institutions. Harmonized with the international educational standards, the state standards, “Higher Education”, “The national Classification of areas and specialties of higher education”, based on International Standard qualifier at ISCED-97 have been developed and implemented. In order to staff the academic lyceums and professional colleges with the highly qualified teaching and engineering teaching staff a targeted program of selection, appraisal, training and retraining of managers and teachers was developed and implemented. The system of training of teachers with a bachelor's degree at special correspondence courses of higher education institutions was introduced; training and retraining centers of teachers, engineers and teachers of secondary special, professional education were open. Internship and on-going education became a widely practiced type of training and professional development abroad. Motivation for high-quality work in the educational system is increased – a Decree-of the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan as of 21.12.2005 № 275 has introduced an improved system of remuneration of employees of public education, which started from 2006. New principles of financing the education system were introduced – along with the public financing of education, a fee-contract form of student learning was introduced in higher education, providing the students with loans with flexible mode of repayment.

106 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

As part of the education reform, the network of schools was expanded and new types of educational institutions – academic lyceums and vocational colleges were commissioned. Today, a problem of overall coverage with secondary special and vocational education in Uzbekistan has been completely solved. Number of students in schools has decreased due to elimination of the 10–11 grades (in 2010 the enrollment to the 10th grade was terminated, except for schools in remote areas of the six regions, where it is still allowed up to 2013). Today Uzbekistan, according to its education index has approached to the group of countries with a maximum value of the human development index (HRI). The Uzbek model of education based on the best world achievements and the sequence and consistency of the reforms allowed not only preserving the pre-existing attainment in this area, but also creating qualitatively new conditions for the development of education, appropriate to the model of the welfare state. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in his speech at the opening of the International Conference “Preparing an educated and intellectually advanced generation – as a key condition for the sustainable development and modernization of the country” (02.17.2012, Tashkent) said: “All that is done and is underway in Uzbekistan to implement the Programme of reforming the education system, first of all, meets the long-term interests, realities and peculiarities of rather complex phase of the modern development of the country”. By the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year, 9806 general education institutions, 1396 vocational colleges, 143 academic lyceums and 65 higher educational institutions were functioning in the educational system of the country (with 6 branches of foreign higher educational institutions). At the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year, 6595.8 thousand people were taught into educational institutions of the country. Number of students in secondary schools at the beginning of 2010/2011 school year has decreased compared to 2007/2008 academic year by 12.9% and amounted to 4695.3 thousand persons, of whom 48.5% were women and 51.5% – men. Reducing the number of students in general secondary schools occurred mainly due to reduction of the number of students in grades 10–11 (their

107 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN number has decreased from 281.1 thousand to 19.3 thousand people, respectively) in connection with the transition to secondary special, vocational educational institutions on completion the studies in the 9th grade. In 2010, the gross school enrollment was as follows: age 7–10 years – 99.8%, 11–15 years – 96.2%. These data, considering the actual population, allow stating the overall coverage of children in the country with school training. Admission to secondary special and vocational educational institutions in the reported period has increased by 18.3% and amounted to 570.8 thousand persons, of whom 48.4% were girls and 51.6% – boys (in 2007/2008 academic year, there were 482.5 thousand people, of whom 48.9% – girls and 51.1% – boys). At the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year, number of students in secondary special and vocational educational institutions has increased by 35.8% and amounted to 1623.1 thousand persons, of whom 48.5% were girls and 51.5% were boys, as compared to the beginning of 2007/2008 academic year. In the reported period, the number of graduates of secondary special and vocational educational institutions has increased by more than 1.4 – 445.6 thousand people as compared to 314.7 thousand in 2007/2008 academic year. Share of women predominates among graduates: in 2010/2011 academic year, women accounted for 50.1%, men – for 49.9%; in 2007/2008 academic year – 50.5% were women and 49.5% – men, respectively. There is a difference in the ratio of girls to boys enrolled by type of secondary special and vocational educational institutions. For example, 108.3 thousand students were trained in academic high schools, of whom 40.5% were girls and 59.5% – boys, respectively, in vocational college of 1514.8 thousand people, 49.1% were girls and 50.9% were boys. Total number of students trained in the secondary special and vocational education institutions of the country amounted to 570 per 10 thousand population, which was by 29.0% higher than in 2007/2008 academic year. In selection of specialties in secondary special and vocational education institutions, girls show decided preference to such fields as education (76.3% of students – girls and 23.7% – boys), healthcare, physical education and sport (75.6% and 24.4 %), arts and cinema (52.2% and 47.8%), whereas boys prefer transport and communications (28.7% – girls and 71.3% – boys),

108 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN industry and construction, agriculture (39.6% – girls and 60.4% – boys). At the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year, 396.8 thousand full-time teachers were working in educational institutions, among them women constitute an absolute majority, and their share in the reported period has increased from 67.9% in 2007 to 70.4% – in 2010. Nowadays, the increase in proportion of women among the heads of educational institutions is observed. Thus, at the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year, the proportion of women in the total number of directors of educational institutions and their deputies was 55.7%, the share of men – 44.3% versus 38.1% of women, respectively, and 61.9% of men at the beginning of 2007/2008 academic year. In secondary special and vocational education institutions the situation with teaching staff has also changed in favor of women – their share has increased from 43.4% in 2007 to 52.6% in 2010, while the proportion of men has decreased from 56.6% to 47.2%, respectively. In 2010/2011 academic year, there were 7482 teachers (regular staff) working in the academic lyceums of the country, of which 58.8% were women and 41.2% – men. Of total number of teachers, 99.3% have a higher education. In vocational colleges, there were almost 79.7 thousand of teachers (regular staff), of whom 52.1% were women and 47.9 percent – men. 93.3 percent of total number of teachers had the higher education. There are 65 units of higher education institutions in the country, including 59 higher educational institutions, the University of Westminster, the branches of the Russian Economic University named after Plekhanov, Moscow State University named after M. Lomonosov, as well as a branch of the Russian University of Oil and Gas named after Gubkin, branch of the Turin Polytechnic University and Singapore Institute of Management Development. In 2010/2011 academic year, 274.5 thousand students were taught in the higher educational institutions of the republic versus 296.6 thousand students in 2007/2008 academic year. Of total number of students of higher educational institutions, women accounted for 38.5% and 61.5% – for men (in 2007/2008 academic year – women – 39.9%, and men – 60.1%, respectively). In 2010/2011 academic year, the admission to higher educational institutions has decreased in comparison with 2007/2008 academic year by 7.2% and amounted to 64.1 thousand people, of whom 36.1% were women

109 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN and 63.9% – men (in 2007/2008 academic year women were 37.9% and 62.1% – men). In 2010/2011 academic year, the number of admitted to Bachelor’s program amounted to 58.6 thousand people, of them 38.4 thousand or 65.5% were on a fee-based. Of total number of admitted to Bachelor’s program 36.2% were girls and 63.8% were young men. 5536 people were admitted to Master’s program, of them 3946 thousand or 71.3% were on a fee-based contract. Of total number of those admitted to the magistracy 34.3%t were women and 65.7% – men. The choice of specialties in educational institutions between women and men is somewhat different. Typically, women students of higher and secondary specialized education institutions prefer such fields as education – 72.6% of all women enrolled in higher education, healthcare, physical education and sports – 10.6%, industry and construction – 6.7 %, among men students most of them prefer education sector – 40.5%, industry and construction – 21.2%, and economics and law – 11.1%. Among the students in the field of transport and communications, industry and construction, agriculture, economics and law – more than 83.7% are men and less than 16.3% – women. Almost in all sectors, except education, the proportion of men exceeds significantly the proportion of women. In 2010/2011 academic year, there were 96 students of the higher educational institutions per 10 thousand of population. The choice of specialties of girls and boys is affected, along with the economic factors and traditions in the family, by the peculiarities of geographic location and particular specialization of the education institutions. In 2010, the number of faculty members in public higher education institutions of the country (the Ministry of Higher Education and the Ministry of Education) was 26.4 thousand, of whom 40.9% were women and 59.1% – men (in 2007, women accounted for 39.8%, men – for 60.2%). Men present the vast majority among managers. Thus, in 2010, the total number of Rectors were men accounted for 96.0%, and women – 4.0%, versus 95.9 and 4.1 in 2007, respectively; women-Prorectors accounted for 8.5% and men – 91.5% (in 2007, 7.8 and 92.2%, respectively), Deans of Faculties – 8.9 % of women and 91.1% of men (in 2007, – 7.0 of women, 93.0% – of men), Heads of Departments – 22.6% – of women, 77.4% – of men (in 2007, – 21.6% – of women, 78.4% – of men), Senior teachers – 49.4% women, 50.6 % – of men (in 2007, – 47.7% – women and 52.3% – men) and among teachers and

110 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN assistants – 53.9% – women, 46.1% male (2007 – 52.3% – of women and 47.7% – men). Special attention is paid to development of post-graduate education aimed at training scientific and pedagogical personnel in the country. In education system, the preparation of such specialists is carried out through two-step training in undergraduate school (first step) and doctorate (second step). Each step requires the preparation of the thesis – the candidate thesis for the first stage and the doctor thesis – for the second stage. At the end of 2010, the number of post-graduate students in the country was 2,700, of whom 42.5% were women and 57.5% were men. In 2010, 895 post-graduate students were admitted, of whom 38.1% – of women and 61.9% – men. There were 776 graduate students. In 2010, of total class of graduate students – 41.8% were women and 58.2% – men. In the ratio of successfully completed post-graduate (defended their candidate's dissertation) by the proportion of men was also higher – 57.0% vs. 43.0% of women. By the end of 2010, the number of doctoral students amounted to 217 people in the country. The co-relation of doctoral students: 41.9% – women and 58.1%. – men. By the end of 2010, the number of specialists and researchers performing research and development amounted to 30.3 thousand people, of them women – 41.2% and men – 58.8 %. Among the experts – researchers with the degree of Doctor of Science, 18.8% were women and 81.2% – men, Ph.D. – 30.0% - women and 70.0% – men. By the end of 2010, the number of academicians in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan amounted to 93 persons, of whom 7.5% were women and 92.5% – men, versus 112 persons in 2007, of whom 6.3% were women and 93.7% – men.

111 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.1. Number of children attending permanent pre-school institutions (2007–2010) (at the end of year; thousands)

Urban area Rural area Total girlsboys girls boys 2007 553,6 157,6 164,5 116,4 115,1 2008 530,4 149,7 158,0 111,1 111,6 2009 526,9 177,6 188,5 79,7 81,1 2010 522,9 173,9 184,1 82,2 82,7

3.2. Number of people studying at different types of educational institutions as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year

Distribution by sex, Women Men in percentage women men Total number of students being trained at:

in thousands 3172,9 3422,9

in percentage 100,0 100,0 48,1 51,9

including:

general education schools 71,8 70,6 48,5 51,5

vocational colleges 23,4 22,5 49,1 50,9 academic lyceums 1,4 1,9 40,5 59,5 higher educational institutions 3,3 4,9 38,5 61,5 post-graduate courses х) 0,03 0,05 42,5 57,5 doctoral courses х) 0,003 0,003 44,5 55,5

х) at the end of 2010

112 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.3. Number of children entering the first grade in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years *) (at the beginning of school year; thousands)

Distribution by sex, Including Academic in percentage years Total girlsboys girls boys

2007/2008 493,7 238,6 255,1 48,3 51,7

2008/2009 483,8 234,6 249,2 48,5 51,5

2009/2010 489,3 235,5 253,8 48,1 51,9

2010/2011 480,3 231,5 248,8 48,2 51,8

*) Excluding pupils of schools and grades for children with corporal or mental defects

3.4. Distribution of teachers by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of school year; in percentage)

Day-time general Secondary special and Higher education Academic education schools vocational institutions *) institutions years women men womenmen women men 2007/2008 67,9 32,1 43,4 56,6 39,3 60,7 2008/2009 69,3 30,7 46,4 53,6 37,7 62,3 2009/2010 70,5 29,5 53,5 46,5 35,0 65,0 2010/2011 70,4 29,6 52,6 47,2 38,2 61,8

*) Since 2009/2010 academic year, the registration of teachers – women in secondary special and vocational institutions is provided from the number of regular staff

113 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.5. Principals of general education schools by sex as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year

Распределение Women Men по полу, % women men Total number of directors and deputy directors of day-time general education schools

in thousands 16,6 13,2

in percentage 100,0 100,0 55,7 44,3

including:

directors of general education schools:

primary schools 0,2 0,2 54,4 45,6

secondary schools 18,1 46,4 33,0 67,0

deputy directors (including 81,7 53,4 65,8 34,2 deputies on after-school activities)

* Regular staff

114 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.6. Teaching staff of state higher education institutions 2007–2010 *) (at the end of year; regular staff)

Distribution by sex, Persons As percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men women men

