Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247 International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018)

Reducing ’s Transmigrant Conflict With Indigenous People through Multicultural Education

Deki Wibowo1, Suyahmo2, Dew Liesnoor Setyowati3, Hamdan Tri Atmaja4 1234 STKIP Melawi Barat, 1234Graduate School, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Corresponding email: [email protected])

Abstract Melawi Regency is colored by various tribes, characterized by various cultures, languages, and religions embraced, and diverse cultural value system contained in the community. Dayak tribe is one of indigenous tribes located in Melawi, besides there are also the descendants of Malayu migrants such as Banjar, Java, Sunda, Madura, and China. The transmigration program entered into the Melawi region in 1984. It is conducted by the Small Dry Land Group in Tanjung Sari Village area. Since the application of the program, there happened some conflicts arising between transmigrants and indigenous people in Melawi. One of them is about land ownership and the boundary. Given the conflict between transmigrant communities and indigenous peoples, this research becomes important to give better understanding on how to conquer conflict by instilling multicultural education in Melawi. The purpose of this study was to analyze the occurrence of conflict sources between Javanese transmigrants and indigenous people in Melawi based on the perspective of trinity theory. The method used in this research was qualitative research approach. The results of this study showed that the source of conflict between Javanese transmigrants and indigenous people in Melawi could be overcome by the theory of trinity Piere Bourdieu which states that habitus, social modality and arena are key to social reproduction because it is central in generating and regulating practices, practices that shape social life.

Keywords: reduce conflict, multicultural education

1. Introduction The transmigration program entered West Kalimantan, especially Nanga Melawi Regency, particularly in Nanga Pinoh Pinoh Sub-district in Melawi Regency is one of Sub-district In 1984 (West Kalimantan the provinces and regency in Indonesia. The Provincial Manpower and Transmigration regency consists of various ethnic groups Office). It is called the Small Group of Dry Land characterized by a variety of cultures, languages, (SGDL) in Tanjung Sari Village area. The dialects, religions adopted, and diverse cultural purposes of the implementation of the value system contained in the community. transmigration program in Melawi District are: However, there was a social conflict that First, to improve the welfare of the population happened between 1999-2002 and involved who follow the program. Second, to send Dayak, Malay and Madura. It started from a communities from trained Java Island private problem and further affected a group or a transmigration sites with hope that Javanese can tribe, and has never involved the whole tribe that build local transmigrants. Third, to implement leads to nuanced conflict. pre-established development programs by the The previously mentioned tribal people government such as agriculture, plantation, of Java roaming in Melawi district , in the education, as well as the construction of roads, beginning followed the transmigration program street, education facilities, health facilities and held by the government since the New Order era other supporting facilities. was renamed in 1974 until now. The Old Order The main purpose of the central under and the New Order under government is the equitable distribution of Suharto put forward the spirit of uniformity with development throughout the archipelago an authoritarian system, not an effort to nationally, especially in disadvantaged areas encourage people to accept voluntary such as in Melawi Regency, Nanga Pinoh Sub- differences. In addition, the transmigration district, West Kalimantan. The problems that policies of the New Order brought significant occur in transmigrant policy in Indonesia influences in the form of population flows from generally and especially in Melawi Regency densely populated areas of Java, Madura and regarding the implementation of transmigration , to rare areas in Kalimantan and East programs in Melawi Regency, Nanga Pinoh Indonesia. Sub-district, West Kalimantan, namely first, the

Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 94 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247

