Twelfth Census of the United States.

CENsus Bu LLETI N.

--- ··-··-·-·-·· ----- ·----.-·---·-·------~-=--=====-·.------..-.. _____-.- .. _ ------· No. 168. WASHINGTON, D. C. May 15, 1902. ----·

MANUFACTURES.

FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS.

Hon. WILLIAM R. MEimIAM, kind, quantity, and value of the principal products Director of tlie Oensns. :for linen goods for 1900; itnd Table 14 is n detailed Srn: I transmit herewith, for publication in bulletin summary for ffax, hemp, and jute products by states form, a report on the manufacture of flax, hemp, and for 1900. jute products for the census year 1900, prepared under In drafting the schedules of inquiry for the census of my direction by Mr. Edward Stanwood, o:f Boston, ttct­ 1900 care was taken to preserve the basis of comparison ing in the capn,city of an expert special agent of the with prior censuses. Comp!1rison rn!•Y be made safely division of mnnufactures. This is the :first time this with respect to all the items of inquhy except those manufacture ha8 been made the subject o:f a special rein.ting to capital, salaried officials, clerks, etc., and report. their salaries, the avemge number of employees, and The statistics of the three branches of the industry­ the total amount o:f wages paid. Live capital, that is, corclage and twine, jute and jute goods, and linen cash on hand, bills receivable, unsettled ledger accounts, goods-are presented separately in the tables under the raw materials, stock in process of manufacture, :finished respective designations, the totaJs being combinecl in products on hand, and other sundries, was first called the :first four tables. for at the census of 1890. No definite attempt was Table 1 i8 a comparative summary of the statistics o:f made, prior to the census of 1890, to secure f"L return of the industry for 1890 and 1900; Table 2 is a snmmary live capital invested. of the industry by states for 1900; Table 3 shows the Changes were made in the inquiries relating to em­ kind, quantity, and cost of the vn,rious rrniterials used ployees and wages in order to eliminate defects found to in 1900; Table 4 is a summary o:f the kind, quantity, exist on the form of inquiry adopted in 1890. At the and value of products in 1900; Table 5 is a compara­ census of 1890 the average number of persons employed tive summary of the statistics for cordage ancl twine during the entire year was called for, and also the aver­ :from 1880 to 1900; Tnble 6 shows the kind, quantity, age number employed at stated weekly rates of pay, and cost of materials used for cordage and twine in and the average number wa8 computed for the actual 1900; Table 7 shows the kind, quantity, and value of time the estliblishment8 were reported as being in opera­ the products for cordage and twine in 1900; Table 8 is tion. At the census o:f 1900 the greatest and least num­ a summary o:f the statistics for jute and jute goods for bers of employees were Teportecl, a.nd also the average 1900; Table 9 shows the materials used for jute and number employed during each month of the year. The jute goods for 1900; Table 10 shows the kind, quan­ average number of wage-earners (men, women, and tity, and value of the products for jute and jute goods children) employed during the entire year was ascer­ for 1900; Table 11 is a comparative summary of the tained by using 12, the number of calendar months, as statistics for linen goods for 1890 and 1900; Table 12 a divisor into the total of the average numbers reported shows the kind, quantity, and cost of principal mate­ for each month. This difference in the method of ascer­ rials used for linen goods in 1900; Table 13 shows the taining the average number o:f wage-earners during the 2

entire year may hl1ve resulted in a variation in tne num­ This sum represents the value of land, buildings, ma­ ber, and shoulcl be con::1idered in mi1king compal'isons. chinery, tools, and implements, and the live capital At the census of 1890 the munber and salaries of pro­ utilized, but does not include the capital stock of any prietors and firm ruembers actively engaged in the busi­ of the manufacturing corporations engaged in this in­ nes8 or in supervision were reported, combined with dustry. The value of the products is returned at clerks and other officials. In cases where proprietors $47,601,60'7, to produce which hwo1vcd an outlay of and firm members were reported without salaries, the $957,190 for salaries OT officials, clerks, etc.; $6,331, 141 ' tlmount that would ordinarily be paid for similar services for wages; $2,6'78,286 for miscellaneous expenses, in­ was estimated. At the census of 1!)00 only the number cluding rent, taxes, etc.; and $32,197,8815 for mate2·ials of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in used, mill supplies, freight, and fuel. It is not to be the industry or in supervision was ascertained, and no assumed, however, that the clifl'erence between tbe salaries were reported for this clat>s. It it> therefore aggregate of these sums and the value of the products · impossible t.o compare the number and salaries of sal­ is, in 11ny sense, indicative of the profits in the manu­ aried officials of any character for the two censuses. facture of flax, hemp, and j nte products during the Furthermore, the schedules for 1890 included in the census year. The census schedule takes no cognizance w11ge-earning class, overseers, foremen, and superin­ of the cost of selling manufactured articles, or of inter­ tendents (not general superintendents or managers), est on capital invested, or of the mercantile losse::i while the census of 1900 separates from the wage­ incurred in the business, or of depreciation in plant. earning class such sabried employees as general super­ The value of the product given is the value as obtained intendents, clerks, and salesmen. It is possible and or fixed 11t the works. This statement "is nece-'lsary in probalJle thitt this change in the form of the question order to nvoid erroneous conclusions from the :figures has rmmlted in elimina,ting from the wag·e-earncrs, as presented. reported by the present census, many high-salaried Very respectfully, employees inclndccl in that group for the census OT 1890. The reports i:;how a capital of $±1,991, '762 invested in the manufacture of flax, hemp, 1wd jute products in the 141 estnblishments reporting for the U nitecl States. Chief Statistician fr.Yr J.1fanufaotwr~. FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS.