2007

Total number of academic teaching staff 10384 15710 100,0 100,0 39,8 60,2 including: rectors 3 70 0,03 0,45 4,1 95,9 prorectors 24 283 0,23 1,80 7,8 92,2 deans of faculties 26 348 0,25 2,22 7,0 93,0 heads of departments 405 1473 3,90 9,38 21,6 78,4 professors in the departments 219 1248 2,11 7,94 14,9 85,1 associated professors 1954 4704 18,82 29,94 29,3 70,7 senior teachers 2755 3025 26,53 19,26 47,7 52,3 teachers, assistants 4998 4559 48,13 29,01 52,3 47,7

2010

Total number of academic teaching staff 10789 15570 100,0 100,0 40,9 59,1 including: rectors 3 72 0,03 0,46 4,0 96,0 prorectors 27 290 0,25 1,86 8,5 91,5 deans of faculties 36 370 0,33 2,38 8,9 91,1 heads of departments 426 1455 3,95 9,34 22,6 77,4 professors in the departments 196 1281 1,82 8,23 13,3 86,7 associated professors 1929 4619 17,88 29,67 29,5 70,5 senior teachers 2912 2977 26,99 19,12 49,4 50,6 teachers, assistants 5260 4506 48,75 28,94 53,9 46,1

*) Source: The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education and the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

115 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.7. Number of students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2007/2008 academic year

Distribution by sex, Thousands As percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men women men

Total students 2622,4 2770,4 100,0 100,0 48,6 51,4

urban area 821,7 900,7 100,0 100,0 47,7 52,3

rural area 1800,7 1869,7 100,0 100,0 49,1 50,9

including

students of 1–4 grades 1006,7 1064,6 38,4 38,4 48,6 51,4

urban area 327,4 353,5 39,8 39,3 48,1 51,9

rural area 679,3 711,1 37,7 38,0 48,9 51,1

students of 5–9 grades 1472,7 1548,3 56,1 55,9 48,7 51,3

urban area 468,2 511,0 57,0 56,7 47,8 52,2

rural area 1004,5 1037,3 55,8 55,0 49,2 50,8

students of 10–11 grades 136,0 145,1 5,2 5,3 48,4 51,6

urban area 20,2 26,3 2,5 2,9 43,4 56,6

rural area 115,8 118,8 6,4 6,4 49,4 50,6

students of schools and grades for children with 7,0 12,4 0,3 0,4 36,1 63,9 corporal or mental defects

urban area 5,9 9,9 0,7 1,1 37,3 62,7

rural area 1,1 2,5 0,1 0,1 31,6 69,4 Total teachers (excluding by-workers) 302,7 143,4 100,0 100,0 67,9 32,1 urban area 82,9 23,1 27,4 16,1 78,2 21,8

rural area 219,8 120,3 72,6 83,9 68,6 35,4

116 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.8. Number of students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2008/2009 academic year

Distribution by sex, Thousands As percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men women men

Total students 2500,3 2640,8 100,0 100,0 48,6 51,4

urban area 789,8 861,4 100,0 100,0 47,8 52,2

rural area 1710,5 1779,4 100,0 100,0 49,0 51,0

including

students of 1–4 grades 969,4 1026,3 38,8 38,9 48,6 51,4

urban area 317,0 342,2 40,2 39,7 48,1 51,9

rural area 652,4 684,1 38,1 38,4 48,8 51,2

students of 5–9 grades 1434,7 1508,2 57,4 57,1 48,8 51,2

urban area 458,2 498,5 58,0 57,9 47,9 52,1

rural area 976,5 1009,7 57,1 56,7 49,2 50,8

students of 10–11 grades 88,9 94,0 3,5 3,5 48,6 51,4

urban area 8,9 11,2 1,1 1,3 44,3 55,7

rural area 80,0 82,8 4,7 4,7 49,1 50,9

students of schools and grades for children with 7,3 12,3 0,3 0,5 37,2 62,8 corporal or mental defects

urban area 5,7 9,5 0,7 1,1 37,5 62,5

rural area 1,6 2,8 0,1 0,2 36,4 63,6 Total teachers (excluding by-workers) 306,7 136,1 100,0 100,0 69,3 30,7 urban area 85,5 20,2 27,9 14,8 80,9 19,1

rural area 221,2 115,9 72,1 85,2 65,6 34,4

117 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.9. Number of students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2009/2010 academic year

Distribution by sex, Thousands As percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men women men

Total students 2384,2 2524,9 100,0 100,0 48,6 51,4

urban area 1245,7 1344,7 100,0 100,0 48,1 51,9

rural area 1138,5 1180,2 100,0 100,0 49,1 50,9

including

students of 1–4 grades 951,9 1010,8 39,9 40,0 48,5 51,5

urban area 499,0 537,5 40,1 40,0 48,1 51,9

rural area 452,9 473,3 39,8 40,1 48,9 51,1

students of 5–9 grades 1383,4 1457,3 58,0 57,7 48,7 51,3

urban area 727,2 781,8 58,4 58,1 48,2 51,8

rural area 656,2 675,5 57,6 57,2 49,3 50,7

students of 10–11 grades 41,9 45,0 1,8 1,8 48,2 51,8

urban area 13,1 14,8 1,0 1,1 47,0 53,0

rural area 28,8 30,2 2,5 2,6 48,8 51,2

students of schools and grades for children with 7,0 11,8 0,3 0,5 37,2 62,8 corporal or mental defects

urban area 6,4 10,6 0,5 0,8 37,6 62,4

rural area 0,6 1,2 0,1 0,1 33,3 66,7 Total teachers (excluding by-workers) 302,1 126,3 100,0 100,0 70,5 29,5 urban area 152,0 44,4 50,3 35,2 77,4 22,6

rural area 150,1 81,9 49,7 64,8 64,7 35,3

118 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.10. Number of students and teachers of general education schools by grade groups as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year

Distribution by sex, Thousands As percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men women men

Total students 2278,9 2416,4 100,0 100,0 48,5 51,5

urban area 1197,2 1296,6 100,0 100,0 48,0 52,0

rural area 1081,7 1119,8 100,0 100,0 49,1 50,9

including

students of 1–4 grades 938,7 1000,9 41,2 41,4 48,4 51,6

urban area 491,5 532,4 41,1 41,1 48,0 52,0

rural area 447,2 468,5 41,3 41,8 48,8 51,2

students of 5–9 grades 1323,1 1394,2 58,1 57,7 48,7 51,3

urban area 697,5 751,9 58,3 58,0 48,1 51,9

rural area 625,6 642,3 57,8 57,4 49,3 50,7

students of 10–11 grades 10,0 9,3 0,4 0,4 51,8 48,2

urban area 1,7 1,5 0,1 0,1 53,1 46,9

rural area 8,3 7,8 0,8 0,7 51,6 48,4

students of schools and grades for children with 7,1 12,0 0,3 0,5 37,2 62,8 corporal or mental defects

urban area 6,5 10,8 0,5 0,8 37,6 62,4

rural area 0,6 1,2 0,1 0,1 33,3 66,7 Total teachers (excluding by-workers) 279,5 117,3 100,0 100,0 70,4 29,6 urban area 142,9 41,0 51,1 35,0 77,7 22,3

rural area 136,6 76,3 48,9 65,0 64,2 35,8

119 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.11. Students of secondary special, vocational educational institutions in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of academic year)

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Total number of students 585,9 609,4 681,7 698,8

attending at:

day departments 544,2 580,0 647,1 674,8

evening departments 0,3 0,9 0,2 0,9

correspondence departments 41,4 28,5 34,4 23,1

Students per 10000 population, 433 450 495 507 persons

As percent of total

Total number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 92,9 95,2 94,9 96,6

evening departments 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1

correspondence departments 7,0 4,7 5,1 3,3

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Total number of students 49,0 51,0 49,4 50,6

attending at:

day departments 48,4 51,6 49,0 51,0

evening departments 23,4 76,6 21,1 78,9

correspondence departments 59,2 40,8 59,8 40,2

120 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

women menwomen men

Thousands

Total number of students 742,1 768,6 787,0 836,0

attending at:

day departments 734,3 763,4 773,7 824,0

evening departments 0,2 0,6 0,2 0,5

correspondence departments 7,6 4,6 13,1 11,5

Students per 10000 population, 531 548 541 574 persons

As percent of total

Total number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 98,9 99,3 98,3 98,6

evening departments 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0

correspondence departments 1,0 0,6 1,7 1,4

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Total number of students 49,1 50,9 48,5 51,5

attending at:

day departments 49,0 51,0 48,4 51,6

evening departments 21,3 78,7 25,1 74,9

correspondence departments 62,4 37,6 53,4 46,6

121 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.12. Enrolment in secondary special, vocational educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of academic year)

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 236,1 246,4 252,2 262,8

attending at:

day departments 227,7 240,6 247,0 259,4

evening departments 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,3

correspondence departments 8,3 5,5 5,1 3,1

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 96,5 97,7 98,0 98,7

evening departments 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1

correspondence departments 3,5 2,2 2,0 1,2

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 48,9 51,1 49,0 51,0

attending at:

day departments 48,6 51,4 48,8 51,2

evening departments 20,3 79,7 13,5 86,5

correspondence departments 60,3 39,7 61,9 38,1

122 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 272,2 288,5 276,1 294,7

attending at:

day departments 272,0 288,4 276,1 294,7

evening departments - - - -

correspondence departments 0,2 0,1 - -

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 99,9 100,0 100,0 100,0

evening departments - - - -

correspondence departments 0,1 0,0 - -

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 48,6 51,4 48,4 51,6

attending at:

day departments 48,5 51,5 48,4 51,6

evening departments - - - -

correspondence departments 69,2 30,8 - -

123 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.13. Distribution of graduates from secondary special, vocational educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 158,9 155,8 167,1 158,3

attending at:

day departments 125,1 131,5 134,8 137,3

evening departments 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

correspondence departments 33,7 24,2 32,2 20,9

Graduates per 10.000 population 118 116 122 116

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 78,7 84,4 80,7 86,7

evening departments 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1

correspondence departments 21,2 15,5 19,3 13,2

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 50,5 49,5 51,3 48,7

attending at:

day departments 48,8 51,2 49,6 50,4

evening departments 29,7 70,3 25,7 74,3

correspondence departments 58,2 41,8 60,7 39,3

124 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 197,9 198,5 223,3 222,3

attending at:

day departments 175,9 181,8 217,9 219,4

evening departments 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2

correspondence departments 21,9 16,5 5,3 2,7

Graduates per 10.000 population 143 143 156 156

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 88,9 91,6 97,6 98,7

evening departments 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1

correspondence departments 11,1 8,3 2,4 1,2

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 49,9 50,1 50,1 49,9

attending at:

day departments 49,2 50,8 49,8 50,2

evening departments 22,6 77,4 22,9 77,1

correspondence departments 57,1 42,9 66,1 33,9

125 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.14. Students of vocational colleges by sex and specialization as of the beginning of 2010/2011 academic year

Women Men Thousands Total 743,2 771,6 including: education 116,9 36,3 healthcare and sports 132,3 42,6 industry and construction 127,3 194,6 agriculture 121,9 186,2 transport and communication 35,5 88,1 economy and law 101,7 115,0 art and cinematography 16,6 15,2 services 91,0 93,6 As percent of total Total 100,0 100,0 including: education 15,7 4,7 healthcare and sports 17,8 5,6 industry and construction 17,1 25,2 agriculture 16,4 24,1 transport and communication 4,8 11,4 economy and law 13,7 14,9 art and cinematography 2,2 2,0 services 12,3 12,1 Distribution by sex, in percentage Total 49,1 50,9 including: education 76,3 23,7 healthcare and sports 75,6 24,4 industry and construction 39,6 60,4 agriculture 39,6 60,4 transport and communication 28,7 71,3 economy and law 46,9 53,1 art and cinematography 52,2 47,8 services 49,3 50,7

126 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.15. Students of higher educational institutions in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of the academic year)

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Total number of students 118,2 178,4 120,4 177,5

attending at:

day departments 98,6 152,7 106,1 165,7

correspondence departments 19,6 25,7 14,3 11,8

Students per 10.000 population, 87 132 88 129 persons

As percent of total

Total number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 83,4 85,6 88,1 93,4

correspondence departments 16,6 14,4 11,9 6,6

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Total number of students 39,9 60,1 40,4 59,6

attending at:

day departments 39,2 60,8 39,0 61,0

correspondence departments 43,3 56,7 55,0 45,0

127 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

womenmen women men

Thousands

Total number of students 114,4 171,8 105,7 168,8

attending at:

day departments 105,1 166,8 101,8 166,9

correspondence departments 9,3 5,0 3,9 1,9

Students per 10.000 population, 82 123 73 116 persons

As percent of total

Total number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 91,9 97,1 96,3 98,9

correspondence departments 8,1 2,9 3,7 1,1

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Total number of students 40,0 60,0 38,5 61,5

attending at:

day departments 38,7 61,3 37,9 62,1

correspondence departments 64,8 35,2 67,1 32,9

128 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.16. Enrolment in higher educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of the academic year)