problem with the origin of the transmigrants. Melawi based on the perspective of the trinity Second, the socio-cultural clash between the theory. immigrant population and the native/local population. Third, the cooperation with the local 2. Method government or related agencies related to the The method used in this research was transmigration policy which is not maximal. qualitative research approach. Data collection Thus, it will create a new problem, namely the techniques used were observational research presence of migrant populations such as (observation), interviews, and documentation. transmigrant communities in Melawi Regency in Interviews. Those were conducted to general will cause social frictions such as social, transmigrant communities and indigenous economic, and cultural gaps. Similarly, it also peoples in the village of Tanjung Sari Small occurs to language barriers, and most cannot yet Group of Dry Land (SGDL). These informants accept the presence of migrant communities. were asked to provide sources of conflict that This is one of the major homework for the occurred in the area of transmigration. Melawi Regency Government to self-engage in Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used in the settlement, not to trigger a horizontal conflict this study was the data analysis technique such as on 19th of January 1999 between Sambas according to Miles and Huberman’s theory and Madurese Tribes. (1984) who confirm that activities in the The conflicts occurred between analysis of qualitative data are supposed to be transmigrant communities and indigenous conducted interactively and continuous to people in Melawi Regency Nanga Pinoh Sub- complete, so the data saturated. For more, the district, West Kalimantan are such as the activities in data analysis covered data conflict over land used by Transmigrant people reduction, data display, and withdrawal of for agriculture recognized by local community conclusion / verification. as customary land, which legally should have been handed over by the government of Melawi 3. Results and Discussion Regency to the community of transmigrants for Research on reducing Javanese agricultural land, boundary conflicts that often transmigrant conflict so far has been done by occur between sub-districts in the region some researchers from abroad and Indonesia Melawi. This occurs after the investor entered who wrote about the study of transmigrants in the territory of Melawi Regency concerned to Indonesia. However, this study only used some opened a new land for oil palm plantation. This literature to illustrate the concept of problems act apparently triggered a conflict in the about transmigrants in Nanga Pinoh Sub-district, Regency of Melawi. Melawi Regency, West Kaimantan. Here, for Another conflict arising between example, the researcher got a picture from Sri transmigrant communities and indigenous Edi Swasono and Masri Singarimbun’s research peoples is concerning about land ownership and (1986) regarding problems that occurred in boundaries. This problem resulted in the absence transmigration program in Indonesia. The of tranquility in work and in their daily life. This problem of is caused by cultural contact between will also affect children. Therefore, the need for the Javanese transmigrants and the indigenous multicultural education is formalized into a population. The cultural contact is due to a new policy because the people in the pluralist cultural encounter with the old culture. If not Melawi Regency are connected with the addressed properly, it will cause friction or phenomenon of conflict between community conflict between the population of Javanese groups. Multicultural education is a response to transmigrants with the natives. Various friction the development of diversity as well as the or conflict can occur due to social disparity demands of equal rights for each group. It can be factors between immigrant population (Javanese interpreted that multicultural education is an transmigrants) with indigenous people (Dayak). education that encompasses all students The source of conflict between regardless of their groups, such as gender, transmigrant communities and indigenous ethnicity, race, culture, social strata, and people in Melawi Regency, Nanga Pinoh Sub- religion. district, West Kalimantan was the conflict over The purpose of this study was to analyze land used by Transmigrant people for the occurrence of conflict sources between agriculture, recognized by local community as Javanese transmigrants and indigenous people in customary land, which legally should have been

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handed over by the government of Melawi of Java. The colonial Regency to the community of transmigrants for government implemented this program with the agricultural land. There are also boundary aim to overcome the socio-economic problems conflicts that often occur between sub-districts experienced by rural communities of Java in the region Melawi These occur after the Island. investor entered the territory of Melawi Regency According to Wasino, W. (2007) in his and concerned to open a new land for oil palm writing, when Indonesia was born as a national plantation. This obviously triggered a conflict in country, Indonesia was not a new entity. It was a the Regency of Melawi. historical continuation of a society called the According Swasono, usually migrants’ Dutch East Indies. The people under the economic life is much better than the original Western colonists were plural societies. Those citizens. He took an example from what were societies that were segregated by social happened in East Kalimantan, South class, ethnicity, religion, race, and interclass. For Kalimantan, and Central Kalimantan. more, rulers and people were separated racially. Transmigrants in this region have succeeded in In addition there was a tribal division related to changing the fate of migrant populations, economic, education, and social relations. After whereas for the natives, it is perceived as failing Indonesia's independence, the situation of plural to their prosperity. society continued. The end of the New Order Heeren discussed the problem of has opened the box of pandora about bad transmigrants in Indonesia, specifically in South relations between ethnic and interreligious. As a in 1952-1958. His explanation begins result there were many conflicts based on ethnic by questioning the need for a transmigration and religious differences. It was increasingly program in Indonesia. According to Heeren, tapered when political interests enter. The there are several factors influencing the process of political reform gave rise to a new Indonesian government to continue this awareness of inter-ethnic and religious relations. program. First, the increasing number of people The starting point of this changed when in Java island will result in the unabsorbed President Abdurrahman Wahid opened the human resources by labor force. Second, barriers of multicultural relationships that national development is considered as unfair to respected differences in cultural orientation every region because it is only concentrated in among ethnic groups. Since then, the concept of Java Island. Therefore, the government experienced a process of continues the transmigration program with the socialization in Indonesian society. aim of being able to move the population while The following is presented the social providing new jobs at the transmigration site. environment of the community in the area of (H.J. Heeren). Tanjung Sari Village Dry Land Working Group Rukmadi Warsito (1984) describes the (KKLK) which experienced social conflict with various problems that occur in transmigration the indigenous people in the village of Tanjung policy in Indonesia. According to Warsito, there Sari, Nanga Pinoh Sub-district. It can be seen are three fundamental issues that occur in the from the interviews that have been done with implementation of transmigration programs in transmigrant communities and indigenous Indonesia. First, problems with transmigration peoples as follows: areas. Second, the socio-cultural clash between Interviews dated 02-03-2018 together the migrant population and the local population. with Mr. Eviyantono, head of Third, the non-maximum cooperation with Community Empowerment Institution related agencies related to transmigration policy. (LPM) in dry land working group of In the same case Rukmadi Warsito explaines tanjung sari village. He said that in the that the policy of transmigration occurred community of transmigrants the issue because of the social problems of society on the which is always raised in the community island of Java-Madura and Bali that has is always the problem of indigenous and occurred since the Dutch colonial period. The non natives people who have a personal problem of poverty and lack of land for interest in the local environment. agriculture forced the Dutch East Indies Conflicts over land ownership issues or government to run an Ethical Policy aimed at land for cultivation and plantation, improving the socio-economic conditions which in fact legally have been handed experienced by rural communities on the island over by the central government in

