Genetic Variability in Inbreds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
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THESIS
Submitted to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in the
Faculty of Agriculture (Plant Breeding & Genetics)
by
Rajesh Chand Jeeterwal
2013
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - I
Dated: _____2012
This is to certify that Mr. Rajesh Chand Jeeterwal has successfully completed the comprehensive examination held on
3rd November, 2012 as required under the regulation for Master’s degree.
(E.V.D. SASTRY) Head Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - II
Dated: _____2012
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Genetic Variability in Inbreds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”, submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture in the subject of Plant Breeding and Genetics embodies bonafide research work carried-out by Mr. Rajesh Chand Jeeterwal under my guidance and supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree. The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully acknowledged. The draft of the thesis was also approved by advisory committee on ______.
(E.V.D. SASTRY) (E.V.D. SASTRY ) Head Major Advisor Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
(G.L. KESHWA) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - III Dated: ______2013
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Genetic Variability in Inbreds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”, submitted by Mr. Rajesh Chand Jeeterwal to the Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the subject of Plant Breeding and Genetics, after recommendation by the external examiner, was defended by the candidate before the following members of the examination committee. The performance of the candidate in the oral examination on his thesis has been found satisfactory. We therefore, recommend that the thesis be approved.
(E.V.D. SASTRY) (K.C. SHARMA) Major Advisor Advisor
(K.S. SHEKHAWAT) (S.S. YADAV) Advisor Dean, PGS Nominee
(E.V.D. SASTRY) Head Head of Department
Approved (G.L. KESHWA) Dean of the College
Dean Post Graduate Studies Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
CERTIFICATE - IV
Dated: ____2013
This is to certify that Mr. Rajesh Chand Jeeterwal of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner has made all corrections/modifications in the thesis entitled “Genetic Variability in Inbreds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)”, which were suggested by the external examiner and the advisory committee in the oral examination held on ______2013. The final copies of the thesis duly bound corrected were submitted on ______2013, and forwarded herewith for approval.
(E.V.D. SASTRY) Major Advisor
(E.V.D. SASTRY) Head Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
(G.L. KESHWA) Dean S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner
Approved
Dean, PGS Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner
CONTENTS
Chapter Particulars Page No. No.
1. INTRODUCTION ……….
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……….
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ……….
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ……….
5. DISCUSSION ……….
6. SUMMARY ……….
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) ……….
ABSTRACT (HINDI) ……….
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No. No. 3.1 ANOVA table and expectation of mean squares ……….
3.2 The analysis of co-variance ……….
3.3 Different Sources of Inbreds lines of fennel. ……….
4.1 Analysis of variance for seed yield and its ………. component traits in fennel 4.2 Mean, range and genetic parameters for different ………. characters in fennel 4.3 Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient ………. between different characters in fennel 4.4 Direct (diagonal) and indirect effects of different ………. characters on seed yield per plant in fennel at genotypic and phenotypic level 4.5 Number of clusters along with the included ………. genotypes 4.6 Mean and Rank of different clusters ………. 5.1 Adjusted mean and Ranking of fennel inbred lines ……….. and checks based on per se performance
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. Title Page No. No. 1 Frequency distribution of days of 50% flowering ……….
2 Frequency distribution of plant height (cm) ……….
3 Frequency distribution of branches per plant ……….
4 Frequency distribution of umbels per plant ……….
5 Frequency distribution of umblletes per umbels ……….
6 Frequency distribution of seeds per umbel ……….
7 Frequency distribution of test weight (gm) ……….
8 Frequency distribution of seed yield per plant ……….
Acknowledgement It is great pleasure for me to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my major advisor Dr. E.V.D. Sastry, Professor and Head, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner for his engrossing guidance, incessant encouragement, constructive suggestions, keen and sustained interest, kind and gracious patronage during the entire course of investigation and preparation of this manuscript. A kaleidoscopic bouquet of hearty thanks to members of my advisory committee, Dr. K.C. Sharma, Assoc. Professor, Deptt. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Dr. K.S. Shekhawat, Assoc. Professor, Deptt. of Plant Pathology and Dean PGS, Dr. S.S. Yadav, Associate Professor (Agronomy), for their valuable suggestions, whole hearted help and critical scrutiny of the manuscript. Sense of obligation compels me to express cordial thanks to Dr. M.L. Jakhar and Dr. K. Ramkrishna Deptt. of Plant Breeding and Genetics and Dr. B.L. Kakraliya, Deptt. of Plant Physiology, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner for their valuable suggestions and valuable help rendered at various stages of the study. I hearty thankful to Dr. Dhandapani, IASRI, New Delhi for providing personally the SAS Augumented design software developed by himself, used for analysis of variance. Sincere thanks are also due to Sh. Shyam Singh, Sh. S.R. Kumawat and other staff members of department of Plant Breeding and Genetics and farm for their help and assistance rendered during the course of study. I would like to thank my beloved friends Gopal, Soniya, Bhanu, Sunita, Kailash and colleagues Dr. Shripal, Dr. Balveer, Dr. Alka, Bhola Ram, S.R. Mahala, Subhash, Manmohan, Vijay and Pramod with whom I prosecuted my study and research work for their sustained help and support through out the study. With extreme humble, sense of regards, I bow down my head to my beloved parents Smt. Mohari Devi and Sh. Bhairu Ram, my father in law Sh. Ramchandra Jakhar, mother in law Smt. Bidam Devi whose blessing and inspiration always encouraged me for higher studies. I also express my deep affection to my brother Laxminarayan, my sister Manju and all well wishers whose incessant love, affection and encouragement brought to get the target materialized. The most cordial appreciation goes to my beloved spouse Mrs. Gitanjali whose love and encouragement have been always with me; without her cooperation my research would have been futile and my dear daughter Arpita (Khushi) and son Ridham for bearing me because of my preoccupation with this assignment. Last but not the least, a million thanks to almighty GOD, for the blessings showered upon me and without whom this venture would have never been a success. Place: Jobner Date: _____2013 (Rajesh C. Jeeterwal) 1. INTRODUCTION
Spices occupy an important place in the lives of people since Vedic and Bibilical times. They have been considered indispensable in seasoning of food, flavouring of beverages, perfumery, cosmetics and medicines. The lure of spices prompted explorers like Columbus and Vasco da Gama to undertake hazardous sea journey to discover India “the land of spices” (Sastry and Sharma, 2001). A wide variety of spices are grown in the country of which seed spices is a group. Seed spices include all those annuals whose dried seeds are used as spices viz., fennel, fenugreek, coriander, cumin, ajowain, dill and nigella.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill,) belonging to family Apiaceae is a cross pollinated crop. It is a diploid species with chromosome number, 2n= 22 and native of Europe and Mediterranean region (Agarwal et al., 2001).
Fennel is an annual, stout, aromatic herb of 100-180 cm height having slender, branched, smooth stem, which becomes hollow at maturity with distinct veins. Leaves are alternate, decompound and have sheathed petiole. The inflorescence is terminal bearing compound umbel subtended by involucres of bracts. Flowers are small, hermaphrodite, complete, regular and pentamerous. The fruit commonly known as seed is a schizocarp of two mericarps attached to a dividing carpophore. A fully grown fruit is 4 to 8 mm long. The size and the colour of the fruit depend upon the stage of harvesting. The plant is pleasantly aromatic and each of the parts-leaves, stalks, bulbs and seeds, is edible. The fish string-like leaves are valued as source of flavour garnish and also possess diuretic properties. The root is regarded as a purgative. Fennel fruits are used in diseases like cholera, bile disturbances, nervous disorders, constipation, dysentery and diarrhea and also used for control of diseases attacking chest, lungs, spleen, kidney and in colic pain. In India the seeds are also used for mastication and chewing either alone or with betel leaves (Girija Lakshman, 1952).
The seeds contain about 9.5% protein, 10.0% fat, 42.3% carbohydrates, 18.5% crude fibre and 13.4 minerals. The seeds contain about 0.7 to 6.0% volatile oil depending on the genotypes or botanical types. The main constituents of the fennel oil are anethole and fenchone. The other constituents are methyl chavicol, alpha- pinene, camphene, alpha-phellandrene and dipentene. The volatile oil extracted from seeds is used for scenting soaps and flavouring cakes (Stanley Redgrove, 1933). Fennel oil and fennel oleoresins are used in pizza sauces, topping, non- alcoholic beverages, liquors, ice creams and in seasoning of processed meats. The volatile oil is used in the manufacture of cordials and enters into the composition of fennel water, which in commonly given to infants as medicine. The volatile oil is primarily beneficial for digestive system and also exhibits vermicidal, antispasmodic and anti- flatulence properties.
Fennel is cultivated throughout the temperate and subtropical region in the world mainly in the countries like, Romania, Russia, Hungary, Germany, France, Italy, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Japan, Argentina and USA. In India, it is mainly grown in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan as a cold weather crop and to some extent in U.P., Karnataka, A.P., Punjab, M.P., Bihar, Haryana and J & K. Total area under the crop in India is about 53497 hectares with production of 83576 tonnes (http://www.indianspices.com).
In Rajasthan, it occupies an area of 8755 hectares with an annual production of 5601 tonnes (Spice India). It is mainly cultivated in the districts of Sirohi, Jodhpur, Nagour, Tonk, Dausa and Pali and to a limited extent in Bharatpur, Kota and Ajmer. Though the crop has a potential as a cash crop in Rajasthan, limited work has been done as far as its genetic improvement is concerned. The importance of fennel based on its medicinal value and export potential as spices was recognized long back but it remained neglected for long time from scientific attention for its improvement in its productivity as well as its quality.
