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eysencHANS k a contradictory

Philip J. Corr Professor of Psychology, City University London

Mind Shapers – Key and their impact Series Editor: Richard Stevens Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

© Philip J. Corr 2016 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE Palgrave in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave is a global imprint of the above companies and is represented throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–24940–0 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

For Margaret Rose – Life’s Blossom Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

‘It is much easier to be critical than correct.’ Benjamin Disraeli Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

Contents

List of Figures viii

Preface ix

Publisher’s Acknowledgements xiii

1 A Contradictory Psychology 1

2 An Interesting Childhood 17

3 An Alien in London 26

4 A Lucky Break 38

5 Discovering the New World 54

6 Challenging Behaviour 71

7 An Implacable 91

8 A Rebellious Cause 110

9 A Punishing Advocacy 133

10 Revealing Social Attitudes 156

11 A Crucifying 180

12 Progressing 202

13 Up in Smoke 226

14 Science in the Shadows 249

15 The Centenary of a Maverick 276

Notes 294

People Quoted in this Book 334

Index 340

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List of Figures

8.1 The Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS). 118

8.2 Inverted-U curves showing the relationships between level of stimulation/ and hedonic tone, for introverts, extraverts, and the population average. 121

12.1 The different types of influence on the three main domains of intelligence. 204

12.2 Choice Reaction Time (CRT). 208

12.3 Inspection Time. 210

Notes

N11.1 IQ score distribution. 316

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Preface

Who is and what does he mean to you? If you are an intellectual child of the 1960/70s, you probably have some firmly held views, favourable or otherwise. It is unlikely that you are indifferent to the man and his ideas, and in all likelihood these two aspects are bound together in a single attitude towards Eysenck. However, if you are of a younger generation, you may well wonder what all the fuss is about and why so many people get excited and animated by this most noteworthy . The fusion of person and ideas is not common in science and it is hard to think of many other examples. More often, scientists have to strive to make themselves interesting especially when their research work is and inaccessible (sometimes down-right baffling) to the non-­ specialist – in physics, the names of Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman spring readily to mind. But things are very different in the arts, politics and religion where this fusion is commonplace and, often, de rigueur: Andy Warhol, pop art; , fascism; Johnny Rotten, punk music; Fidel Castro, revolution; Richard Nixon, trickiness, Mother Theresa, ­charity; Tony Blair, New Labour; and, not forgetting, Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse. This fusion is Eysenck’s unique feature and it comes with an intellec- tual health warning: ‘controversial’. According to the New Scientist, for the general public at least, Eysenck is ‘The psychologist they most love to hate’ – within some sections of the academic world, this sentiment is shared. But, as shown in this book, he has the capacity to reach out to the general public to address their concerns, and many respect him for this intellectual communion. Quite exceptionally for a scientist, Eysenck’s public persona is one of an artist in the sense that people’s reactions to him are coloured by their of his personality and style of going about his busi- ness. Eysenck’s work is infused with him. He is rarely, if ever, perceived as a detached and dispassionate scientist; typically, he is seen as highly engaged and relevant to what other people consider to be important. Eysenck is as much a product of their reactions as the ideas he expresses.

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This complex nature makes difficult the task of separating the man from his work, however the splitting of the Eysenck atom is essential if we are to appreciate his lasting scientific contributions and their continuing relevance for public debate and policy. Ultimately, scientific ideas and their implications must be dissociated from the person advocating them – the liking or loathing of the person really is irrelevant. The main aim of this book is to contribute to a better understanding of Eysenck’s contrarian and contradictory psychology, both scientific and personal – in terms of the scientific positions he espouses and opposes, which often go against (seemingly wilfully so) conventional, and conven- ient, wisdom and the sensibilities of others, as well as his inter-personal modus operandi and the diversity of reactions he so readily elicits, from genuine respect to outright hostility. The publication date of this book commemorates one hundred years since the birth of Eysenck. This perspective affords a centurial wide-angle lenses through which we can view the development of the new discipline of psychology – its maturity parallels Eysenck’s own, and their growing pains are interwoven with his life story. Understanding this multifaceted Eysenck is interesting in its own right, but perhaps only of local interest if not tied to the important issues of the day. As this book chronicles, Eysenck’s works provoke reaction for the very reason that they tackle issues of social and political importance. A recurring theme is the relevance of his work for society today. Throughout this book I have resisted the temptation – which is a pow- erful in a research psychologist – to discuss specific research data. Given the nature of this biography, these would necessarily be selective, partial and quickly dated. I include discussion of some data only when this seems essential to understanding properly the issues at hand, and now and then I add references to freely available publications for the interested reader to follow up. It is hoped that the largely theoretical discussion of Eysenck’s varied interests will serve to stimulate interest in the reader to explore the evidential bases of his specific approaches and their implications.1 Personal views of Eysenck have appeared over the years in various forms, in obituaries, reflections, two biographies, several festschrifts, and quotes contained in his own biography. This makes the job of the scientific biographer easier, but, by no means, easy. To get a more reflec- tive understanding of Eysenck after the passing of nearly 20 years since Copyrighted material_9781137584205. Preface xi his death, I corresponded and spoke with many of his former students and colleagues (and some adversaries) – direct quotes are provided with their permission (several preferred not to be named, and this is indicated in the text). Dick Passingham, of Oxford University, went to some considerable trouble to provide a detailed account of his perspec- tive on Eysenck’s life and contribution, and I am most grateful to him. I am especially fortunate to have spoken to Eysenck’s son, Michael,2 and his wife, Sybil3 – I am grateful to them for so generously sharing their personal, first-hand experience of their father and husband, and in both cases scientific colleague. I should acknowledge that some correspondents may be disappointed with the content and tone of this book; out of necessity, I have been compelled to be selective in the use of their reflections and opinions, however they should be relieved to be absolved of any responsibility for the final form it has taken. The very existence of this book owes a debt of gratitude to several people. First and foremost, Richard Stevens, editor of the Palgrave Mind Shapers series, commissioned it (after a recommendation from Frederick Toates). I found Richard’s supportive open-mindedness quite inspiring, and the book owes much to his gentle guidance and coaxing, especially towards a more readable style. I also wish to extend thanks to Adam Per- kins for providing valuable feedback on a draft of the manuscript; and to Ian Deary for reading the final manuscript and for useful suggestions. I also gratefully acknowledge the staff at Palgrave, especially the Commis- sioning Editor, Paul Stevens, and his editorial assistant, Isabel Berwick, for their encouragement and professional support throughout the course of this project. I am also grateful to Simon Hampton for providing a quiet place in Ketteringham, Norwich, where much of the first draft was completed. I thank my wife, Margaret, for exercising her high threshold of tol- erance, especially when required to engage in yet another impromptu discussion on the life and work of Eysenck. Importantly, Margaret high- lighted the need to tell the ‘story’ of his exceptional life, which for the non-specialist reader serves to enliven discussion of his scientific work. As in all other areas of my life, this book is all the better for her wise counsel and support. On a note of literary style, encouraged by Richard and Paul, I use the present tense as much as possible. This device may irritate those with a Copyrighted material_9781137584205. xii Preface more purist take on such matters, but, in mitigation, it brings Eysenck more to life than allowed by the past tense of a dead scientist. He is dead, however his intellectual vitality is not.4 In anticipation of what is to follow, it is worth recording that I was struck by the respect most people have for Eysenck’s personal and pro- fessional integrity, even when they oppose his specific scientific and, inferred, political views. The view of Dick Passingham, ‘My view of Hans is quite complex’, is very typical: the true Eysenck defies carica- ture, although too often this is the only picture we are shown of him. I have to say though, a much smaller number of people were much less ­charitable – for example, one very senior member of the - psychology profession expressed surprise, and I sensed disappointment, that anyone would want to write another book on Eysenck. Friend or foe of Hans Eysenck, I thank everyone who took the time to share their views with me, and now I share them with you.