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 26,2 42,9 25,3 38,5

attending at:

day departments 22,6 40,8 21,7 36,7

correspondence departments 3,6 2,1 3,6 1,8

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 86,1 95,2 85,6 95,3

correspondence departments 13,9 4,8 14,4 4,7

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 37,9 62,1 39,7 60,3

attending at:

day departments 35,6 64,4 37,1 62,9

correspondence departments 64,1 35,9 67,0 33,0

129 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 22,2 38,5 23,1 41,0

attending at:

day departments 22,2 38,4 23,1 40,9

correspondence departments 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

attending at:

day departments 100,0 99,9 99,8 99,8

correspondence departments 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,2

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 36,6 63,4 36,1 63,9

attending at:

day departments 36,6 63,4 36,1 63,9

correspondence departments 10,8 89,2 28,7 71,3

130 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.17. Distribution of graduates from higher educational institutions by sex and type of education in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years

2007/2008 2008/2009

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 28,3 44,9 35,4 47,5

including:

day departments 17,9 29,3 25,8 32,9

correspondence departments 10,4 15,6 9,6 14,6

Graduates per 10.000 population, 21 33 26 35 persons

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

including:

day departments 63,4 65,3 73,0 69,3

correspondence departments 36,6 34,7 27,0 30,7

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 38,7 61,3 42,7 57,3

including:

day departments 38,0 62,0 43,9 56,1

correspondence departments 40,0 60,0 39,5 60,5

131 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

2009/2010 2010/2011

womenmen women men

Thousands

Number of students 30,4 41,4 33,9 42,5

including:

day departments 25,5 37,0 28,0 40,0

correspondence departments 4,9 4,4 5,9 2,5

Graduates per 10.000 population, 22 30 24 30 persons

As percent of total

Number of students 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

including:

day departments 84,0 89,5 82,5 94,1

correspondence departments 16,0 10,5 17,5 5,9

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of students 42,4 57,6 44,3 55,7

including:

day departments 40,9 59,1 41,1 58,9

correspondence departments 52,9 47,1 70,0 30,0

132 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.18. Distribution of students of higher educational institutions by branches in 2007/2008–2010/2011 academic years (at the beginning of the academic year)

20078 /200 20089 /200

womenmen women men

Thousands Total 118,2 178,4 120,4 177,5 including: industry and construction 7,4 37,7 6,8 34,1 transport and communication 1,3 14,8 1,4 14,4 agriculture 2,3 13,8 2,0 13 economy and law 4,9 23,5 4,0 24,1 healthcare and sports 10,7 13,8 11,6 14,1 education 90,5 72,6 93,2 75,9 art and cinematography 1,1 2,2 1,4 1,9 As percent of total Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 including: industry and construction 6,2 21,1 5,7 19,2 transport and communication 1,1 8,3 1,2 8,1 agriculture 2,0 7,7 1,7 7,3 economy and law 4,2 13,2 3,3 13,6 healthcare and sports 9,0 7,8 9,6 7,9 education 76,6 40,7 77,4 42,8 art and cinematography 0,9 1,2 1,1 1,1 Distribution by sex, in percentage Total 39,9 60,1 40,4 59,6 including: industry and construction 16,3 83,7 16,7 83,3 transport and communication 7,9 92,1 8,9 91,1 agriculture 14,5 85,5 13,4 86,6 economy and law 17,3 82,7 14,2 85,8 healthcare and sports 43,5 56,5 45,1 54,9 education 55,5 44,5 55,1 44,9 art and cinematography 34,1 65,9 41,7 58,3

133 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

20091 /20 0 2010 /20 11

womenmen women men

Thousands Total 114,4 171,8 105,7 168,8 including: industry and construction 7,1 34,9 7,1 35,7 transport and communication 1,8 15,2 1,8 15,7 agriculture 2,5 13,0 3,0 13,8 economy and law 4,4 21,1 4,5 18,8 healthcare and sports 11,6 14,1 11,2 14,3 education 85,6 71,5 76,7 68,5 art and cinematography 1,4 2,0 1,4 2,0 As percent of total Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 including: industry and construction 6,2 20,3 6,7 21,2 transport and communication 1,6 8,8 1,7 9,3 agriculture 2,2 7,6 2,8 8,2 economy and law 3,8 12,3 4,3 11,1 healthcare and sports 10,2 8,2 10,6 8,5 education 74,8 41,6 72,6 40,5 art and cinematography 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,2 Distribution by sex, in percentage Total 40,0 60,0 38,5 61,5 including: industry and construction 16,9 83,1 16,5 83,5 transport and communication 10,9 89,1 10,4 89,6 agriculture 16,1 83,9 17,7 82,3 economy and law 17,1 82,9 19,3 80,7 healthcare and sports 45,2 54,8 43,8 56,2 education 54,5 45,5 52,9 47,1 art and cinematography 40,7 59,3 41,5 58,5

134 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.19. Number, enrolment and distribution of post-graduate student by sex in 2007–2010 гг.*) (at the end of year)

2007 2008 2009 2010

womenmen women men women men women men

Persons

Number of post-graduate 939 1304 1147 1491 1195 1546 1148 1552 students

Enrolment 356 530 385 571 382 558 341 554

Graduation 208 284 201 347 298 434 324 452

including those defending 26 23 36 41 29 41 49 65 theses

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Number of post-graduate 41,9 58,1 43,5 56,5 43,6 56,4 42,5 57,5 students

Enrolment 40,2 59,8 40,3 59,7 40,6 59,4 38,1 61,9

Graduation 42,3 57,7 36,7 63,3 40,7 59,3 41,8 58,2

including those defending 53,1 46,9 46,8 53,2 41,4 58,6 43,0 57,0 theses

*) Here and below, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of 02.11.2010 № PP-1462 “On measures to further improve the system of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel”, since November 10, 2010, an updated system of post- graduate education has been introduced, providing for establishing of the Institute of trainees researchers candidates (instead of undergraduate school) and the Institute of senior research fellows, candidates (instead of the doctoral courses)

135 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.20. Distribution of post-graduate students by sex and research area in 2010 (at the end of year)

Distribution by sex, Women Men in percentage women men Total in persons 1148 1552 in percentage 100,0 100,0 42,5 57,5 including the following branches: Philology 17,0 6,7 65,2 34,8 Psychology 2,4 0,6 73,7 26,3 Pedagogy 9,9 5,6 56,7 43,3 Pharmacy 1,2 0,5 63,6 36,4 Sociology 0,3 0,2 50,0 50,0 Fine arts 2,0 1,4 52,3 47,7 Medicine 15,3 12,0 48,6 51,4 Biology 7,9 5,7 50,8 49,2 Philosophy 1,8 2,6 34,4 65,6 Geography 1,2 1,2 43,7 56,3 Chemistry 2,8 4,1 33,3 66,7 History 4,8 4,9 42,0 58,0 Architecture 0,4 0,4 45,5 54,5 Economics 9,7 10,6 40,4 59,6 Agriculture 4,0 8,8 25,3 74,7 Veterinary 0,3 0,4 33,3 66,7 Political science 1,5 1,0 51,5 48,5 Geology 0,3 2,1 10,8 89,2 Jurisprudence 3,3 4,0 38,0 62,0 Physics and mathematics 3,5 10,1 20,3 79,7 Mechanics 8,8 16,8 27,9 72,1 Other 1,5 0,4 73,9 26,1

136 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.21. Post-graduate students by sex and regions in 2010 (at the end of year)

Distribution by sex, Number, persons in percentage

women men women men

Republic of Uzbekistan 1148 1552 42,5 57,5

Republic of Karakalpakstan 20 35 36,4 63,6

regions:

Andijan 24 47 33,8 66,2

Bukhara 41 51 44,6 55,4

Jizzakh 9 14 39,1 60,9

Kashkadarya 17 26 39,5 60,5

Navoi 2 4 33,3 66,7

Namangan 18 35 34,0 66,0

Samarkand 88 157 35,9 64,1

Surkhandarya 6 3 66,7 33,3

Syrdarya 6 7 46,2 53,8

Tashkent 46 131 26,0 74,0

Ferghana 10 23 30,3 69,7

Khorezm 12 17 41,4 58,6

City of Tashkent 849 1002 45,9 54,1

137 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.22. Doctoral degree candidates by sex and regions in 2010 (at the end of year)

Distribution by sex, Number, persons in percentage women men women men Republic of Uzbekistan 91 126 41,9 58,1 Republic of Karakalpakstan - 1 - 100,0 regions: Andijan 3 3 50,0 50,0 Bukhara 2 - 100,0 - Jizzakh - - - - Kashkadarya - - - - Navoi - - - - Namangan - - - - Samarkand - 12 - 100,0 Surkhandarya - - - - Tashkent 2 13 13,3 86,7 Ferghana 2 - 100,0 - Khorezm - - - - Tashkent city 82 97 45,8 54,2

3.23. Number of academicians of Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2007–2010 гг. (at the end of year)

Distribution by sex, Number, persons in percentage women men women men 2007 7 105 6,3 93,7 2010 7 86 7,5 92,5

138 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.24. Number of researches and scientists by sex in 2007–2010 (at the end of year)

2007 2008 2009 2010

womenmenwomen men women men women men

Persons

Professional researches and scientists engaged 9400 13391 10757 15620 13013 17260 12487 17856 in R&D

of them with scientific degrees:

doctor of science 382 1689 444 1838 462 2028 478 2071

candidate of science 2297 5146 2631 5414 2488 6476 2780 6474

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Professional researches and scientists engaged 41,2 58,8 40,8 59,2 43,0 57,0 41,2 58,8 in R&D

of them with scientific degrees:

doctor of science 18,4 81,6 19,5 80,5 18,6 81,4 18,8 81,2

candidate of science 30,9 69,1 32,7 67,3 27,8 72,2 30,0 70,0

139 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.25. Candidates of Science, engaged in R&D in 2007–2010 (persons)

8000 6476 6474 6000 5146 5414

4000 2297 2631 2488 2780 2000

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

3.26. Doctors of Science, engaged in R&D in 2007–2010 (persons)

2500 2028 2071 2000 1838 1689 1500

1000

444 462 478 500 382

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

140 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

3.27. Number of researches and scientists, engaged in R&D by sex and research area in 2010 г. (persons)

Of them possesses scientific degree Total doctor candidate of science of science

womenmen women men women men

Total 12487 17856 478 2071 2780 6474 including: natural sciences 2681 4590 132 605 723 1669 mathematics, mechanics 588 1436 17 165 178 565 physics, astronomy 438 1077 27 153 107 364 chemistry and pharmacy 586 692 38 119 183 253 biology and psycho-physiology 607 661 42 114 191 266 geology 321 517 6 40 42 140

geography (excluding economic, 141 207 2 14 22 81 social and political geography) technical / engineering 1652 3841 23 280 227 1283 medical sciences 1925 1626 132 382 489 799 agricultural sciences 522 1473 11 170 108 565 social sciences 2739 3717 84 384 634 1262 economics 1070 1537 22 193 230 633 jurisprudence 140 394 12 52 58 149 pedagogy 753 971 21 78 208 257 psychology 213 137 9 7 47 61 sociology 41 63 1 3 8 37 political sciences 85 166 4 20 19 33 other 437 449 15 31 64 92 humanities 2968 2609 96 250 599 896 history 455 615 24 88 130 287 philosophy 279 354 18 48 87 139 philology 1880 1158 45 101 338 403

fine art and history of architecture 354 482 9 13 44 67

141 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

LABOR MARKET

Section “Labor Market” contains statistical information on the number and composition of economically active population; the number of employed in the formal (official) sector of economy broken down by principal place of employment, sex, age and level of education; the number of employed broken down by economic sectors; the number of employees in the formal sector of economy in the regional context; and the working environment with regard to occupational injuries. These data are based on the materials of state statistical reporting. The concepts and definitions relevant to recommendations of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Resolutions of the International Conference of Labor Statisticians were used in classifying the population by its economic activity. Economically active population is the part of the population at the age, set up to measure the economic activity, provided the supply of labor force for production of goods and services. The active working age in the Republic of Uzbekistan is set up from 16 to 59 for men, and from 16 to 54 for women. The number of economically active individuals includes both those engaged in economic activities and the unemployed. Individuals occupied in different sectors of economy are those women and men aged 16 and older and those of younger age, who during the reported period: - were doing paid work as employed/contracted or were engaged in revenue-earning activities as non-contracted/unemployed with or without contracting other individuals; - were on sick leave, dependents care leave; scheduled holiday or days off, compensatory time off, compensation for overtime work or work on holidays (weekend) days, work on special time schedule, being in reserve, statutory maternity leave, maternity leave and child care, off-job-training; paid education leave, unpaid or paid leave as initiated by the administration and for other similar reasons; - were working in a family enterprise.

