J. Indian bot. Soc. e-ISSN:2455-7218, ISSN:0019 - 4468 Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:177-184

DIVERSITY OF DESMIDS FROM FRESHWATER BODIES OF DISTRICT, ,

KEVIPHRUONUO KUOTSU AND S.K. CHATURVEDI

Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Hdqs- Lumami, 798627 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Date of online publication: 31st December 2020 DOI:10.5958/2455-7218.2020.00035.2 The present paper records 20 species of desmids belonging to 10 genera( Cosmarium, Netrium, Coelastrum, Hyalotheca, Staurastrum, Actinotaenium, Closterium, Acutodesmus, Eaustrum and ) from Kohima districts, Nagaland which is located between 25024'N - 25099. N latitude and 94001'E - 94029.E longitude with an average elevation of 1261m and an area of 1,595 sq. km. Out of these, 7 species belong to genus Cosmarium (C. anceps, C. blytii, C. botrytis, C. contractum var rotundatum C. crenatum, C. holmiense var hibernicum and C. ornatum), 5 species of Closterium (C. acerosum var minus, C. dianae, C. ehrenbergiiii, C. idiosporum and C.moniliferum ) and one species each from Actinotaenium silvae-nigra, Acutodesmus acuminatus, Coelastrum sphaericum, Eaustrum sublobatum, Hyalotheca dissiliens, Netrium digitus, Spirotaenia condensata and Staurastrum punctulatum. Out of these 20 species, one species i.e., Acutodesmus acuminatus has already been reported in Nagaland, Acitinotaenium silvae-nigra is a new record for India and the remaining species are first reports for Nagaland.

Key Words: Desmids, cells, freshwater, Kohima is located between 25024'N - streams of Kohima district were surveyed 25 0 99'N latitude and 94 0 01'E-94 0 29'E during the month of Jan 2018 to April 2019, 25 longitude. It has a hilly landscape with an samples were collected and fixed in 4% average elevation of 1261 meter and an area of formalin, brought to the laboratory and stored 1,595 sq and has a moderate subtropical at 40C in the refrigerator. Photomicrographs of climate and rich biodiversity. The work on the algal specimens were taken using Motic algal diversity of Nagaland is very limited and microscope BA-210 and Euromex microscope. the earlier works on study of algal diversity has The Algal specimen were identified with the mostly been done on the blue green . help of earlier publications of Clarence (1945), Reddy et al. (1986) have reported 6 taxa of blue Prescott (1951), Prescott and Scott (1945), green algae and 2 fresh water algal taxa from Hirano and Minoru (1992), Shashi and Gupta moist soils. Singh (1997) had reported 64 algal (1998), John et al. (2002), Wehr and Sheath taxa from the soil of different rice fields of (2003), Das (2007), Suseela (2007), Shukla Nagaland. Tiwari et al. (2009) have studied the (2008 ), Das et al. (2009), Dwivedi et al. algal diversity from the moist soil and rice (2009), Sharma (2009), Yasmin et al. (2011), fields of Nagaland and reported 25 blue green Das and Adhikary (2012, 2014), Kim (2018) algal taxa, Oinam et al. (2010) and Devi et al. and the internet (Algaebase, digicodes.info, (2010) have also reported 4 taxa of blue green desmids.science4all.nl desmids.nl/index.html, algae from Nagaland. Das and Adhikary (2012) galerie.sinicearasy.cz and protest.i.hosei.ac.jp) surveyed the fresh water bodies (lakes, ponds s t r e a m s a n d r i v e r s ) o f D i m a p u r, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Chumukedima, Peren and Wokha districts of Nagaland and reported 94 algal taxa out of A detailed study on the morphological which 30 were desmids. The present study has characters i.e. cell size, shape, ornamentation, been carried out so as to study the desmids from shape, arrangement of the chloroplast, number freshwater bodies of Kohima district for the and arrangement of pyrenoids were studied and first time. the taxonomic identification had been made along with a table of the distribution of these MATERIALS AND METHODS taxa. Various freshwater bodies viz., lakes, ponds, Annotation: pools, rice fields, rivers, moist cave wall and Class: Chlorophyceae Received on October 24, 2020 www.indianbotsoc.org Accepted on October 26, 2020 Freshwater desmids diversity of Kohima J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:178

