HOV Direct Access Design Guide

M 22-98

April 1998 DRAFT

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Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide April 1998 &RPPHQW)RUP

From: ______Date: ______Phone: ______E-mail: ______

To: OLYMPIA SERVICE CENTER, DESIGN OFFICE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 310 MAPLE PARK AVENUE SE PO BOX 47329 OLYMPIA WA 98504-7329

Subject: HOV Direct Access Design Guide

 Marked copies attached. Comment :

Preserve this original for future use u Submit copies only

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1.01 This Guide 1.02 Existing Facilities 1.03 Deviations 1.04 Reviews, Studies, and Reports

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Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide General April 1998 Page 1-1 1.03 Deviations :KHQGHVLJQLQJDQ+29GLUHFWDFFHVVIDFLOLW\DQDSSURYHG GHYLDWLRQLVUHTXLUHGIRUDQ\OHIWVLGHFRQQHFWLRQ $SSURYDORIDGHYLDWLRQPXVWEHVRXJKWLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK 'HVLJQ0DQXDO)LJXUH´'HVLJQ$SSURYDO/HYHOµLQ &KDSWHU´'HVLJQ'RFXPHQWDWLRQDQG$SSURYDOµ:KHQ DSSO\LQJIRUGHYLDWLRQDSSURYDOLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURYLGH WZRH[SODQDWLRQV7KHILUVWH[SODLQVZK\WKH:6'27 JXLGDQFHZDVQRWRUFRXOGQRWEHXVHG7KHVHFRQGSURYLGHV WKHMXVWLILFDWLRQIRUWKHGHVLJQWKDWLVSURSRVHG-XVWLILFDWLRQ IRUDGHYLDWLRQPXVWEHVXSSRUWHGE\DWOHDVWWZRRIWKH IROORZLQJ • $FFLGHQWKLVWRU\RUSRWHQWLDO • %HQHILWFRVWDQDO\VLV • (QJLQHHULQJMXGJPHQW • (QYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHV • 5RXWHFRQWLQXLW\ (QJLQHHULQJMXGJPHQWMXVWLILFDWLRQPLJKWLQFOXGHUHIHUHQFHV WRRWKHUSXEOLFDWLRQV 1.04 Reviews, Studies, and Reports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´$FFHVV3RLQW'HFLVLRQ 5HSRUWµZKHQWKHUHLVDSURSRVDOWRDGGGHOHWHRUFKDQJH DQDFFHVVSRLQW

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2.01 General 2.02 References 2.01 General 7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOH[FHOOHQWSXEOLFDWLRQVWKDWPLJKWEHXVHIXO IRUWKHSODQQLQJGHVLJQDQGRSHUDWLRQRIKLJKRFFXSDQF\ YHKLFOHIDFLOLWLHV7KHUHIHUHQFHVOLVWHGEHORZDUHRQO\DVHOHFW IHZDQGWKHUHZLOOQRGRXEWEHQHZRQHVDIWHUWKLVJXLGHLV SXEOLVKHG 7KLVJXLGHKDVVHYHUDOILJXUHVWKDWKDYHEHHQFRSLHGIURP 3DUVRQV%ULQNHUKRII,QFSXEOLFDWLRQVZLWKWKHLUSHUPLVVLRQ DQGYDOXDEOHDVVLVWDQFH 2.02 References • Design Manual M 22-01 • Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways and the Modifications for Washington State (MUTCD) M 24-01 • Sign Fabrication Manual M 55-05 • Standard Plans for Road, Bridge, and Municipal Construction (Standard Plans) M 21-01 • Traffic Manual M 51-02 • Northwest Region’s SC&DI Design Guide :DVKLQJWRQ6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ3XEOLFDWLRQV 32%R[ 2O\PSLD:$   • High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities A Planning, Design, and Operation Manual • FHWA/PB HOV Interactive 1.0 High Occupancy Vehicle Data Base from the U.S., Canada and Europe (CD ROM) )HGHUDO+LJKZD\$GPLQDQG3DUVRQV%ULQNHUKRII,QF 6RXWK0DLQ6WUHHW6XLWH 2UDQJH&$  