142 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Individuals occupied in production of goods and services and engaged in revenue-earning/production operations in domestic industry. Unemployed, as stipulated by the standards of the International Labor Organization (ILO), are those individuals of the working age set up to measure the economic activity of population, who during the reported period meet all the following criteria: - have no job (gainful employment); - seeking a job, i.e. applying to public or private employment agency, using or placing job ads in periodical publications, addressing directly to the enterprise management (employer), using personal connections or attempting to start their own business; - ready proceed to work. Schoolchildren, students, pensioners and the disabled persons are considered being unemployed if they were seeking for a work and were ready proceed to it. According to the Law on Employment of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there is a certain difference from the international practice concerning the determination of the number of unemployed. According to the Law on Employment of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1998), the following citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed: - citizens under 16; - old-age pensioners, including early retired and long-service pensioners; - citizens, failed to observe the registration procedure. Unemployed registered with local employment agencies, are those individuals of active working age (from 16 years old to the eligible retirement age), having no job or income (earnings), registered with local employment agencies as individuals seeking for job, ready to work, to get vocational training or retraining and skills upgrading. Individuals in need of employment, according to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Improvement of the Methods of Accounting of the Unemployed, in Need of Employment”(No.106 of 24.05.2007), are those without work, i.e. individuals who were not employed or self-employed and were ready to be employed or to work at their own enterprise; were looking for job and were never being registered with local employment agencies as a job-seekers.

143 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan process information on the number of unemployed, who have received the official status in the employment agencies. Data on the individuals in need of employment are identified following the results of household surveys, conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Unemployment rate is defined as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population, in percentage. Officially registered unemployment rate is defined as the ratio of the number of officially registered unemployed to the number of economically active population, in percentage. Level of economic activity of population is defined as the portion of the economically active population in the total number of population in the respective age group, in percentage. Employment rate is defined as the ratio of the number of employed to the number of population of the same age, in percentage. Economically inactive population are those at the age set up to measure the economic activity of population who during the reported period are not considered as being economically employed or unemployed. It includes the following categories: - Schoolchildren and students, trainees and cadets, attending full-time tuition institutions (including postgraduate and doctoral studies); - Individuals, receiving old-age pensions on special terms, as well as those receiving pensions in case of loss of bread-winner on reaching the retirement age; - Individuals, receiving disability pensions; - Individuals, engaged in housekeeping, child-care, sick relatives care, etc; - Individuals, desperate to find job, i.e. persons, who have stopped looking for job, having exhausted all their resources to get it, but they can and want to work; - Other individuals who do not need to work regardless of their source of income. Injured at workplace are those individuals who were injured during the execution of their job duties at their workplace in the organization or outside it, or during their journey to or from their workplace, using transportation,

144 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN provided by this organization and resulted into temporary or permanent loss of working ability, or death. In 2010, the number of people employed in the economy of Uzbekistan has increased by 8.3% as compared to 2007 and amounted to 11628.4 thousand, of them 5295.1 thousand were women and 6333.3 thousand were men. Employment among men was growing more rapidly than among women – an increase was – by 10.8 and by 5.5%, respectively. As a result, the proportion of women among the employed has decreased from 46.7% in 2007 to 45.5% in 2010, and the proportion of men has increased from 53.3 to 54.5%, respectively. The average age of all the employed women within the reported period (2007-2010) was lower than that of men: in 2010, women – 35.8 years, men – 37.5 years (in 2007, women – 35.4 years, men – 37.3 years). At the age structure of employed, the formal sector of economy shows the largest proportion of women and men at the age groups of 25–49 years. In 2010, of total number of women employed in the formal sector the specified age group accounted for 73.9% (in 2007 – 75.4%) and of total number of the employed men – 70.6% (in 2007 – 71.6%). The share of employed at the age group of 16-24 years for women is also higher than for men: in 2010, women accounted for 14.1%, men – 11.2% (in 2007 – 13.8 and 11.3 %, respectively). At the same time, at the age groups of 50–54 years and 55 and over, this figure is significantly lower for women than for men. For women it was 8.7% and 3.3%, respectively (in 2007 – 8.1 and 2.7%, respectively), and for men – 11.8 and 6.4% (in 2007 – 11.7 and 5.4%, respectively), which is mainly explained by different limits of retirement age for men and women established by the legislation. Sectoral structure of employment of women and men in the economy shows the noticeable differences. The largest share of the total number of employed women in 2010 falls within agriculture and forestry (28.5% of total number of employed women), education, culture, art, science and scientific services (20.6%), health, physical culture and social welfare (12, 8%), trade, catering, sales and procurement (12.6%) and industry (11.7%). As for men – agriculture and forestry (25.5%), construction of (15.1%), industry (14.5%), trade, catering, sales and procurement (9.1%), education , culture, art, science and scientific services (8.2%). Among the employed population, male employment predominates in most activities, with the exception of healthcare, physical culture and social

145 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN welfare, education, culture, art, science and scientific services, as well as trade, public catering, sales and procurement. The proportion of women in these sectors varies from 75.5% (health, physical culture and social welfare) to 53.8% (trade, public catering, sales and procurement). The highest proportion of men is registered in construction (89.6%), transport and communications (85.3%), housing and communal services and non-production types of consumer services (62.2%), industry (59.8%), and in the sector of financing, credit and insurance (56.4%). The ratio of employed women and men in the regional context also shows clearly the predominance of male employment. The share of employed men significantly exceeds the average national level (men – 59% and women – 41%), in Kashkadarya region (62.9%), Navoi region (62.6%), Jizzakh region (62.4%), Surkhandarya region (62%) and Syrdarya region (61.9%). Among the employed population (in the formal sector), the educational level of women is higher as compared to the one of men. At that, this indicator has a tendency to grow for both women and men. Thus, in 2010, 75.2% of the employed women had a higher and secondary special education (70.8% in 2007) versus 62.8% of the employed men (56.7% in 2007). About 24.8% of women (29.2% in 2007) and 37.2% of men (43.3% in 2007) had secondary and incomplete secondary education, which indicates a real contribution of education reform to the country’s economy. In 2010, the level of economic activity for both men and women was quite high. However, the economic activity of women as compared to men was slightly lower 66.6% versus 74.6%. Large occupation of women in housekeeping and child rearing and a higher proportion (as compared to men) of voluntary unemployed had a noticeable effect (along with other factors) on this situation. In 2010, analysis of the indicators of economic activity of population in sex context showed that the unemployment rate was higher among women than among men (women – 6.3% and men – 4.6%). In 2010, of total number of people registered with the employment agencies as job seekers, women accounted for 43.5% and men – 56.5%. Most of the women and men registered as job seekers were accounted for resignations on their own (women – 35.4% and men – 39.7%). The second largest group were graduates of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions (women – 12.4% and men – 11.1%), third largest group were graduates of 146 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN general educational institutions (women – 11.8%) and graduates of higher and specialized secondary educational institutions (men – 9.8%) and fourth group were graduates of vocational and technical educational institutions (women and men – 8.8% and 6.2%, respectively). It should be noted that the proportion of women in all the circumstances of unemployment (with the exception of those unemployed after graduation of vocational educational institutions) was lower than that of men). Thus, among the resigned on one’s own will the share of women accounted for 40.5% and men – 59.5%, share of released workers – 43.4 and 56.6% respectively; of graduates of general educational institutions – 44.8 and 55.2%; of graduates of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions – 49.1 and 50.9%. At the same time, among the graduates of vocational and technical educational institutions there are 52.1% of women and 47.9% of men. In the 2010, the largest portion among the women and men, registered as job seekers were the persons with secondary (complete) education – 60.7% of all women registered as job seekers, and 63.6% – of all men; the smallest portion were the persons with no higher education (women – 6.4%, men – 5.7%) and with no secondary (complete) education – 3.0% and 4.4% respectively. Men dominate at all levels of education among the individuals registered as job seeking, the portion of men is particularly high among those who do not have secondary (complete) education – 65.7%. In 2010, more than half of women and men registered as job seekers, were individuals aged 18–30 (women – 53.3% and men – 52.8%) and aged 30–50 (women – 43.6% and men – 45.4%). Most part of the registered as job seekers, both women and men is made by workers (women – 49.1% and men – 50.3%), white-collar workers and experts for both women and men amounted to 28.3% and job seekers with no profession – women (22.6%) and men (21.4%). In 2010, (at the end of year) 24.0% women and 32.4% of men of total number of people employed in industry, have been working in conditions that do not meet sanitary-hygienic standards, in conditions of higher noise levels – 6.5% of women and 10.2% of men, higher levels of vibration – 0.6 and 2.9%, respectively, increased level of dust and gas pollution – 7.2 and 13.2%, respectively, as well as in conditions of higher temperature, humidity and

147 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN other factors – 5.3% and 12.2%, respectively. Those who were engaged in rough labor accounted for 0.3% of women and 4.5% of men. Male employment is prevailing among those working in unfavorable conditions. So, among all those working in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, women accounted for 22.2% and men – 77.8%, in conditions of higher noise levels – 19.7% and 80.3%, respectively, higher level of vibration – 7.0% and 93.0%, respectively, in conditions of increased level of dust and gas pollution of working area – 17.4% and 82.6%, respectively, in conditions of higher temperature, humidity and other factors – 14.4% and 85.6%, respectively; among those engaged in rough labor women accounted for 2.8% and men – 97.2%; and only men (100%) have been working at the equipment that does not meet operational safety standards. Of total number of the employed in construction in sex context, 18.5% of women and 19.7% of men have been working in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, in conditions of higher noise levels – 0.2% of women and 3.0% of men, in conditions of high-level vibration – 1.3% of men and 0.0 of women. In conditions of increased level of dust and gas pollution of working area – 0.8% of women and 3.4% of men, in conditions of higher temperature, humidity and other factors – 9.5% – 11.8% respectively; among those engaged in rough labor women accounted for 0.8% and men – for 3.0%. Overwhelming majority of those employed in unfavorable conditions of the construction industry are men. Thus, of total number working in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards, 8.4% were women and 91.6% were men; in conditions of higher noise levels – 0.7% of women and 99.3% of men, in conditions of high-level vibration – 0.3% of women and 99.7% of men, in conditions of increased level of dust and gas pollution of working area – 2.2% of women and 97.8% of men, in conditions of higher temperature, humidity and other factors – 7.3% of women and 92.7% of men; those engaged in rough labor – 2.7 of women and 97.3% of men. According to sample survey of enterprises in the sectors of industry, construction, transport and communication, the level of occupational injuries (the number of individuals injured during the job-related accidents per 1,000 workers) in 2010 was 0.9, including women – 0.6 and men – 1.0, among the injured during the job-related accidents men were 83.3% and women – 16.7%.

148 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.1. Number of economically active population (2007–2010)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Thousands

Economically active population – total 11299,2 11603,1 11929,5 12286,6

women 5332,6 5362,2 5523,5 5648,5

men 5966,6 6240,9 6406,0 6638,1 Out of total number

occupied in economy 10735,4 11035,4 11328,1 11628,4

women 5017,1 5057,1 5200,3 5295,1

men 5718,3 5978,3 6127,8 6333,3

unemployed 563,8 567,7 601,4 658,2

women 315,5 305,1 323,2 353,4

men 248,3 262,6 278,2 304,8

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Economically active population – total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

women 47,2 46,2 46,3 46,0

men 52,8 53,8 53,7 54,0

Out of total number

occupied in economy 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

women 46,7 45,8 45,9 45,5

men 53,3 54,2 54,1 54,5

unemployed 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

women 56,0 53,7 53,7 53,7

men 44,0 46,3 46,3 46,3

149 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.2. Economic activity rates by sex (2007–2010) (in percentage)

100

73,0 74,9 74,8 74,6 68,4 75 67,1 67,5 66,6

0 2007 2008 2009 2010

Women Men

150 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.3. Employment by principle place of business, sex and age groups in (2007–2010) (in percentage)

2007 2008 2009 2010 Employed population Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 under 16 0,0 - 0,0 0,0 16–24 12,6 13,0 12,8 12,7 25–29 19,3 19,6 19,0 18,7 30–39 28,4 28,3 28,1 27,7 40–49 25,7 25,3 25,6 25,9 50–54 9,9 9,6 10,0 10,2 55 and over 4,1 4,2 4,5 4,8 Average age, years 36,4 36,2 36,5 36,6 Women Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 under 16 0,0 - - 0,0 16–24 13,8 14,4 14,2 14,1 25–29 20,7 20,9 19,9 19,5 30–39 29,4 29,3 29,2 28,5 40–49 25,3 24,7 25,4 25,9 50–54 8,1 7,9 8,3 8,7 55 and over 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,3 Average age, years 35,4 35,3 35,5 35,8 Men Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 under 16 0,0 - 0,0 0,0 16–24 11,3 11,7 11,4 11,2 25–29 17,9 18,3 18,1 17,8 30–39 27,5 27,2 26,9 26,9 40–49 26,2 25,9 25,9 25,9 50–54 11,7 11,3 11,6 11,8 55 and over 5,4 5,6 6,1 6,4 Average age, years 37,3 37,1 37,4 37,5