The industries which make use of the three classes 'rAB1,g 1.-FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS; COMPAR­ of vegetable fibers, flax, hemp, and jute, are closely ATIVE SUMMAHY, 1890 AND 1900. allied, in that most of them employ more than one moo 1soo ------····---·------!·----~----- of these materials. For example, there is a large Number of establlslnncnt8. -·········· ...... 141 162 $-11, 1191, 762 $'27, 731, 6·19 consumption of hemp both by jute manufacturers ~:Rt:t1~ri c)1i1«=1ii1~: c'te.rii8; ei:~:: ti1iiri.iie·r·:::::::::::::: 041 •·158 Salaries ... -...•.. _... ,...... $957, mo 1$609,170 and by those classed as makers of linen goods; and 'Vage-en.rnors. nvern.ge ntunber ...... 20, 903 lfJ,519 Totul wag"s ..... -...... ------··-···· .. -·_ ...... $6, s,q1, 741 $4,872,389 there is a consumption of all three fibers by cord­ Men, 16 yc1Lrs £Lnr1 over ...... _...... 9, 991; 7,367 ''rnges .. -·--- ...... $3' 82.J.[>55 $2, 962,270 age and twine establishments. If it were po8sible, Women, 1f> yc1trs 1111d oYt·r ------... ·-·-· ...... 8, 048 6,923 Wages ...... $2, 17'1, 152 $1, 783, 289 it would be more scientific to classify the several Children, nnclcr 10 YL'll!'H ...... 2, 2fi9 1,229 W11gcs .. ··-..... _...... ___ • -· ...... $333, 03·! $186,830 industries by the character of the goods prodncecl, :Mlscell!rneons expenses ...... $2, li78, 281\ $1, •131, 9:J2 Cost of m11tcrit1ls nsecl ...... $32' 197' 885 $'26, 14~, 344 but the variety and diversity of products are so VFtlnu of protlncts ..... -... --··-···-·-· ...... ~H7, GOl,607 $37' 318, 021 great that it is impossible to do so. The phm here 1 InC'IL1dcs proprl~tors lLIHl firm member.~, with their sulttrlcs; 11umbcr adopted is to group all the industries reported !tt the only reportecl In 1\)()0. (Sec Tttblo 1'1.) . Eleventh Census under the separate hea

TABLE 2.-FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS; SUMMARY BY STATES: 1900.

United MM~nolm- States. Alttlmmu. Con11eeticnt. Ken Luck)'. sotts. NewJcrHey.

---~~-- Number of estublishments ...... _...... _...... 141 4 8 G 28 6 S·U, 991, 762 $298,

Number of establishment~ ...... __ .... _.. : ...... -······ ...... 22 9 21 5 5 27 Caplrnl...... ·- ...... __ .. _·- ___ ... _·-·· ... ·- ...... ··-.. ·-. __ ... _..... _ $10, 311, 768 $~,1'17,677 $6, lfi2, 50U $9'1, 947 $213, 505 ~s. 367, 03~ Salaried officials, clerks, etc., number ...... -_ ...... _.. . 148 4.7 90 4 11 110 Salaries ...... _...... _...... ssoa, s:n $54, 205 $103, 788 $2, 670 $8, 840 $11\(J,3f>~ 5,450 1,052 2 1383 84 128 3,647 ~Yo~~y;~~:C~~~·-~:~.r-~~~-~'.~1'.1:~~::::: ::: : : : : : : : : : ::: : : :: :: : : : : :: :::::: :::::::::: :::: $1~718, 614 $317; 009 $761:582 $22, 175 $35, 085 $1, 026, 402 Miscellaneous expenses ...... ·-····· ....•...... •...... •. ~782, 719 $96,471 $147, 126 t\.';, 052 $7, 57'1 $750, 74:! Cost of materials used ...... ·-··-·-- ..... ·----·--·· ..... ··--··-··· $7, 5Ui, 240 $2,325,907 $5,448,323 $63, 954 $109, 016 $6, 730,594 Value of products ...... _.•.• __ ._ ...... $11, 674, 669 $2,957,674 $7,256,548 $108, 715 $185, 161.1 $9, 905, 851

1 Includes Atates having less than 3 establishme11t~, in order that the operations of indlvic1ual establishments may noi be cllsclosecl, These establishment~ rmi distributed as follows: Arkansas1 l; Oali:!ornla, 2; Delawllre, 1: Georgia, l; Illinois, 2: IudiRna, l; Iowai..1; Kansas, l; Maine, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, l; Ivrlmrn·. sota, l; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, ~; New Hampsliire, 1; North Caroll.na, 2; 01·ogo11, 1; South Caro!ino., 1; '.l'enuessee, 2; 'l'e1'11s, 2. · 3 4