Philip J. Corr 21st September, 2015 Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

Publisher’s Acknowledgements

The publisher and the author thank the organisations and people listed below for permission to reproduce material from their publications:

American Psychological Association, for permission to reproduce ­Figure 12.3, Inspection time. From Deary, I. J. and Stough, C. (1996). Intelligence and inspection time: Achievements, prospects, and prob- lems. American Psychologist, 51(6), 599–608. Copyright © 1996 by the American Psychological Association. The use of APA information does not imply endorsement by APA.

Elsevier, for permission to reproduce Figure 12.1, The different types of influence on the three main domains of intelligence. From Eysenck, H. J. (1986). Toward a new model of intelligence. Personality and Individual ­Differences, 7(5), 731–736. Copyright © 1986 by Elsevier.

Routledge, for permission to reproduce and adapt Figure 8.2, The rela- tion between level of stimulation and hedonic tone (pleasantness-­ unpleasantness). From Eysenck, H. J. (1964). Crime and personality. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 96. Copyright © (1964) by Routledge.

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1 A Contradictory Psychology

Hans Juergen Eysenck is recognised as one of the most brilliant psycholo- gists of the twentieth century. Not only did he make important and last- ing contributions to our scientific understanding of the human mind and behaviour, he is responsible for popularising psychology, first becoming its public face in Britain and then its voice of controversy. Throughout his long career, he also makes a very substantial difference to the profes- sional standing of psychology and, after the passing of many years since his death, he still very much matters to people. His work and life energise the entire field. He also has the ability to inspire and irritate, often in equal measure. Now, there are many different ways to characterise anyone’s life and work, and it is always pleasing to have a punchy subtitle to a biography to capture the essence of the subject – or, more accurately, what the biographer decides is the essence. In the case of Eysenck, any such decision is bound for failure; it would be neither entirely accurate nor comprehensive. For exam- ple, the adjective ‘maverick’ is one possible subtitle, referring to someone who is a lone dissenter, independent of mind and behaviour, nonconform- ist, unconventional, unorthodox, individualistic, rebellious, disruptive, and something of a loose cannon. Etymological roots trace this word to, in Welsh, ‘valiant hero’ and in Hebrew, ‘shiny, brilliant’. All of these defini- tions have been appropriately applied to Eysenck. Indeed, ‘Maverick’ was the initial title of the BBC series Heretics, aired in 1994, that devoted an entire episode to him. In his autobiography, Eysenck displays clear delight in these adjectives – he mentions ‘trouble-maker’ in the same context. However, Eysenck is very traditional in his academic approach and style, emphasising the need for a rigorous science of the mind and behaviour – he is no cocaine-stimulated , drunken R. D. Laing, or polit- ically radical Eric Fromm – indeed, during the entirety of his life, Eysenck eschews even the humble pleasures afforded by alcohol for fear that it

1 Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 2 Hans Eysenck might impair his intellect.1 But behind his formal academic persona, he is without doubt an intellectual radical and adventurer; a disruptor of the conventional, and convenient, wisdom, and an explorer of the uses and excuses of ill-considered thinking. By the end of this book, you should have formed your own sub- title, and thus, what Eysenck means to you. For reasons made apparent throughout this book, my preferred one is A Contradictory Psychology.

An artistic comparison

As mentioned in the Preface and discussed further in the final chapter of this book, Eysenck is a truly disruptive spirit. He does things in his own way and provokes people to change the way they see the world. Inevita- bly, the messenger gets attacked along with the message. Eysenck’s antecedents prepare him well for combining the theoretical and, broadly speaking, artistic side of science. As detailed in the next chapter, both his parents were in show business (and he even appeared in a film with his mother); his first research love is the psychology of aesthetics; he is always interested in creativity and ; and he is a natural-born (but not showy) performer, with skills honed on the knees of his show business parents and maternal grandmother. Other resemblances with the artistic spirit bear noting. For example, truly inspirational artists break new ground; but only after the passage of some time does the audience at first admire, then follow, and finally attempt to emulate. The true artist is independent of mind and spirit, and positively repulses the convenience of tradition and authority. Despite the close connection between art and science – think of the works of Leonardo da Vinci – as C. P. Snow famously outlined in his ‘two cultures’ lecture in 1959, in the modern world they have been separated and, largely, isolated.2 It is likely that truly pioneering advances in science have more of the artist element than we recognise, or in our quest for professional reputa- tion would wish to believe. For example, upon reflecting upon the physical structure of the double helix, Crick and Watson are reputed to have said, ‘It was too beautiful, too elegant to be wrong’ – surely, an artistic statement from two great scientists! And perhaps like many great artists, the scientist may get increasingly self-indulgent as their work becomes accepted and they are inducted into ‘normal’ society – or more accurately, society inducts Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 3 to them. In this process of divinification, they become a magnified persona, and along with their talents their flaws become more apparent – rather like ancient heroes, they are seen to be descended from immortal gods (in this case scientific ones) and with all the qualities and faults on a much larger scale. They become larger than life figures and a mythology builds up around them. It is interesting to note that, as discussed in Chapter 3, Eysenck’s theory of aesthetic appreciation is predicted by Order × Complex- ity: in many respects, the formula that characterises his entire life. Although we must guard against the temptation to take this com- parison too far, the artistic side of Eysenck’s work and life may help to account for the hostilities he provokes and the great diversity of opinion attached to him. However, I cannot recall this comparison being made before; the closest we get is Eysenck’s own depiction of his scientific work as being ‘romantic’ (see Chapter 15). This side of Eysenck is rarely men- tioned; however, once considered, it starts to open doors on understand- ing his complex, and seemingly contradictory, life.