151 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.4. Employment by sex and level of education in 2007–2010 (at the end of year; in percentage)

2007 2008 2009 2010 Total employed population 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 higher 29,7 30,3 30,8 31,5 secondary special 33,9 35,0 35,8 37,5 secondary and incomplete secondary 36,4 34,7 33,4 31,0 Women– total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 higher 30,8 31,3 31,3 31,6 secondary special 40,0 40,9 42,4 43,6 secondary and incomplete secondary 29,2 27,8 26,3 24,8 Men – total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 higher 28,7 29,3 30,3 31,4 secondary special 28,0 29,1 29,2 31,4 secondary and incomplete secondary 43,3 41,6 40,5 37,2

4.5. Employed by level of education in 2010 (in percentage)

Women Men 100% 24,8 37,2 75%

43,6 50% 31,4

25% 31,6 31,4 0% Higher Secondary special Secondary and incomplete secondary

152 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.6. Employed by sectors of economy in 2010

Distribution by sex, Women Men in percentage women men

Employed in sector of economy – total

thousand people 5295,1 6333,3

percentage 100,0 100,0 45,5 54,5

including:

Industry 11,7 14,5 40,2 59,8

Agriculture and forestry 28,5 25,5 48,3 51,7

Construction 2,1 15,1 10,4 89,6

Transport and communication 1,7 8,1 14,7 85,3 Trade, catering, sale, procurement 12,6 9,1 53,8 46,2

Housing, public utilities and 2,9 3,9 37,8 62,2 personal services

Healthcare, sports and social security 12,8 3,5 75,5 24,5

Education, culture, arts, science 20,6 8,2 67,8 32,2 and scientific services

Finance, credit and insurance 0,5 0,6 43,6 56,4

Other sectors 6,6 11,5 32,5 67,5

153 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.7. Employment by sectors of economy in 2010 (in percentage)

100% 11,7 14,5 90% 80% 28,5 25,5 70%

60% 1,7 2,1 15,1 50% 12,6 40% 2,9 8,1 12,8 3,9 9,1 30% 20% 3,5 20 6, 82, 0,6 10% 0,5 6,6 11,5 0% Women Men

Industry

Agriculture and forestry

Construction

Transport and communication

Trade, catering, sale and procurement

Housing, public utilities and personal services

Healthcare, sports and social security

Education, culture, arts, science and scientific services

Finance, credit and insurance

Other

154 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.8. Number of workers and employees by sex and regions (2007–2010) (in percentage)

2007 2008 2009 2010

womenmen women men women men women men

Republic of Uzbekistan 42,7 57,3 43,3 56,7 43,5 56,5 41,0 59,0

Republic of Karakalpakstan 45,5 54,5 46,1 53,9 45,6 54,4 43,7 56,3

Regions:

Andijan 41,4 58,6 44,2 55,8 44,5 55,5 41,7 58,3

Bukhara 42,9 57,1 42,8 57,2 42,7 57,3 40,3 59,7

Jizzakh 40,8 59,2 40,7 59,3 41,2 58,8 37,6 62,4

Kashkadarya 38,1 61,9 40,4 59,6 41,3 58,7 37,1 62,9

Navoi 39,1 60,9 38,6 61,4 38,8 61,2 37,4 62,6

Namangan 44,3 55,7 44,9 55,1 45,5 54,5 43,0 57,0

Samarkand 40,1 59,9 41,2 58,8 41,7 58,3 40,2 59,8

Surkhandarya 42,3 57,7 41,6 58,4 41,6 58,4 38,0 62,0

Syrdarya 41,0 59,0 42,4 57,6 42,6 57,4 38,1 61,9

Tashkent 43,9 56,1 44,0 56,0 44,1 55,9 41,4 58,6

Ferghana 45,4 54,6 45,5 54,5 46,3 53,7 43,2 56,8

Khorezm 44,3 55,7 45,4 54,6 46,5 53,5 43,1 56,9

City of Tashkent 44,9 55,1 44,2 55,8 43,6 56,4 43,0 57,0

155 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.9. Proportion of women and men of total number of workers and white-collar employees employed in the formal sector of economy by regions (2010) (in percentage)

Republic of Uzbekistan 41 0, 59,0

Republic of Karakalpakstan 43,7 56,3

Andijan 41,7 58,3

Bukhara 40,3 59,7

Jizzakh 37,6 62,4

Kashkadarya 37,1 62,9

Navoi 37,4 62,6

Namangan 43,0 57,0

Samarkand 40,2 59,8

Surkhandarya 38,0 62,0

Syrdarya 38,1 61,9

Tashkent 41,4 58,6

Ferghana 43,2 56,8

Khorezm 43,1 56,9

City of Tashkent 43,0 57,0

0 20406080100

Women Men

156 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.10. Working conditions in industry as of January 1, 2011

Ratio of people working under Distribution by sex, Impact forms unfavorable conditions, in percentage of production factors in percentage

women men women men Work under conditions that didn’t meet sanitary and 24,0 32,4 22,2 77,8 hygienic requirements

Under condition of:

increased level of noise 6,5 10,2 19,7 80,3

increased level of vibration 0,6 2,9 7,0 93,0

increased level of dust and gas pollution of the working area 7,2 13,2 17,4 82,6

increased temperature, humidity, and other factors 5,3 12,2 14,4 85,6

Rough labor 0,3 4,5 2,8 97,2

Worked at equipment which doesn’t meet safety requirements - 0,0 - 100,0

157 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.11. Working conditions in construction as of January 1, 2011

Ratio of people working under Distribution by sex, Impact forms unfavorable conditions, in percentage of production factors in percentage

women men women men Work under conditions that didn’t meet sanitary and 18,5 19,7 8,4 91,6 hygienic requirements

Under condition of:

increased level of noise 0,2 3,0 0,7 99,3

increased level of vibration 0,0 1,3 0,3 99,7

increased level of dust and gas pollution of the working area 0,8 3,4 2,2 97,8

increased temperature, humidity, and other factors 9,5 11,8 7,3 92,7

Rough labor 0,8 3,0 2,7 97,3

158 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.12. Occupational injuries (2007–2010) *)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Total number of injured, in thousands 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,6

women 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,1

men 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,5

of which fatal injures 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

women 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

men 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Total number of injured, per 1000 workers of respective sex 0,7 0,8 0,6 0,9

women 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,6

men 0,8 0,9 0,8 1,0

of which fatal injures 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

women 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

men 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,1

Number of disablement days of injured:

in thousand days 14,4 21,5 18,5 14,1

Per one injured, days 29,8 40,3 45,4 24,1

*) According to surveys of enterprises and organizations in industry, building, transport and communications

159 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.13. Number of unemployed registered with employment agencies as those who are looking for job (2007–2010)*) (at the end of year)

Distribution by sex, A percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men

2007 Number of individuals registered as persons looking for job – total 100,0 100,0 48,0 52,0 including:

discharged according to own requests 40,9 42,8 46,9 53,1 discharged due to staff reduction 4,4 4,5 47,0 53,0 graduates from general education schools 16,5 14,9 50,6 49,4 graduates from higher and secondary special educational institutions 7,6 6,5 51,6 48,4 graduates from vocational schools 4,3 4,2 48,8 51,2

other 26,3 27,1 47,4 52,6

Educational level of those being registered:

higher 6,4 5,6 51,6 48,4 secondary special 24,3 21,6 50,9 49,1 secondary general (complete) 64,0 67,7 46,6 53,4 do not have secondary (complete) education 5,3 5,1 48,8 51,2

Age structure of those being registered, years

16– 18 0,9 0,8 48,7 51,3 18– 30 52,4 49,5 49,4 50,6 30– 50 45,8 48,0 46,8 53,2 under retirement age 0,6 1,2 32,9 67,1 retirement age and over 0,3 0,5 36,0 64,0 Occupation of those being registered: white-collars and specialists 24,9 21,5 51,7 48,3 workers 49,9 53,6 46,2 53,8 no profession 25,2 24,9 48,2 51,8

160 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

Distribution by sex, A percent of total in percentage

womenmen women men

2010 Number of individuals registered as persons looking for job – total 100,0 100,0 43,5 56,5 including:

discharged according to own requests 35,4 39,7 40,5 59,5 discharged due to staff reduction 0,3 0,3 43,4 56,6 graduates from general education schools 11,8 11,1 44,8 55,2 graduates from higher and secondary special educational institutions 12,4 9,8 49,1 50,9 graduates from vocational schools 8,8 6,2 52,1 47,9

other 31,4 32,8 42,2 57,8

Educational level of those being registered:

higher 6,4 5,7 46,3 53,7 secondary special 29,9 26,3 46,5 53,5 secondary general (complete) 60,7 63,6 42,2 57,8 do not have secondary (complete) education 3,0 4,4 34,3 65,7

Age structure of those being registered, years

16– 18 0,8 0,9 41,9 58,1 18– 30 53,3 52,8 43,6 56,4 30– 50 43,6 45,4 42,4 57,6 under retirement age 2,0 0,5 73,6 26,4 retirement age and over 0,3 0,4 37,7 62,3 Occupation of those being registered: white-collars and specialists 28,3 28,3 43,4 56,6 workers 49,1 50,3 42,8 57,2 no profession 22,6 21,4 44,7 55,3

*) Source: Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan

161 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

4.14. Distribution of unemployed by sex and level of education as of January 1, 2011 (in percentage)

Higher 46 3, 53,7 education

Secondary special 46,5 53,5 education

Secondary general 42,2 57,8 education

No secondary general 34,3 65,7 education

0 2040 6080100

Women

Men

162 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

SOCIAL SECURITY

This section contains statistical information, reflecting the social protection of population of the Republic of Uzbekistan: the number of pensioners – women and men registered with social security agencies, including types of pension, amount of social guarantees provided by the state, the number of persons with disabilities, including those certified as disabled for the first time, and others. Pensioner is a person receiving a pension in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan who permanently resides within the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Average size of monthly pensions is calculated by dividing the total sum of monthly pensions by the number of pensioners registered with social security agencies. Social protection of population is a combination of statutory economic, legal and social measures to ensure compensation for loss of income due to age, unemployment, disability, etc. It is also to provide various kinds of assistance to targeted groups of population, including children, sick people, disabled, elderly, poor and certain groups of people who have prominent services to the State, or people in crisis. Social protection of population is one of the main functions of the state and some certain institutional groups, whose activities are regulated by the state. During the reformation period the social security system was developing based on the national models of transformation and creation of a socially oriented economy. With the development of reforms, the priorities of social policy and mechanisms of social protection have changed. At present, a multilayer system of social protection, which is based on combination of two areas - social insurance and social assistance has been established in Uzbekistan. The functions of social protection are based on considering the features of socio-economic development of the country and comply with the European System of Integrated Social Protection Statistics (ESSPROS), which contains the following items in the list: healthcare, incapacity to work, old age, loss of breadwinner, family (children), unemployment, housing and social unsettled state.