In cross-pollinated crops, exploitation of heterosis for higher productivity is advocated (Chopra, 1989). Preliminary studies conducted by Dasora et al. (2002) have indicated presence heterosis for seed yield and yield contributing characters through varietal diallel analysis in fennel. Heterosis is routinely exploited in crops like maize, pearl millet, sorghum and even in self-pollinated crops like rice as well as several vegetable crops. The cost of hybrid seed production is generally high because of the controlled pollination that is required. In fennel effective and easy method of controlled pollination has been developed and routinely used at S. K. N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Singh et al., 2000). For producing effective hybrids, development of inbreds is the first step followed by evaluation and identification of superior inbreds. Identification of inbreds is a two step process. (1) Evaluation and identification of superior inbreds through phenotypic evaluation. (2) Genetic basis of identification of superior inbreds through either top cross, L x T method or other appropriate designs. The proposed study will address the first step.
Inbreds were traditionally developed through continued selfing in selected plants. Recently however, production of dihaploids through either anther or pollen culture is also used. As a matter of fact, a patent on the method of dihaploid production was awarded to Ferrie et al. (2009). In the present investigation, inbreds produced through traditional continuous selfing method have been used for evaluation. As has already been mentioned earlier, that evaluation of inbreds is essential before they can be used in hybrid development, the present investigation was planned for phenotypic evaluation. Furthermore information on association among different morphological characters and with seed yield is necessary for formation of suitable selection criteria for producing high yielding inbred lines. The present investigation, therefore, was planned with the objectives listed below which may provide the basic information on nature and magnitude of variability for important traits.
(i) To estimate the genetic variability present in a set of randomly selected inbreds.
(ii) To estimate the association among different morphological characters with seed yield.
(iii) To estimate the direct and indirect effects of different morphological characters on seed yield.
(iv) To identify the superior inbred lines. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Fennel is an important spice crop grown in the state of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Its importance in home consumption is primarily in seasoning of food flavouring of beverages, perfumery, cosmetics and medicines. It is also an important source of earning foreign exchange.
The concerted efforts towards the genetic amelioration in fennel started only in 1961 simultaneously at IARI, New Delhi, Rajasthan and Gujarat. In Rajasthan, as a result of early efforts, germplasm of fennel were collected from the state. Variability was determined and superior types were identified. However, most of the material collected by these investigators was lost because of the lack of proper follow up action. The first systematic work on fennel in the state started only when a centre was established in 1975 at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner under AICRP on Spices (Sastry and Sharma, 2001).
The information on the nature and magnitude of variability in germplasm collection for yield and yield contributing characters and character association is the primary requirement for planning a breeding programme for improvement of a crop. The first step of any hybrid breeding programme is selection of superior inbred lines. The character association and path analysis helps in discerning suitable inbreds based upon few characters. An attempt is therefore, made below to review the available literature on aspects of variation, character association and path analysis in fennel as well as other related seed spices crops.
For an effective breeding programme, aimed at bringing improvement in complex characters such as yield, a sound knowledge of the genetics of yield and its related characters is essential to make a right choice of selection procedure for skilful management of material. Furthermore, presence of adequate genetic variability in the breeding material is essential for effective breeding programme (Allard, 1960).
The success of any breeding methodology for improving morphological characters depends primarily on existence of high magnitude of genetic variability and its efficient utilization. If not present, then its creation and management becomes essential to crop breeding (Chopra, 1989). Equally, information regarding genetic architecture of a population especially on the nature and magnitude of the gene action is of vital use to a plant breeder.
2.1 Variability for yield and yield contributing traits
Though limited, some attempts have been made to develop some genotypes of fennel to assess the amount of variability.
Guenther (1950) reported that the volatile oil content ranged from 0.2 to 1.2 per cent in different fennel varieties. A wider range of volatile oil content from 0.45 to 3.55 per cent was reported by Fernandes and Cardoso (1959). Further Daniel et al., (1963) reported a still wider range of volatile oil content ranging from 0.10 to 6.0 per cent.
Ramanujam et al. (1964) advocated the use of polycross method of breeding as an alternate method to develop hybrid varieties in fennel, to exploit hybrid vigour till suitable from of male sterility is discovered. The produce of polycross nursery may be successfully used to develop improved varieties through recurrent selection. Information on the genetics of quantitative characters is also scanty and limited to the estimation of variability and genetic advance under selection of those characters, which are related to seed yield.
Ramanujam and Joshi (1966) evaluated a large collection of fennel and reported that considerable variation existed among the fennel collection for yielding ability and essential oil content. They also reported high degree of variability for different yield components.
Shah et al. (1969) reported genetic variation in volatile oil content and variation in the composition of the oil in different fennel varieties.
Bhargava et al. (1971) evaluated germplam of fennel and found that variability was moderate to high for umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, yield per plot and volatile oil content. The range was narrow for days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per plant, umbellets per umbel and 1000- seed weight.
Mathur et al. (1971) reported in coriander a wide range of variability for plant height, number of flowering umbels, number of fruiting umbels, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed yield per plant, secondary branches per plant, primary branches per plant and
1000- seed weight. The heritability was considerably high for all the characters except primary branches per plant. High values of genetic advance were also observed for number of fruiting umbels, yield per plant and 1000-seed weight.
Kathiria (1980) observed a wide range of variation in fennel for the characters like plant height, umbels, umbellets, branches per plant, days to flowering and seed yield in the half sib progenies derived from an improved variety of fennel viz. UF-32 as well as in the progenies of unselected bulk (Bulk-1) at least in one of the two years in which the progenies were evaluated. The heritability estimates varied widely for the different characters and were affected by the years. Genetic advance calculated on the basis of heritability and genetic variation revealed that progress in yield and volatile oil content can be achieved by the selection in Bulk-1 but not in UF-32.
Suthanthirapandian et al. (1980) observed significant variability in coriander for the characters viz. primary branches and secondary branches per plant, plant height, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and yield per plant. Plant height and umbels per plant showed wider variation but the variation was low for umbellets per umbel. Heritability in broad sense was high for all the characters.
The genetic advance as percentage of mean was low for umbellets per umbel as compared to other traits.
Rao et al. (1981) reported that the number of secondary branches per plant, number of umbels per plant and number of fruits per umbel had high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation in coriander accessions. High heritability and high genetic advance were noticed for number of secondary branches per plant and number of umbels per plant.
Jindla et al. (1985) analysed the data from 23 open pollinated strains of coriander grown during 1980-83 and observed that plant height, umbels per plant and seeds per umbel had high heritability and high genetic advance.
Sharma and Sharma (1989) studied a collection of 200 genotypes of coriander showing significant variability for plant height, branches per plant, days to flowering, days to maturity, umbels per plant, seeds per umbellet, 1000-seed weight, straw and seed yield per plant. The heritability estimate was high for 1000- seed weight followed by days to flowering and days to maturity. Low heritability was observed for umbels per plant, umbellets per plant, seed yield per plant. The genetic advance (expressed as percentage of mean) was above average for plant height, whereas, 1000- seed weight exhibited low genetic advances.
In an evaluation of 102 lines of coriander Mohammed (1990) had shown significant differences for umbels per plant and seed yield per plant. While, days to flowering, plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and test weight had shown non significant differences.
Shridar and Masalageri (1990) reported considerable variation for number of leaves, secondary branches, fresh weight of plant, days to 50% flowering, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant in coriander.
Agnihotri (1990) revealed significant variability for most morphological characters in fennel germplasm. The range of the variability, estimates of heritability and expected genetic advance were moderate to high for umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and yield per plant. The variability was however, narrow for days to flowering and 1000-seed weight.
Bhandari and Gupta (1991) in an evaluation of 200 genotypes of coriander showed that genetic variation was high for plant height, primary and effective branches, days to flowering, days to maturity, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant, seeds per umbellet, 1000-seed weight, straw yield, seed yield per plant and harvest index. Heritability was found to be high for days to flowering, 1000- seed weight and days to maturity; moderate for plant height, straw yield, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant and number of primary branches; and low for harvest index, effective branches, seed yield per plant and seeds per umbellet.
Ali et al. (1993) in a study on 12 genotypes of coriander, showed medium heritability and high genetic advance for number of umbels and seed yield per plant. Sharma (1994) observed a wide range of variation in plant height up to main umbel, primary branches per plant, umbels and umbellets per plant in fennel but the range was narrow for days to flowering and maturity.
Considerable variation existed for yield and other characters like days to flowering, height up to main umbel, total plant height, primary branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seed yield, test weight, number of seeds per umbel and harvest index in fennel collection maintained at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan) under AICRP on spices (Anon, 1982-1983, 1983-1984, 1985-1986, 1986-1987, 1988-1989, 1996-1997, 2000-2001, 2001- 2002, 2004-2005, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008).
Godara (1995) studied a collection of 192 genotypes of coriander and reported that the estimates of heritability were high for days to flowering, primary branches per plant, umbellets per umbel, umbels per plant; and a low heritability for secondary branches per plant, seeds per umbel and test weight.
Sharma et al. (1996) also reported considerable variability for most of the morpho-physiological characters in the germplasm of fennel collected from Gujarat and Rajasthan.
Agnihotri et al. (1997) reported significant variability in fennel for days to flowering, plant height, branches/ plant, umbels/ plant, umbellets/ umbel, seeds/ umbel, 1000- seed weight, yield/ plant and yield/ plot. Broad sense heritability was high for 1000- seed weight, umbels/ plant and seed yield / plant, while genetic advance was high for umbels/ plant, yield/ plant and yield/ plot.
Dashora (2000) and Singh (2000) separately made half 9 x 9 varietal diallel using varieties of fennel and both observed wide range of variability for almost all the characters among varieties and their crosses.