Tables 3 ansisal, pounds...... 125, 372, 687 10, 322,896 Hope: QUANTITY, AND COST OF MATERIALS USED: 1900. 83,3·17,459 8, 380, 113 46, 865, 604 3,682, 670 ~t~;ggf~~t:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10,012, 165 463, 413 Cotton, pounds ...... 1, 615, 824 247,250 Pouu ds. Cost. Towels and toweling; All line!1, square yflrirds...... 83, 000 9,110 Fibers: Partly linen, square yards ...... _...... 135, 000 S4,000 Hard: Jute burlaps, square yards ...... 386,129 HelUp: Jute carpets and rugs, square yards...... 2, 958, 658 357, 568 Manila...... 123, 241, 820 8, 91G, 493 Gunny bagging, square ya.rds ...... _ 74, 090, 760 3, 462, 479 Sisal ...... 146,352,853 8, 827, 131 Other spun or woven goods ...... 1,051, 689 New Zealand ...... 6, 34-1, 371 352, 528 Cotton: 8oft: Bagging, square yards ...... _.. 248, 204 21,&l4 Hemp: Yarn, pounds...... 946,567 98, 928 Rus~inn: Twine, pounds...... 8, 691, 707 1, 133, 640 Rough ...... 1, 175, 605 73, 155 Batting, pounds...... 198, 000 7,125 Tow ...... 118,090 5,869 Waste, pounds...... 1,254,619 20, 146 Line ...... 349,558 25, 063 Other prorlucts of cotton ...... 715, 61S Italian; All other products ...... 2, 744,504 Rough ...... 7, 829,346 li33, 922 Tow ...... 305, 917 20, 969 ----·------Line ...... 335, 858 31, 780 American: CORDAGJ~ AND TWlNK Hough ...... 11, 497, 068 536, 076 Tow ...... 3,201,011 112, 13; Line ...... I,276,262 05, 675 Three general classes of establishments are included Flax: European: in the following statistics under the head of cordage Rough ...... 5,580, 911 668, 446 Tow ...... 3, 727,163 252, 759 and twine. The first and smallest, having regard to Line ...... 3,388,6·11 806, 698 Cnm1diun: the items of capital, number of wage-earners, wages, Rough ...... 1, 972,820 155, 751 Tow ...... 247, 350 18, 908 and value of products, consists of those whose chief Line ...... 131, 736 20,6-13 Domestic: business is the manufacture of yarn-cotton, for the Rough ...... 700, 000 25, 750 Tow ...... H4,045 66, 665 most part, but also linen and silk-into the :finer varie­ Line ...... ·187, 980 65, 247 Jute ...... 87, 443, 201 2,431,429 ties of twine and into cotton rope; the second, of those Jute butts ...... 118, 806, 625 1, 795, 653 Yarns: which produce binder twine on a large scale; the third, Flax or hemp: Domestic tow: ' of those which manufacture hempen rope. Since no Wholly or pa.rtly bleached ...... 120, 320 14, 060 Dom~r:irc iiile~ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 48, 500 6,860 useful purpose would be served by separating the Wholly or partly bleached ...... 107,-190 45,li50 l'eturns of these several classes they are reported Gray ...... 157, 778 32,896 Imported tow: together; but the important facts regarding the sevei·al Wholly or partly bleached ...... _.... . 37,51·1 9, 681 Gray ...... 196, 941 35,178 industries, so far as they are distinct, are easily ascer­ Imported line: Wholly or pa.rtly blea.ched ...... 1, 000 180 tained :from the statistics of the quantity u,nd value Gray...... 108,976 48, 747 Linen, unspecified . • ...... 102, 622 42, 005 of the fibers consumed, and o:f the quantity and value of Cotton...... 4,973,080 '109, 889 Jute...... 1,009,651 69,504 the several products. At previous censuses no special Sllk...... ••• •• ...... • • . • • ...... • • • • . .. • • 4., 774 24,-114 Spun silk...... 1,100 inquiry was made concerning any of the characteristic Worsted ...... ,...... 682 3,~~ Cotton: :features of the industries grouped under this head, and Ra.w (26,540hnles)...... 13,022,755 8•19,426 37, 692 no facts were reported other than those which appear All ~y~~~eill6.ieriai8::::: '.:~: ~~~- 4, 459, 796 :::::::::: :: ::::::::::::::::: ...... in the following comparative summary:

TAnLll o.-CORD.AGE .AND TWINE; 00.lVIP AR.ATIVE SUM· TABLE 4.-FLAX, HEMP, .A.ND JUTE PRODUCTS; KIND, MARY, 1880 TO 1900. QUANTITY, AND VALUE OF PRODUO'rS: 1900.

11100 1800 1880 Quantity. Value. Number of establishment.~ ...... 105 150 Jill'> Total ...... Capital...... $29, 275, 470 $23, 351, 883 $7~;40,4'1& $47' 601, 607 Salaried otficla.ls, clerks, etc., number. 436 1414 Salaries ...... ; ...... $666, 936 I $fi60,639 Jl'la:x or hemp yarns: Wage-earners, average number...... 13,114 12, 385 5,485 Tow: Total wages ...... $4, 113, 112 $3, 976, 232 $1,558,676~ Dry spun, gray, pounds ...... _ 1,&99,528 2-18, 351 Men, 16 years and over ...... 7,341 6,412 2, 92(1 Dry spun, blenched, pounds ...... 18, 371 3,473 Wages ...... $2, 751, 787 $2, 547, 985 (2) Wet spun, gray, pounds ...... _.. .. 6, 060, 092 804, 908 Women, 16 years and over ...... 4, 797 5,010 1,480 Lin~Tet spun, bleached, pounds ...... _ 49, 286 11, 361 $1,212,8~ $1,280,065 (2) bvi:l.fd'~eil; uiicie~· iii 'ieii.~:::::::: :: 976 968 1,0'.!9 Dry spun, gray, pounds ...... 218, 088 46,500 Wages ...... $148, 502 $148, 182 Dry spun, bleached, pounds ...... _.. 23, 138 11,078 Miscella.neons expenses ...... $1, 716, 205 $1, 0'20, 697 ~~l8 Wet spun, gra.y, pounds ...... 1,200 300 Cost of materials used ...... $26, 632, 006 $24., 051, 660 $9, 330, 261 Jut~ yarns, pounds .... ; ...... M, 271, 860 s, 230,835 Value of products ...... $38, 312, 559 Twmes for sale: $37' 849, 651 $12, 492, 171 All flax, pounds ...... 3, 845, 978 969, 469 ------.-~---~------'------All hemp, pounds ...... _...... 9, 065, 024 1, 019, 590 i Inclndes proprietors and firm members, with their salaries; number only All jute~ pounds ...... 1, 679, 127 117,589 reported in 1900. Flax or nemp, mixed with jute, pounds ...... _ 12, 924,067 1, 101, 203 •Nat reported separately. L1 nen thread, pounds ...... 4,021, 044 2, 882, 287 •Not reported. 5