Contradiction and contrariness

Whatever else, contrariness and contradiction are the backbone to the Eysenck story, and it is where we must begin. These aspects offer a ready access to Eysenck the man and his work, and especially Eysenck the public persona. Few people would claim that he is not a contrarian – in fact, he takes this style to a new height of per- fection. In terms of contradictions, these consist of three parts. First, his views contradict those of the mainstream – then and (but less so) now. Secondly, his personality contains what appear to be contradictory fea- tures.3 Thirdly, people’s reactions to him are contradictory (some people admire and respect him, others detest him). In a manner reminiscent of Richard Nixon, Eysenck likes to portray himself as misunderstood and set upon; as he says in the 1994 BBC programme, Heretics, ‘When I started out in science I felt a bit like a big friendly dog that gets kicked in the teeth because of the reception of original ideas received by other people.’ Although some people find it hard to recognise this self-characterisation, this may well be the way he sees himself. As an illustration of these contradictions, (1997) recalled asking a at the Maudsley Hospital about Eysenck during the Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 4 Hans Eysenck early years of his career and is told: ‘Oh, a brilliant and charming fellow. Ferocious only in the face of opposition.’4 However, this style does not apply to his face-to-face interactions with colleagues and students where he comes across as considerate, moderate, and rather shy. In stark con- trast, in public lectures he does not hesitate to use his cool intellect and vast knowledge of his subject, delivered in a serene style with modulated tones, to put down any questioner who has the vain belief that they can undermine his argument – very few manage to do so. Contrariness may not be too difficult to understand, and it is fre- quently observed; however, contradiction is something different – it makes the task of writing an account of Eysenck’s professional life all the more challenging. He cannot be depicted only with horns or a halo – he is a far more interesting character than either of these crude depictions allow. As recognised by one of his refulgent students, who went on to a glittering career of his own, Jeffrey Gray (1997. p. xi),5

It is a truism to say of almost anyone that he is a person full of ­paradoxes, but one that applies to Hans Eysenck in spades.

Few other scientists have their personality and science so bound together: to think of Eysenck’s psychology is to think of the man himself – the image of Eysenck. Untying this person–scientist Gordian knot is no easy task – and it may be a futile one! – because Eysenck is admired and detested as much as for what he stands for (or seems to stand for) as for the ideas he advocates. Within psychology, too, this Gordian knot is not easily untied: to accept his psychology, it seems necessary to accept the ways he goes about his business (e.g., his ways of reasoning, his public engagement, and his whole modus operandi). Nevertheless, his scientific work can, and must, be disentangled, otherwise we end up with a caricature that obscures rather than enlightens.

Why another biography?

There have already been several biographies of Eysenck in addition to his own autobiography,6 as well as several Festschrifts from admiring col- leagues,7 and personal reflection pieces.8 Thus, much of his life is already known. Gibson’s (1981) biography provides an informative, sympathetic, and intimate account of Eysenck’s life, capturing many of his essential Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 5 features.9 More recently, Buchanan’s (2010) book,10 aptly named Play- ing with Fire, provides a densely researched and critical perspective that focusses on perceived controversy to the relative neglect of scientific con- tribution. But, Buchanan’s book fails to provide an accurate portrait of Eysenck, at least as seen from the perspective of many colleagues, friends, and acquaintances. Buchanan recognises this possibility in the very last paragraph of his book, where he states (p. 427),

…I know there will be arguments about the factual record, and my interpretations, accents and emphases. I suspect this will only be the beginning of a new debate about Hans Eysenck’s legacy and influence.

Still, the reader may well ask: why trouble the world with another book on Eysenck? This is a fair point, and deserves a reply. One justification is that, given Eysenck’s extraordinary engagement with issues of public concern, no book has yet considered his life and work from a broader social perspective, taking into account his central scientific ideas and their lasting relevance. Gibson’s book is now dated, and does not cover Eysenck’s later years, and Buchanan’s (2010) book is based on a premise that limits its appeal as a biography of a scientist: ‘This book is not about whether Hans Eysenck was right or wrong’ – which he means in a strictly scientific sense.11 However, surely this is the fundamental issue. Perhaps a new biography that combines science and hindsight, placed in an historical context, has something to offer – the reader will decide. Scientific appreciation is especially important in comprehending why Eysenck means so much to so many people (in both positive and negative ways) – to consider his contribution in a science-free vacuum leaves us with a picture of a complex, controversial, and, often, contradictory man that serves only to add to the bafflement as to the source of his influence on fellow psychologists, many of whom admire, respect, and even in the words of a past President of the American Psychological Association, Frank Farley, ‘Love the guy’. The premise of this book is that a biography of any scientist that starts from the notion that the merits of their scientific work are not of central interest is bound to be of limited value because we are only really inter- ested in their life because of their science: it is this that ultimately defines Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 6 Hans Eysenck them once the dust of passing personal and professional bandwagons has settled. Put in black and white terms, if Eysenck is controversial and right in his science then this is a very different outcome to his being contro- versial and wrong – in scientific terms, wrongness and rightness cannot reside solely in the eye of the beholder. More importantly, this places into proper context Eysenck’s status of ‘controversy’ that characterises so much of his work and life. A guiding assumption of this book is that the criteria of verification and falsification in science are what matters. As these are the very criteria that Eysenck himself emphasises, then his own work may be appropriately judged against them.

Scientific contribution and controversy

In anticipation of the detailed material discussed in the chapters of this book, a brief sketch of Eysenck’s diverse research interests may be in order. This might play the useful role of placing his life’s work into an appropriate scientific context: some of which are very substantial indeed and ensure him of a place in the history books, while others are of a more marginal nature. But first, one view expressed to me – no doubt, shared by other psy- chologists who are protective of Eysenck’s reputation and legacy – is that a scientific biography would be best served by focussing on his major contributions, and avoiding undue mention of his forays into fringe areas, such as , and highly controversial fields such as . This opinion is understandable and has merit, however I have chosen not to follow it for a number of reasons. First, and perhaps most importantly, it would not do justice to Eysenck’s own choices, and what he considers important especially during the later part of his career. Secondly, Eysenck’s best work shines through on its merits and its importance is not diluted by considera- tion of (apparently) less substantive contributions. Lastly, the danger of cherry-picking and leaving behind the less desirable fruits would fail to provide a truly balanced account of his life. In addition, it is quite possible that some of his more contentious ideas and works may yet blossom (e.g., for health prevention and, even, amelio- ration of prejudicial attitudes). There may be more to Eysenck’s psy- chology that, even today, we can discern. It is not for the biographer to Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 7 interpret Eysenck’s own choices: they stand alone proud and demand respect. Nevertheless, some evaluation of his scientific work,as it appears today, is warranted, especially for the non-psychologist who is bound to find difficult the task of separating the scientific wheat from the chaff – a problem that even the knowledgeable psychologist does not find easy. To begin on some highlights, few would doubt Eysenck’s major contri- bution to three main areas: scientific ; critique of ; and the development of alongside the promotion of the new field of – three topics that are interwoven into his unique scientific fabric.