163 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Social security programs include social welfare payments, which are executed under compulsory state insurance and financed from extra- budgetary funds (the Pension Fund, the Employment Promotion Fund), old- age pensions, disability pensions, pensions due to loss of bread-winner and unemployment benefits. Social assistance to low-income groups of population is provided regardless of participation in the social insurance system and is financed from the state budget. In addition, there are a number of other benefits in cash and in kind, which are provided to more than 20 categories of citizens who need government support. The social security system is largely decentralized and implemented by various government agencies, specialized non-budgetary funds of social orientation, enterprises’ administrations, , non-governmental organizations. However,the state remains being the central component of this system. The existing variety of forms and ways of organizing social security is based on robust legal and regulatory framework that has been established during the years of independence. The Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Further Strengthening State Support for Families with Children” (1996), “On Strengthening the Role of Self-governance of Citizens Representations in Targeting Social Support” (1999), “On Strengthening the Targeted Support for Socially Vulnerable Groups” (2002), "On Measures to Further Improvement and Strengthening the Social Protection System "(2007), as well as the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Organization of Social Protection of Poor People” (1994) had their determining influence on the formation and functioning of the system of social protection of population. Government programs on social assistance have been developed in the country, which clearly identify the sources of funding, implementation arrangements and categories of beneficiaries of social transfers. Here, the most important programs introduced by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan are: - The program of material assistance to low-income families (1994) that provides for increase of state support to low-income families with an active participation of self-government bodies of villages and makhallas’ citizens: - The program of providing child care allowance for low-income families with under-age children (1994), provides welfare payments to low-income families with children;

164 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

- The program of providing the child care allowance for non-working women from low-income families (1994), provides the payment for all mothers with children under 2 years old, regardless of family income (since 2003, payments are made only to non-working women from low-income families with monthly average aggregate income per capita, no more than 1.5 minimum of wages) by decision of makhalla’s committees); - The program of providing schoolchildren from low-income families with sets of winter clothing and footwear (1997), providing the schoolchildren of secondary schools (grades 1–9) from the low-income families with free sets of winter clothes and sets of textbooks; - The program of providing low-income families with free cattle (the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan was introduced on March 23, 2006 № PP-308), etc. The Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Order of Development and Implementation of Employment Programs” as of 24.06.1993 No. 310, providing the improvement of state regulation of employment, training and retraining of the unemployed and disengaged workers, as well as the efficient use of the Employment Promotion Fund was highly important. By the beginning of 2011, 2913.1 thousand pensioners (which is by 1.8% more than in 2007), of which 57.9 percent were women and 42.1 percent were men (women were 58.6%, men – 41.4% in 2007) have been registered in the country with social security agencies. Of total number of women-pensioners, the share of persons receiving the old-age pension is 77.8%, of total number of men-pensioners – 63.6%; so, the disability pension is 15.1% and 22.8% respectively. In 2010, the average size of the old-age pensions was increased by 2.6 times as compared to 2007, disability pensions – by 2.5 times and the pensions in case of bread-winner loss – by 2.4; the average amount of social welfare payments were increased more than by 2.6 times and for disabled children – by 2.6 times. The number of persons with disabilities registered with social security agencies in the reported period (2007–2010), has reduced by 5.1% by the end of 2010 and was 750.1 thousand persons, of whom 49.1% were women and 50.9% – men (51.7% – women and 48.3% – men in 2007). The number of people certified as disabled for the first time has reduced by more than 1.9 times, including women – by 2.1 times and men – by 1.8 times. The vast

165 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN majority of persons with newly certified disabilities were men, in 2010, the proportion of men was 61.1% and women – 38.9% (women – 43.3% and men – 56.7% in 2007). The number of disabled children under 16 years receiving social benefits has reduced from 117.7 thousand in 2007 to 96.2 thousand in 2010, i.e. by 18.3%. In 2010, of all the disabled children girls made up 54.9% and boys – 45.1% (in 2007, 58.5% and 41.5% respectively). There have been positive changes at he level of children’s disability (the number of disabled children under the age of 16, receiving social pensions counting per 1,000 children aged 0–15 years) – number of girls has dropped from 15.6 (2007) to 11.9 (2010) and number of boys – from 10.6 to 9.3, respectively.

166 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

5.1. Number of pensioners registered with social security agenciesby sex and type of pension (2007–2010*) (Excluding persons receiving pensions in case of bread-winner loss; at the end of the year)

2007 2008 2009 2010

womenmen women men women men women men

Thousand

Total pensioners 1678,9 1184,0 1702,1 1198,7 1680,7 1247,2 1686,3 1226,8

of which those receiving pensions:

old-age 1260,6 749,9 1288,4 780,9 1262,3 771,8 1311,2 780,8

disability 280,8 280,9 277,2 262,0 290,0 310,4 255,5 279,8

other 137,5 153,2 136,5 155,8 128,4 165,0 119,6 166,2

As percent of total

Total pensioners 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

of which those receiving pensions:

old-age 75,1 63,3 75,7 65,1 75,1 61,9 77,8 63,6

disability 16,7 23,7 16,3 21,9 17,3 24,9 15,1 22,8

other 8,2 13,0 8,0 13,0 7,6 13,2 7,1 13,6

Distribution by sex, in percentage

Total pensioners 58,6 41,4 58,7 41,3 57,4 42,6 57,9 42,1

of which those receiving pensions:

old-age 62,7 37,3 62,3 37,7 62,1 37,9 62,7 37,3

disability 50,0 50,0 51,4 48,6 48,3 51,7 47,7 52,3

other 47,3 52,7 46,7 53,3 43,8 56,2 41,8 58,2

*) Here and later, information is given according to the data of the off-budget Pension Fund under the Ministry of Finance and other relevant Ministries and agencies of the Republic of Uzbekistan

167 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

5.2. Average amount of social guarantees (pensions) granted to population (2007–2010) (in sums)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Average amount of pension:

old-age 67784 103195 138128 174136

disability – total 63483 96665 128412 157238

including:

1 group 83890 126842 170369 214658

2 group 70085 106910 141642 177416

3 group 31582 47558 63226 79172

in case of bread-winner loss 54005 78735 104253 132027

social allowances 35697 53811 72442 94235

including:

disabled children 36900 55550 74660 97285

women aged 60 22350 33645 45220 59690 and men aged 65

168 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

5.3. Number of disabled registered with institutions of social protection of population (2007–2010*) (at the end of year)

2007 2008 2009 2010

womenmen women men women men women men

Number of disabled

total, thousand 408,9 381,9 404,6 362,2 410,3 416,8 368,4 381,7

per 10 000 population 302,1 282,2 294,0 263,0 293,4 297,4 253,1 262,0

Number of persons diagnosed as disabled for the first time

total, thousand 23,0 30,1 20,9 28,6 16,4 22,9 10,7 16,8

per 10 000 population 17,0 22,2 15,2 20,8 11,7 16,3 7,4 11,6

Number of persons receiving social allowances

total, thousand 135,7 111,8 134,6 111,2 126,4 117,5 117,5 115,0

per 1000 population 10,0 8,3 9,8 8,1 9,0 8,4 8,1 7,9

Out of them disabled children under a6 receiving disability allowances:

total, thousand 68,8 48,9 66,1 47,3 58,2 47,9 52,8 43,4

per 1000 children (aged 0–15 years) 15,6 10,6 15,1 10,2 13,3 10,4 11,9 9,3

*) From the report for 2009 – those disabled registered with the district and city departments of the off-budget Pension Fund under the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan

169 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

5.4. Number of women and men firstly diagnosed as disabled people by regions (2007–2010) (thousands)

20072008 2009 2010

womenmen women men women men women men

Republic of Uzbekistan 23,0 30,1 20,9 28,6 16,4 22,9 10,7 16,8

Republic of Karakalpakstan 1,6 2,0 1,6 2,0 1,2 1,5 0,8 1,0

regions:

Andijan 2,4 2,7 2,1 2,5 1,4 1,9 0,9 1,5

Bukhara 1,8 2,1 1,6 2,0 1,2 1,6 0,6 0,8

Jizzakh 1,1 1,3 1,0 1,3 0,7 1,0 0,4 0,6

Kashkadarya 1,3 2,0 1,3 1,8 1,1 1,5 0,8 1,1

Navoi 1,0 1,1 0,8 1,1 0,7 1,0 0,5 0,9

Namangan 1,7 1,9 1,6 1,9 1,3 1,7 0,9 1,2

Samarkand 1,9 2,6 1,7 2,3 1,3 2,0 1,0 1,6

Surkhandarya 1,5 2,1 1,4 2,1 1,2 1,8 0,8 1,3

Syrdarya 0,8 1,0 0,7 1,0 0,6 0,8 0,4 0,5

Tashkent 1,9 3,2 1,7 2,9 1,3 2,2 0,9 1,7

Ferghana 2,6 3,1 2,4 3,0 1,9 2,4 1,2 1,8

Khorezm 1,3 1,7 1,3 1,7 1,1 1,4 0,7 0,9

City of Tashkent 2,1 3,2 1,8 2,9 1,2 2,2 1,0 1,9

170 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

According to Article 7 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan the government in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be exercised in the interest of the people and by the bodies authorized exceptionally by the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and by the laws based on the Constitution. According to Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the system of government of the Republic of Uzbekistan is based on the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Legislative power is exercised by the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which is the highest state representative body (Article 76 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan). The Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of two Chambers - the Legislative Chamber (lower house) and Senate (upper house). The term of office of the Legislative Chamber and Senate of Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan is five years. The Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the House of territorial representation and consists of Members of the Senate (Senators). The Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopts laws, resolutions and other acts. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the Head of State who ensures the concerted functioning and interaction of all bodies of the government (Article 89). Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan, his deputies, ministers and chairpersons of State Committees. The Head of Government of the Republic of Karakalpakstan due to his position is also a member of the Cabinet of Ministers. Cabinet of Ministers manages the effective functioning of the economy, social and cultural development, it provides for execution of the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decisions of the Oliy Majlis, decrees, decisions and orders of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. According to current legislation, the Cabinet of Ministers issues decrees and orders binding upon all bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens over the whole territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 171 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

The Cabinet of Ministers in its activity is responsible to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Cabinet of Ministers abdicates its responsibilities to the newly elected Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The order of the activity and executive discretion of the Cabinet of Ministers is established by Law. Along with the supreme bodies of the government – the Oliy Majlis, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, ministries and departments, there are local government authorities. Local government authorities Councils of People's Representa- tives (Kengashi) and Khokims – enforce the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decisions of higher governmental bodies and participate in discussion of issues of national and local importance. They are responsible for addressing social and economic problems on a scale of region, district or city. Decisions of the higher bodies, adopted within their authorities shall be binding upon the subordinate bodies. The institute of khokim (governor) is based on the principle of personal responsibility; he is authorized to solve the urgent needs and concerns of the population. Khokims of the regions, districts and cities head the representative and executive powers on the respective territories. Arrangement of activities, the scope of authority of khokims and local Councils of People's Representatives and the election procedure of local Councils of people's representatives is regulated by legislation. Khokim within the powers granted to him make decisions that are binding upon all enterprises, institutions, organizations, associations, as well as officials and citizens on the respective territory. According to the legislation, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan appoints and dismisses the khokim of Tashkent region and Tashkent city. Khokims of districts and cities are appointed and dismissed by the khokim of the respective region and approved by the respective Councils of People's Representatives. Khokims of city’s districts are appointed and dismissed by the khokim of respective city and approved by the municipal Councils of people's representatives.

172 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Khokims of cities of regional subordination are appointed and dismissed by the khokim of the respective region and approved by Councils of people's representatives. Khokim of the region, district or city exercises his powers based on the undivided authority and bears personal responsibility for decisions and activities of the bodies governed by him. Judicial authority in the Republic of Uzbekistan functions indepen- dently from the legislative and executive branches, political parties and other associations. Thejudicial system of the Republic of Uzbekistan consists of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Supreme Arbitrage Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Supreme Courts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan on civil and criminal cases, the Arbitrage Court of the Republic of Karakalpakstan elected for a term of five years, the regional, inter-regional and municipal courts on civil and criminal cases, military and economic courts and courts on civil and criminal cases of Tashkent city, elected for the same period. Arrangement of courts’ activities and operational procedures are statutory. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan hears cases on the constitutionality of the acts of legislative and executive power. The Constitutional Court is elected from among experts in the field of politics and law; it consists of a chairman, deputy chairman and judges of the Constitutional Court, including a representative from the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Discharge of duties as chairperson and a member of the Constitutional Court is incompatible with a deputy's mandate. The Chairman and members of the Constitutional Court may not be members of political parties and movements, nor take any other gainful position. The judges of the Constitutional Court enjoy immunity. The judges of the Constitutional Court are independent in their work and follow only the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan determines the compliance of the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, resolutions of the Chambers of the Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan, decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, decrees of the government and local authorities, bilateral treaties and other obligations of the Republic of Uzbekistan with the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It provides a conclusion on the compliance of the Constitution of the Republic of Karakalpakstan with the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the laws of the Republic of

173 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Karakalpakstan with the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, provide for interpretation of the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Decisions of the Constitutional Court enter into force upon publication. They are final and not subject of appeal. The laws determine organization and procedure of the Constitutional Court. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the highest judicial body in the sphere of civil, criminal and administrative proceedings. The acts accepted by the Supreme Court are final and binding upon the entire territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan has the right to supervise the judicial activity of the supreme courts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional, urban, inter-district and military courts. The Supreme Arbitrary Court and arbitrary courts within their jurisdiction solve the commercial disputes between businesses, institutions, organizations, based on different forms of ownership, as well as between entrepreneurs in the economic sphere. Judges are independent and subject only to the law. Any interference in judges' activities is unacceptable and punishable by law. The immunity of judges is guaranteed by law. Judges may not be senators or deputies of the government representative bodies. Judges may not be members of political parties, they may not participate in political movements, as well as engage in any other paid activities except for scientific and educational activity. Prior to expiration of the term judge may be dismissed only on the grounds specified by the law. Hearings in all courts are open. Hearings at closed session are allowed only in cases specified by law. Acts of the judiciary authorities are binding upon all public bodies, public associations, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and citizens. As a result of protectionist measures taken by the State to create conditions for equal participation of women in decision-making process at all levels of the government and due to the mechanism created for implementing Articles 18 (Chapter V) and 46 (Chapter XI) of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the existing legislative framework for promotion of women in all spheres of public life, allowed to maintain those positive trends that were achieved over the years of independence.