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide References April 1998 Page 2-1 • A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 1994 (the Green Book) • Guide for the Design of High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities $PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWH+LJKZD\ DQG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ2IILFLDOV $$6+72 1RUWK&DSLWRO6WUHHW1:6XLWH :DVKLQJWRQ'&  

• Transit Implications of HOV Facility Design WA-RD 396.1 Final Technical Report September 1996 :DVKLQJWRQ6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ FRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKH86'27)HGHUDO7UDQVLW$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 1DWLRQDO7HFKQLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6HUYLFH 6SULQJILHOG9$

• Bus Use of Highways, Planning and Design Guidelines Report 155 • HOV Systems Manual draft dated February 1998 1DWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLYH+LJKZD\5HVHDUFK3URJUDP 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK%RDUG 1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV &RQVWLWXWLRQ$YHQXH1: :DVKLQJWRQ'&

• Introduction to Value Engineering 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ3DUWQHUVKLSLQ(QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQW 75$163((' 8QLYHUVLW\RI:DVKLQJWRQ %0RUH+DOO); 6HDWWOH:$

References Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 2-2 April 1998 G 'HILQLWLRQV

3.01 General 3.02 Definitions

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4.01 General 4.02 Freeway Connection Locations 4.03 Ramp Terminal Locations 4.04 Ramp Types 4.05 Transit Stops 4.06 Enforcement Areas

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Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide HOV Access Types and Locations April 1998 Page 4-13 Local Street

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Highway Posted Gap Acceptance Speed (mph) Length (m) 45 165 50 190 55 210 60 235 65 255 70 280 Gap Acceptance Length for Parallel On-Connections Figure 5-2

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Direct Access Geometrics April 1998 Page  5.08 Off-Connections (1) Tapered Off-Connection 7KHWDSHUHGRIIFRQQHFWLRQLVSUHIHUUHGIRUERWKOHIWDQG ULJKWVLGHRIIFRQQHFWLRQV6HH'HVLJQ0DQXDO&KDSWHU ´7UDIILF,QWHUFKDQJHVµIRUWKHGHVLJQRIWDSHUHG RIIFRQQHFWLRQV (2) Parallel Off-Connection 7KHSDUDOOHORIIFRQQHFWLRQ )LJXUH UHTXLUHVOHVVZLGWK DWWKHFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHPDLQOLQH8VHDWDSHUHG RIIFRQQHFWLRQXQOHVVDSDUDOOHOGHVLJQFDQEHMXVWLILHG (3) Deceleration Lanes %XVSDVVHQJHUFRPIRUWUHTXLUHVORQJHUGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHV 8VHWKHGHFHOHUDWLRQODQHOHQJWKVIURP)LJXUHIRU+29 GLUHFWDFFHVVIDFLOLWLHV7KHPLQLPXPOHQJWKGHFHOHUDWLRQ ODQHVDUHVKRZQLQ'HVLJQ0DQXDO&KDSWHU´7UDIILF ,QWHUFKDQJHVµ 5.09 Vertical Clearance 9HUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHIRUDVWUXFWXUHRYHUDURDGLVPHDVXUHG IURPWKHORZHUURDGZD\VXUIDFHLQFOXGLQJWKHXVHDEOH VKRXOGHUVWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHRYHUKHDGVWUXFWXUH )RUDQHZVWUXFWXUHZLGHQLQJDQH[LVWLQJVWUXFWXUHDQG IRUDQHZUDPSXQGHUDQH[LVWLQJVWUXFWXUHWKHPLQLPXP YHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHLVP:LWKDQDSSURYHGGHYLDWLRQ • PLVWKHPLQLPXPYHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHIRUZLGHQLQJ DQH[LVWLQJEULGJHRYHUDQ,QWHUVWDWHKLJKZD\ • PLVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHGWKHPLQLPXPIRUZLGHQLQJ DQH[LVWLQJEULGJHRYHUDQRQ,QWHUVWDWHKLJKZD\V • PLVWKHPLQLPXPYHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHIRUDQHZ+29 GLUHFWDFFHVVUDPSXQGHUDQH[LVWLQJEULGJH 7KHPLQLPXPYHUWLFDOFOHDUDQFHIRUDSHGHVWULDQJUDGH VHSDUDWLRQRYHUDQ\URDGLVP 5.10 Flyer Stops 'HVLJQIO\HUVWRSUDPSRQFRQQHFWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ 2Q&RQQHFWLRQVDQGGHVLJQRIIFRQQHFWLRQVDVVKRZQLQ 2II&RQQHFWLRQV)O\HUVWRSFRQQHFWLRQVDUHLQFOXGHG LQWKHDFFHVVSRLQWVSDFLQJGLVFXVVHGLQ  6SDFLQJ