Jain et al. (2002) evaluated 196 accessions of coriander and reported that significant amount of variability was present in the germplasm for all the characters studied and also reported that umbels per plant followed by seed yield per plant exhibited high GCV as well as PCV. The heritability were higher for all the traits except umbellets per umbel. The genetic advance was observed to be high for umbels per plant followed by seed yield per plant. For umbellets per plant, heritability and genetic advance were high whereas, for days to 50% flowering and 1000- seed weight, heritability was high and genetic advance was low.
Krishnamoorthy and Madalageri (2002) revealed that ajowain had a wide range of variability in various growth and yield contributing characters. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for seeds per umbel, essential oil yield per hectare, umbels per plant, total dry weight, essential oil content and number of tertiary branches.
Alam et al. (2003) evaluated seven fennel germplasm accessions and reported that RF-11 produced the tallest plants with the highest number of primary branches, umbels per plant and seeds per main umbel. RF-14 has the highest number of secondary branches and umbels per plant, number of seeds per primary and secondary umbel, seed yield per hectare and harvest index. The highest 1000-seed weight was recorded in RF-29. The minimum number of days to 50% flowering was observed in RF-125.
Shukla et al. (2003) observed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for all the traits studied, except plant height and number of branches per plant. Heritability values were high for all characters. Genetic advance was high for seed yield, stover yield, umbel/ plant and umbellet/ umbel, indicating the presence of additive gene effect.
Singh (2003) evaluated biparental progenies of fennel varieties RF-125 and UF-143 and observed presence of significant inherent variability for most of the morpho physiological characters.
Rajput et al. (2004) evaluated seventy-eight entries (66 crosses and 12 parents) of fennel. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among entries for all the characters including seed yield per plant. Coefficient of variation was high for total soluble sugar content followed by umbels per plant, harvest index, crude fibre content and seed yield per plant, while, it was lowest for days to 50% flowering. Maximum heritability was observed for umbels per plant, crude fibre content and biological yield per plant. The estimates of genetic gain were minimum for umbels per plant followed by harvest index, seed yield per plant and crude fibre content.
Sharma et al. (2004) evaluated 120 accessions of coriander and observed significant variability among the accessions for all the characters except seed yield per plant. GCV and PCV were moderate for umbels per plant and seeds per umbel and low for days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per plant, umbellets per umbel and test weight. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed only for seeds per umbel. Days to 50% flowering, plant height, umbels per plant and 1000- seeds weight showed high heritability and combined moderate genetic advance as percentage of mean.
Singh et al. (2004) evaluated eleven genotypes of fennel and reported significant differences for all the characters studied. The range was maximum for seeds per umbel followed by umbels per plant. Heritability was relatively higher for days to flowering, plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant and seed yield. Genetic advance was highest for umbels per plant followed by seed yield and branches per plant. Seed yield, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, branches per plant and plant height showed high heritability estimates coupled with high values of genetic advance.
Lal et al. (2006) studied the genetic divergence among landraces for high seed and oil yield of better quality in fennel. He observed that genetic diversity observed within fennel landraces was not related to geographic origin.
Singh and Sastry (2006) reported that the narrow sense heritability estimate was highest for branches per plant in fennel. For other traits, the estimates were moderate to low. Seeds per umbel and plant height exhibited the lowest heritability. Genetic advance at 5 per cent selection intensity was highest for branches per plant, while for other traits it was low to medium.
Lal (2007) evaluated land races of fennel and reported that all the traits showed high heritability in broad sense, the highest being for seed yield per plot and lowest for plant height. Genetic advance as percentage of mean was the highest for umbels per plant followed by seed yield per plot and oil content. Seed yield per plot was significantly and positively correlated with oil content at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
Chandra et al. (2008) studied of genetic variability for diverse morpho-economic traits over the years is a prelude to potential crop improvement, genetic divergence among them was quantified by multivariate analysis and to assess the proximity of accessions thus classify them in different clusters/ groups, to identify highly divergent clusters/ promising genotypes for high seed and oil yield of better quality. More than 50 diverse collections of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) were assembled for different states of India. Considerable amount of genetic variability for the traits, days to flowering (50%), plant height (cm), umbels/ plant, diameter of main stem, umbels on main stalk, seed yield/ plot (g), oil content (%) and t – anethole content (%) in the oil was recorded.
Singh and Choudhary (2008) evaluated forty-two genotypes of ajowain collected from various sources. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and seed yield per plant. The estimates of heritability (broad sense) were high for plant height, umbels per plant, harvest index and seed yield per plant whereas, it was moderate for days to 50% flowering, branches per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and 1000- seed weight. The genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were high for harvest index and seed yield per plant and moderate to low for umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, branches per plant, plant height, days to 50% flowering, umbellets per umbel and 1000 seed weight, respectively.
Singh et al. (2009) have reported that the present investigation was aimed to evaluate the full sib, half sib and S1 progenies in population of RF-101 of fennel for quality characters and were evaluated in R.B.D. with three replications, while half sib and S1 progenies were developed by open pollination and selfing, respectively. Variability observed in the progenies for these quality characters was very low because all the progenies were developed from a single population.
Sastry et al. (2009) evaluated one hundred twenty five S1 progenies generated from the population RF-101 by selfing and showed significant differences among the S1 progenies for all the character studied.
Idhol et al. (2009) studied a field experiment was found in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic differences for all the nine characters under study. The genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance were higher for branches per plant, umbels per plant and 1000- seed weight.
Malik et al. (2009) evaluated fifteen entries of fennel observed a wide range of variation for seed yield and its component characters in a fifteen entries of fennel received from different parts of the country.
Telci et al. (2009) reported a variation in plant properties (fruit yield per plant, 1000 fruit weight), essential oil content and composition during four different maturation stages (immature, premature, mature and full mature) in sweet fennel fruits.
Meena et al. (2009) reported significant differences among the 13 varieties of fennel for most of the traits indicated that there is sufficient variability available to have an effective selection.
Mengesha and Alemaw (2010) observed highly significant variation among the 11 accessions for the 15 traits in coriander, significant variation for days to 50% flowering and non significant for plant height. The genetic variance was larger for days to 50% flowering, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seed yield per plant. The highest heritability was obtained for seed yield per plant. The genetic advance as percentage of mean was lager for umbels per plant and moderate for days to 50% flowering and seed yield per plant and lowest for umbellets per umbel. Kumawat (2010) evaluated the S6 progenies and observed significant amount of variability for all the morphological traits studied, i.e. , days to 50 % flowering, plant height, branches per plant, umbela per plant, umbellets per umbels, seeds per umbel, 1000 seeds weight and seed yield per plant.
Dasora and Sastry (2011) observed highly significant genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation among 45 genotypes of 10 quantitative characters in fennel. Highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation observed for seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per centof mean was observed for seeds per umble and biological yield per plant indicating the importance of additive gene effects for these traits. The umbellets per umbel (0.43**), seed per umble (0.46**), biological yield per plant (0.84**) and harvest index (0.45**) exhibited positive and significant correlation with the seed yield.
2.2 Correlation between yield and its attributes
Correlation estimates between seed yield and other characters are useful in developing suitable selection criteria for selecting desired plant type and also in designing an effective breeding programme. The degree of observed relationship between two characters is known as phenotypic correlation.
Johnson et al. (1955) pointed out that genotypic correlation coefficients provide a measure of association at genotypic level between characters and give an indication of traits that might be useful as indicators of the more important areas under consideration.
Mathur et al. (1971) observed a positive association of yield per plant in coriander with plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, flowering umbels, fruiting umbels and seed weight. A positive correlation of seed yield with days to flowering, umbellets per plant, fruits per umbel and plant height was also reported in coriander by Joshi et al. (1972).
Kathiria (1980) in fennel reported that the number of branches, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbellet and test weight were positively associated with seed yield per plot and advocated for selection for these traits to achieve high yield.
Rao et al. (1981) reported significant correlation between plant height and umbels per plant in coriander. Negative correlation was also observed for 1000- seed weight with secondary branches per plant and fruits per umbel. They also reported that genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic correlations.
Sharma (1984) through association analysis in coriander revealed that seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant, seeds per umbellet and straw yield per plant. Associations of seed yield per plant with days to flowering, days to maturity and 1000- seeds weight was non- significant.
Sharma and Sharma (1989) reported that at phenotypic level, the seed yield per plot in coriander was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant, seeds per umbellet and straw yield per plant. The values of genotypic correlation coefficients between yield and these characters were even higher than their respective phenotypic correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficient of remaining characters viz. days to flowering, days to maturity, 1000- seed weight with seed yield were non-significant. Vedamuthu et al. (1989) in a study involving 40 accessions of coriander observed that the seed yield was positively correlated with number of umbels per plant and plant height. Number of umbels per plant was the main yield contributing trait. While, plant height influenced yield through other traits.
Bhandari and Gupta (1991) showed that phenotypic correlations of seed yield per plant in coriander were highly significant and positive with umbellets per plant, umbels per plant, number of effective branches, straw yield per plant, number of primary branches, plant height, seeds per umbellet and harvest index.
Sanker and Khader (1991) observed in coriander that yields were positively correlated with the number of branches per plant.
Ali et al. (1993) in a study on 12 genotypes of coriander observed that the seed yield was positively associated with number of branches and umbels per plant.
Godara (1995) studied correlations in coriander germplasm and indicated that the seed yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with umbels per plant, secondary branches per plant, total plant height, seeds per umbel, umbellets per umbel, days to maturity, days to flowering and main umbel height.
Agnihotri et al. (1997) reported that seed yield per plot in fennel was significant and positively correlated with yield per plant, seeds per umbel and umbels per plant, while days to flowering exhibited negative and significant correlation with seed yield per plot.