The tendency toward a consolidation of small estab­ TABLE 7.-00RDAGE AND TWINE; KIND, QUANTITY, AND lishments and the transaction of business on a larger VALUE OF PRODUCTS: 1900. scale was observable ten years ago, when a deci·eased number of establishments reported a capital more than Quantity. V1tlue.' threefold greater than in 1880, and a value of prod­ $37,849, 651 ucts nearly threefold greater. At the census of 1900 Tout! ...... ------·-·------.. ·····------...... Twine: the number of separate establishments declined, as 8, 691, 707 1, 133, MO 2, 187, 540 602, 471 compared with 1890, almost one-third, yet the value 8, 299, 902 895, 074 ~~~~JJ}~~~d~s:: :: ~ ~:~~~~~~~~~ ~~:::: :: :~: ~ ~ ~: ~ ~~~ 1, 589, 127 111,239 of products was larger. The statistics of capital are Flax or hemp, mixed with jute, pounds ..... --·- 12, 924, 067 1, 101, 203 Binder twine: not strictly comparable, since the method of ascertain­ Manila, pounds ... ___ ...... ___ ...... _... 15, 261, 174 1, 546, 428 Chiefly m11nilaj pounds ..•...... •. _... 24, 975, 568 2, 31G, 257 ing the amount has been different at each census. All or chiefly s sal, pounds ...... • . • . .. 125, 372, 687 10, 322, 89ti Rope: The fact of an increase may be inferred, but the rate 247, 250 s, 330, 113 of increase can not properly be deduced from the fig­ ~f~'.~ogg~~~~:::: ::::::::::::: :: ::: :: :: :: : : :::: ~t m: !~! 3, 682, 670 Jute, pounds ...... -···.. . . _...... _. --·· 5, 717, 317 250, 760 ures given. This is also true respecting the returns of Gunny bagging, square yards ...... --· -... 41, 310, 695 2, 035, 636 Jute burlap ...... ------·· ...... •...... ····-·· 150, 000 the average number of persons employed, the method Yarn: Cotton, pounds ....•. _...... __ --- 9·16, 567 98, 928 of ascertaining such average having been changed. In Flax and hemp, tow, pounds_ ...... ··-·--·· 2,552, 955 315, 913 Flaxana llemp,line,pounds ...... ____ 10,000 4,800 general, it appears that the number of wage-earners has Jute, pounds .. ---··-·-··· ...... -- ...... __ . ----- 9, 55'1, 188 621, 687 Linen thread, pounds __ ------...... ·-·· 100, 000 17, 000 not increased greatly, if at all, within the last decade. Waste, pounds ...... -·--·-···------...... -······· 1,254,619 20, 14(1 Batting and wadding,pounds ... _.....•..•.. --·----- 198,000 7,125 The kind, quantity, and cost of the materials used in Other spun or woven goods ...... --··· .•••. -·-- 6, 241, 449 53~, 265 All other products, cotton_ ...... __ ...... ---- ____ -··· . -·· ___ ••.•.•. 7fo, 613 the production of cordage and twine, and the quantity All other products.-•. ·-· ...... ····-·.--··- . -·· ·-·····-·· 2, 758, 537 and value of the several products are presented in Tables 6 and 7. JUTE AND JUTE GOODS. TABLE H.-OORDAGE AND TWINE; KIND, QUANTITY, AND COST OF MATERIALS USED: HJOO. The jute manufacture was represented at the Tenth Census by 4: establishments only, having a total capital Pound8. Co8t. o:f $415,000, and products valued at $696,982. Seven establishments were reported at the Eleventh Census 'l'otal ...... • ...... 418, 41G, 811 $'20, 632, OOG under the head o:f jute and jute goods. It is probable, Cotton: Raw (20,540 bales)...... 13,022, 755 849,426 however, that some which were classed as '' bagging, Yarn .... __ ...... 3,860, 235 505, 041 Fl11~V~b1;;.:·. -···· •...... •...... ---.... -- . 798, 182 37,692 fl.ax, hemp, and jute" are, in the reports for 1900, in­ European: cluded in the class of jute and jute goods, since it ap­ Rough ...... 757, 672 76, 615 Tow ...... 345, 959 23, 191 pears that only 2 of the 18 establishments now making Line ...... 54, 592 7,243 Canadian: returns have come into·· existence during the decade. Rough ...... 768, 021 56,688 Tow •.... : ...... 49, 457 3,188 Under these circumstances a comparison of the statistics Domestic: Rough...... 200, 000 2·1,000 for 1900 with thmie of former census years would be Tow...... 703, 943 61 186 Line...... 487, 980 65: 247 misleading. The principal facts relating to the indus­ Linen yarn...... 299, 135 88,525 try for 1900 are presented in the following summary: 8, 916,493 Hem~:~\i~~-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m:~~:~~ 8,827,131 New Zealand ...... ··--·.----. 6, 344, 871 352,528 Russian: TABLE 8.-JUTE AND JUTE GOODS: 1900. Rough...... 1, 175, 605 78,165 Tow __ --- ...... ------...... ----.. ... 44, 090 1,969 Ital~~:e __ · ·· · · -· · ·· ···· · -- -· ---- . ----· -...... iH9, 558 25,063 Rough •...... __ ...... 3, 422,104 256, 582 Number of establishments .••...... -··-·--·-···--...... 18 Tow ----- ...... ---· ...... 305, 917 20, 969 Capital·--·-· ...... ------·--- ...... ------· ...... ' $7, 027, 293 Line .. --- -..... ----- ...... -·. -··...... 296, 920 27, 752 Salaried officials, clerks, etc., number ..... -·.---- __ ...... 88 American: Salaries _.. ---- ...... ----- ...... __ ...... __ ··-· ------...... $147,318 Rough •...... ···-····· ...... 10, 871,865 506, 767 Wage-earners, average number .....· ...... ------...... 4,506 TOW------·····-··-···········-····-······-· 3, 011,004 104, 660 Total wages ...... ··-·--· ...... ------...... $1, 181, 790 Line-----··········--·-·····-··············-- 1, 258,266 63, 965 Men, 16 years and over_ ...... ----·. --- ...... 1,011 Jute ...... _.. ______...... ______, ___ .... . 25, 767,800 786, 967 Wages._ ...... ····------· ...... ··-··----...... 5579,877 Butts --- ...... ----·. -·- .... ·- ...... 74, 281, 100 1, 107, 899 Women, 16 years •md over ...... ----·------...... 2,064 Yarns: $480, 782 Juw ...... ----- ...... • ...... • •. 839, 051 21, 070 ~h~lfg~0n.; ·u.n.aer-i6yea:ra: :: :: :: : : :::::::: ::: ::::::::::::: :: :: : 831 Silk ...... •...... ---- .. ·-----.···-...... 4, 774 24, 414 Wages .. ---·· ...... ------...... •. -·-·····---·· ...... $121, 181 3,450 t'574, 986 308 ~i~;~l'::fe~ar:~~~J~~::: :: :: ::: ::: :::::: :::::::::::::: :: :: : : : :: : $3,015,862 All ~i*~~t~:d~l~:::::::: :::: :::: ::::: :::: :::::: ::: ...... --~"~~. 3, 714, 812 Value of products.····--··-· ...... -·····---·--·-· ...... $5,383, 797 6