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Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Direct Access Geometrics April 1998 Page  Acceleration lane L A * 90 m min End of shoulder R = 1.2 m min Edge of thru-lane 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.6 m 2.4 m

2.4 m 90º Lg 150 m min** Ramp design speed

PT of ramp curve end of ramp stationing Edge of thru-lane 0.6 m * See Design Manual Chapter 940 3.0 m for minimum length. For left side 2.4 m ramps use Figure 5-4 values. Edge of shoulder ** The Lg shown is for right side ramps only. For left side ramps use Lg values given in Figure 5-2. When the acceleration lane LA ends after the indicated start of the Lg, add Lg to the acceleration lane.

Single Lane Parallel On-Connection Figure 5-3

Direct Access Geometrics Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 5-8 April 1998 Freeway Ramp Design Speed Design

Speed 0 1520253035404550 (mph) 40 170 150 130 105 55 45 255 235 215 190 145 90 50 375 355 335 310 265 210 95 60 650 640 625 605 575 530 440 305 140 70 930 920 910 900 875 840 755 625 465 80 1375 1360 1350 1335 1295 1250 1145 1010 850

Acceleration Length for Buses (LA) in meters

For the adjustment factors for grade, see Acceleration lane length in Design Manual Chapter 940, Traffic Interchanges.

HOV Direct Access Acceleration Lane Length Figure 5-4

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Direct Access Geometrics April 1998 Page 5-9 75 m Deceleration lane*

Edge of shoulder 0.6 m Edge of thru-lane 2.4 m R min

3 m Edge of 3.6 m 3 m shoulder 4.5 m min 2.4 m 0.6 m

Single Lane Parallel Off-Connection Figure 5-5

Direct Access Geometrics Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 5-10 April 1998 Edge of thru-lane 3.6 m

Deceleration lane

First point with ramp design speed controlling

Highway Ramp Design Speed (mph) Design

Speed 0 1520253035404550 (mph) 40 120 100 90 75 55 30 45 145 130 115 100 80 60 30 50 175 160 145 130 110 90 60 35 60 245 225 215 200 180 160 130 100 70 70 305 285 275 260 240 215 185 160 130 80 370 350 340 325 305 285 255 225 195 Deceleration Length for Buses (m)

For the adjustment factors for grade, see deceleration lane length in Design Manual Chapter 940, Traffic Interchanges.

Deceleration Lane Length for Buses Figure 5-6

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Direct Access Geometrics April 1998 Page 5-11 Mountable curb

P       5 Concrete Barrier Concrete Barrier 5 with end Treatment  with end Treatment

 Mountable curb

T-Ramp

Design Superelevation Rate Speed (mph) -2% 0% 2% 15* 16 15 14 20 33 31 29 25 61 56 51 30 102 92 84 35 157 139 125 40 233 204 182

* Make the inside lane edge radius equal to the turning radius. For all other design speeds, make the lane width 4.5 m.

T Ramp Design Figure 5-7

Direct Access Geometrics Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 5-12 April 1998 J 3DVVHQJHU$FFHVV

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Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Traffic Design Elements April 1998 Page 7-5 Highway Applications Area Classification Highway Class Commercial Intermediate Residential Rural Full Access Control - 6.5* 6.5* 6.5* 6.5* Divided Arterials 17.2 12.9 8.6* 6.5*

Other 10.8 8.6* 6.5* 6.5*

Construction Lanes 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 and Detours Nonhighway Applications Parking Bus Loading Walkways Weight Areas Areas Scales Park & Ride Lots 8.6 21.5 8.6 Not Applicable Flyer Stops Not Applicable 21.5 8.6 Not Applicable Ferry Terminals 8.6 21.5 8.6 Not Applicable Rest Areas 8.6 Not Applicable Security Level Not Applicable Pool-It Lots 8.6 Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Weigh Stations ** Not Applicable Not Applicable 2 Luminaires

