Systematics & Evolution 41 (2010) 339–414 brill.nl/ise

Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: : )

Jennifer C. Girón * and Nico M. Franz Department of Biology, Call Box 9000, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Th e Caribbean genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 is revised, including a redescription of A . argentatus Wolcott, 1924 and A . wolcotti Marshall, 1922 and description of 11 new species: A . adustus , sp.n. (Bahamas), A . andersoni, sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A . artus , sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A . earinusparsus, sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A . empherefasciatus , sp.n. (Bahamas), A . epipolevatus , sp.n. (Puerto Rico), A . eximius , sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A . mammuthus , sp.n. (Mona Island, Turks and Caicos Islands), A . quisqueyanus , sp.n. (Dominican Republic), A . stenoculus , sp.n. (Dominican Republic) and A . viridium, sp.n. (Dominican Republic). A key to the species and illustrations of external and inter- nal structures are provided. Apodrosus is characterized as a monophyletic group by two unreversed synapomorphies – i.e., the presence of a median fovea on the apex of abdominal sternum VII and a J- or Y-shaped spermatheca – and is furthermore diff erentiated from related taxa by a unique combination of diagnostic features including the presence of premucro, a complete tegminal plate in males, the absence of longitudinal sclerites in the genital chamber of females, and an apical projection on the spermathecal cornu. A phylogenetic reconstruction of 20 taxa (7 outgroup, 13 ingroup) and 25 morphological charac- ters yielded a single most parsimonious cladogram (L=61 steps, CI=42, RI=74) with the ingroup topology ( A. artus, (A. andersoni, ( A. earinusparsus, ( A. epipolevatus, A. wolcotti )))), ( A. eximius, (( A. argentatus, A. mammuthus ), (A. viridium, ( A. stenoculus, ( A. quisqueyanus, ( A. adustus, A. empherefasciatus )))))). Th e phylogeny indicates that Anypotactus bicaudatus Champion (Anypotactini Champion) is the sister group to Apodrosus , thereby calling into question the traditional tribal placement of this genus in the Polydrusini. Th e host plant associations of most species remain uncertain. A reconstruction of the historical biogeog- raphy of Apodrosus suggests that post-GAARlandia (Greater Antillean+Aves Ridges land span) vicariance was an important factor in the diversifi cation of the higher-elevation inhabiting A. artus-A. wolcotti clade. Conversely, the species richness of the lower-elevation inhabiting A. eximius-A. empherefasciatus clade is most plausibly explained through a series of independent and likely more recent colonization events from the ancestral source area of southwestern Hispaniola to several smaller western Caribbean islands, or – in the case of Hispaniola – within-island areas of endemism.

Keywords Caribbean , cladistics , morphology , taxonomy , colonization , evolution , Hispaniola

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010 DOI 10.1163/187631210X538799