Tn.ble 9 shows the kind, quantity, and cost of the Inasmuch as the tables deal with so small a number materials employed in tho manufacture. of establishments, many of them still in the period of experiment, no deduction is justified or would be sa:fe, TABLE 9.-JUTE AND .TUTE GOODS; KIND, QUANTITY, AND COST OF l\IATERIALS USED: moo. :further than that the industry bas expanded greatly. The materials used, consisting o:f hemp, fl.ax, jute, ancl cotton, in great variety and in various stages of Pou ml,. Cost. manufacture, are summarized in Table 12. ------·--·---·-~----1 ~·------·----- Toto.! • .. • ...... • • .. • • • • • . • .. . • . • • • • . .. • . • • • • • lUU, MU, 701 $:l, 015, 362

Jute ...... 61, 60:l, ~29 1,fl.12, ~18 TABI.E 12.-LINEN GOODS; KIND, QUANTITY, AND COST Butts . • ...... • • • • • • . • . • . • •• •• . • . . •. . . • • . . • . . . . . • . •H, 52fi, 52,; GSi, 75·1 OF MATERIALS USED: 1900. Yarns...... 670, 600 ,!8,434 llomp: !tttlinn ...... •..•...... t,363,4:>1 83, 303 Amer!mm...... • ...... • . . . 684, 3'28 27,35{ Pounds. Cost. Cotton )'Mn ... , • ...... • . . • ...... SOI, 888 88, 884 All other mu.te1·10.lH ...... 492, 3Gf> Totfl.l ...... 17, 983, 08{ $2,550, 517 Homp: Tablo 10 present:; tt dassific11tion o:f the principal RusMlan: Tow ...... 74,000 8,900 products of the ostahlishmcmts reporting. Ito.Han: 2, 543, 811 194, 037 ~fi~t::::::::::: ::: :: : : : :: :::::: :: :: :: ::: :: :: 38, 938 4,028 •r,11ir.1i 10.-JUTE AND JUTE GOODS; KIND, QUANTITY, American: Rough ...... 40, 875 1, 955 AND VAI,UB OF I'IWDUCTS: moo. Tow ...... 190,007 7,471 Linc ...... 17,996 1,710 Fla.x: Enropou.n: 1 591,831 ¥g~g_ : :: : :::::::: :: : : :: : : : ::: : : : : :: : ::::::::: i: ~~r: ~~1 229, 568 Line...... 3,334,049 799, 460 'l'otnl ...... sn. H8a, 797 CltnO.dian: Rough...... 1, 204, 799 99, 063 '.l'ow •...... •.•...... 197,893 15, 720 Ju to yo.rn, ...... , ...... : ..... pouncls.. 44, 717, C.72 2, GOU, 14!! Line...... 131, 736 20, 643 Twin() ...... do.... uo, oou 6,300 Domestic: Hope ...... do.... 4, 29·1, 848 212, ii53 Rough...... 500, 000 1, 750 Burlaps , ...... squo.re yards.. 4, 31i1, 68/i 236, 129 Tow ...... 40, 102 2,470 Gunny hagging ...... (Jo.... 32, 78(\ OVl'i 1,42018•13 1 151, 132 Cnrpets unrl rugR ...... do.... 2, IJ.58, 658 337,fJCS 171,014 Flax or homp yarns ...... pounds.. 1, 286, Hi5 1G5, 788 ~~1~-~\ ~'.·~~:~·~;~:::::::::: :: : : : ::::::: ::: : :::: :::: ~~H~~ 2,H4 Other spun or woven goocls ...... 86·l,821 All :itber materials ...... •. ·· •. ·· ..... ···· · ····· ···· .... I 252, 619 All other products ...... 'J,fil7