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Average Maintained Horizontal Illumination Levels (LUX) Figure 7-1

Traffic Design Elements Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 7-6 April 1998 Typical Signing for Flyer Stop

Special Flyer Stop Sign

Flyer Stop Signing Figure 7-2

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Traffic Design Elements April 1998 Page 7-7 

HOV Direct Access Signing Figure 7-3a Traffic Design Elements Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 7-8 April 1998 

HOV Direct Access Signing (continued) Figure 7-3b

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Traffic Design Elements April 1998 Page 7-9 L $SSHQGLFHV

8.01 Sources for Design Values 8.02 Conversion Symbols 8.03 Units of Measurement 8.04 Conversion Factors 8.05 The Construction Trades 8.06 Pavement Conversion Factors

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Design Running Speed Speed Speed at Merging 15 14 9 20 18 13 25 22 17 30 27 22 35 31 26 40 36 31 45 40 35 50 44 39 55 48 43 60 52 47 65 55 50 70 58 53 80 64 59

Relation of Design, Running, and Merging Speeds Figure 8-1

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Multiplication Factor Prefix Symbol 1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G 1 000 000 = 106 mega M 1 000 = 103 kilo k 100 = 102 hecto h 1=1 0.01 = 10-2 centi c 0.001 = 10-3 milli m 0.000 001 = 10-6 micro µ 0.000 000 001 = 10-9 nano n 8.03 Units of Measurement Units of Measurement as Used in the Metric Standard Item Table Equivalent acre hectare (ha) cubic foot cubic meter (m3) cubic yard cubic meter (m3) gallon; m gallon liter (L); cubic meter (m3) hundred hundred (for traffic buttons) hundred weight kilogram (kg) linear foot meter (m) mboard feet cubic meter (m3) mile kilometer (km) nautical mile nautical mile pound kilogram (kg) for mass pound newton (N) for force square foot square meter (m2) square yard square meter (m2) ton tonne (t)

Appendices Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 8-4 April 1998 Units of Measurement Used in Special Provisions Metric and General Special Provisions Equivalent gage; gauge metal thickness gage (mm) Fahrenheit temperature kelvin (k) Fahrenheit temperature degree Celsius (°C) fathom water depth meter (m) foot/lbs torque newton‡meter (N‡m) lbs/sq in pressure kilopascal (kPa) lbs/sq in pressure megapascal (MPa) lbs/sq ft pressure kilopascal (kPa) lbs/sq yd pressure kilopascal (kPa) inch linear millimeter (mm) kips; ksi tension kilopascal (kPa) kips; ksi tension megapascal (MPa) lbs/acre erosion control kilograms/hectare lbs/ cu ft density kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) mil thickness micrometer (um) ft-lbs/sec horse power watt (W)

Units of Measurement Metric Used on Contract Plans Equivalent degrees/bearings No change for surveying stationing 1,000 meters = 1 station mileposts No change for mileposts elevations meter (m)

Units of Measurement Used Metric in Commercial Standards Equivalent gals/hr or min (pumps) liter per second (L/s) 500 gallon tanks cubic meter (m3) but it could also possibly be in liter (L) 55 gallon drums cubic meter (m3) or liter (L) for liquid 94 lbs/sack (cement) kilogram (kg) diameter of reinforcing steel millimeter (mm) lbs/ft of reinforcing steel kilogram per meter (kg/m) bushel cubic meter (m3)

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Appendices April 1998 Page 8-5 8.04 Conversion Factors Quantity From English To Metric Multiply Units Units by* length mile km 1.609344 yard m 0.9144** foot m 0.3048** inch mm 25.40** area square mile km2 2.590 acre m2 4047 acre hectare 0.4047 square yard m2 0.8361 square foot m2 0.092 90 square inch mm2 645.2 volume acre foot m3 1 233 cubic yard m3 0.7646 cubic foot m3 0.028 32 cubic foot L (1000 cm3) 28.32 100 board feet m3 0.2360 gallon L (1000 cm3) 3.785 mass lb. kg 0.4536 kip (1000 lb) metric ton (1000 kg)0.4536 mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 mass/unit area psf kg/m2 4.882 mass density pcf kg/m3 16.02 force lb N 4.448 kip kN 4.448 force/unit length plf N/m 14.59 klf kN/m 14.59 pressure, stress modules elasticity psf Pa 47.88 ksf kPa 47.88 psi kPa 6.895 ksi MPa 6.895 bending moment ft-lb N‡m 1.356 torque, moment of force ft-kip kN‡m 1.356 moment of mass lb-ft kg‡m 0.1383 moment of inertia lb-ft2 kg‡m2 0.042 14 second moment of area in4 mm4 416 231 section modulus in3 mm3 16 387