Personality

Eysenck’s first and perhaps truly lasting contribution is his work on the structure and causes of personality, especially its biological basis. Here he emphasises the importance of the interplay of genes and the environment, and the role played by individual differences in brain processes. This work starts in the early 1940s and extends to his death in 1997 – indeed, his very last journal article is on this very topic. This life-long work stands well the test of time and assures Eysenck’s name in the history books. Personality psychology today so very much resembles Eysenck’s vision of it from the early 1940s. Despite what is sometimes suggested to the contrary, as recorded by David Cohen who interviewed Eysenck as part of his excellent 1977 Psychologists on Psychology book, Eysenck believes that his three dimen- sions of personality (extraversion, , and psychoticism) are not final story, ‘I have no doubt there are more dimensions. It’s just the very elementary beginning…I’m sure that these three dimensions are not enough to encompass the whole of personality. I’ve never suggested this and I wouldn’t believe it for a moment.’ As with so much of his work, Eysenck lays the foundations on which others can more safely build. In addition, Eysenck applies these individual differences to many areas of psychology (e.g., neurosis, criminality, attitudes to sex, violence, and educational attainment). Personality psychology is the major unifying theme that runs through the entire corpus of this work: whatever the spe- cific research theme that captures his attention at any point, individual differences always loom large. In these respects, all of his other areas of Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 8 Hans Eysenck interests are drawn from this scientific source – this fact is sometimes lost when considering some of his more esoteric pursuits (e.g., ).

Psychoanalysis

One of Eysenck’s missions is to expose the weak, or non-existent, sci- entific basis of psychoanalysis. Although not the first person to criticise the theoretical foundations and clinical effectiveness of Freudian- inspired therapies, he is without doubt its most vocal and persuasive critic. This work, which starts in the 1950s and continues throughout his life, is seen by many people as vital to clearing the way for a more rigorously scientific approach to understanding mental illness and its treatment. Eysenck’s work has a major positive impact in shaping how people think about psychotherapy and what a truly scientific psycho- therapy should not look like – he then goes on to develop a vision of what it should look like.

Behaviour therapy

In the place of psychoanalysis, Eysenck makes a major contribution to the development of a brave new world of behaviour-based therapies, founded on psychological principles derived from the laboratory and detailed brain–behaviour mechanisms. Whilst debate still surrounds Eysenck’s specific contribution to the development of these forms of therapy, few question the success of his public advocacy of them, which proceeds alongside his criticisms of all forms of psychoanalytical thera- pies. In addition, he contributes to the theoretical development of several new approaches, as well as enabling the professional establishment of the whole field of clinical psychology in Britain. This work, carried out in the Department of Psychology he founded at the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP) in London, is the precursor to the cognitive-behavioural revolution that now dominates much of psychological therapy. This work starts in the later 1950s and continues to this day. A whole biography could be devoted to these three topics alone, and this would be sufficient to show the brilliance and truly pioneering nature of Eysenck. However, these three areas are not even half the story of his scientific life, although they are probably the most important in terms of his reputation and legacy. There are other research themes that consume much of his career. Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 9

Intelligence

From his early student days at University College London (UCL), Eysenck’s interest in the structure and causes of intelligence is undimmed, culmi- nating in a book published one year after his death in 1998. He takes the view that the general factor (often called ‘g’ and expressed in the notion of a unitary ‘IQ’ score) is the most important aspect of intelligence tests. Furthermore, he argues that this factor has its causal roots in basic physi- ological processes that can be measured by such tasks as reaction time (RT) and brain activity (e.g., EEG) in response to simple stimuli. His main point is that general intelligence is one of the most important factors of mind that influences all aspects of life. His work is innovative and inspires many other psychologists to follow his lead, and as shown in this book this approach is starting to yield some very productive fruits. More contentious, but no less important, is Eysenck’s work on the effects of micronutrients on increasing levels of intelligence. This work results in another debate; however, no reasonable person would assume that vitamins, minerals, and so on. cannot affect brain functioning and, thus, quite probably intelligence. As in many other areas, this work shows Eysenck’s open-mindedness and willingness to pioneer new areas of sci- entific enquiry even in the face of incredulity and outright hostility.

Social and political attitudes

Once again starting in the early 1940s, Eysenck is fascinated by the psychometric structure of social attitudes and how these relate to politi- cal ideas and behaviour – so much of this seems to reflect his early life experiences in Germany. For the first, but most certainly not for the last, time in his early academic career, Eysenck is swimming against the intellectual tide when, in the mid 1940s, he suggests that left (socialist/ communist) and right (fascist) wing political dogmas are cut from the same psychological cloth: tough-mindedness. ‘Uncle’ Joe Stalin was still receiving a favourable press in the 1940s/1950s, and a large proportion of intellectuals were distinctly left-leaning, with many having their ideological roots firmly grounded in the Kremlin. Eysenck alienates both sides of the political divide, although people later come around to his way of thinking about the psychological roots of authoritarian political belief systems. Eysenck’s experience of Nazi Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s prepares him well to proffer insight into the communist Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 10 Hans Eysenck and fascist mind – the Stalin-Hitler peace agreement convinces many that their political dogmas may not be so antagonistic after all (at the very least, it shows the cunning nature of authoritarian leaders).

Social concerns

Especially during the 1960s and 1970s, Eysenck writes extensively on the importance of psychology for understanding social problems (e.g., educational attainment). In all of his work, but here in particular, he draws upon the importance of in shaping factors of the mind (e.g., personality, IQ, and attitudes), and he is eager to undermine the claim that the environment is the sole cause of individual differences and their differential impacts on life outcomes (e.g., occupational success). He proposes, what he believes to be, a more realistic alternative view of the importance of nature over nurture. Also during the 1970s, Eysenck writes on the relationship between media exposure to sex and violence and its corrupting effects, as he sees them, on moral attitudes and behaviour. With the greatly increased avail- ability of sex and violence related media, this remains a topic of great social concern. More generally, during his entire life Eysenck writes extensively, and often persuasively, on the importance of applying scientific knowledge to meet the social (psychologically based) needs of society (e.g., the ‘causes and cures’ of criminality) by replacing ‘unsubstantiated and unsubstanti- able’ political opinion with rigorous theory and experimentation. He sees social issues as being too often the playthings of vested interests – he irks the ‘political class’ by suggesting that scientific fact should have priority over political opinion – like others within the profession, they find his impertinence hard to accept, and they neither forget nor forgive. Despite these barriers to the acceptance of his ideas, Eysenck tack- les some fundamental issues of great concern to society – his general approach is increasingly being applied today. The issues his work raise remain important, and cannot be wished away. In this specific regard, it is a distinct possibility that his scientific approach will continue to grow in stature in the years to come. However, it cannot be denied that from the 1970s, Eysenck’s ventures into areas of debate are not only highly contentious but produce little in the way of evidently new knowledge. Given his remarkable scientific and Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 11 professional achievements in the years from the early 1940s, it is under- standable that his brilliant star starts to dim during this period, however it fails to extinguish.