LINEN MANUI:!'ACTUUE. Table 13 shows the kind, quantity, and value of the principal prnducts during the census year o:f the estab­ The report upon the linen industry at the census of lishments reporting-. 1890 wns most meager. Three establishments only

producing linen goods were included in the general TABLE 13.-LINEN GOODS; KIND, QUANTITY, AND VALUE summary of manufoctui·es; 2 others whjeh mnde linen OF PRODUCTS: moo. thread ctime under the rule whieh forbids tho separate to.hulation of less than 3 establishments, and were placocl Quantity. Value. under ''all other industries." Innsmud1 n.s both clnsses of establishmenm are reported together in the follow­ Tot11l •...... •....•..•.••..•.•..•...... ••. ,=··=·=· ·=· ·=·==· ·=· ·==·..i· ==$4=='=368=,1=59 Flnx or hemp yarn, tow ...... pounds.. 4, 178, 117 556, 392 ing tables, the facts relating to tlrn 5 estlihlishments Flu.x or hemp y11rn, line ...... •••... clo.... 232,426 53,078 '£wine, !!.ll flax •••••...• ,...... do.... 1,f\58,438 366,998 reporting in 1890 are now published :for the first time Twine, all hemp ..•...... •..•...... •....do.... 765, 122 124, 516 Linen thread ...... do.... 3, 921, 044 2, 315, 287 for purposes o:f comparison. Towels !Lnd towellng, all linen ...... square yards.. 4,598, 615 471, 633 Towels and toweling, partly linen ...... do.... 2,051, 247 281, 258 Other woven fD.brlcs, all linen ...... clo.. .. 83, DO{) 9, 110 TAur,1~ 11.-LINEN GOODS; COMPARATIVI<; SUMMARY: Other woven fabrics, partly linen ... '" ...... clo.. .. 135, 000 84, 000 Other spun or woven goods . . . • .. . . • . • ...... •...... 152, 60S 1890 AND 1900. A11 other products...... 3, 28<1.

100(). 1800. ------<------The linen industry has never obtained a :firm foothold Number of establishments ...... 18 5 in the United States. In colonial times efforts were Sli, 688, 9W S'i, 734, 130 of ~:r:/r~~~ oiifriiii.i8; ciiii-iis:eic:, 'iii1ill1i~i-:: :: ::::::: :::: 117 126 made to promote the growth flax, and to introduce Ss.ls.rl-Os ...... $142, 941 1 $25,580. Wo.ge-ca.rners, s.verugc number ...... 3,283 1,IHO the spinning and weaving of the fiber. It was the pol­ Total wo.ges ...... $1,036,839 5527, 572 Men, 16yes.rs11ncl over ...... 1, 04'1 Qspinning wheel and the hand­ Value of products ...•••••••. , ...... $<1, SGS, 159 $2,880, 341 loom were the only available machinery for working it i1nclu_des proprietors and Jlrm members, with their ~alurles; nnmber ouly into cloth. It is probable that there was in America reported 1t1 imo. 7 scarce1.r any manufacture of linen for sale. That which wool, :md 8ilk. Linen is indispensable for :fine fahries \Vas made was a home produet intended solely for cou­ for the dining table, for thread aud twine where great snmption in the families of the weavers. The factory strength is required, and for the best quality of towc1- system had not been generally established even on ing; but for the thousand u.nd one uses to which ordi­ the other ::;ide of the Atlantic. Nevertheless flux was nary cloth is put, cotton would be gencraUy preferred already eultivated on a generous scale in many districts hy co11sumers, even if the cost wern the same. of Ireland, Fmnce, Germany, and other countrier:;, and It will be inferred from these :,;tatements that the linen large numl1ers of persons were employed in preparation industry in the U niteshoe manufacturing industry rn­ cottm1 gin by Eli Whitney (patented in 1793) placed in quires a great quantity of linen thread; and the market their hands a :fiber cheaper than tlax, more tractable, for toweb and toweling is practically unlimited. The requiring less care in prepamtion, more easily spun ancl first two of these fields our manufacturers have occupied woven, superior for 1111rny purposes and decidedly infe­ tor ru:my years. The third they have entered more rior for very few. At 11ll events, the effort t-0 intro­ generally during the past ten years than over before. duce the linen manufacture was practically :tbaudonecl This wfls rendered possible by a reaclju:qtrnent of tnri:ff for the time being, and, until reoontly, the attempt'l to , rates in the act of 1897. The duty on the yarns required esti1blish it i11 the Unit-0d Sfate::i have lxlen spasmodic ; for such hmnches of the rnaHufa.cture as Americans now uncl unsuccessful. The difficulties in the i)ath of manu­ think it expedient to engage in, was reduced to tL reve­ facturers are many. There is, to speak /)roadly, no nue basis, and the duty on manufactured goods was Americn.n procludion of :fiber suitable for spinning. raised. Flax is grown in great quantities, but it is cultivated The manufacture of linen toweling, which shows the chiefly for the !:leecl and not for the fiber. largest extension of any branch of linen mitnnfacturn dur­ The process of retting involves the expenditure o:f ing the decade, is not fully reported in the general tables. too much time and labor to be profitable to American Several large cotton manufacturing establishments have farmers. Consequently it fa necessary to rely almost engaged in this industry; and although their use oi wholly upon foreign importations for the raw material. nearly one !llld a lmlf million pounds of linen y1un is Moreover, the intermediate processes of manufacture, reporfaC)d among the material.':! consumed, the schedules as well as the spinning and weaving of a fiber gTe..'1tly issued to them made no provision for a separate report lacking in elasticity, require so much skill and care that of the character, <1uantity, or value of their linen the margin of profit is precariou::;. And :finally, the products. demand for the :finished product is far from being so Table 14: is a detailed statement of the statistics :for broad and imperative as is that for article8 of cotton, flax, hemp, and jute productr:;, by states, for moo.