Order: Sphaeropleales Cosmarium anceps P.Lundell (Plate 1, Family: Scenedesmaceae Figure-1) Genus: Acutodesmus (Hedgewald) Tsarenko Cells longer than breadth, 26 µm long and 13 2001 µm, sinus open, Isthmus 10 µm, semi cells Acutodesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) P.M. trapezium shape with slight constriction at the Tsarenko and Petlovanny (Plate-1, Figure- apices of the cells. Cell wall smooth and the 15) sides are slightly concave. Locality: Jakhama, Kohima district, Nagaland Coenobia 4 celled, outer cell crescent shape GPS coordinates: 25˚35'07.5” N, 94˚07'13.4” having pointed ends, 15 µm long and 3 µm E wide Habitat: Pond Locality: Jakhama, Kohima district, Nagaland Collection number: KVP-253, BOT NU GPS coordinates: 24˚35'06.8” N, 94˚08'03.2” E Date of collection: 12-07-2018 Habitat: Constructed pond Collection number: KVP-259, BOT NU Cosmarium blytii Wille (Plate 1, Figure-5) Date of collection: 12-07-2018 Cells 25 µm long and 18 µm wide. Semi cells sub- semicircular in shape with truncate apex. Genus: Coelastrum Nageli 1849 Sinus deep, linear and closed for most parts and Coelastrum sphaericum Nageli (Figure- 9) lateral margins of the semi cells with 4 crenates Colonies spherical with empty spaces and each µ. compose of conical cells with pointed end Locality: Khuzama & Jakhama, Kohima protruding towards outside, Cells 13 µm in district, Nagaland diameter and arranged in a single layer. GPS coordinates: :25˚25'20.2” N, 94˚08'24.9” Locality: Tseminyu, Kohima district, Nagaland E ; 25˚35'07.5” N, 94˚07'13.4” E GPS coordinates: 25˚55'10.8” N, 94˚13'12.2” E Habitat: Fish pond; temporary pool Habitat: Fish pond Collection number: KVP-208, BOT NU; KVP- Collection number: KVP- 261, BOT NU 233, BOT NU Date of collection: 15-07-2019 Date of collection: 24-04-2018 , 21-04-2018

Class: Cosmarium botrytis Meneghini ex Ralfs Order: Desmidiales (Plate 1, Figure-2) Family: Desmidiaceae Cells 107 µm long and 68 µm wide, semi cells Genus: Actinotaenium (Nageli) Teiling 1954 oval pyramidal shape with convex apex, sinus Actinotaenium silvae-nigrae (Rabanus) deep, linear and open towards outside cell wall Kouwets and Coesel (Plate 1, Figure-8) granulated throughout the cells with about 30 granules around each semi cells. Cells cylindrical with broadly rounded apex, Locality: Khuzama, Jakhama & New cells 44 µm long and 15 µm wide, constriction Teroguuyu, Kohima district, Nagaland of cell not visible, Cell wall smooth, asteroid GPS coordinates: 25˚31'46.0” N, 94˚07'46.0” chloroplast. E; 25˚35'05.8” N, 94˚07'02.0” E; 25˚52'49.9” Locality: Dziikou valley, Kohima district, N, 94˚11'04.4” E Nagaland Habitat: Temporary pool; Rice field; Pond GPS coordinates: 25˚35'13.4” N, 94˚02'50.0” E Collection number: KVP- 233, BOT NU; Habitat: Moist cave wall KVP-255, BOT NU; KVP-282, BOT NU Collection number: KVP-263, BOT NU Date of collection: 07-07-2018; 12-07-2018; Date of collection: 20-09-2018 19-02-2019

Genus: Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs 1848 Cosmarium contractum var rotundatum O. Keviphruonuo Kuotsu and S.K. Chaturvedi J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:179

