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Music Initiatives and Social Change in a Rural Appalachian Community

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Music Initiatives and Social Change in a Rural Appalachian Community ABSTRACT Title of thesis: “UNIQUE BY NATURE, TRADITIONAL BY CHOICE”: MUSIC INITIATIVES AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN A RURAL APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY Jennie Laurel Terman, Master of Arts, 2014 Thesis directed by: Assistant Professor Fernando Rios School of Music, Ethnomusicology In Pocahontas County, West Virginia, a cherished musical heritage exists alongside a continuously changing population, and music initiatives demonstrate the tension between preserving local traditions and embracing diversity. Employing practice theory, concepts of globalization, and an applied ethnomusicological approach, three music initiatives—a historical performance hall, public school music education, and the local community radio station—are investigated in terms of their history, current role in the community, and programming and curricula. These initiatives serve as tools for exploring how the music programming and education in this community reflect outside interests and social changes during the past century and help frame suggestions of how public music initiatives, both in this community and elsewhere, might better respond to social change. With collaboration and an in-depth understanding of the complexities of a population, music initiatives can make positive and effective contributions to communities. “UNIQUE BY NATURE, TRADITIONAL BY CHOICE”: MUSIC INITIATIVES AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN A RURAL APPALACHIAN COMMUNITY by Jennie Laurel Terman Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2014 Advisory Committee: Professor Fernando Rios, Chair Professor J. Lawrence Witzleben Professor Patrick Warfield © Copyright by Jennie Laurel Terman 2014 Dedication To my sister, Anna Rachel Terman, who guided me through this project and is the other half of the “Terman Research Team” in Pocahontas County To the community of Pocahontas County, who came together to help out a couple of “outsiders” during hard times ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my committee—Dr. Fernando Rios, Dr. J. Lawrence Witzleben, and Dr. Patrick Warfield—for their support with this thesis and all of my diverse research interests. I owe much gratitude to my partner, Missy, who led me to move to Pocahontas County in the first place and has continued to support me through this and many other projects in more ways than I can count. My parents have also always been a source of support, and I thank them for fostering my interest in music and encouraging me to pursue the things I care about most. Of course, I could not have completed this thesis without the assistance of members of the Pocahontas County community who agreed to participate in this study. Their passion for and complex relationships with the mountains they call home came out during interviews and added interesting perspectives and a good deal of character to the project. I am especially indebted to the members of the Opera House board and staff, who welcomed me into their organization and gave me the freedom to work on projects that addressed the needs of the community. Thank you. iii Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Working in Pocahontas County …………………………………………………...3 Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………....9 Research Design ………………………………………………………………….11 Methodology……………………………………………………………..11 Fieldwork………………………………………………………………...14 Application……………………………………………………………….16 Selection of Community and Music Initiatives………………………….16 Terminology ……………………………………………………………………...19 Literature Review ………………………………………………………………...20 Chapter 1-Pocahontas County, its Community and Musical Heritage…………………..33 The Mountains …………………………………………………………………...33 The People ……………………………………………………………………….35 The Hammons Family ……………………………………………………………47 Chapter 2- The Opera House: “Cultural Heart of the Community”……………………..54 History ……………………………………………………………………………55 Today …………………………………………………………………………….58 Programming …………………………………………………………………….61 Audience …………………………………………………………………………65 Final Thoughts …………………………………………………………………...69 Chapter 3- Public School Music Education: “Preparing Students for Tomorrow’s Challenges”………………………………………………………………………………73 History ……………………………………………………………………………73 Today …………………………………………………………………………….77 Local Music Education Advocacy ……………………………………………….84 Final Thoughts …………………………………………………………………...86 Chapter 4- WVMR: “Voice of the Community”………………………………………...89 History ……………………………………………………………………………89 The National Radio Quiet Zone ………………………………………………….95 Today …………………………………………………………………………….96 Programming ……………………………………………………………………..98 Listeners ………………………………………………………………………...101 Final Thoughts ………………………………………………………………….104 Conclusions and Suggestions…………………………………………………………...107 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………117 iv Introduction For many people, the words “music in Appalachia,” invoke an image of white folk playing the banjo and fiddle on a porch in some impoverished isolated hollow. The fact that many music enthusiasts from Appalachia know little more about so-called “Appalachian music” may surprise some. In fact, interactions with various music traditions over centuries, especially since the extractive resource industry exploded in the region in the late nineteenth century, have resulted in dynamic and diverse musical cultures throughout Appalachia. Many of these music cultures, including Appalachian folk music, have been cultivated by music initiatives that have promoted certain kinds of musical traditions depending on the instigators’ agendas and usually reflecting changing social trends. This long-standing interaction with diverse music traditions demonstrates that although rural Appalachia can be relatively isolated, it continues to exist within the larger pluralistic society of the United States and has been affected by continuing social change. Pocahontas County, West Virginia is an area that is at once isolated and affected by social change. Its relative remoteness and small tight-knit community have resulted in a preserved musical heritage, but a diverse array of people have come to call the mountainous area home. This diversity invalidates the claim that rural Appalachia is homogeneous and presents implications for the music culture of the community. In addition, music initiatives, established during the past century in Pocahontas County, have also changed the musical landscape. Three Pocahontas County music initiatives, including a historical performance hall, public school music education, and the local community radio, serve as tools for exploring how the music programming and education 1 in a rural Appalachian community reflect social changes during the past century and help frame suggestions of how public music initiatives might better respond to social change. The purpose of this thesis is to explore music initiatives in a rural part of Appalachia in terms of their history, current role in the community, and programming and curricula in order to demonstrate a continuing conflict in Appalachia between preserving a cherished local culture and embracing other cultures. Appalachia has been othered, stigmatized, and degraded because of a presumed lack of refinement; but also due to this presumption, Appalachia has been a source of national pride for its perceived purity and authentic American culture. Both in defense and out of pride, Appalachians have gone to great lengths to prevent outside intervention and to preserve a certain way of life believed to be authentic and in danger. Music initiatives in Appalachia, however, have often been started by cultural outsiders with special interests. How do music initiatives in Pocahontas County navigate the strong place-based identity and musical heritage that exists in the community, and what challenges do these music initiatives face in a relatively isolated region with a mixed population? To examine Pocahontas County in relation to these issues, this project frames three music initiatives against the backdrop of the community’s strong musical heritage and continuously changing ethnoscape. Finally, after providing a thorough analysis of the three music initiatives’ roles in the community and interactions with the local musical heritage and other music traditions, I employ an applied ethnomusicological approach to offer suggestions for how public music initiatives can better respond to social changes within the community and the world in general. In addition to considering the negative effects music initiatives can and have had on rural Appalachia, this thesis suggests possible benefits public music 2 initiatives can offer rural communities with strong musical heritages, like Pocahontas County, West Virginia. Developing a deep understanding of a community’s cultures, its complexities, and the problems it faces is a prerequisite for creating successful and productive music initiatives in any community. Working in Pocahontas County Pocahontas County is located in the Appalachian region, an area defined both by its mountainous geography and economic adversity. In terms of geography, Appalachia includes the mountains and foothills of the Appalachian Mountain range, which extends to Alabama in the South and through Maine and in to Canada in the North. As part of Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty” legislation in the 1960s, the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) was formed “to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region.” 1 This legislation, therefore, defines Appalachia
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