TABLI~ 14-.-FLAX, EIEilIP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS, BY STA'rES: HJOO.

--- -·-, ::-rassachn- Uniteamn. IConnL~' ticmt. Kentucky. Betts. .New Jersey.

Number of establlshmeuts ...... _. _... _...... _....•...... _....•. 10. 4 8 Ii 28 Esta.bllshed during the decade .•...... •...... ··-...... ·-. -...•. 40 . 4 1 2 9 Established during the census )'ear ...... -.. f.5 i·····----····· ...... 1 ...... Capital: · Total...... -·--·············· $41, 901, 702 : ~298,448 $'297, 902 S459J 295 $10~22S, 490 $\ 41a, 163 Land ...... ·-·············-··············-·· $2, 457, 349 $27, 0'26 $8, 000 $1,5\l-O 191, ll74 :l.5:2, 421 Buildings ...... ,_ ...... •...... $-0,14fi,574 $·15, 951 $25,300 $.J.0,200 Sl, 298, 786 i794, 820 Machinery, tools, and implement• ...... •...... •...... $9, 789,559 tH69, 976 $85,400 $20'2, 789 Sl,839, 725 t-851, 80f> Cush and sundries ...... ·······-...... ·- .... . $24, 598, 280 $55,495 3179, 262 $214, 806 W,59s,ocm Sl, 514, Gl7 Proprietors and ftrm members .... _...... 100 ·············· 7 7 16 1 ~ulariccl officials, clerks, etc.: Total n;imber..... ·- ...... ········-·· ...... ll41 10 5 "2S 130 57 Total salaries ...... •..• _...... _...... __ .....•.... $957, 190 $10, 980 $8,500 ;26,02·! $208, 9'18 $80,Ml OJ!lcers of corporations: Number ...... ·-···········--·-······························ .. ······· 145 7 2 5 25 5 Salaries ...... ···--····-·· ...... $422, 046 I $8,040 $1, UfiO I ~10,(){)0 $92, 741 $15, 700 Oeneral snperintendeuts, managers, clerks, an

TABLE 14.-FLAX, HEMP, AND JUTE PRODUCTS, BY STATES: 1900-Continued.

Massachu- New Jersey. UnitedStates, Alabama. Connecticnt. Kentucky. setts.

Wage-mirners, including pieceworkers, and total wages: Gren test number employed at anr one time during the year ..•.•...... 24, 947 :JOG 274 588 5,11)5 2,332 Least number employed at any one time during tho year ...... 17, 588 258 251 389 4,075 1, 963 Avcroge number ...... 20, 903 282 265 492 4,6!J3 2,127 Wages ...... , ...... _...... _...... $6,331, 741 $47, &13 $69,544 $149, 937 $1,562,862 $624,988 Men, rn years and over: 9 W6 89 142 285 2 G49 656 fv';;.7:~r .~'.~~~:::: ::::::::: :: :: : : :: :::: ::: ::: :: :: ::: :: : ::: :: ::::: $3,824: 5ii5 $25, 771 $43, 016 $Hl'J, 746 ~1,020:085 $295, 008 Women, 16 years and over: Average number ...... 8, 648 105 120 162 1,770 1,009 Wages ...... lf'.l, 174, 152 $13, 1125 $25, 988 $:14, 176 ll400, 991 $271, 744. Chilclren, 'nuder 1G years: Average number ...... _...... 2, 259 88 3 45 274 4G2 Wages ...... S333, 034 $8, 347 $540 $6, 015 $51, 78G $58, 236 Miscellaneous expenses: Total...... --- .. -- .. --... --- --·. -- . ·- -· · .. · · · · .. · · · · ·· · · · · · .. --.... . $'2, 678, 2ll6 $14, 654 SH,4'13 S39, 847 SUOl,542 $223, 118 !tent of works ...... $158, 753 $77.5 $S87 $3, 530 $7,170 $600 Taxes, not including internal revenue ...... $222, 670 $1, 749 $1, 782 $1, 633 $85, 334 l/-34,569 R~11t of offices, Insurance, interest, and 111! ~undry expen,~eH not hitherto mclnded ...... $'2, 270, 745 $12, 130 ~.274 $34, 684 ~500,884 $187, 949 _____ ...... Materia.fi'~~~~~t work · • • .. · · .... · · .... · .. · ...... · .... · .. · ...... · .. · $26, 118 ...... ···--········· ...... $2, 154 $32, 197, 885 $166, 145 $196, 332 $341, 515 $7, 539, 438 $1, 760,426 3'27' 746, 312 $151, 668 $179, 168 $309, 278 $6, 782,696 $1, 616, 754 'l'ot~1~~~~~!:~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::: :: : : : : :: : : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :::::::: :: ::: $390, 746 $5,557 ~2. 212 $6, 145 $106, 986 lr28, 645 Rent of power nnd heat .. _.... _...... $19, 343 S306 $4,905 $1,563 1 $736, 820 ...... $3;877' $7, 109 S278, 951 $54, 756 ~N1oiil~¥ ~:ierifi1ii:: :::: :: : :: ::: : : : :: :: :: : : : ::: ::: : :: :: : :::: ::: :: : :::::;: $3,001, 923 $'2,300 $6~~~ $10, 190 $343,642 $45,219 Freight ...... $302, 741 $2, 743 $8,229 $8, 733 $22,193 $10,489 Products: Total value ...... $47, 601, 607 $253, 560 $312,446 $00'2, 701 $11, 388, 933 $'.l, 955, 844

Pennsylva- All other New York. Ohio. nia. Rhodeislancl. Wlsoonsin. States.'