Borge (Plate 1, Figure-3) Genus: Euastrum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848 Cells 32 µm long and 20 µm in wide, sinus deep Euastrum sublobatum Brebisson ex Ralfs and Isthmus 13 µm wide semi cells circular in (Plate 1, Figure-16) shape with smooth walls. Cells 18 µm long and 13 µm wide, pyramidal Locality: Tseminyu, Kohima district, Nagaland shape with flattened apices which is slightly GPS coordinates: 25˚55'20.4” N, 94˚13'07.9” E constricted, lateral side of the semi cells lobed, Habitat: Fish pond sinus deep and wide, 1 chloroplast in each Collection number: KVP- 285, BOT NU semi cell. Date of collection: 19-02-2019 Locality: Jakhama, Kohima district, Nagaland GPS coordinates: 25˚35'07.5” N, 94˚07'13.4” Cosmarium crenatum Ralfs ex Ralfs (Plate 1, W Figure-7) Habitat: Temporary pool Cells 30 µm long and 22 µm wide, semi cells Collection number: KVP-253, BOT NU rectangular pyramidal shape with 4 crenates in Date of collection: 19-02-2019 lateral side of each cells, size of the crenate increases as we move towards the apex, sinus Genus: Hyalotheca Ehrenberg ex Ralf 1848 slightly open and shallow, Isthmus 8 µm wide. Hyalotheca dissiliens Brebisson ex Ralf Locality: Jakhama & Dzükou valley, Kohima (Plate 1, Figure-10) district, Nagaland Each cells appox 19 µm long and 31 µm wide, GPS coordinates: 25˚35'05.8” N, 94˚07'02.0” cylindrical shape, lateral side of the cell have E; 25˚33'13.4” N, 94˚03'54.8” E ; medium constriction of 29 µm wide. H a b i t a t : S t r e a m ; s t a g n a n t p o o l Mucilaginous sheath that covers the cell is Collection number: KVP-255, BOT NU; KVP- almost half the size of the cell. 297,BOT NU, Locality: Dzüleke & Kigwema, Kohima Date of collection: 12-07-2018; 04-04-2019 district, Nagaland GPS coordinates: 25˚62'95.0” N, 94˚01'18.7” Cosmarium holmiense var. hibernicum E; 25˚35'07.5” N, 94˚07'03.4” E (West) Schmidle (Plate 1, Figure-4) Habitat: Pond; stream Cells 46 µm long and 26 µm wide, semi cells Collection number: KVP-164, BOT NU; KVP- trapezoid in shape with lateral sides of the semi 176, BOT NU cells slightly convex, sinus moderately deep Date of collection: 24-01-2018; 29-01-2018 and Isthmus 11 µm wide, cell wall smooth. Locality: Jakhama, Kohima district, Nagaland Genus: Staurastrum Meyen ex Ralfs 1848 GPS coordinates: 25˚35'05.8” N, 94˚07'02.0” E Staurastrum punctulatum Brebisson (Plate Habitat: Pond 1. Figure-11) Collection number: KVP- 255, BOT NU Cells hourglass shape, 38 µm long and 30 µm Date of collection: 12-07-2018 wide, sinus deep and wide constriction, semi Cosmarium ornatum Ralfs ex Ralf (Plate 1, cells ellipsoidal shape, isthmus 12 µm wide. Figure-6) Locality: Dzüleke, Kohima district, Nagaland Cells granulated almost as long as wide, 27 µm GPS coordinates: 25˚35'06.8” N, 94˚08'03.2” long and 24 µm wide, semi cells kidney shaped, E sinus deeply constricted, linear and opening on Habitat: Roadside pool the inside, Isthmus 5 µm wide. Collection number: KVP-169, BOT NU Locality:Rüsoma, Kohima district, Nagaland Date of collection: 24-01-2018 GPS: coordinate: 25˚45'11.0” N, 94˚10'51.0” E Habitat: Dzü-ü river Family: Closteriaceae Collection number: KVP- 270, BOT NU Genus: Closterium Nitzsch ex Ralf 1848 Date of collection: 31-01-2019 Closterium acerosum var minus Hantzsch Freshwater desmids diversity of Kohima J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:2020:180

