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40th Lunar and Conference (2009) 1441.pdf

MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY: LOOKING AHEAD TO 2011. A. R. Vasavada1 and the MSL Science Team, 1Jet Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.

Introduction: The launch of NASA’s Sci- regarding is almost always compensated by the ence Laboratory (MSL), the next rover mission to gain of into the history and range of processes Mars, has been delayed until late 2011, with surface that characterized early surface environments. So by science operations commencing in mid 2012. In spite pursuing a similar strategy with MSL we couple a clear of this delay and its various causes and implications, strategic vision for MEP with the promise of important the mission will retain the next-generation scientific discoveries regarding the early environmental evolu- and technological capabilities that have made it a criti- tion of Mars. cal element in NASA’s Operationally, the MSL mission will assess the bio- (MEP). The MSL mission is a key between previ- logical potential of at least one target environment by ous missions focused on the role of water and any fu- determining the nature and inventory of organic carbon ture missions dedicated to sample return or life detec- compounds, searching for the chemical building blocks tion. MSL fills a scientific niche that the MEP de- of life, and identifying features that may record the scribes as understanding Mars’ potential as a habitable actions of biologically relevant processes. Another planet. focus is to characterize the geology of the landing re- Mission Status: At the time of the December 2008 gion at all appropriate spatial scales by investigating decision to delay the launch, the MSL spacecraft was the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition undergoing assembly and testing at the Jet Propulsion of surface and near-surface materials, and interpreting Laboratory. Major elements of the flight system, in- the processes that have formed rocks and soils. MSL cluding the cruise stage, , descent stage, and also will investigate planetary processes of relevance rover, had completed assembly and begun testing (Fig- to past habitability (including the role of water) by ure 1). Four of the ten scientific instruments had been assessing the long timescale atmospheric evolution and delivered to JPL; the rest were in the final stages of determining the present state, distribution, and cycling testing and calibration at their home institutions. The of water and CO2. A further objective is to character- sample acquisition and processing hardware was near- ize the broad spectrum of surface , including ing the end of development. A core team at JPL will galactic cosmic radiation, solar proton events, and sec- devote much of 2009 to addressing critical issues noted ondary . in testing. The PI-led teams will complete instrument Scientific Payload: There are ten PI-led scientific development and testing at a reduced pace. System- instruments. They are classified into the following level integration and testing activities will resume in groups: fiscal year 2010. Mast-based remote sensing: Mounted on a mast are Science Objectives: The core objective of the Mastcam, a color medium- and narrow-angle imaging MSL mission is to characterize ancient surface (or system provided by Malin Space Science Systems (PI: near-surface) environments and processes. In particu- Michael Malin), and ChemCam, a laser-induced lar, MSL will examine that subset of environments that breakdown spectrometer and remote micro-imager may have been habitable by microorganisms, also in- provided by Los Alamos National Laboratory (PI: cluding that sub-subset of environments that may have Roger Wiens). been favorable for the preservation of microbial Contact science: On the end of the robotic arm are and/or abiotic organic compounds. The APXS, an and X-ray spectrometer pro- pursuit of this hierarchal set of objectives (i.e., envi- vided by the (PI: Ralf Gellert, ronments > habitability > preservation) is what will U. Guelph), and MAHLI, a color hand lens imager distinguish MSL from previous surface missions. provided by Malin Space Science Systems (PI: Ken- The detection of possible biosignatures or abiotic neth Edgett). organic compounds is not a requirement for mission Analytical lab instruments: Located within the science success, or even a reasonable expectation. The rover chassis are CheMin, which analyzes delivered recognition of how difficult it is to discover evidence samples with X-ray diffraction, provided by the Jet of compelling biosignatures/carbon compounds on the Propulsion Laboratory (PI: David Blake, NASA Ames early , a planet that teems with life, tempers our Research Center), and the SAM instrument suite, expectations for Mars. But within this context comes which contains a gas chromatograph, mass spectrome- an equally compelling reminder that in the investiga- ter, and tunable laser spectrometer, provided by NASA tion of early biosignatures on Earth, the loss of insight Goddard Space Flight Center (PI: Paul Mahaffy). 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2009) 1441.pdf

Environmental measurements: RAD is a radiation ered the finalists for 2011. They are i) detector provided by Southwest Research Institute (PI: Crater, containing a clay-bearing delta formed when an Don Hassler). REMS is a meteorology package and ancient river deposited sediment, possibly into a lake; UV sensor provided by the Spanish Ministry of Sci- ii) Crater, whose central mound is a 5-km thick ence (PI: Javier Gómez-Elvira, Centro de Astrobi- sequence of layers that vary from clay-rich matierials ología/INTA-CSIC). DAN is an active spec- near the bottom to sulfates at higher elevation; iii) trometer provided by the Federal Space Agency of Crater, with alluvial fans, flood deposits, pos- Russia (PI: Igor Mitrofanov, Space Research Institute). sible lake beds, and clay-bearing sediment; and iv) MARDI is a color, high frame rate descent imager , exposing layers within Mars’ surface provided by Malin Space Science Systems (PI: Mi- with differing mineralogies, including at least two chael Malin). kinds of clays. Some flexibility will be maintained to The sample acquisition, processing, and distribu- respond to new discoveries from ongoing missions at tion system consists of a five degree-of-freedom ro- Mars. A new plan for community workshops is being botic arm, a drill and powder collection system, a developed. scoop, a tool for brushing rock surfaces, and devices Information on the candidate sites and community that sort, sieve, and deliver collected rock and soil workshops may be found at: samples to the analytical lab instruments. Detailed information on the mission and its scientific payload http://marsoweb.nas.nasa.gov/landingsites may be found at: http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/msl Landing Site Selection Update: The MSL Project has performed preliminary analyses of the launch/arrival conditions associated with a 2011 launch. The four candidate landing sites presently under consideration remain accessible and are consid-

Figure 1. The Mars Science Laboratory cruise stage (top), aeroshell (middle), and heat shield (bot- tom, not flight model) in assembly and testing at JPL. Inside the aeroshell are the completed descent stage ("sky crane") and rover body.