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collaboration with the district 3. Waiting for this process, bordering government of Melawi, handed over the the territory and including ball field, whole community of Javanese mosque, MI, polindes, and transmigrants to agriculture. However, cooperative office will be run or this was in contrast to the indigenous implemented. If the Sub-district people in which they said that the land Leadership Conference ( Muspika) used by migrant communities is their and the regency cannot solve this customary land. case, then we , Dayak Kebehan community can solve itself. Interview dated 03-02-2018 with Mr. 4. We, Dayak Kebehan community Suprihatin the head of Youth will ask for compensation of land Organization (Karang Taruna) of area of 120 Ha from 60 families. Tanjung Sari Village said that the Each head of the family has a land economic gap that occurred in the area of 2 Ha of land will be charged transmigrant area between immigrants Rp. 50,000,000 per ha. with the indigenous population was 5. We, indigenous leaders or have not wrong. It further triggered the been able to receive transmigration occurrence of social jealousy. For more, people to bear a leader at the Village facilities such as road, electricity, water, level as long as the debts in the LG that exist in the transmigrant area made have not been paid. indigenous people feel there is injustice 6. Our indigenous people of Bohan in pasiltas development by the village will withdraw the land government. This was a strong placed by transmigration program indication of a social conflict in the based on the SK certificate in community of Tanjung Sari Village. Tanjung Tengang Village. 7. The land of indigenous people in The contents of the indigenous tribes Blocks of Society 7 and Blocks of statement about the existence of Society 8 in 1982 ago totally failed transmigrant communities, the meeting of 150 hectares which was already on Thursday 1 December 2016 in the lot by Umar's brother and sold statement attended by Dayak Kebehan and traded so that now has been figures, religious leaders, dayak kebehan made rubber plantation by the buyer youth figures, Bohan Hamlet who of each plot -something. became transmigrant settlements stated that: Based on that exposure, it can be 1. We, Dayak Kebehan (indigenous) concluded that the conflict between Javanese community as trans insertion does transmigrants and the indigenous people in not accept Javanese transmigrants as Tanjung Sari Village, Nanga Pinoh Subdistrict, village heads who do not understand Melawi Regency, was the social jealousy of the the origin of the region and the local community in Tanjung Sari Village. In culture of Dayak kebehan customs. Koentjaraningrat's study (1984), it is found that 2. We as transfers of Dayak kebahan conflict of bias occurs when: (1) competition community will move our Family between two or more ethnic groups in terms of Card (KK) to our home village, obtaining the same livelihood field; (2) from Bohan Village to Poring imposition of cultural elements to the citizens of Village because the land inhabited one tribe; (3) coercion of other ethnic groups of by transmigration will be pulled different religions to embrace a particular back. This letter of statement is in religion; (4) efforts to dominate other tribes accordance with the letter of politically; (5) the existence of hidden conflicts introduction No: 045/108 / Tapen C between ethnic groups that have been adat which we only submit as much as 10 hostile. Ha according to the letter of handover as of 31 December 2003 attached.

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4. Conclusion Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, The social conflict occurring in the Bandung. Tanjung Sari Village area between the Javanese transmigrant community and the indigenous Gillin, John Philip dan John Lewis Gillin. population is a disagreement between members (1948). “Cultural Sociology”. A or groups in a comprehensive society caused by Revision of An Introduction to some differences. including, individual, cultural Sociology” Macmillan Co. patterns, social status, interests and the H.J Heeren. (1979). Transmigration in occurrence of social change. Gillin and Gillin Indonesia. : PT Gramedia, (1948) see the conflict as part of a process of Koentjaraningrat. (1984). Javanese culture. opposing human social interactions. That is, Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka. conflict is part of the social process that occurs Morton Deutsch, (1977). The Resolution of because of differences in both physical, Conflict: Constructive and Destructive emotional, cultural, and behavior. In other Processes (Carl Hovland memorial words, conflict is one of the social interaction lectures). Yale University Press. processes that is dissociative. Morton Deutsch Miles dan Huberman.(1992).Qualitative data (Bunyamin Maftuh, 2005) states that in conflict, Analisis. London: Sage Publication. social interaction between individuals or groups Miles, B.B. & A.M. Huberman. (1992). Analisa is more affected by differences than by equality. Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: UI Press. Meanwhile, according to Scannell (2010) conflict is a natural and normal thing that arises Warsito, R. et al. (1984). Transmigration From because of differences in perception, purpose or Region of Origin to Cultural Clash in value in a group of individuals. Residential Area. Jakarta: C.V. Rajawali. 5. References Bunyamin Maftuh. (2005). Implementation of Scannell, Mary. (2010). The Big Book of Conflict Resolution Learning Model Conflict Resolution Games. United through High School Senior Citizenship States of America: Mc Graw – Hill Education. Dissertation (unpublished). Companies, Inc.

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