PSK351-Personality Theories and modern Friedman, H. S., & Personality Cognitive of Aspects Chapter r esearch Schustack (5th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 7 : , M. W. (2014). Personality: Classic theories PSK351-Personality Theories Roots inGestaltPsychology of their parts of their stimuli areComplex reduciblenot sum the to perceptions meaningful We we sensations the organize receive into environments seek in their beings Human meaning PSK351-Personality Theories Gestalt Psychology A Gestaltperceptual figure viewer mindthe of the or constructed in shown in imagethe Is the triangle ? PSK351-Personality Theories Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory Contemporaneous causation Contemporaneous Life space ◦ ◦ ◦ by all forcesthe acting at that moment Behavior is caused at momentthe of occurrence its e.g., family, religion, work, etc. relationships to one another All internal and external forces, and their PSK351-Personality Theories Field Dependence Field Field dependent Rod - and - Frame TestFrame Field Field independent PSK351-Personality Theories Field Dependence Career choice patterns Socialization Children’s playpreference ◦ ◦ ◦ occupations Field people preferindependent technological conformity Field people emphasizeindependent autonomyover Field childrenindependent favor play solitary PSK351-Personality Theories Field Dependence Eye contact Interpersonal distance ◦ ◦ prolonged eye contact with a conversational partner Field people makeindependent less frequent and less from aconversational partner away Field people tendto independent sit farther PSK351-Personality Theories Schema Theory Script Schema ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ e.g.,restauranta at eating foreventsSchemas familiar howDetermines we andact think environment one’s about knowledge and expectations A cognitive structureorganizes that PSK351-Personality Theories Categorization Negativeeffects of categorization Positive effects ofcategorization categoriesinto Weevents, tend organize to objects, and people ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Overlook individuating characteristics Stereotypes Makelikely inferences about new things Quickly understand complexinformation PSK351-Personality Theories Control of Attention e.g., attention differencesIndividual attention in where todirect attention our ourcurrent these with combine goals decide to We salientenvironmental notice features and - deficit disorderdeficit PSK351-Personality Theories George Kelly Personal Construct Theory ◦ ◦ scientist” scientist” man is, “Every way, his in own particular a behaviorhuman world own their theories about construct and People activelyendeavor the understand to — Kelly PSK351-Personality Theories Repertory Repertory Test Kelly: The Role Construct emerge Over manytriads, test the is Who different? How? twoWhich are How? similar? Think of: systems Assesses construct personal ◦ ◦ ◦ A successful person you know Your boss A teacher you liked - taker’s constructs PSK351-Personality Theories SocialIntelligence intelligences” intelligences” theory Howardto Similar Gardner’s “multiple situations Knowledge and skills relevant interpersonal to ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Interpersonal and intrapersonalintelligence Emotion knowledge Emotionalintelligence Including: empathy, compassion, humor, etc. PSK351-Personality Theories Explanatory Style Explanatory Learned Optimism Learned effect ofpessimism reduce canCognitive intervention the depressive Learned Helplessness (Seligman) and PessimismOptimism wayA characteristic ofinterpretinglife events ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ New ways of thinking can be trained of acceptance Repeated exposure to for achievementImplications better outcomes with generallyisstyle associated Optimistic avoidable unavoidable punishment punishment leads to the to punishment leads PSK351-Personality Theories Julian Rotter Reinforcement value expectancy Outcome and Behavior depends upon ◦ ◦ Value of the expected reinforcer tothe individual reinforced Person’s expectation that his or her behavior will be reinforcement value outcome expectancy outcome PSK351-Personality Theories Julian Rotter situations Generalized vs. specific expectancies Behaviorpotential ◦ ◦ ◦ behaviors Specific expectancies apply instancesof to particular behaviors and situations Generalized expectancies apply to categories of situation particular Likelihood that abehavior will be performedin a (e.g. not enjoying family parties) (e.g. enjoying parties) and PSK351-Personality Theories Julian Rotter psychological reinforcement Behavior potential, outcome expectancy, and reinforcersSecondary Six psychological needs ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Associated with satisfaction of these needs Physical comfort Love and affection Protection Independence Dominance Recognition - dependency - situation status potential potential all come together to form . the PSK351-Personality Theories Julian Rotter External locus ofcontrol locus External of controllocus Internal ofcontrolLocus ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Morelikely to suffer stress and depression Includes components of chance andpowerful others Believe events are beyond their personal control Moreachievement Outcomes are the result of one’s own actions Stable individual difference Beliefs aboutone’s ability to affect outcomes - oriented PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Self ◦ ◦ anticipate anticipate effectsthe of the environment. behavior in thefuture, the person canthink direct reinforcement after the fact learning iscritical: Rather The active, cognitive and effective in achieving the individual’s goals behavior so that itisappropriateto environment the perceives, evaluates, and regulates his or her own The setof cognitive processesby which a person - system nature of individual the than respondingjust to by altering about and during during PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Learning AggressiveBehavior Learning Observational reinforcement?absence of How cannew behaviors acquired be in the ◦ ◦ Bobo doll experiments Vicarious learning and modeling PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Factors that influence influence modeling: that Factors ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Attributes Attributes observer of the Characteristics of the behavior Characteristics of the model Outcome expectancy they People aremore likely to imitate behaviors that development Low Simple and salientbehaviors Age, gender, status, competence, etc. believe s elf - esteem, dependence, cognitive lead to positive outcomes PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert negative outcomes. outcomes and not performed if itis expected to behavior, it will be performed whenit leads to E learning Processes underlying observational ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ven and when observed has a person Motivation reproduction Motor Retention Attention acquired a valued valued lead to PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Self Self ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ How success or failure affects future behavior How long we persistin our behavior If we even to act try aenact behavior situation in a particular A belief abut howcompetently one will be able to - - efficacydetermines: efficacy PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Self Self ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Unlike self Emotional reactions (how we feel about behavior) the Verbal persuasion (by others) Vicarious experiences (seeing others) Past andsuccess failuresat similar tasks - - efficacy is specific to the situation/behavioris specifictothe efficacy is basedon: efficacy - esteem, which is global PSK351-Personality Theories Albert Bandura Albert Focusescontrol on internal behavior of Includes self Self ◦ ◦ ◦ Close to social psychological approaches Intrapersonal approach People’s control over their own achievements - Rewarding themselves Evaluating their success Setting goalsfor themselves regulation - efficacy and schemas efficacy PSK351-Personality Theories Humans asComputers Shortcomings of artificial intelligence of artificial Shortcomings People processorsas information ◦ ◦ ◦ Personality is difficult to simulate Turing Test Similar to howcomputers manipulate information PSK351-Personality Theories
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PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach Analogy ◦ Humans as scientists and information processors PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach Advantages ◦ ◦ ◦ individuality Differences in cognitive areskills viewed to as central Captures active nature of human thought processes of cognition Explains personality through uniquely human PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach Limits ◦ ◦ ◦ behavior May underemphasize situational influences on processes Some theories tend to oversimplify complex thought personality Often ignores unconscious and emotional aspects of PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach View of free will ◦ Free will through active human thought processes PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach Common assessment assessment techniques Common ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ O S A Biographical tasks Decision tudy tudy of cognitive development ttributional analyses bservation analysis PSK351-Personality Theories Cognitive Approach Implications for Implications therapy ◦ ◦ changing cognitions cognitions changing andbehaviorEmotion changed by canbe processesthought change to and attribution ofperception, understanding Uses cognition,