147 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

A support provided through public and private funds and programs, as well as creation of conditions for comprehensive development of women's movement in Uzbekistan is of particular importance in achieving the gender equality in the country. As a result, in late 2010 (December 31), there were 19.0% of women exercising legislative power in the highest representative body – the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 6.5% of women were in the Cabinet of Ministers including those among the highest executives – 14.3%. In the judiciary authority, women constitute 13.2%, including those in the higher courts – the Constitutional Court – 20.0% and the Higher Arbitrage Court – 16.7%. The proportion of women in the local government bodies – Councils of people's representatives, headed by khokims, has reached 17.1%. In 2010, 33 women in the country were the deputies in the Legislative Chamber,15 women – members of the Senate of Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan. Women hold the office of Speaker of the Legislative Chamber of Oliy Majlis, the authorized Oliy Majlis for Human Rights and the Chairperson of Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan. The chairpersons of Women’s Committee of Karakalpakstan, of regions and Tashkent city, which at the same time, act as deputies khokims of these regions are also women. More favorable situation concerning the presentation of women at the managerial level is observed in the sectors of economy. As of January 1, 2010, 26.8% of managers in the economy were women, i.e. slightly higher than in the government (especially in the higher bodies of public administration) and men – 73.2%. However, the share of men employed in senior positions in all sectors of economy is significantly higher than that of women. “Male management” especially prevails over in such industries as agriculture and forestry (women – 6.8%, men – 93.2%), housing and utilities, and non-production of consumer services (10.8 and 89.2%), transport (13.0 and 87.0%), industry (respectively 15.2 and 84.8%) and construction (16.1 and 83.9%). Relatively equal parity is observed only in public education: among the leaders, women were 43.2%, and men – 56.8%.

175 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

6.1. Gender in public authorities as of December 31, 2010

As percent Distribution of total by sex

women men women men

Total number of persons in public authorities 100,0 100,0 16,9 83,1

Legislative and representative authorities 95,3 93,8 17,1 82,9

Oliy Majlis (Parliament of the Republic of Uzbekistan) 4,2 3,6 19,0 81,0

including: Legislative House 2,9 2,1 21,7 78,3

Senate 1,3 1,5 15,0 85,0 Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan 0,2 0,5 6,5 93,5 including: High level officials 0,1 0,1 14,3 85,7 Ministers and Chairpersons of State Committees 0,1 0,4 4,2 95,8 Zhokargy Kenes (Parliament of the Republic of Karakalpakstan) 0,2 0,5 6,7 93,3 Councils of People's Representatives of regions and city of Tashkent 10,6 10,9 16,6 83,4 District Councils of People's Representatives 66,3 67,3 16,7 83,3

Town/city Councils of People's Representatives 13,9 11,0 20,4 79,6

Judicial bodies 4,7 6,2 13,2 86,8 including:

Constitutional Court 0,1 0,1 20,0 80,0 Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan - 0,1 - 100,0

Supreme Arbitrage Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan 0,3 0,3 16,7 83,3

Supreme Courts of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, regional, Tashkent city, inter-district, district 2,9 4,1 12,7 87,3 and town/city courts

Arbitrage Court of the Republic of Karakalpakstan 1,4 1,7 13,9 86,1 and regions

176 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

6.2. Gender employment in managerial positions by sector of economy as of January 1, 2011*)

As percent Distribution of total by sex womenmen women men

Total**) 100,0 100,0 26,8 73,2

including:

industry 8,9 18,1 15,2 84,8

agriculture and 0,5 2,4 6,8 93,2

transport 1,4 3,5 13,0 87,0

communication 0,6 1,0 18,6 81,4

construction 1,2 2,4 16,1 83,9

trade, catering, sale and procurement 1,4 1,7 22,3 77,7

housing, public utilities and personal services 1,1 3,2 10,8 89,2

healthcare, physical culture and social security 9,3 6,0 36,2 63,8

education 53,9 26,0 43,2 56,8

culture and arts 1,8 1,4 32,4 67,6

science 0,8 1,0 23,9 76,1

finance, credit and insurance 3,7 5,8 18,8 81,2

other sectors 15,4 27,5 17,0 83,0

*) According to classification adopted by state statistics **) Without registering employees of small businesses and farms

177 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF WOMEN

The assumed measures and the existing legal safeguards to enhance the status of women in all spheres of political and economic life of the country have contributed to retention of positive trend in participation of women in the political life of society in the reporting period– in increase of the women’s proportion who is members of the party. The growth of the political literacy and political culture of the women as well as the development of a multiparty system in the country was equally important in enhancing women's political participation. As a result, the proportion of women in the Social-Democratic Party of Uzbekistan “Adolat” has increased from 43.6% in 2007 to 48.6% in 2010 (by the end of year); in the Democratic Party of the national rebirth of Uzbekistan “Milly Tiklanish” – from 36.8% to 47.5% respectively; in the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan–– from 40.0% to 40.7% and in the Liberal-Democratic Party from 35.0% to 36.6% respectively. However,only men lead all political parties in the country.

7. Composition of political parties of the Republic of Uzbekistan *)

Distribution by sex, in percentage

2007 2010 women men women men People’s Democratic Party of Uzbekistan 40,0 60,0 40,7 59,3

Liberal and Democratic Party 35,0 65,0 36,6 63,4

Democratic Party of National Revival of Uzbekistan “Milliy Tiklanish” 36,8** 63,2** 47,5 52,5

Social Democratic Party 43,6 56,4 48,6 51,4 of Uzbekistan “Adolat”

*) Source: Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan **) At the end of 2008

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GENDER ASPECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHUP

Regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at creating favorable business environment for development of entrepreneurship as well as basic parameters characterizing the development of small business and entrepreneurship have been considered in the Section “Gender Aspects of Entrepreneurship”. Indicators were provided specifying the development of private entrepreneurship in the country by basic activities from a gender perspective; territorial differentiation in the development of private entrepreneurship in sex context, women and men’s accessibility to financial resources, primarily, to micro credits. A number of international projects aimed at supporting women in achieving their economic self-sufficiency by involving them in economic activities have been considered. During the preparation of this Section the data of the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, the Central Bank and the State Tax Committee the Republic of Uzbekistan have been used. During the preparation of this Section, the ILO classification and the definitions accepted in the legislation of Uzbekistan concerning the issues of entrepreneurship have been used. An entrepreneurial activity (business) is a proactive activity conducted by business entities to generate income (profit) at their own risk and under their own financial responsibility. The main types of entrepreneurial activity are: Individual enterprise (IE), which involves: (i) doing business by an individual based on the license (patent) without company formation; (ii) with company formation. Private enterprise is a commercial organization established and controlled by the owner – a physical person. Family business is a joint activity of physical persons without company formation, carried out by spouses based on their common property owned by them on joint tenancy, based on the spouses’ own labor, and helping them family members. Micro-enterprises are the legal entities, with an average annual number of workers employed in production industries – not more than 20 people, in

179 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN service sector and other non-production industries – not more than 10 people, in wholesale and retail trade and public catering – no more than 5 people. Small business enterprises are the legal entities, with an average annual number of workers employed in the following industries: - No more than 100 people in light and food industries, metalworking production and instrument making, woodworking and furniture industry, and construction materials industry; - No more than 50 people in machine building, metallurgy, fuel and power industry, chemical industry, production and processing of agricultural products, construction and other industrial and manufacturing sectors; - No more than 25 people in science and scientific services, transport, communications, services sector (excluding insurance companies), trade and public catering and other non-production industries. Since independence, Uzbekistan has established a solid legal framework enshrining the priority of private property, which is the basis of market economy. Favorable business climate and reliable legal guarantees have been formed to accelerate the development of small businesses and entrepreneurship as the major factor promoting growth of employment and incomes, formation of the middle class, and consequently, a sustainable development of the country’s economy. To ensure the most favorable business-environment, the government of Uzbekistan widely uses both administrative and economic mechanisms in the form of benefits and preferences and comprehensive state support for entrepreneurship. Monitoring concerning compliance with all measures of protection of entrepreneurship provided by the regulatory legal acts of the country is organized all over the place. As consequence, in the country, the proportion of small businesses in gross domestic product (GDP) has increased from 31.0% in 2000 to 52.5% in 2010 (in 2011 – 54%), the number of registered small and private businesses was increased almost twice and there were 15.2 units of brownfield small businesses per mille of population at the end of 2010. *) In 2010, employment in small businesses amounted to more than 74% of total employment in the sector of economy. Only within the period of 2006-2010,

180 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN more than 74% – 3.8 million of jobs places were created in the country in the field of small business and entrepreneurship*). Family business is developing actively in the country; more than 302.1 thousand of jobs places were created in the field of family business and craftsmanship in the last five years (2006–2010).*) Individual enterprise has a special place in the development of entrepreneurship. According to the State Tax Committee of Uzbekistan, at the end of 2010, the number of individual entrepreneurs in the country has reached more than 161.0 thousand people, of whom 38.3% were women and 61.7% were men. Distribution by type of activity indicates that women and men prefer mainly the same activities. Thus, most of the women entrepreneurs is engaged in retail sales; 33.3% of total number of individual entrepreneurs in this area are women, service sector is the second important for women activity – 16.5%, the third sector is food industry (production of local sweets, bakery and other confectionery products) – 14.4%. As for men – entrepreneurs the employment in retail sales is also in the first place (31.6% of all individual entrepreneurs are men), the service sector is in the second (17.3%), and the food industry is in the third (production of local sweets, bakery and confectionery products) (9.2%). Analysis of the distribution of individual entrepreneurs by sex in the context of type of activity shows that men dominate in almost all activities. Thus, in general, the proportion of women in the sector of economy amounted to 38.3% of individual entrepreneurs, and the proportion of men – 61.7%, including those in retail sales – 39.5% of women and 60.5% of men, in craftsmanship – 38.0 % of women and 62.0% of men, in the service sector – 37.2% of women and 62.8% of men, in food industry (production of local sweets, bakery and confectionery) – 49.4% of women and 50.6% of men, in construction and design works – 13.8% of women and 86.2% of men. The regional aspect of individual entrepreneurship has revealed the prevalence of male entrepreneurship in almost all areas of business, except Jizzakh (the ratio of individual entrepreneurs – women are 73.0% and men – 27.0%) and Syrdarya regions (women are 51.0% and men – 49.0%). The highest proportion of individual male entrepreneurship is in the city of Tashkent (men are 72.0% and women – 28.0%), Namangan (71.0% and

*) Source: Statistical Bulletin “The General Trends and Indicators of Economic and Social Development of Uzbekistan during Independence (1990–2010)” and the forecast for 2011–2015. T. ‘Uzbekistan’, 2011, p.14, 64, 96, 97 181 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

29.0%, respectively), Navoi (70.0% and 30.0%), Ferghana (66.0% and 34.0%), Bukhara (64.0% and 36.0%), Tashkent regions (62.0% and 38.0%). The institutional environment for development of entrepreneurship generally and individual entrepreneurship in particular, is maintained through creating of permanent all-round structures, which operate in the form of financial credit institutions, consulting and leasing companies and professional associations. National programs and projects of international organizations, aimed at business development, providing accessibility to resources and to financial resources in particular are also important. The following adopted laws and regulations are of fundamental importance in establishing of system of crediting in Uzbekistan, including micro-credit: - The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of March 21, 2000, “On Measures for Further Liberalization and Reforming of Banking System”, aimed at establishing in the commercial banks the Fund of lax crediting of small businesses and micro companies, farming enterprises, high-tech and innovative projects through contributions of 25.0% of the banks profits to this Fund; - The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on March 11, 2011 “On Additional Measures to Increase Lending to Small Businesses and Private Entrepreneurship”; - The Resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan of May 19, 2000 “On Additional Measures to Stimulate the Participation of Commercial Banks in the Development of Small Business’’, providing incentives for commercial banks to increase their own resources directed to crediting the small businesses through tax exemption of all income derived from the small businesses crediting until 2016; - The Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 24 August 2011 “On Additional Measures to Create Most Favorable Business Environment for Further Development of Small Business and Entrepreneurship”, providing the simplification of the crediting process, according to which the accounts of small businesses in local currency will be opened at no charge, and credit applications will be considered by commercial banks within the period of three banking days. To implement the abovementioned Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, active measures are taken to establish a Guarantee Fund for development of entrepreneurship. The Guarantee Fund will be another important step in

182 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN creating particularly favorable environment for development of entrepreneurship by expanding accessibility of entrepreneurs to financial resources, thus solving the problem of collateral, which is highly important. As part of the administrative and economic measures carried out by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the sphere of development such an important financing tool for development of small businesses and private enterprise as microlending, the State Program “On the Priority Areas for Further Reforming and Improving the Stability of the Financial and Credit System of the Country in 2011–2015 and Achieving High International Rating Indicators” has been adopted, which provides: - Expansion of the credits’ volume provided by commercial banks and provision of microfinance services by non-bank credit institutions in 2011–2015 by 2.8 times; - Creation of microlending organizations specialized in granting the micro- credits and micro-loans to women from low-income families, providing sources of allotting them with privileged resources, including funds of international financial institutions, investors and donors; - Implementation of pilot projects to introduce methods of unsecured microlending based on joint liability of borrowers’ groups. According to data of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in 2010, 485.2 billion soums were allocated to business crediting, which was more than 4.4 times higher than in 2007, most of this sum (54.5%) was allocated to the development of female entrepreneurship. In order to increase the volume of microfinance services directed to the development of female entrepreneurship, an agreement of cooperation was signed between the Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan and ‘Microcreditbank’ JSCB to implement jointly with UN Women the pilot project entitled ‘Promotion of Women’s Economic Rights in Uzbekistan.’ The aim of the project was to support women’s entrepreneurship through group microlending of women-entrepreneurs to facilitate formation of start-up capitals in Ferghana and Kashkadarya, and in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The amount of credits for 178 million soum has already been allocated under the project. Female entrepreneurship is also supported in the course of implementation of international programs and projects in the country. These programs include: Project ‘Promotion of Women’s Economic Rights in Uzbekistan’ implemented by the Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan with the assistance of UN Women and in cooperation with ‘Microcreditbank’ JSCB; Credit Line of

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Savings Banks’ Fund (Germany) in the OC “Microcreditbank” for start-up capital for women-entrepreneurs; project of the European Union and UNDP and the OC “Microcreditbank” – “Development of Group Lending” in six regions of the country. The country is constantly working to improve the professional and legal literacy of men and women entrepreneurs. With this in view, a permanent committee on development of female entrepreneurship has been established under the Chamber of Commerce. A system of women's education containing the programs aimed at the development of local industries and crafts has also been established.