Race, intelligence and education

If some of Eysenck’s previous ideas are seen as contentious, then his work in the early 1970s kicks over a hornet’s nest of social, political and scientific sensibilities. His writings – there is no empirical work of his own – on the IQ difference between Black and White populations, and the implication of these differences for educational attainment and socioeconomic advance, is little short of explosive. His favoured position, that underlying these race intelligence differences are genetic differences, outrages many people and his reputation never fully recovers from this truly controversial stage in his career – even his scientific friends ques- tion the wisdom of getting involved in this debate, especially when firm scientific conclusions seem so far out of reach, but political passions are within easy grasp. Although Eysenck bravely (or foolishly) addresses a highly relevant social issue – and one that troubles many societies to this day – he will not be remembered for making any serious scientific contribution to it. His role is that of the polemicist, and he is seen by many as the mouth piece for a deeply divisive approach.

Astrology and parapsychology

As Eysenck spends so much of his life stressing the overriding importance of experimentation and data, which marks him out as an especially hard- headed scientist, his willingness to entertain hypotheses from the outer fringes of psychology bemuses many fellow psychologists. However, oth- ers admire his open-mindedness and willingness to apply the scientific method wherever it seems useful. Although starting many years before, his work in the 1980s yields little insight into parapsychological phenomena and his books on this topic are far from scientifically rigorous – although they make for a stimulating coffee-table read. In the case of astrology, he does clarify why some star sign effects are observed, which he reduces to a combination of wishful thinking and knowledge of sign-personality asso- ciations rather than the long reach of the cosmological hand. Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 12 Hans Eysenck

These fringe areas of sciences strengthen Eysenck’s reputation as a sci- entific maverick in pursuit of that, ever so elusive, big prize.

Smoking and personality

From the 1960s to the 1990s, Eysenck periodically writes on the fallacy, as he sees it, of assuming that causes lung . He is adamant that the correlation between smoking and cancer (as strong as it is) does not imply causation as a third variable might be responsible for both and, thus, their correlation. He argues that, perhaps, there are common genes that predispose both to lung cancer and to smoking behaviour, hence giving rise to their correlation and apparent, albeit spurious, causal associa- tion. As unlikely as this specific hypothesis may sound – especially when we have good reason to think that the injection of smoke may damage the lungs – Eysenck pursues this line of thinking for many years and never rejects it. More reasonably, he contends that the smoking-cancer link might be more complex than the ‘smoking kills’ slogan would have us believe: perhaps certain types of people smoke for psychological reasons (e.g., to reduce stress or increase arousal) and it is this that impairs the immune system that, then, contributes to cancerous processes? Maybe the ques- tions raised by Eysenck will turn out to have important implications in the future? The non-committal phrase ‘time will tell’ is apt.

Therapy and health

In other works that attract considerable attention, much of it critical, in the 1980s/1990s, Eysenck claims that a novel form of behavioural therapy protects (inoculates, as it were) against various forms of cancer and heart disease. As with his smoking-cancer work, medical epidemiolo- gists are up in arms, especially as the ‘effect sizes’ claimed are some of the largest ever reported in epidemiology – given ambiguities concerning how the data were collected and analysed, these results are now largely ignored in the scientific literature. Eysenck’s work in this area raises a fundamental question: what is the relationship between psychological variables (e.g., personality and intel- ligence) and health-related outcomes? The notion that no connection exists is probably as outlandish as assuming that all physical illness has its origins in the mind. The jury is still very much out on this matter, Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 13 although there is now some compelling evidence that these links are not mere flights of fancy. It is still possible that, one day, Eysenck will be seen as a true scientific pioneer, and an important one at that.

Sex and marriage

During the latter part of his career, Eysenck writes extensively – in fact, more so than one might expect – on the psychology of sex and relation- ships: he devotes whole books to these topics. As with so many of his other studies, he applies the tried-and-tested statistical method of factor analysis to uncover the hidden dimensions that lay beneath the surface expression of attitudes – and behaviour under the bedsheets. This work is noteworthy for showing that no areas of human psychology are out of bounds to rigorous quantification. In addition, Eysenck reveals how per- sonality relates to different attitudes, which call into question whether there can ever exist a consensual sexual morality. These are the major areas of research that dominate Eysenck’s life – there a few others that are relatively minor, including sports psychol- ogy, , , and commercial psychology. Of course, this brief summary goes nowhere near doing justice to his work, however it provides a flavour of his interests and their scientific relevance into the twenty-first century. The chapters of this book are designed to provide a comprehensive enough account of Eysenck’s work for the lay reader to understand what he is about, from his point of view – what he is about from other people’s viewpoints is a matter of contradiction.

The perils of biography

A few words are needed on the pitfalls and perils of writing an account of anyone’s life and work, especially someone as complex as Eysenck. To begin with, one must be mindful of the perils of attempting to ‘read’ the intentions and deeper motives of the subject.12 Any biography of you would surely be incomplete and inaccurate in crucial respects, and would certainly fail to uncover your private intentions and motives as you see them, and the same is no less true of a public figure. Seeking these deeper motives is largely a futile exercise and not something attempted in this Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 14 Hans Eysenck book. What we can rely on are recorded behaviours and the written word: what Eysenck did and said, and what other people think of him.13 Fortu- nately for the biographer, there is plenty of relevant material. With the above caveats in mind, there is value in biography. As high- lighted by the political biographer Ben Pimlott (1999),14 the biographer, as it were, has their nose pressed against the window, peering into the life of their subject, looking not just for facts but clues to understanding, and in so doing provides a tour d’horizon of the wider realm in which the subject is situated – in our case, the broader historical, social, political, and scientific context. Now, even if facts were complete and unambiguous, two biographers would undoubtedly end up writing very different accounts of the same subject. The resulting books would reflect their selection and interpreta- tion of what is known, as well as the general tenor they adopt towards their subject. This is inevitable and quite unavoidable. This biography is no less prone to these selections and distortions. For this reason, the reader deserves to know from where this biographer is coming.