(Plate 1, Figure-20) 02-02-2019 Cells 250 µm long and 40µm wide, slightly curved and tapers towards both ends, cell wall Closterium idiosporum West & G.S.West smooth, longitudinal lines are visible inside the (Plate 1, Figure-19) cell. Cells elongated spindle shape and slightly Locality: Kohima & Jakhama, Kohima district, curved and tapering towards the apices, 213 Nagaland µm long and 7 µm wide, pyrenoids scatterd GPS coordinates: 25˚40'57.2” N, 94˚06'47.1” E along the cell, cell wall smooth. ; 25˚35'06.8” N, 94˚08'03.2” E Locality: Tuophema & Meriema, Kohima Habitat: Constructed pond district, Nagaland Collection number: KVP- 217, BOT NU; GPS coordinates: 25˚84'77.5” N, 94˚19'23.8” KVP-259, BOT NU E; 25˚71'40.5” N, 94˚09'56.4” E Date of collection:, 21-04-2018; 12-07-2018 Habitat: Roadside pool; pond Collection number: KVP-175, BOT NU; KVP- Closterium dianae Ehrenbergii ex Ralfs 20193, BOT NU (Plate 1, Figure-13) Date of collection:14-03-2018; 12-03-2018 Cells 170 µm long and 20 µm wide, curved and tapered towards both ends, apices 4 µm wide, Closterium moniliferum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs mid-region of the cell slightly tumid, pore (Plate 1, Figure-18) visible at both the ends, chloroplast with 8 Cells broad and long, 312µm long and 44 µm pyrenoids along the length of the cell, cell wall wide, slightly convex with rounded tapering smooth. ends with a width of 6 µm, chloroplast having Locality: Tuophema & Rüsoma, Kohima 3-4 longitudinal ridges, 4-6 pyrenoids in each district, Nagaland semi cells, mid region of cell is slightly convex, GPS coordinates: 25˚85'01.4” N, 94˚18'01.5” cell wall smooth. E; 25˚45'11.8” N, 94˚10'512.0” E Locality: Jakhama & Peducha, Kohima Habitat: Pond; Dzü-ü River district, Nagaland Collection number: KVP- 179, BOT NU; GPS coordinates: 25˚32'20.2” N, 94˚08'24.9” KVP-270, BOT NU E; 25˚43'58.0” N, 94˚00'07.0” E, Date of collection:14-03-2018; 31-01-2019 Habitat: Rice field; roadside pool; stream Collection number: KVP- 233, BOT NU; Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs KVP-234, BOT NU; KVP-273, BOT NU (Plate1, Figure- 14) Date of collection:07-07-2018; 02-02-2019 Cells large, mid-region swollen and slightly curved, cell body 298 µm long and 60 µm wide. Family: Mesotaeniaceae Cell slightly tapers towards the end with Genus: Netrium (Nageli) Itzigsohn and broadly rounded apex which is 7 µm wide, Rothe 1856 apical pore not observed, pyrenoids scattered in Netrium digitus (Brebisson ex Ralf) the chloroplast. Itzigsohn and Rothe (Plate 1, Figure-12) Locality: Khonoma, Meriema & Peducha, Kohima district, Nagaland Cells broad, oblong elliptical shape, slight GPS coordinates: 25˚72'07.7” N, 94˚10'09.5” tapering towards the apex which is rounded E; 25˚62'95.0” N, 94˚01'81.7” E; 25˚43'58.0” and 18 µm in size, cells 190 µm long and 52 µm N, 94˚08'07.0” E wide, cell wall smooth, 2 axial and radiating Habitat: Stream; Roadside pool; Stream chloroplast are present. Collection number: KVP-20196, BOT NU; Locality: Jakhama, Kohima district, Nagaland KVP-159, BOT NU; KVP-273, BOT NU GPS coordinates: 25˚35'05.0” N, 94˚07'02.0” Date of collection:24-01-2018; 12-03-2018; E Keviphruonuo Kuotsu and S.K. Chaturvedi J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:181

Habitat: Small stream GPS coordinates: 25˚35'06.8” N, 94˚08'03.2” Collection number: KVP-255, BOT NU E Date of collection: 13-07-2018 Habitat: Roadside pool Collection number: KVP-159, BOT NU Genus: Spirotaenia Brebisson 1848 Date of collection: 24-01-2018 Spirotaenia condensata Brebisson (Plate 1, Figure-17) SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Cells elongated, cylindrical with slight tapering The paper records 20 species of desmids at the end, apex broadly rounded, cells 159 µm belonging to 4 families viz., Scenedesmaceae, long and 17 wide, chloroplast parietal, Desmidiaceae, Closteriaceae, Mesotaeniaceae arranged with 11 turns, many pyrenoids and 10 genera viz., Cosmarium, Closterium, scattered along the length of the cells, cell wall Actinotaenium, Acutodesmus, Coelastrum, smooth. Eaustrum, Hyalotheca, Spirotaenia, Locality: Dzüleke, Kohima district, Nagaland

Table 1: Distribution of desmids in different water bodies of Kohima district, Nagaland