Tripathi et al. (2000) studied correlations in coriander germplasm and indicated that plant height, number of secondary branches, days to flowering, days to maturity and number of umbels per plant were the major yield components, whereas, number of primary branches, number of umbellets per umbel and number of seeds per umbel, being negatively correlated with yield were less important.
Krishnamoorthy and Madalageri (2002) in ajowain reported that the oil yield per hectare was positively correlated with days to 50% flowering days to harvest, number of umbels per plant and essential oil content. The thymol content in essential oil was positively correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to harvest, essential oil content of seeds and essential oil yield.
Jain et al. (2003) in study on 196 coriander accessions observed that the plant height, height upto the base of main umbel, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and test weight had positive and significant correlation with seed yield per plant, whereas, days to 50% flowering showed negative and significant association with seed yield per plant.
Rajput et al. (2004) evaluated 78 entries (66 crosses and 12 parents) of fennel and reported that seed yield per plant showed significant and positive association with plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, test weight, biological yield and harvest index. The seed yield per plant had non-significant negative correlation with volatile oil content and total soluble sugars but positive with crude fibre content. Days to 50% flowering were negatively correlated with seed yield.
Sharma and Meena (2004) reported that the seed yield per plant in coriander had positive and significant correlation with plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel and seed per umbel. Singh et al. (2004) evaluated 50 half sibs and 50 S1 progenies of two fennel populations viz. RF-125 and UF-143 and reported that in half sib progenies, seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant height, biological yield per plant and harvest index in RF-125, while with biological yield per plant and harvest index in UF- 143. Among the other characters, seeds per umbel exhibited significant and positive association with branches per plant, umbellets per umbel and umbels per plant in RF-125. In UF-143, plant height and umbellets per umbel showed significant and positive association with umbels per plant. The correlation in S1 progenies also exhibited more or less similar trend as observed in half sib progenies. Seed yield per plant had positive and significant correlations with biological yield per plant and harvest index. Among interrelations, seeds per umbel showed significant and positive association with umbels per plant and umbellets per umbel. Branches per plant and umbellets per umbel also had positive and significant association with umbel per plant in RF-125.
Singh and Sastry (2005) evaluated 100 bi-parental progenies developed separately from two diverse populations of fennel were evaluated to determine correlations among seed yield and its components, seed yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly correlated with branches per plant, umbels per plants, biological yield per plant and harvest index in both the populations. It is suggested that seed yield could be improved if selection is practiced for these characters.
Lal (2007) reported that seed yield per plot in fennel was significantly and positively correlated with oil content at both genotypic and phenotypic level.
Cosge et al. (2009) in evaluated of 20 sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) lines reported the highest positive correlation was recorded between biological yield and single plant yield. Plant height, number of branches, number of umbels and umbellets had a positive effect on single plant yield, one thousand seed weight was negatively correlated with essential oil percentage. The highest positive and direct effect on seed yield was shown by number of umbellets, while maximum negative and direct contribution to it was made by biological yield.
Meena et al. (2009) reported in fennel highly positive and significant correlation with umbel per plant, length of middle node of stem from ground surface and plant height but negative association existed between length of lower node of stem from ground surface.
Pareek et al. (2009) evaluated one hundred full sib progenies of fennel and observed that seed yield per plant was found to be significantly and positively correlated with branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per plant, seeds per umbel and seed weight, while rest of the characters found non-significant. Seed weight was found positively and significantly correlated with days to 50% flowering and seed yield while with rest of the characters negative correlation was observed.
Idhol et al. (2009) reported that the association analysis between seed yield and other eight characters revealed that seed yield was highly significant and positively correlated with umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel, plant height, umbels per plant and biological yield per plant in coriander both at genotypic and phenotypic level.
From the above studied it can be concluded that according to many reports, yield was positively correlated with characters like plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and test weight. However, change in degree or even the directions of association are also observed which lead to the conclusion that information obtained in one set of material may not apply to other set.
2.3 Path analysis
The path coefficient analysis is simply a standardized partial regression coefficient that may be useful in choosing the characters that have direct and indirect effects on yield. Such a study may be useful in effective selection for simultaneous improvement of the component characters that contribute towards yield. Available reports on path analysis in fennel and other seed spices are summarized below.
Joshi et al. (1972) found that seed weight had low correlation with yield per plant in coriander at phenotypic, genotypic as well as environmental levels. Its direct effects calculated through path coefficient analysis were also low. Similarly, the indirect effects of the test weight on seed yield through days to flowering, umbellets per umbel, and fruits per umbel and plant height were also low.
Rao et al. (1981) reported in coriander that plant height, number of umbels per plant and seed weight had the maximum direct effect on yield.
Sharma (1984) reported through path coefficient analysis in coriander that umbellets per plant, 1000- seed weight and branches per plant were the important characters for selection of high yielding genotypes, as they exerted positive direct effects as well as had positive (except 1000- seed weight) correlation with seed yield.
Jindla et al. (1985) while worked in coriander reported that days to flowering, plant height and umbellets per umbel were the important selection criteria for improving seed yield in coriander. Choudhary (1987) reported that umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and 1000- seed weight had positive direct effect on seed yield in coriander, while maturity duration, days to flowering, plant height, branches per plant and umbellets per umbel had negative direct effect.
Sharma and Sharma (1989) in an evaluation of 200 genotypes of coriander showed that umbellets per plant had the highest positive direct effects on seed yield per plant. However, its influence was reduced to a great extent due to appreciable negative indirect effects via days to flowering and umbels per plant. The direct effect of branches per plant, 1000- seed weight, seeds per umbellet and straw yield per plant also positive and high.
Bhandari and Gupta (1991) showed that maximum direct contribution to seed yield per plant in coriander was made by umbellets per plant, followed by straw yield per plant, umbels per plant and seeds per umbellet. Straw yield per plant made sizeable indirect contribution via. umbellets per plant.
Sanker and khader (1991) showed that umbels per plant had the largest direct effect on fruit yield in coriander. Thus, the positive effect of secondary branches on fruit yield was mostly due to its indirect effects through secondary umbels.
Godara (1995) showed that umbels per plant had highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in coriander followed by seeds per umbel, total plant height and test weight.
Srivastava et al. (2000) showed that days to flowering had highest direct effect on seed yield in coriander followed by days to maturity and number of umbels per plant. Plant height, number of primary branches and number of seeds per umbel had weak direct effect on seed yield. Krishnamoorthy and Madalageri (2002) observed direct influence of days to harvest, plant height and essential oil content on thymol content in ajowain and these traits also had indirect effect via. days to flowering and plant height. Essential oil yield and 1000- seed weight through days to harvest and total dry matter influenced indirectly on thymol content.
Jain et al. (2003) reported that total plant height exerted maximum direct effect in coriander followed by umbels per plant on seed yield. Hence selection for plant height and umbels per plant will be highly effective for improvement of seed yield.
Rajput et al. (2004) reported that harvest index had the highest direct effects with seed yield per plant followed by biological yield, umbels per plant and seeds per umbel. Hence, it can be concluded that simultaneous selection for harvest index, biological yield, umbels per plant and seeds per umbel should be practiced to improve the seed yield per plant in fennel.
Sharma and Meena (2004) in coriander revealed that umbels per plant, plant height, seeds per umbel, 1000- seed weight and branches per plant were important contributor to the yield.
Cosge et al. (2009) showed that highest positive and direct effect on seed yield was shown by number of umbellets, while maximum negative and direct contribution to it was made by biological yield. In addition, single plant yield, plant height and one thousand seed weight affected seed yield positively. Single plant yield had maximum direct effect on essential oil percentage followed by plant height and number of branches.
Meena et al. (2009) indicated that umbellets per umbel, angle of primary branches, umbel per plant, seed per umbel, and length of lower node of stem from ground surface, had strong positive. Whereas length of upper node of stem from ground surface, primary height, diameter of umbel, length of middle node of stem from ground surface, number of primary branches and test weight have negative effect. These yield components may have a good selection criterion to improve seed yield of fennel.
Idhol et al. (2009) indicated that plant height had highest positive direct effect on seed yield per plant in coriander followed by seed per umbel, umbel per plant and 1000- seed weight.
It is obvious from the forgoing account that the genetic variability, heritability, expected genetic advance and correlation are of paramount importance in the crop improvement. Studies on genetic variability, heritability and correlation are available in most of the crops, however studies of this kind in fennel are scanty. Therefore, the present study may provide the needed information of identification of suitable inbred lines of fennel in planning suitable breeding strategies. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
During the year 2005-06, an inbred line development programme was started in fennel under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Spices, Jobner centre. RF 101 was selected as this was an open pollinated variety and was the ruling variety which is popular among the farmers of Rajasthan and Gujarat. This variety was released through Central Subcommittee on 11-5-2005. Besides this, several other varieties were selected from which random plants were selected for the development of inbred lines. The inbreds were developed through continuous selfing of single umbel selfing procedure.
The present study consisted of 107 inbred lines of fennel developed as described above. List of the inbred lines evaluated is given in Table 3.3. The evaluation was done at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner. Jobner is located in the semi arid tropic zone of Rajasthan. Geographically Jobner is situated at a latitude of 2005’ N and longitude of 750 20’ E at an altitude of 427 m above the SML.
The inbreds were evaluated during Rabi 2011-12 at Research Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner in augumented design in four blocks with five checks viz., RF-101, RF-125, RF-143, RF-205 and Local in a plot size of 3.0 x 2.5 m2 accommodating one row 30 cm apart with intra row spacing of 20 cm maintained by thinning at 25th day after sowing. Non-experimental rows were planted as border rows in each bed to eliminate the border effect if any. All the agronomical practices were followed to raise a good and healthy crop.