Personal statement

I did not know Hans Eysenck well, at least not in person. From 1989 until his death in 1997, I had only a handful of conversations with him. Like many other people, I got to know him best from his books and papers. Whilst undertaking PhD work (1989–1994) in the Department of Psychology he founded at the Institute of Psychiatry, I attended regular meetings of the Personality Research Group,15 chaired by Eysenck’s suc- cessor Jeffrey Gray and attended by Eysenck along with other academics, researchers and PhD students. My own doctoral research was concerned with experimentally contrasting Eysenck’s and Gray’s personality theo- ries, so I got to know his scientific work very well indeed. During this time, for three months, I shared a desk with Eysenck, however in the style of Box and Cox our paths rarely crossed. I vividly recall my first encounter with Eysenck. At my first Personal- ity Research Group meeting, I impertinently answered a question from Gray directed at Eysenck (the details are obscured by time, but it had something to do with what Eysenck’s theory said on a particular theo- retical matter), and before fully realising what I had done and on issuing Copyrighted material_9781137584205. A Contradictory Psychology 15 forth in a manner characteristic of the enthusiastic although naïve PhD student, Eysenck turned to me, smiled, and verbalised a highly positively reinforcing endorsement of what I said – which, I seem to recall, was nothing special although it did show that I knew something about his personality theory! On leaving this meeting, I was staring at a leaflet- festooned notice board whilst waiting for the lift, and behind me I heard a soft German accent saying something along the lines of how much rubbish was posted there – and in a state of surprise and tongue firmly tied, I muttered agreement and went on my way. I mention this episode to highlight how positive interactions could be with Eysenck – especially to students and junior members of staff16 – although, as seen through- out this book, critics were not always so fortunate in their interactions with him. Some years later, in 2001, I was to receive the Early Career Develop- ment Award from the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID), which Eysenck founded in 1980. More recently, I was honoured to be elected to the Board of Directors of ISSID, and then elected to the ISSID offices of President-Elect (2013–2015) and President (2015–2017). In 2007, I gave the Hans Eysenck Memorial Lecture at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference. These experiences and honours mean that I could be seen as an ‘insider’ in the Eysenck story, for good or ill. The problem with writing about Eysenck is that, depending on to whom one is listening and what they are talking about, there seems so much to admire and much to deplore. With the possible exception of close intimates, most people can be located somewhere along this evalu- ative continuum – and more than a small number can be found at the negative end of it. Most people though find themselves oscillating along it depending on which of Eysenck’s ideas and works are at the forefront of their minds at any precise moment. This makes Eysenck’s life and work truly fascinating, especially as it is so bound up with his science and its implications for wider society. Honour to Eysenck’s memory may be best served by trying, as far as this is possible, to be open and honest in the presentation of the diversity of opinions held by people. As a biographer, one quickly learns how dif- ficult it can be to present, especially highly critical, views with which one disagrees; however, the urge to interpret them away has to be resisted – the conflicted state ofthis biographer is testimony to this fact! Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 16 Hans Eysenck

Knowledge of Eysenck and his scientific work is a major advantage in writing a scientific biography. Some readers may think that I am too close to the man and his work to be entirely objective. This may well be true, and if it is then I probably would not be in the best position to know! In any event, all writers assume, or through the process of writ- ing come to assume, a definite attitude to their subject, thereforeall biographies are subjective. The Palgrave series of Mind Shapers asked authors to be critically sympathetic, and it is in this spirit that I set about ­writing this biography. If some readers sense I err too much on the side of ­charitable sycophancy, while others may feel I lean too much on the side of ­­criticism – especially giving too much air-time to Eysenck’s harshest­ ­critics – then, maybe, some kind of balance has been achieved. I must leave it to the reader to judge.

Historical record

Now, for some undisputed facts. Eysenck (4 – 4 September 1997) was one of the best known and most influential psychologists in the world, and for many decades represented the public face of psychol- ogy in Britain. During the course of his professional life, he held the following positions: Senior Research Psychologist, Mill Hill Emergency Hospital, 1942–1946; Director, Psychological Department, Maudsley Hospital, 1946–1983; Reader in Psychology, University of London (Insti- tute of Psychiatry), 1950–1954, and Professor of Psychology, 1955–1983 (and then Professor Emeritus). He was twice married, in 1938 to Margaret Davies (divorced 1949; one son), and in 1950 to Sybil Rostal (three sons, one daughter). He died in 1997 of a brain tumour, survived by his second wife, Sybil, and children. Publication of this book one hundred years after Eysenck’s birth is not just a pleasing chronological convenience; it also coincides with a century during which psychology grew from disorganised adolescence in the nineteenth century to a mature scientific and professional discipline. Hans Eysenck was central to its development: to a large extent, his story is its story. Copyrighted material_9781137584205.

Index

Adorno, T. W., 157, 159 Buchanan, R. (Eysenck’s second see also Frankfurt School biographer), 5, 102, 105, 127, 187, Amis, M. (writer), 279 198, 270, 272, 277, 291, 296, 301, Amis, K. (writer), 181 313, 320, 321, 322, 324, 328, 331, American Psychiatric Association, 59 334 American Psychological Association, 5, Burgess, A. (writer; author of A Clockwork 43, 291, 317 Orange), 279 American Psychological Society, 291 Burt, C., 29, 30, 58, 65, 92, 93, 94, 161, ascending reticular activing system, 183, 202, 279, 305, 306, 315, 318, 117–8, 310 334 astrology, 11, 65, 135, 249–53, 257–62, 290, 323, 325–6, 331, 337 Castro, F. (Cuban leader), ix see also confirmation basis Central Intelligence Agency, 268–9 attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Chapman et al. (2013), 244 122–3, 310 Christie, R., 313 attitudes, 9–10, 156–159, 168–9 Churchill, W. (former British Prime see also polarisation Minister), 27 aversive conditioning, 113, 149–53, 312 Claridge, G., 41, 95, 281, 334 see also homosexuality Cohen, D., 7, 320 cognitive behavioural therapy, 8, 76, Bandura, A., 56, 298–9, 301, 334 301–2 Banks et al. (2015), 320 Colman, A., 188–9, 194, 198, 297, 317, Baron-Cohen, S., 323 335 Barrett, P., 211, 282, 330, 334 communism, 9–10, 140, 156–60, 197, 313 Bartlett, F., 94, 305 conditioning, 44, 79–90, 111–7, 123–30, behavioural inhibition system, 129 141–2, 147–9, 151, 303 Behavioural Insights Team (‘Nudge see also aversive conditioning, Unit’), 141 inhibitory processes behaviourism, 63, 94, 114, 299, 303, 311 confirmation basis, 285, 331 see also Skinner, B. F., Watson. J. B. Connolly, B. (comedian), 279 behaviour therapy, 8, 64, 66–8, 76–7, Cooper. J. (‘visiting angel’), 258 81–89, 149, 300–3, 308, 312 Corr (Margaret Rose; wife of author), v, xi Bishop, D., 324, 334 Corr, P. J. (author), 14–15, 33, 129, 223, Blackmore, S., 324, 334 296, 298, 310, 311, 337 Blair, T. (former British Prime Minister), Coulter, T. T., 160, 313 ix, 164–5 Cox, D. (champion standard tennis Boyson, R. (Conservative politican), player), 307 181 Cox, E. (former Labour Party Secretary of British Psychological Society, 15, 291 State for Education), 314 Broadbent, D., 95, 305 creativity, 212–7, 298 Brody, N., 286, 334 see also genius Brown, D. (stage illusionist), 324 Crick, F. (molecular biologist; Nobel Prize Brown, G. (former British Prime winner), 2 Minister), 152 crime, 141–9