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8.1. Distribution of individual entrepreneurs by type of economic activity as of January 1, 2011*)

Distribution by Total type of economic Distribution persons: activity, by sex, in percentage in percentage

Individual womenmen women men women men

thous.people

entrepreneurs,

Total in economy 161,0 61,7 99,3 100,0 100,0 38,3 61,7

including:

retail sales 51,9 20,5 31,4 33,3 31,6 39,5 60,5

craftsmanship 7,4 2,8 4,6 4,5 4,6 38,0 62,0

services sector 27,3 10,2 17,1 16,5 17,3 37,2 62,8 industry (production of local sweets, bakery and 18,0 8,9 9,1 14,4 9,2 49,4 50,6 confectionary products)

construction (building work and design) 1,7 0,2 1,5 0,4 1,5 13,8 86,2

Other types of activities 54,7 19,1 35,6 30,9 35,8 34,9 65,1

*) Source: State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan

185 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

8.2. Distribution of active individual entrepreneurs by sex and regions as of January 1, 2011

Distribution by sex, Total persons: in percentage

Individual

thous.people entrepreneurs, women men women men

Republic of Uzbekistan 161,0 61,7 99,3 38,3 61,7

Republic of Karakalpakstan 8,3 3,6 4,7 44,0 56,0 regions:

Andijan 15,0 6,1 8,9 41,0 59,0

Bukhara 12,5 4,5 8,0 36,0 64,0

Jizzakh 6,1 4,4 1,7 73,0 27,0

Kashkadarya 13,5 5,4 8,0 40,0 60,0

Navoi 7,8 2,3 5,5 30,0 70,0

Namangan 12,3 3,6 8,7 29,0 71,0

Samarkand 13,9 6,0 7,9 43,0 57,0

Surkhandarya 8,2 3,4 4,8 41,0 59,0

Syrdarya 3,4 1,7 1,7 51,0 49,0

Tashkent 12,9 4,8 8,1 38,0 62,0

Ferghana 22,6 7,8 14,8 34,0 66,0

Khorezm 7,7 3,4 4,3 44,0 56,0

City of Tashkent 16,9 4,7 12,1 28,0 72,0

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8.3. Credits, granted by commercial banks to small business entities (2007– 2010*) (billions soums)

2007 2008 2009 2010

All sources of credits 743,7 1250,7 1851,7 2690,2

including:

microlending 110,0 202,5 322,1 485,2

including granted to the development of entrepreneurship:

women 90,1 148,7 204,2 264,9

men 19,9 53,8 117,9 220,3

Share of micro lending granted to, in percentage:

women 81,9 73,4 63,3 54,5

men 18,1 26,6 36,7 45,5

*) Source: the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan

187 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

CRIMINALITY

Section “Criminality” contains statistical information on individuals, committed crimes, including juveniles, distribution of individuals, committed crimes by age, sex and type of crime. The information is prepared according to data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Criminality – a social and legal phenomenon consisting of crimes committed within the country within a reported period and is described by quantitative and qualitative indicators. Registered crime – an identified and officially registered socially dangerous activity covered by criminal legislation Grave and especially grave crimes – acts highly dangerous for the public and described by paragraphs 4 and 5, Article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Robbery – an attack with the purpose of tacking another property, accompanied by the use of violence, dangerous to life or health or by the threat to use such violence Hooliganism – a gross violation of public order, expressing an explicit public disrespect, accompanied by the use of violence against others, or by the threat to use such violence and involving destruction or damage of other’s property / belonging Individuals committed crime – persons officially registered by law enforcement agencies and having criminal record initiated against them Crime detection – the ratio of the number of crimes with a finalized investigation during a reported period to the total number of detected and undetected crimes, regardless of the time of investigation of a criminal case or the registration time of the crime Number of identified individuals committed crimes in 2010 has increased as compared to 2007 by 20.3% and came up to 93.9 thousand people, of them 16.3% is women and 83.7% are men. At the same time, the criminal activity of juveniles has decreased: their number has decreased by 6.8% and came up to less than 2.7 thousand people (versus 2.9 thousand people in 2007). Proportion of juvenile offenders in total number of the identified individuals committed crimes has decreased from 3.7% in 2007 to 2.8% in 2010.

188 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

At the same time, with an overall decrease in the number of the identified juveniles committed crimes, an increase in the absolute number and proportion of girls is observed. Thus, the number of identified under-age girls- offenders has increased by 35.8% in 2010 as compared to 2007 and reached 258 girls (versus 190 girls in 2007), while reducing the number of under-age boys – offenders – 9.8 %. Correspondingly, among the identified juveniles committed crimes, the proportion of girls has increased from 6.7% in 2007 to 9.7% in 2010, with a relative decrease in proportion of boys from 93.3% to 90.3% in 2010. The age structure of individuals committed crimes has a tendency to “growing-up”. Thus, the proportion of individuals committed crimes aged 30 and older has increased from 60.1% in 2007 to 62.7% in 2010. At the same time, the proportion of people aged 13-15 years has decreased from 0.8% in 2007 to 0.5% in 2010, 16-17 years – from 2.9% to 2.3% and 18–24 years – from 19.2 to 17.3%. In 2010, among all the identified individuals committed crimes, the largest proportion of women and men were those who committed economic crimes (30.9% – among women and 29.3% – among men), the second large portion is fraud among women (11.5%) and theft among men (9.2%), the third portion is theft among women (5.4%) and manufacture and sale of drugs among men (5.8%). For all types of crime men dominate, the proportion of the identified individuals committed crimes, ranging from 71.7% (fraud) to 99.4% (rape and attempted rape).

189 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

9.1. Dynamics of individuals committed crimes (2007-2010*) 100 (thousand people)

75,0 78,6 80 69,1 66,5 60

13,4 20 11,5 12,2 15,3

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 Women Men

9.2. Distribution of individuals committed crimes by age (2007–2010*) (as percent of total)

2007 2008 2009 2010

Individuals committed crimes – total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

including at the age of, years:

13–15 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,5

16–17 2,9 2,6 2,4 2,3

18–24 19,2 18,5 18,2 17,3

25–29 17,0 16,3 16,7 17,2

30 and over 60,1 61,8 62,0 62,7

*) Here and below the Ministry of Internal Affairs data

190 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

9.3. Distribution of individuals committed crimes by type of crime (2007–2010*)

As percent Distribution by sex, Number, persons of total in percentage women men women men women men

2007

Total crimes 11527 66517 100,0 100,0 14,8 85,2

including:

intentional homicide and attempted homicide 93 790 0,8 1,2 10,5 89,5

intentional heavy injury 162 1338 1,4 2,0 10,8 89,2

extortion 23 189 0,2 0,3 10,8 89,2

rape and attempted rape 2 474 0,02 0,7 0,4 99,6

thefts 653 8497 5,7 12,8 7,1 92,9

robbery and banditry 154 2830 1,3 4,3 5,2 94,8

swindle 624 1915 5,4 2,9 24,6 75,4

hooliganism 499 3754 4,3 5,6 11,7 88,3

production and sale of drugs 604 4433 5,2 6,7 12,0 88,0

economic crime 4370 18774 37,9 28,2 18,9 81,1

other types of crime 4343 23523 37,7 35,4 15,6 84,4

191 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

As percent Distribution by sex, Number, persons of total in percentage women men women men women men

2008

Total crimes 12175 69068 100,0 100,0 15,0 85,0

including:

intentional homicide and attempted homicide 91 885 0,7 1,3 9,3 90,7

intentional heavy injury 162 1257 1,3 1,8 11,4 88,6

extortion 33 177 0,3 0,3 15,7 84,3

rape and attempted rape 3 541 0,0 0,8 0,6 99,4

thefts 690 7682 5,7 11,1 8,2 91,8

robbery and banditry 164 2979 1,3 4,3 5,2 94,8

swindle 880 2382 7,2 3,4 27,0 73,0

hooliganism 534 3592 4,4 5,2 12,9 87,1

production and sale of drugs 608 4378 5,0 6,3 12,2 87,8

economic crime 4162 20173 34,2 29,2 17,1 82,9

other types of crime 4848 25022 39,8 36,2 16,2 83,8

192 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

As percent Distribution by sex, Number, persons of total in percentage women men women men women men

2009

Total crimes 13388 74968 100,0 100,0 15,2 84,8

including:

intentional homicide and attempted homicide 107 836 0,8 1,1 11,3 88,7

intentional heavy injury 149 1268 1,1 1,7 10,5 89,5

extortion 51 239 0,4 0,3 17,6 82,4

rape and attempted rape 2 520 0,0 0,7 0,4 99,6

thefts 741 7678 5,5 10,2 8,8 91,2

robbery and banditry 149 2839 1,1 3,8 5,0 95,0

swindle 1396 3438 10,4 4,6 28,9 71,1

hooliganism 658 4572 4,9 6,1 12,6 87,4

production and sale of drugs 594 4758 4,4 6,3 11,1 88,9

economic crime 3909 20861 29,2 27,8 15,8 84,2

other types of crime 5632 27959 42,1 37,3 16,8 83,2

193 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

Continued

As percent Distribution by sex, Number, persons of total in percentage women men women men women men

2010

Total crimes 15303 78615 100,0 100,0 16,3 83,7

including:

intentional homicide and attempted homicide 93 775 0,6 1,0 10,7 89,3

intentional heavy injury 155 1316 1,0 1,7 10,5 89,5

extortion 52 299 0,3 0,4 14,8 85,2

rape and attempted rape 3 494 0,0 0,6 0,6 99,4

thefts 830 7262 5,4 9,2 10,3 89,7

robbery and banditry 165 2902 1,1 3,7 5,4 94,6

swindle 1754 4446 11,5 5,7 28,3 71,7

hooliganism 698 4410 4,6 5,6 13,7 86,3

production and sale of drugs 464 4546 3,0 5,8 9,3 90,7

economic crime 4726 23011 30,9 29,3 17,0 83,0

other types of crime 6363 29154 41,6 37,1 17,9 82,1

194 WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN

9.4. Number of individuals convicted of crimes in 2007–2010

Distribution by sex, Number, persons in percentage women men women men

2007

Convicted, total 11527 66517 14,8 85,2

out of them under age 190 2663 6,7 93,3

2008

Convicted, total 12175 69068 15,0 85,0

out of them under age 177 2563 6,5 93,5

2009

Convicted, total 13388 74968 15,2 84,8

out of them under age 211 2537 7,7 92,3

2010

Convicted, total 15303 78615 16,3 83,7

out of them under age 258 2401 9,7 90,3

195 ______

Women and Men–/ 2012: Statistic bulletinW; omen’s Commitee of Uzbekistan State Commitee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, Civic Initiatives Support Center; Asian Developement Bank; United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women

Executive Editor ______. – Т.: ______, 2012. – 196 p .

ББК ______

WOMEN AND MEN OF UZBEKISTAN – 2012

Tashkent “______” 2012

E:xecutive Editor ______

Editor: ______Technical Editor: ______Layout: LLC “NORI”

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