3.1 Observations recorded
Observations were recorded on different morphological characters and seed yield per plant. Ten plants were randomly selected and tagged from each plot before flowering to record the data on plant height (cm), branches per plant, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel, 1000- seed weight (g), seed yield per plant (g), while data on days to 50% flowering was recorded on whole plot basis. The method of recording observation for each character is given below.
3.1.1 Days to 50 per cent flowering
Days taken from sowing to anthesis of the main umbel in 50 per cent of the plants in a plot were counted to represent days to 50 per cent flowering.
3.1.2 Plant height (cm)
The plant height was measured in centimeters from ground level to the tip of upper most umbel of the tagged plants at the time of harvest.
3.1.3 Branches per plant
The primary branches coming out of the main stem were counted at the time of harvest on the ten plants and mean was obtained.
3.1.4 Umbels per plant
All the umbels, which bear fruits, were counted at the time of harvesting to represent this character and mean value was obtained.
3.1.5 Umbellets per umbel
The number of fruit bearing umbellets in main umbel of each sampled plant was counted to represent the umbellets per umbel.
3.1.6 Seeds per umbel
The number of seeds from main umbels were counted at the time of harvest to represent this character.
3.1.7 1000- seed weight (g)
A random sample of 500- seeds was drawn from the produce of each tagged plant and multiplied by 2 to get 1000 seed weight in grams and the weight recorded as 1000 seed weight. 3.1.8 Seed yield per plant (g)
Seeds from 10 randomly selected plants were weighed in grams after threshing and mean was estimated as seed yield per plant.
3.2 Statistical analysis
The data was subjected to statistical analysis according to methods given below. All the analyses were done using SAS version 9.3.
3.2.1 Analysis of variance
To estimate the variation among the inbreds, analysis of variance was carried out as per the procedure suggested by Federer (1956). The Skeleton of the ANOVA table is given below:
Table 3.1 ANOVA table and expectation of mean squares Source of variation d.f. Mean squares Blocks (b-1) MSb Treatments (e-1) MSt Inbreds (g-1) MSg
Checks (c-1) MSc Inbreds vs Checks 1 MS Error (c-1) (b-1) MSe Total N-1 Where,
b = Number of blocks e = Number of treatments g = Number of inbreds c = Number of checks MSb = Mean sum of squares due to blocks MSt = Mean sum of squares due to treatments MSi = Mean sum of squares due to inbreds MSc = Mean sum of squares due to checks MSe = Mean sum of squares due to error The ANOVA using the above model was done as per the SAS augmented design software developed by Dr. Dhandapani, IASRI, New Delhi (supplied personally).
3.2.1.1 Mean
Computation of general mean was done as per the following formula.
x General mean ()x N
Where, X = Sum of all the observations
N = Total number of observations (the number of inbreds evaluated)
3.2.1.2 Range
The range of characters represented the lowest and highest means values among the inbreds for a given character.
3.2.1.3 Standard error of mean
Computation of standard error of difference between two means was done by the following formula.
2MSe SEm+ = r Where, r = Number of replications MSe = Mean squares due to error
3.2.1.4 Critical difference (CD)
The critical difference (C.D.) at 5 per cent was calculated by the following formulae:
1. Between check varieties = 2 MS e x t b
2. Between accessions with in a block = 2 x MSe x t
3. Between accessions between block = 2 MS e (c 1) x t c
4. Between check varieties and accessions =
MS e (b 1) (c 1) x t b c Where, MSe = Error variance b = Number of blocks c = Number of checks t = t value at 0.05 at error d.f. (c-1) (b-1) = 1
3.2.1.5 Coefficient of variation (CV)
The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated by the following formula.
SD Coefficient of variation (CV) = X 100 X
Where, SD = standard deviation of sample X = mean of sample
3.3 Genetic analysis
The components of genotypic variance and phenotypic variances are estimated directly by using mean sum of squares. From the components of variance, the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability in broad sense and genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were computed. The formulae as used for various analysis are given below.
3.3.1 Estimation of coefficient of variation
(a) Genotypic coefficient of variation for a given character was estimated using the following formula
standard deviation of adjusted means GCV (%) = 100 mean of adjusted means
(b) Phenotypic coefficient of variation for a given character was estimated using the following formula
standard deviation of unadjusted means PCV (%) = 100 mean of unadjusted means
3.3.2 Heritability
Heritability in broad sense was calculated by the formula given by Hanson et al. (1956):
2 g 2 Heritability (h bs) in percentage = x 100 2 p Where, 2 2 g = genotypic variance = g = (MSt – MSe) / r 2 2 2 2 p = phenotypic variance = p = g + e 3.3.3 Expected Genetic advance (GA)
The expected genetic advance was calculated by the following formula as suggested by Johnson et al. (1955):
2 Genetic advance (GA) = h .k. p
While, genetic advance as percentage of mean was obtained by the following formula: GA GA as % of mean = x 100 x Where,
h2 = heritability in broad sense k = selection differential (2.06 at 5% selection intensity)
p = square root of phenotypic variance x = the general mean of the character and GA = genetic advance
3.4 Association analysis
The character associations between different pairs of characters were estimated using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation using the formula as given below.
cov xy rxy (varxy . var )
Where,
x and y represent two independent variables x and y
(characters). For the genotypic correlations (rg) the adjusted values were used while for the phenotypic correlations (rp), the unadjusted values were used. The d.f. for the significance test were number of inbreds-1.
3.5 Path coefficient analysis
A path coefficient is a standardized partial regression coefficient. It measures the direct and indirect effects of one variable on the other and allows partitioning the total correlation coefficient between two variables into direct and indirect components.
The estimates of direct and indirect effects were calculated by the path coefficient analysis as suggested by Wright (1921) and elaborated by Dewey and Lu (1959) both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. The following sets of simultaneous equations were formed and solved for estimating the various direct and indirect effects.
r1y = p1y + P2y . r12 + P3y. r13 + ………. P7y.r17
r2y = P1y. r12 + P2y + P3y. r23 + ………. P7y . r27
.
.
.
r7y = P1y.r17 + P2y.r27 + P3y.r37 + ………. P7y Where,
r1y to r7y = Correlation between 1 to 7 (independent characters) and y (dependent character)
P1y to P7y = Direct effect of characters 1 to 7 (independent) on character y. 1 to 7 represents the independent characters namely.
1. Days to 50% flowering
2. Plant height (cm)
3. Branches per plant
4. Umbels per plant
5. Umbellets per plant
6. Seeds per umbel 7. Test weight (g)
Y = Seed yield per plant (dependent character)
The above equation can be written in a matrix form as shown below:
A B C r1y 1 r12 r13 r14 r15 r16 r17 P1y r2y 1 r23 r24 r25 r26 r27 P2y r3y 1 r34 r35 r36 r37 P3y r4y 1 r45 r46 r47 P4y r5y 1 r56 r57 P5y r6y 1 r67 P6y r7y 1 P7y
The genotypic or phenotypic path coefficients were obtained by replacing the corresponding elements in A and B matrix by genotypic correlation coefficients or phenotypic coefficients. B matrix was inverted and the inverted B matrix was multiplied by A matrix to obtain path coefficients. Residual effects: Residual factor which measures the contribution of rest of the characters of the cancel scheme was obtained by using the following formula – 2 Residual factor (X), Pxy = (1-R ) Where, 2 2 R = Σ p i y + 2 i Σj . p1y. Pjy. Rij and 1 > j
Cluster analysis:
The clustering analysis using the adjusted means was done using Ward’s minimum variance method. Ward's minimum variance criterion minimizes the total within-cluster variance. At each step the pair of clusters with minimum clusters distance are merged. For implementing this method, at each step a pair of clusters that leads to minimum increase in total within-cluster variance after merging is determined. This increase is a weighted squared distance between cluster centres. At the initial step, all clusters are singletons (clusters containing a single point). To apply a recursive algorithm under this objective function, the initial distance between individual objects must be (proportional to) squared Euclidean distance.
The initial cluster distances in Ward's minimum variance method are therefore defined to be the squared Euclidean distance between points as given below:
2
dij d({},{}) X i X j X i X j 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The present investigation was carried out to estimate the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean and association among different morphological characters with each other and with seed yield in 107 inbreds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) with 5 checks namely RF-101, RF-125, RF-143, RF-205 and Local were evaluated in an augumented Design in four blocks. Correlations and path coefficient analysis was performed to asses important characters which affect seed yield directly and indirectly. The results obtained from present investigation on the above aspects are presented under the following sub heads.
4.1 Analysis of variance
4.2 Genetic parameters of variation
4.3 Character association
4.4 Path coefficient analysis
4.5 Genetic divergence
4.1 Analysis of variance
Analysis of variance was carried out for each character separately and has been presented in Table 4.1. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among treatments (inbreds + checks). The mean sum of squares due to treatments was significant for the characters i.e. plant height (cm), branches per plant, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, and seed yield per plant (g) while it is not significant for days to 50% flowering, umbellets per umbel and 1000-seed weight (g). Thus, the analysis of variance indicted that considerable amount of variability was presented in the experimental material, which can be used for identification of suitable inbred lines for exploitation of heterosis in fennel.
Partitioning of treatment sum of squares indicated significant differences among the inbreds for all the characters except days to 50% flowering and umbellets per umbel indicating significant variation among the inbreds for various morphological traits. A significant difference among checks was observed only for days to 50% flowering, plant height, seeds per umbel and seed yield per plant only indicating variation among checks only for limited characters. Inbreds as group differed from checks as group only for seeds per umbel.
4.2 Genetic parameters of variation
The mean performance, range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percentage of mean for different characters are given in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3, respectively.