340 Copyrighted material_9781137584205. Index 341 creative novation behaviour therapy, humour, 22, 164, 297, 317, 323 238, 321 legacy, 66–7, 130, 281–2, 284–6, Cronbach, L., 43, 288, 305, 333 290–1 Crown, S., 280 open-mindedness, 9, 11 personality, 35, 106–9, 223–5, 247–8, Darwin, C., 138, 161, 291, 298 250–2, 274–5, 280–2, 307, 317, Davies, M. (Margaret; Hans Eysenck’s 322–3, 328, 330, 331–2 first wife), 16, 29, 40–2, 62, 65, politics, 155, 161–2, 183–5, 198–200, 69, 335 313, 318 Deary, I., xi, 217, 219, 223, 241, 320, professional appointments, 16 328, 333, 335 religion Dickinson, T., 312 attitude, 18, 20–1, 320 Disney, W. (film cartoonist), ix Jewish, 18, 26, 27, 60, 65, 199, Disraeli, B. (former British Prime 297–8 Minister), vi scientific work and ideas, 7–13, 42–49, drugs, 96, 119, 120–3, 150, 154–5, 215, 51–2, 287–90 303 skills, writing/oral, 90, 108, 133–5, Doll, R., 231, 332 241–2, 277–9, 304, 315, 329 Douglas, K. (film actor), 279 sport, 19, 29, 107, 195, 307, 311, 331 Eysenck, M. W. (Michael; son of Hans Eaves, L., 158 Eysenck), xi, 29, 40, 42, 131, 135, education, 164–5, 180–3, 190–3, 220–3 285, 295, 320, 323, 326, 329, see also Head Start 331–2, 335 Edwards, M. (conjuror), 325 Eysenck, R. (Ruth; née Werner; Hans see also Randi, J. (the ‘Amazing’; stage Eysenck’s mother), 17–20, 28 magician and scientific sceptic) Eysenck, S. B. G. (Sybil; second wife Einstein, A. (physicist; Nobel Prize of Hans Eysenck), xi, 16, 19, 39, winner), ix, 64, 134, 203 42, 62, 65, 79, 185, 198, 217, elementary cognitive tasks, 204, 207–8, 230, 295, 296–7, 299, 311, 212, 218–9 315, 318, 328, 330, 331, 332, see also intelligence 335, 338 Ellis, A., 328 epidemiology, 217–8, 239, 245–6 Farley, F., 5, 335 environment, 43–6, 169–70 fascism, ix, 157, 159, 197, 287 see also genetics see also communism, Mosley, O. eugenics, 163, 178–9, 196, 336 feminism, 134, 166–7, 266 event related potentials, 211–2 Feynman, R. (physicist, Nobel Prize see also intelligence winner), ix, Society, 95 Fisher, R., 227–8, 236 Eysenck, E. A. (Eduard; father of Hans Flugel, J. C., 156 Eysenck), 18, 20, 27, 199 Frankfurt School, 159–60 Eysenck, H. J. Franks, C. M., 272, 303, 310 academic misconduct (accusations of), Freud, S., 1, 34, 36, 56, 71–3, 85, 102, 269–274, 294, 326–7 105, 110, 113, 115, 131, 159, 263, American dream, 61–64, 299 279, 284, 286, 290, 302, 303, 329, artistic comparison, ix, 2–3, 292–3 330 Eysenck (portmanteau persona), ix, x, Frith, C., 275, 327, 335 4, 49, 133, 135, 180, 276, 279, Frith, U., 330, 335 283, 292 Fromm, E., 1, 157, 159 growing up Furneaux, D., 263 , 17–24 Furnham, A., 296, 308, 323, 326, 329, London, 26–34 335 Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 342 Index

Gauquelin, M. and Gauquelin, F., Hume, D. (philosopher), 49 259–60, 325 Huxley, T. H. (Darwin’s ‘bulldog’), 37, Galbraith, J. K. (economist and writer), 178, 298 181, 328 hypnosis, 69, 250–1, 262–3, 294 Galton, F., 91–4, 96, 161, 163, 202, 209, 212, 216 inequality of (wo)man, 44, 47, 162–3, gender (sex) differences, 167 165, 223, 227–8 genetics, 10, 43, 45, 63, 178–9, 204, 304 inhibitory processes, 83, 85, 89, 101, see also environment 112–3, 115–7, 119–21, 129, genius, 192, 296, 319 213–5 see also creativity inspection time, 207, 210–1, 319 Gibson, T. (Eysenck’s first biographer), intelligence, 9, 11, 202–12, 217–220, 4–5, 42, 71, 185, 263, 270, 274, 224, 315–6, 326 294–5, 296, 307, 327, 328, 335 Gillie, O. (journalist; The Sunday Times), Jensen, A., 3, 29, 184, 185, 186, 187, 314 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 209, Glass, M. (Max; second husband of Ruth, 224, 278, 281, 290, 295, 308, 317, Hans Eysenck’s mother), 19, 28 323, 336 Gray, J. A., 4, 14, 66, 95, 97, 108, 111, Jones, M. C., 82–3 113, 124–5, 127–9, 167, 223, 272, Jones, S., 186, 336 280, 281, 282, 291, 296, 310, 319, Joynson, R. B., 315 328, 335–6 Jung, C., 101, 102, 110, 115 Goebbels, J. (Nazi), 140 Goering, H. (Nazi), 18, 199 Kamin, L., 203, 318, 326, 336 Gould, S. J., 328 King, M. L (Civil Rights leader), 193 Grossarth-Maticek, R., 168–9, 235–9, Kissen, D., 234, 240 241–4, 321, 331 Kubrick, S. (producer of A Clockwork Gudjonsson, G., 153 Orange), 44, 147, 311 Kuhn, T. (philosopher), 284 Hampton, S., xi Head Start, 185, 190, 192 Laing, R. D. (famous ‘anti-pychiatrist’), Hearnshaw, L. S. (’s 1, 59, 86 biographer), 315 Lambiase, M., 245 Heckman, J. (economist; Nobel Prize Layard, R., 54, 298 winner), 47, 192, 298 Lazarus, A., 74, 303, 336 Herrnstein, R. J., 166, 317 Levey, A., 126, 128 Herzberg, A., 78, 81, 85 Lewin, K., 81 Himmelweit, H., 39, 172, 178, 314, 330 Lewis, A., 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 55, 56, Himmler, H. (Nazi), 151 61, 86, 87, 88, 93, 336 Hitchcock, A. (film maker), 279–80, Lynn, R., 113, 195, 284, 296, 297, 308, 329 310, 318, 323, 330, 336 Hitler, A. (Nazi), ix, 10, 17, 26, 27, 28, Lykken, D., 308–10, 333, 336–7 31, 38, 73, 74, 198, 200, 247 Hobsbawn, E. (Marxist historian), 23, Mackintosh, N. J., 315 158 Major, J. (former British prime Minister), homosexuality, 149–155 182 see also aversive conditioning Martin, I., 39, 67, 88, 131–2, 274, 283, Houdini, H. (famous illusionist and 305, 307–8, 337 escapologist), 324 Marx, K., 284, 290 Howarth, E., 102–5, 306, 307 Marxism, 159–60, 313 Hudson, L., 316, 336 Mass , 231, 269 Hull, C., 112, 113, 116, 124, 142 Matthews, G., 324, 331, 337 Copyrighted material_9781137584205. Index 343