Appendices Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 8-6 April 1998 power ton (refrig) kW 3.517 Btu/s kW 1.055 hp (electric) W 7467 Btu/h W 0.293 volume rate of flow ft3/s m3/s 0.028 32 cfm m3/s 0.000 471 9 cfm L/s 0.4719

velocity, speed ft/s m/s 0.3048** acceleration f/s2 m/s2 0.3048 momentum lb-ft/sec kg‡m/s 0.1383 angular momentum lb-ft2/s kg‡m2/s 0.042 14 plane angle degree rad 0.017 45 mrad 17.45 * 4 significant digits **denotes exact conversion 8.05 The Construction Trades These are the metric units that will be used by the construction trades. The term "length" includes all linear measurements-- length, width, height, thickness, diameter, and circumference. Quantity Unit Symbol Surveying length kilometer, meter km, m area square kilometer km2 area hectare (10,000 m2)ha area square meter m2 plane angle degree (nonmetric) ° plane angle minute (nonmetric) ′ plane angle second (nonmetric) ″ Excavating length meter, millimeter m, mm volume cubic meter m3 Trucking distance kilometer km volume cubic meter m3 mass metric ton (1000 kg) t Paving length meter, millimeter m, mm area square meter m2 Concrete length meter, millimeter m, mm area square meter m2 volume cubic meter m3 temperature degree Celsius °C water capacity liter (1000 cm) L mass (weight) kilogram, gram kg, g cross-sectional area square millimeter mm2

Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Appendices April 1998 Page 8-7 8.06 Pavement Conversion Factors Metric Conversion--Pavements Roadway Dimensions Bridge Height PCCP Thickness Resilient Modulus ft ft m ft m (inches) (mm) psi MPa Lane 12 3.6 14.5 4.4 9 225 3,000 21 Shoulder 4 1.2 16.0 4.9 10 250 4,000 28 10 3.0 11 275 5,000 34 12 300 10,000 69 12,000 83 15,000 103 20,000 138 Typical Density Values Axle Loads Tire Loads (per tire width) pcf kg/m2 lbs kN lbs/inch kg/mm PCCP 150 2403 18,000 80 500 9 ACP 137/0.10 2439 depth Typical Quantities Asphalt Concrete Paving Quantities Depth of Pavement

ft Ø 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 mm Ø 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 95 210 225

Ú Width of pavement ft mm Metric tons per kilometer

4 1.2 88 132 176 219 263 307 351 395 439 483 527 571 614 658 6 1.8 132 198 263 329 395 461 527 593 658 724 790 856 922 988 8 2.4 176 263 351 439 527 614 702 790 878 966 1,053 1,141 1,229 1,317 10 3.0 219 329 439 549 658 768 878 988 1,097 1,207 1,317 1,427 1,536 1,646 11 3.3 241 362 483 604 724 845 966 1,086 1,207 1,328 1,448 1,569 1,690 1,811 12 3.6 263 395 527 658 790 922 1,053 1,185 1,317 1,448 1,580 1,712 1,843 1,975 22 6.6 483 724 966 1,207 1,448 1,690 1,931 2,173 2,414 2,655 2,897 3,138 3,380 3,621 24 7.2 527 790 1,053 1,317 1,580 1,843 2,107 2,370 2,634 2,897 3,160 3,424 3,687 3,950 Based on 2439 kg/m3 30 mm compacted depth = 73.17 kg/m 2 Note: Additional estimating tables are shown in Design Manual Chapter 520, “Design of Pavement Structures.”

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Index Draft HOV Direct Access Design Guide Page 2 April 1998