4.2.1 Days to 50% flowering
The overall mean of days to 50% flowering was 103.22 days with a range of 98.65 (ILF-15) to 108.65 days (ILF-10).The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 0.726 and 1.520 per cent, respectively, which were low as compared to other traits. The value of heritability in broad sense was also low at 22.82 per cent with corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being only 0.71 per cent. Frequency distribution indicated that most of the lines flowered between 101 days to 105 (Figure 1) thus indicating very low variation for this character.
Figure 1: Frequency distribution of days to 50% flowering.
4.2.2 Plant height (cm)
The overall mean was 134.71 cm with a wide range of 92.07
(ILF-85) to 170.95 cm (ILF-140). The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 3.687 and 6.158 per cent, respectively.
The value of heritability in broad sense was 35.85 per cent, which was low. Genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean was calculated as 4.55 per cent, which was also low. Frequency distribution indicated normal distribution with most of the variation around 130-140 cm (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Frequency distribution of plant height (cm)
4.2.3 Branches per plant
The overall mean of the branches per plant was 8.23 with a range starting from 4.22 (ILF-27) to 14.02 (ILF-32). Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 9.544 and 13.558 per cent, respectively. The heritability in broad sense was 49.57 per cent, which was moderate with corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being 13.84 per cent, which was low (Table 4.3).
Frequency distribution indicated near normal distribution with higher frequency around 7.8 to 9 branches per plant (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Frequency distribution of branches per plant.
4.2.4 Umbels per plant
The overall mean of umbels per plant was 19.81 with a range of
9.90 (ILF-69) to 39.30 (ILF-20). The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 11.633 and 15.539 per cent, respectively.
The heritability in broad sense was 56.05 per cent, which was moderate with corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being 17.94 per cent was low. Frequency distribution indicated more of skewed distribution with higher concentration at 18 umbels per plant (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Frequency distribution of umbels per plant.
4.2.5 Umbellets per umbel
The overall mean of umbellets per umbel was 22.73 with a wide range of 16.65 (ILF-81) to 33.85 (ILF-78). The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 1.025 and 14.869 per cent, respectively. The heritability in broad sense was 0.66 per cent, which was very low with corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being 0.20 per cent, which was also very low.
Frequency distribution indicated near normal distribution with higher frequency concentrated around 21 umbels per umbel (Figure 5).
Figure 5: frequency distribution of umbellets per umbel
4.2.6 Seeds per umbel
The overall mean of seeds per umbel was 439.16 with a wide range of 201.20 (ILF-81) to 734.20 (ILF-140). The estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 11.937 and
14.957 per cent, respectively. The heritability was 63.69 per cent which was high with the corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being 19.62 per cent which was low. Frequency distribution indicated a normal distribution of seeds per umbel (Figure
6).
Figure 6: frequency distribution of seeds per umbel.
4.2.7 1000-seed weight (g)
The overall mean of 1000-seed weight was 6.38 g with a range of 4.50 g (ILF-89) to 8.01 g (ILF-86). The genotypic variation was negative which is the result of non-significant differences among the treatments, hence further values were not estimated for this trait.
Frequency distribution showed that most of the lines concentrated around 5.4 to 6.6 grams (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Frequency distribution of test weight (gm).
4.2.8 Seed yield per plant (g)
The overall mean of seed yield per plant was 12.61 g. Wide variation was observed among the inbreds for seed yield. This character showed wide range of 1.06 g (ILF-31) to 35.53 g (ILF-
80).The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were 22.912 and 25.687 per cent, respectively which were highest as compare to other traits. The heritability in broad sense was estimated as 79.56 per cent, which was highest with corresponding genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean being 42.10 was also high.
Frequency distribution exhibited a skewed type of distribution with most of the lines concentrating between 6 to 14 gms per plant of seed yield
(Figure 8).
Figure 8: Frequency distribution of seed yield per plant
4.3 Character association
The values of all possible correlation coefficients among the characters were calculated both at phenotypic and genotypic levels, which are presented in Table 4.3. In general, the direction of the correlation did not change between genotypic and phenotypic levels. Even the change in magnitude was also limited. This is expected in augmented design. The estimate of genotypic correlation coefficients was higher than their respective phenotypic correlation coefficients.
At phenotypic level, seed yield per plant had significant positive correlation with branches per plant (0.2560) and plant height (0.1987) whereas, it had non significant positive correlation with umbels per plant (0.1328) and 1000-seed weight (0.0498) and its association with days to 50% flowering (-0.1559), umbellets per umbel (-0.0621) and seeds per umbel (-0.0874) was non significant and negative.
The correlation among the characters inter se showed that days to 50% flowering had non significant and positive association with plant height (0.1836), branches per plant (0.0588), umbellets per umbel (0.0583) and seeds per umbel (0.0501) and its association with 1000- seed weight (-0.0436) and umbels per plant (-0.0151) was non significant and negative.
Plant height had significant positive association with umbellets per umbel (0.3144), seeds per umbel (0.3220) and 1000-seed weight (0.2217). Its association with umbels per plant (0.1028) and branches per plant (0.0820) was non significant and positive.
Branches per plant had significant positive correlation with umbels per plant (0.7466), while its association with 1000-seed weight (0.1206), seeds per umbel (-0.0972) and umbellets per umbel (-0.0175) was non significant and negative.
Umbels per plant had non-significant positive correlation with umbellets per umbel (0.0351) while, its association with 1000-seed weight (-0.553) and seeds per umbel (-0.0117) was non significant and negative. A significant and positive correlation of umbellets per umbel was observed with seeds per umbel (0.6153) while, its association with 1000-seed weight (0.1402) was non significant and positive.
Seeds per umbel had significant positive association with 1000- seed weight (0.2079).
4.4 Path coefficient analysis
In a breeding programme, we are often concerned with the improvement in seed yield as an overall product dependent on a number of morpho-physiological attributes. Such characters are often inter-related, hence their effect on seed yield is also modified by others. Path coefficient analysis helps in separating the direct effect of a component character on seed yield from indirect effects via other characters. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients of seed yield with its contributing characters were partitioned in to direct and indirect effect through path coefficient analysis.
To assess the direct and indirect effect of various characters on seed yield per plant, path coefficient analysis was carried out by taking seed yield per plant as dependent variable and other seed yield contributing components as independent variables. The results of path coefficient analysis have been presented in Table 4.4.
Because of the nature of the augmented design, the change in either the direction or the magnitude of either the direct or indirect effects were less pronounced. The direct effect of such characters was found to be higher which exhibited significant association with seed yield. The signs of direct effects at genotypic and phenotypic levels were positive for the characters viz. plant height, branches per plant, and 1000-seed weight, magnitude wise, the direct effects of plant height (0.2685) and branches per plant (0.3679) were also the highest. These two characters also had significant correlation which seed yield. Days to 50% flowering, umbels per plant, umbellets per umbel and seeds per umbel exhibited negative direct effects. Highest negative direct effects were recorded for days to 50% flowering (-0.2186) followed by umbles per plant (-0.1690), seeds per umbel (-0.0964) and umbellets per umbel (-0.0684) on seed yield per plant at phenotypic level.
Perusal of indirect effects at phenotypic level revealed that days to 50% flowering had positive indirect effect via plant height (0.0493) whereas, it had negative indirect effect via seeds per umbels (-0.0048). Plant height had positive indirect effect via branches per plant (0.0302) whereas, it had negative indirect effect via days to 50% flowering (- 0.0401). Branches per plant had positive indirect effect via plant height (0.0220) while, it had negative indirect effect via umbels per plant (- 0.1262). Umbels per plant had positive indirect effect via branches per plant (0.2747) while, it had negative indirect effect via 1000-seed weight (-0.0025). Umbellets per umbel had positive indirect effect via plant height (0.0844), while, it had negative indirect effect via seeds per umbel (-0.0593). Seeds per umbel had positive indirect effect via plant height (0.0864) while, it had negative indirect effect via umbellets per umbel (-0.0421). 1000-seed weight had positive indirect effect via plant height (0.0595) and it had negative indirect effect via branches per plant (-0.0444).
The residual effect was of a high magnitude at genotypic and phenotypic level 0.8251 and 0.8259, respectively. The high residual effect was obtained due to weak correlation among the characters. These results suggest the need for development of diverse inbred lines from different sources.
4.5 Genetic Divergence
The knowledge of genetic divergence provides us a sound scientific basis for selection of genotypes to be used in hybridization programme for further improvement. Ward method was carried out to estimate genetic divergence among the 112 genotypes (107 inbred lines+ 5 check varieties) of fennel. The generalized ward values were calculated for each pair of genotypes in all possible combination.
All the genotypes were grouped in to ten clusters. Maximum numbers of genotypes were twenty which were included in cluster I. clusters IX and X, both had 16 genotypes and cluster IV had 15 genotypes while clusters V, VIII and II had 11, 10 and 9 genotypes respectively and the clusters III and VI both had 4 genotypes each (table 4.5).
Perusal of the clustering indicates that the clusters included inbred lines of diverse origin, indicating diversity among the inbred lines which is not related to their parentage alone. Perusal of Table 4.6 indicates that cluster VIII had the highest mean for seed yield among all the clusters, it also had the lowest mean for days to flowering which is desirable, had higher branches per plant and umbels per plant. The cluster with second higher mean for seed yield was cluster IV however this cluster did not exhibit higher means for other characters.
5. DISCUSSION
A cross pollinated crop like fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is amenable to genetic improvement through numerous breeding methodologies (Vasal and Gonzalez, 1999). In order to facilitate the development of superior varieties or hybrids it is always extremely important to begin with superior genetic base that is being continuously improved through adoption of appropriate population improvement selection schemes or exploitation of heterosis. Regardless of particular product the breeder desires, the availability of superior material depends upon continuous systematic improvement of source germplasm or development of inbred lines (Paliwal, 1988).