Maxwell, R. (‘Captain Bob’; infamous Plomin, R., 220–2, 320 politician and publisher), 294 polarisation, 45, 135, 136, 183, 203, 220, Mayo, J., 257–8, 261 310, 315 Merritte, D. (Little Albert), 85 Popper, K. (philosopher), 251 Molander, H. (stage name of Ruth Princess of Wales, Diana, 279 Eysenck, née Werner; Hans psychoanalysis, 8, 34, 50, 55–7, 59, 71–5, Eysenck’s mother), 17 89, 159, 279–80, 329, 330 Mendelson, M. M. and Ferranti, S. D. see also Freud, S., Fromm, E., Jung. C (2015), 321 psychosomatic medicine, 226, 244 Modgil S. and Modgil C., 296, 302, 303, psychotherapy, 49–51, 74–79, 168–9, 325, 326, 331 238–9 Mollon, J., 304–5 Mosley, O. (leader of British Union of Queen Mother, 87 Fascists), 159 Mother Theresa, ix Rabbitt, P., 281, 291, 338 Mowrer, O. H., 88, 124 race (IQ and education), 11, 184–190, Murdoch, I. (writer), 181 316, 317–8 Murray, C., 166, 317 Rachman, S. J., 40, 67, 68, 88, 294, 298, 300, 301–2, 304, 312, 338 National Health Service, 54, 57, 60, 177, Randi, J. (the ‘Amazing’; stage magician 299 and scientific sceptic), 324, 325 National Union of Teachers, 182 reaction time, 9, 207–10, 218–9, 336 Nias, D., 162, 170–7, 258–9, 266, 271, see also intelligence 312, 313, 314, 323, 324, 325, 337 Reich, W., 159 National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Rees, L., 86 51, 298 Raine, A., 281, 338 Nixon, R. (former President of the USA), reinforcement sensitivity theory (of ix, 3 personality), 129, 311 Nyborg, H., 106, 252, 295, 296, 307, 320, reliability of diagnosis, 58–60 323, 326, 327, 328, 331, 337 Research Excellence Framework, 140, 311 Oppenheim, J. R. (physicist), 139 Revelle, W., 307, 338 Orwell, G. (writer; author of Nineteen Reynolds, B. (‘Great Train Robber’), 146 Eighty-Four), 140, 158 Rhine, J., 252 Rogers, C., 269 parapsychology, 11–12, 249–57, 323 Rokeach, M., 313 see also confirmation basis Rorschach ink blots test, 34, 301 Passingham, R., xi, xii, 54, 65, 76, 87, Rose, S., 328, 338 137, 138, 242, 245, 257, 260, 270, Roth et al. (2001), 316 271, 287, 291, 327, 332, 337 Rotten, J. (John Lydon; punk rocker), xi Pavlov, I., 62, 79, 97, 101, 102, 111–7, Rushton, J. P., 189, 195, 318 119, 140 Russell, B. (philosopher), 262 Pelosi, A., 239, 240, 242, 321, 337 Russell, R., 50 Pearson, K., 161 Rutter, M., 35, 273, 291, 328, 338 personality, 7–8, 12, 42–8, 91–106, 110–30, 287, 306–7, 329 Sargant, W., 311 see also crime, epidemiology, smoking Sargent, C., 253–5, 257, 323–5, 337 (cancer and personality) sex, 13, 22–3, 33–4, 149, 159, 170–8, Perkins, A., xi, 307, 337 263–8 Peto, R., 245, 246, 321, 337 Sigel, A. E., 172, 314 Pimlott, B., 14, 296 Shapiro, M., 40, 67, 95, 114, 298, 301, phenylketonuria, 191 305 Copyrighted material_9781137584205. 344 Index

Shaw, S., (conjuror), 325 van de Ploeg, 240, 241, 243 see also Randi, J. (the ‘Amazing’; stage Venables, P., 39, 337 magician and scientific sceptic) violence, 170–8, 337 Skinner, B. F., 45, 63, 85, 93, 114, 141, vitamins and minerals, 9, 205–7, 318 147, 152, 284, 298, 299 Smith and Glass (1997), 77 Wade, N., 317–8 smoking (cancer and personality), 12, Warhol, A. (pop artist), ix 226–47, 320–2, 329 Watson, J. (molecular biologist; Nobel Snow, C. P. (‘two cultures’), 2, 295 Prize winner), 2, 317–8 Soal, S., 324 Watson, J. B., 63, 67, 81–2, 85, 141, 299 social class, 162–5, 166, 185, 313 Werner, F. (Ruth Eysenck’s mother and Spearman, C., 91, 92, 93, 94, 161, 202, 316 Hans Eysenck’s grandmother), Spielberger, S. (film director), 279 17–8 Steiger, R. (film actor), 279 Wilson, E. O., 161 Sternberg, R. J., 199, 338 Wilson, G., 158, 248, 263–7, 281, 312, 323, 329, 337, 339 Thatcher, M. (former British Prime Whitehouse, M. (‘Mrs’; campaigner for Minister), 161, 182, 313 moral standards), 178 Tracey, T., 78 Wolpe, J., 83, 88, 300 Thomson, W., 296–7, 338 working class, 31, 158, 160, 183, 313 Toates, F., xi, 338 Wundt, W., 91 Turing, A. (mathematician and WWII code breaker), 152 Zuckerman, M., 304, 332, 339