Number of establlslunenb<...... 22 9 21 5 5 27 Established during the decade .... , ...... _...... 4 3 5 ·············· 1 9 Established during the census year ...... _...... __ .. __ ...... _...... 1 ...... s Capital: ·····-········ 82 $6, 162, 509 $95, 947 $213,565 $8$307,938 $441, 671 $3, 000 $25, 000 718, 638 Toti~r;~i~is::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: srn~~t ~i ~~H!~ $636, 950 $15, 000 $26,870 $1, 064, 588 Machinery, tools, andtmplement5 ...... $2,734,491 $624,270 $1, 233, 5-10 $39, 2'26 $102,310 $1, 906,027 Cash and sundries...... $6,228, 715 $1,185,241 $3,850,348 $38, 721 i59,385 $4,678,6~ Proprietorsnnd firmmembers...... 15 2 25 7 6 Salaried otll.cl!ils, cforks, etc.: 148 47 90 4 11 110 :fgfi:j ~~?:: $306, 331 $54, 205 $103, 788 $2,670 $8,840 $156, 358 Otll.cers of ::::::::corporations: ::::: :::: ::: :: :: :: :: : : ::: :: : : :: ::: ::::: ::: :: ::::::: :: :: :: w 11 8 ··---···--·-·· 4 48 ~~:~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: $156, 755 $17, 250 $31, 700 $'2, 760 $85,150. General superintendents, managers, clerks, tLnd snlesmen: ·------Total number ...... 118 30 82 4 7 62 Total salaries ...... _...... _.. __ ...... li'149, 576 $36, 955 $72,088 $2,670 $Q,080 $71,208 Men: 104 32 72 4 7 56 ~a~:?:i: ::::::::::::::: :: ::: :: : :: ::::::: :::::: ::: :::: ::::::::: $142, 627 $34, 999 $67, 960 $2,670 $6, 080 $68, 7'16 Women: Number ...... __ ...... _...... 14 4 10 ········-··-· ·····-·------6 Sttlaries ...... ___ ...... $6,949 $1, V56 $4, 128 $2,402 Wage-earners, including v,ieceworlrnrs, tincl total wages: ········--··· ···········---- Greatest number emp oyed at any one time 4uring the ye>u ...... •...... 6,439 1,574 2, 919 112 142 5,066 Least number employed at any one time clnr111g the rc1Lr ...... 4,428 764 2,331 57 115 2,957 Average number ...... 5,4.50 1,052 2,683 84 128 S,647 Wages ...... $1, 713, 614 $317' 909 $761,582 $22, 175 $35,085 $1, 026, 40'2 Men, 16 years and over: 725 1, 089 ll8 46 1,620 ~~e;:r_~~-~-~::::::::::::: :: ::: ::::: ::::::::::::::: :: ::: :: ::::::: $1, 03~: ~~ $255,095 $449, 927 $11, 694 $17, 291 $557, 589 Women, 16 yeftrs and over: Avemge number ...... 315 1, 083 46 61 1,065 Wages ...... $60, 766 $'238, 628 $10, 481 $15, 779 $4.lll, 181 Children, under l!l rears: Average number ...... 481 12 511 ·------21 362 Wages ...... $81, B88 $'~,048 $73, 027 ············-- $2, 015 $49, 632 M!scellaneons expenses: Total...... __ ... _...... --· ...... --· ...... $782, 71D $96,471 $147, 126 $8,052 $7, 574 $750, 740 Rent of works ...... $125,234 $1,151 $2, 600 $2,150 $44 $15, 112 T1Lxes, not including internal revenue .... __ ...... __ .• $40, 915 ~10, 174 $7, 526 $2·16 $1, 103 $37, 639 Rent of offices, insumnce, interest, and Rll snndrr expenses not hitherto 1 $114, 603 $4,089 $6,427 $697, 989 c;~fi~ ~tei~oi:i«:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ... _. ~~:~: ~'.~ ...... ~~~·- :~~ _ $22, 3q7 $1, 567 ...... Materials used: Total cost ...... $7, 516, 2'10 $2,325, 907 $5,448, 323 $63, 954 $109, 016 $6, 730, 594 Principal mater!ltls _...... _...... __ ...... ___ ...... $6!. 781, :.!fi5 $2, 170,059 $3, 298, 823 $103,050 $6, 2~6, 138 Fuel ...... i:llli, 905 $20, 915 $29, 091 $57$i~~ 82, 136 $8,012 $60 $750 $7l$t~i $164, 676 ...... i:is;7o9- &1)5, 079 $656 ...... $i;757· $94, 982 ~Ir:~Tu~¥~;t::1~:-~~:t::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: $.U2,079 $-16,92s St, 950,491 $700 $186, 039 Frdght ...... $33, 313 $59,301 $74, 779 $4~~~ SI, 373 $81, 301 Products: · 'l'otal valuu ...... 311,674,669 $2, 9.57, 674 S7, 256,548 $108, 715 $185, 166 $9, 905,351

1 Includes states lmving less than 3 establishments In order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed. The!le establishments arQ distributed as follows: Arkansas, 1; California, 2; Delaware, 1: Georgia, 1; Illinois, 2; Indiana, l; Iowa, 1; Kansas, l; Maine, 2; Maryland, 1; Michigan, 1; Jlilin, nesota, 1; Mississippi, 1; Missouri, 2; New Hampshire, l; North Carolina, 2; Oregon, l; South Carolina, 1; Tennessee, 2; Textts 2. 0