The crop improvement programmes of many developing countries including India are dominated by varieties and hybrids. Hence specific breeding procedures that link population improvement with hybrid development should be established. During evaluation of inbred lines, it is possible to extract lines that may be good parents for conventional and non-conventional hybrids as well as for making synthetics. As part of development of inbred lines at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, a number of inbred lines were developed through repeated selfing in fennel. These lines are now in S7 generation hence the inbred lines that are used in the present study are therefore reported to be stable.
The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the variation in terms of coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for different characters in a set of one hundred seven randomly selected Inbred lines along with five checks. In the present investigation, association of different morphological characters with each other and with seed yield has also been determined to quantify the contribution of different characters to yield. Path coefficient analysis was also attempted and the results obtained are discussed here.
5.1 Genetic parameters of variation
5.1.1 Variability
The analysis of variance revealed that significant amount of variability was present in the Inbred lines for the morphological traits studied i.e. plant height (cm), branches per plant, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and seed yield per plant (g). This suggests that the adequate variability was found in Inbred lines, which helps in selection of suitable progeny for exploitation of heterosis.
This is in agreement with earlier reports of gemplasm evaluation by Ramanujam and Joshi (1966), Shah et al. (1969), Bhargava et al. (1971), Shukla et al. (2003), Singh et al. (2004), Singh and Sastry (2006), Lal (2007), Chandra et al. (2008), Telci et al. (2009), Meena et al. (2009), Pareek et al. (2009), Singh et al. (2009), Sastry et al. (2009), Malik et al. (2009) and Kumawat(2010).
Estimates of genotypic and phenotypic variances indicated that in general phenotypic variances were higher than genotypic variances for all the characters studied indicating the role of environmental factors on the character expression. The variability of characters was compared on the basis of coefficient of variation. The range and coefficient of variation indicated that the variability was high for seed yield per plant (g), umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, and umbellets per umbel; moderate for branches per plant and plant height (cm). It was low for 1000-seed weight (g) and days to 50% flowering, which in turn, indicated that simple selection of inbred lines on the basis of seed yield per plant (g), umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and umbellets per umbel might be advantageous as compared to other characters under study. Similar pattern of variability for different characters among accessions have earlier been reported in fennel by Kathiria (1980), Agnihori (1997), Alam et al., (2003), Sukla et al. (2003), Singh (2003), Rajput et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2004), Singh and Sastry (2006), Lal (2007), Chandra et al. (2008), Singh et al. (2009), Sastry et al. (2009), Malik et al. (2009), Telci et al. (2009), Meena et al. (2009), Kumawat(2010) and Dasora and Sastry(2011) and also reported in coriander by Mengesha and Alemaw (2010) and in fenugreek by Dasora et al. (2011).
Differences between genotypic and phenotypic variations were very low and this is expected in an agumented design. In an augumented design, the error component used is based on checks which are repeated in blocks. This often is the very limited, hence the difference is very limited. Earlier nearly similar genotypic and phenotypic variations for various characters were reported in different studies in an agumented design by Reddy(1981).
The frequency distribution indicated near normal distribution for test weight, seeds per umbel and days to 50% floweirng, the distribution was skewed for rest of the characters.
Among the Inbred lines, ILF-32, ILF-140, ILF-79, ILF-48, ILF- 41 were the top yielders. The progeny ILF-32 was also top ranking for branches per plant, seeds per umbel, umbellets per umbel and umbels per plant and had a mean rank of 29.25, whereas ILF-140 was also top ranking for seeds per umbel, 1000 seed weight and umbellets per umbel and had a mean rank of 29.38. The third ranked progeny ILF-79 was also top ranking for days to 50% flowering, branches per plant and 1000-seed weight. It had a mean rank of 31.13, whereas the fourth ranked progeny ILF-48 was also top ranking for branches per plant, seed yield per plant, seeds per umbel, umbels per plant and plant height and had a mean rank of 31.75, whereas the fifth ranked progeny ILF-41 was top ranking for branches per plant, seed yield per plant and days to 50% flowering and had a mean rank of 33.88 (Table 5.1).
5.1.2 Heritability and Genetic advance
The heritability estimates along with the genetic advance is more meaningful for the breeder as they help in appreciate the amount of variation present in the breeding material and guides in choosing an appropriate method for the improvement of a given character. The breeder is able to appreciate the proportion of variation that is due to genotypic (broad sense heritability) or additive (narrow sense heritability) effects (that is the portion of genotypic variation that is fixable in pure lines). If heritability of a character is high (>60%), selection for such a character should be fairly easy. This is because there would be close correspondence between genotypic and phenotypic variation due to a relatively smaller contribution of environment to the phenotype, but for a character with a low heritability, selection may be considerably difficult or virtually impractical due to masking effect of environment on the genotypic effect.
In the present investigation, broad sense heritability was observed to be high for seeds yield per plant, seeds per umbel, Similar results were also obtained by Singh et al. (2004), Rajput et al. (2004) Lal (2007), Sastry et al. (2009) and Dasora and Sastry(2011) and also reported in coriander by Mengesha and Alemaw (2010). Moderate heritability (40-60 per cent) was observed for umbles per plant, branches per plant and 1000-seed weight which is in agreement with earlier reports of Agnihotri (1997) and Rajput et al. (2004) in fennel.
Genetic advance as percentage of mean for the characters ranged from 0.71% (days to 50% flowering) to 42.10 (seed yield per plant (g)). High magnitude of genetic advance as percentage of mean was estimated for seed yield per plant (g), which is in agreement with earlier reports of Agnihotri (1990), Agnihotri et al. (1997), Shukla et al. (2003), Singh et al. (2004), Lal (2007) and Sastry et al. (2009) and also reported in coriander by Mengesha and Alemaw (2010).
Low genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for seeds per umbel, branches per plant, plant height (cm) and days to 50% flowering. These results are in accordance with the early reports of Jain et al. (2002) and Mengesha and Alemaw (2010) in coriander.
The umbels per plant, branches per plant, seed yield per plant (g) and seeds per umbel had higher magnitude of heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean.
5.1.3 Character association
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were worked out among different characters including seed yield. The genotypic correlation coefficients were generally higher than the respective phenotypic correlation coefficients. Low phenotypic correlations may result from the modifying effect of environment on the association of characters at the genetic level. Genotypic correlation coefficient provides a measure of genetic association between characters and thus, help in identifying the traits which need to be considered for improvement of yield. Since, suitable test for significance of genotypic correlations is not available, their main usefulness of genotypic correlations lie in strengthen the interpretations based on phenotypic correlations (Pandey and Gritton, 1975).
At phenotypic level seed yield per plant had significant positive correlation with branches per plant and plant height.
Positive and significant correlation of seed yield per plant with branches per plant and plant height are in agreement with earlier reports of Kathiria (1980), Agnihotri et al. (1997), Singh et al. (2004), Singh and Sastry (2005), Lal (2007), Cosge et al. (2009), Meena et al. (2009) and Pareek et al. (2009).
Very few interrelationships among different morphological combinations showed to be statistically significant. The correlation among the characters inter se showed that days to 50% flowering had positive and non-significant association with plant height, branches per plant, umbellets per umbel and seeds per umbel.
While, plant height had positive significant association with umbellets per umbel, seeds per umbel and 1000-seed weight are in agreement with earlier reports of Agnihotri et al. (1997), Rajput et al. (2004), Singh et al. (2004), Cosge et al. (2009) and Meena et al. (2009).
Branches per plant had significant positive correlation with umbels per plant while umbels per plant exhibited non-significant positive association with umblletes per umble.
Umbellets per umbel had significant positive association with seeds per umbel while its association with 1000- seed weight (g) non significant and possitive. These reports are in agreement with earlier reports of Kathiria (1980), Singh et al. (2004) and Pareek et al. (2009). The association of seeds per umbel with 1000- seed weight had significant and positive.
It is also noticed that characters, which exhibited positive association with seed yield per plant, have also exhibited positive association among themselves. Thus, these characters could be simultaneously improved to increase the seed yield.
5.1.4 Path coefficient analysis
The correlation analysis provides information, which is incomplete in the sense that it does not throw light on the underlying causes that are operative for the various interrelationships. Path coefficient analysis, which is simply a standardized partial regression analysis developed by Wright (1921), is helpful in partitioning the correlation coefficient into direct and indirect effects. Hence, path coefficient analysis was included in the present investigation to obtain the information on the direct and indirect effects of different morphological characters on seed yield. Since, the results of path coefficient analysis based on genotypic correlation was not much different from those obtained from phenotypic correlation in most of the characters, only the results based on phenotypic correlation coefficient are discussed here.
Path analysis revealed that the direct effects were stronger than indirect effects and the change in either direction between the genotypic and phenotypic path coefficients were seldom noted. Path coefficient analysis as based on phenotypic correlations indicated that maximum direct contribution to seed yield per plant was through branches per plant, which had highest positive and significant correlation with seed yield. The plant height also had high direct effect on seed yield per plant and had also high positive correlation with seed yield. Magnitude of the correlation coefficient between a causal factor and the effect is almost equal to its direct effect. Hence, correlations explained the true interrelationship and suggested that a direct selection of these traits will be effective. These findings are in accordance with the reports of Rao et al. (1981), Choudhary (1987), Godara (1995), Bhandari and Gupta (1997), Sanker and Khader (1997), Srivastava et al. (2000), Jain et al. (2003), Sharma and Meena (2004), Idhol et al. (2009) in coriander and also reported in fennel by Rajput et al. (2004) and Meena et al. (2009). 1000- seed weight had weak and positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. However, its results mainly due to its very low indirect effect via plant height and also indirect negative effects via branches per plant, which are in agreement with earlier reports of Srivastava et al. (2000), Jain et al. (2003), Sharma and Meena (2004) in coriander whereas, Cosge et al. (2009) reported positive and highest direct effect of 1000- seed weight on seed yield in fennel.