Sl. Temporary/ Moist Rice No. Organisms Locality Pond stagnant Streams River cave wall field pools 1 Actinotaenium silvae- + Dzükou valley nigrae 2 Acutodesmus acuminatus Jakhama + 3 Closterium acerosum var + Kohima & Jakhama minus 4 Closterium dianae Tuoohema & Rüsoma + + 5 Closterium ehrenbergii Khonoma & Meriema + + 6 Closterium idiosporum Tuophema & Meriema + + 7 Closterium moniliferum Jakhama & Peducha + + 8 Coelastrum sphaericum Tseminyu + 9 Cosmarium anceps Jakhama + 10 Cosmarium blytii Khuzama & Jakhama + 11 Cosmarium botrytis Khuzama, Jakhama & + + + New Terogunyu 12 Cosmarium contractum + Tseminyu var rotundatum 13 Cosmarium crenatum Jakhama & Dzükou + valley 14 Cosmarium holmiense var + Jakhama hibernicum 15 Cosmarium ornatum Rüsoma + 16 Euastrum sublobatum Jakhama + 17 Hyalatheca dissiliens Dzüleke & Kigwema + + + 18 Netrium digitus Jakhama + 19 Spirotaenia condensate Dzüleke + 20 Staurastrum punctulatum Dzüleke +

Freshwater desmids diversity of Kohima J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:182

Figure- 1-20:1. Cosmarium anceps 2. Cosmarium botrytis 3. Cosmarium contractum var rotundatum 4. Cosmarium holmiense var. hibernicum 5. Cosmarium blyti 6. Cosmarium ornatum 7. Cosmarium crenatum 8. Netrium digitus 9. Coelastrum sphaericum 10. Hyalotheca dissiliens. 11. Staurastrum punctulatum. 12. Actinotaenium silvae-nigrae 13. Closterium dianae 14. Closterium ehrenbergii 15. Acutodesmus acuminatus 16. Euastrum sublobatum 17. Spirotaenia condensata 18. Closterium moniliferum 19. Closterium idiosporum var punctatum 20. Closterium acerosum var minus. Scale bar- Figure- 1-9, 11-13, 15-20=10 µm; Figure- 10, 14=50 µm Spirotaenia and Staurastrum. Majority of the ehrenbergiiii, C. idiosporum and C. species identified belongs to genus moniliferum and one species each have been Cosmarium, viz., C. anceps, C. blytii, C. reported from Actinotaenium silvae-nigra, botrytis, C. contractum var rotundatum, C. Acutodesmus acuminatus, Coelastrum crenatum, C. holmiense var hibernicum and C. sphaericum, Eaustrum sublobatum, ornatum followed by Closterium viz., C. Hyalotheca dissiliens, Spirotaenia condensata acerosum var minus, C. dianae, C. and Staurastrum punctulatum. Out of the different water bodies that were surveyed, Keviphruonuo Kuotsu and S.K. Chaturvedi J. Indian bot. Soc. Vol. 100 (3&4) 2020:183 desmids were found to be mostly distributed in Das S K, Samad L K, Ramanujam P and ponds followed by temporary pools/stagnant Adhikary SP 2009 Freshwater algae of water. The present study is a first for diversity Meghalaya. The Journal of Indian Botanical study of algae of Kohima District, Nagaland. Society 88 (l &2) 102-l l8. Out of the 20 algal species reported, Acutodesmus acuminatus is already reported in Devi S D, Indrama T and Tiwari O N 2010 Nagaland, 18 algal species are first records for Biodiversity analysis and reproductive/ Nagaland and Actinataenium silvae-nigrae cultural behaviour of of North collected from the moist cave wall of Dzükou Eastern region of India having acidic valley, Kohima district, Nagaland is a first properties. The International Journal of report for India. Plateant Reproductive Biology 2 127 – 135.

Nagaland comes under the Indo-Burma Dwivedi R K, Shukla C P, Misra P K, Shukla Biodiversity hotspot region and have rich flora, SK and Seth MK 2009 On Desmids of Southern however, very few works on the study of algae Himachal Pradesh of Indo-Western Himalaya. has been done and majority of the area is still Feddes Repertorium 120 (3 &4) 236–249. unexplored thus providing huge scope for algal studies. Hirano M 1992 Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University: The authors are thankful to the Head, Desmids from Thailand and Malaysia. Kyoto Department of Botany for providing all the University Research Information Repository laboratory facilities. Authors also acknowledge 1-150. the help of rendered by Algal Ecology Lab, NEHU, Shillong. Our gratitude is also John D M, Whitton B A and Brook A J 2002The accorded to the UGC. Non-NET, New Delhi to freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An one of the authors for financial assistance Identification Guide to Freshwater and during the present investigation (author K.K) Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

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