The direct effect of days to 50% flowering, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and umblletes per umbel was negative with seed yield per plant. This result is in agreement with earlier reports of Choudhary (1987), Sharma and Sharma (1989), Jain et al. (2003) in coriander. However, contrary to these Jindla et al. (1985) and Srivastava et al. (2000) and Idhol (2009) have reported that the highest positive direct effect of days to 50% flowering, plant height and seed yield per plant in coriander and also reported in fennel by Cosge et al. (2009).
Important information which emerged from the correlation and path analysis studies is that umbels per plant, seeds per umbel, branches per plant, umbellets per umbel and 1000- seed weight are the most important component characters for seed yield per plant and these were also found to be responsible for the observed relationship of different morphological characters with seed yield per plant. Hence, due emphasis should be given to umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and branches per plant in yield improvement.
5.1.5 Genetic divergence
The clustering pattern using Ward’s minimum variance method indicated that distribution of inbred lines into different clusters did not follow any specific trend and inbred lines of diverse origin clustered into different clusters. Ten clusters were formed with cluster I having maximum number of inbreds. Cluster III and VI had minimum number of inbreds. The means for characters varied between clusters. Cluster VIII had the highest mean for seed yield among all the clusters, it also had the lowest mean for days to flowering which is desirable, had higher branches per plant and umbels per plant. The second cluster with higher mean was IV however this cluster did not exhibit higher means for other characters.
5.1.6 Plant breeding Implications
In order to develop hybrids the first step is the development of inbred lines. As part of the inbred line development, a number of inbreds were developed; these inbreds are now in S7 generation. Most of the inbreds are from variety RF-101. Since most of the inbred lines originated from one common parent, the frequency of inbred lines resembling the parent should be more.
Based on the results of present study, it was revealed that only four characters namely seed yield per plant (g), seeds per umbel, umbels per plant and branches per plant had high to moderate magnitude of heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean. Branches per plant, plant height were positively and significantly associated with seed yield per plant. These characters may be of immediate use in improving the yield potential of the crop. The inbred lines namely ILF-32, ILF-140, ILF-79, ILF-48 and ILF-41 were good for seed yield per plant and other morphological traits.
Divergence analysis indicated diversity among the inbreds. The inbreds clustered into ten clusters and even inbreds of same origin clustered into different clusters. Thus it is possible to identify lines, which are diverse so that hybridization between lines from these clusters should yield high yielding hybrids. Clustering means indicated that the mean yield of cluster VIII was highest, followed by cluster IV. Thus hybridization between the inbreds from among these clusters is recommended. 6. SUMMARY
The present investigation was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner, during Rabi 2011-2012. In the present investigation one hundred seven inbred lines of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) with five checks were evaluated in Augumented Design with four blocks for seed yield per plant and its component characters with a view to assess the degree of genetic variability, to determine selection criteria and to identify the superior inbred lines in fennel. Analysis of variance, correlation analysis, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence was employed to realize the above objectives. The results obtained have been summarized below:
1. Analysis of variance revealed significant amount of variability among the inbred lines for the characters studied viz. plant height, branches per plant, umbels per plant, seeds per umbel and seed yield per plant.
2. The estimates of heritability (broad sense) were high for seed yield per plant, seeds per umbel whereas, it was moderate to low for umbels per plant, branches per plant, 1000- seed weight, and umbellets per umbel, days to 50% flowering and plant height, respectively.
3. The genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance expressed as percentage of mean were high for seed yield per plant and moderate to low for seeds per umbel, umbels per plant and 1000- seed weight, braches per plant, plant height and days to 50% flowering, umbellets per umbel, respectively. 4. The association analysis revealed that the seed yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated with branches per plant and plant height whereas association with umbels per plant and 1000- seed weight was non significant positive While, its association with days to 50% flowering, umbellets per umbel and seeds per umbel was negative and non significant.
5. Path coefficient analysis revealed that traits like branches per plant, plant height and 1000-seed weight were the important characters for selection of high yielding inbred lines as they exerted high positive direct effect as well as showed positive correlation with seed yield per plant.
6. Diversity among the clusters with regard to distribution of inbred lines was noted. Inbreds originating from the same parent clustered into different clusters. The clusters exhibited significant variation with regard to cluster means. Cluster VIII and IV had higher means for most of the traits hence hybridization between the lines of these clusters should give high yielding hybrids.
7. On the basis of yield as well as other morphological
characters the inbred lines namely ILF-32, ILF-140, ILF-79, ILF-48 and ILF-41 were found superior.
Based upon the present investigation, it is suggested that in breeding programmes major emphasis should be given for selection of characters like branches per plant followed by plant height, umbels per plant and 1000-seed weight as these had positive correlation coefficient with seed yield with high direct effect.
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Table: 4.1Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for seed yield and its component traits in fennel
S.No. Characters Mean sum of squares
Blocks Treatments Inbreds Checks Inbreds Error vschecks (d.f. (d.f. =3) (d.f. =111) (d.f. =106) (d.f. =4) (d.f. =12) =1) 1 Days to 50% flowering 5.650 4.356 4.147 6.181* 1.884 1.900
2 Plant height (cm) 97.697 144.878* 142.816* 203.725* 47.155 44.136
3 Branches per plant 2.034 3.002** 3.097** 0.952 0.021 0.628
4 Umbels per plant 4.333 24.568** 25.420** 9.388 4.269 4.167
5 Umbellets per umbel 8.850 11.381 11.650 1.777 2.612 11.350
6 Seeds per umbel 1030.800 12539.426** 12558.197** 12487.797** 8401.345* 1566.717
7 1000- seed weight (g) 0.490 0.486 0.499 0.121 0.122 0.579
8 Seed yield per plant(g) 5.721 35.364** 35.513** 21.805** 1.824 2.143
* Significant at p = 0.05 and ** significant at = 0.01
Table 4.2 Mean, range and genetic parameters for different characters in fennel
S.No. Characters Range Mean + SEm Variance Coefficient of variation Heritability Genetic (%) (Broad advance Genotypic Phenotypic Genotypic Phenotypic sense) % as percentage of mean 1 Days to 50% 98.65- 103.228+0.689 0.562 2.462 0.726 1.520 22.82 0.71 flowering 108.65
2 Plant height (cm) 92.07- 134.713+3.322 24.670 68.806 3.687 6.158 35.85 4.55 170.95
3 Branches per 4.22-14.02 8.230+0.396 0.617 1.245 9.545 13.558 49.57 13.84 plant
4 Umbels per plant 9.90-39.30 19.815+1.020 5.313 9.480 11.633 15.539 56.05 17.94
5 Umbellets per 16.65- 22.733+1.684 0.075 11.425 1.205 14.869 0.66 0.20 umbel 33.85
6 Seeds per umbel 201.20- 439.157+19.79 2747.87 4314.58 11.937 14.957 63.69 19.62 734.20
7 1000- seed weight 4.59-8.01 6.382+0.380 -0.02 - - - - - (g)
8 Seed yield per 1.06-35.54 12.606+0.732 8.342 10.485 22.912 25.687 79.56 42.10 plant (g)
Table: 4.3 Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient between different characters in fennel
Characters G/P Days to Plant Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000-seed Seed yield 50% height per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant flowering (cm) (g) Days to 50% G 1 0.0066 0.1414 -0.1164 -0.0368 -0.0323 -0.0928 -0.0976 flowering P 1 0.1836 0.0588 -0.0151 0.0583 0.0501 -0.0436 -0.1559 Plant height (cm) G 1 0.0192 0.1076 0.1088 0.2898** 0.3143** 0.1914* P 1 0.0820 0.1028 0.3144** 0.3219** 0.2217* 0.1987* Branches per plant G 1 0.6059** -0.1308 -0.1840 -0.0506 0.2799** P 1 0.7466** -0.0175 -0.0972 -0.1206 0.2560** Umbels per plant G 1 0.0383 -0.0202 -0.0235 0.0979 P 1 0.0351 -0.0117 -0.0553 0.1328 Umbellets per umbel G 1 0.5417** 0.0205 -0.1497 P 1 0.6153** 0.1402 -0.0621 Seeds per umbel G 1 0.2208* -0.1193 P 1 0.2079* -0.0874 1000- seed weight (g) G 1 0.0627 P 1 0.0498 Seed yield per plant G 1 (g) P 1 * Significant at p = 0.05 and ** significant at = 0.01
Table: 4.4 Direct (diagonal) and indirect effects of different characters on seed yield per plant in fennel at genotypic and phenotypic level Characters G/P Days to Plant Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds 1000- Correlation 50% height per plant per plant per umbel per seed with seed flowering (cm) umbel weight yield per (g) plant (g) Days to 50% flowering G -0.1792 0.0016 0.0543 0.0209 0.0029 0.0028 -0.0007 -0.0976 P -0.2186 0.0493 0.0216 0.0026 -0.0040 -0.0048 -0.0020 -0.1559 Plant height (cm) G -0.0012 0.2354 0.0074 -0.0193 -0.0086 -0.0247 0.0024 0.1914* P -0.0401 0.2685 0.0302 -0.0174 -0.0215 -0.0310 0.0101 0.1987* Branches per plant G -0.0253 0.0045 0.3838 -0.1087 0.0103 0.0157 -0.0004 0.2799** P -0.0129 0.0220 0.3679 -0.1262 0.0012 0.0094 -0.0055 0.2560** Umbels per plant G 0.0209 0.0253 0.2325 -0.1793 -0.0030 0.0017 -0.0002 0.0979 P 0.0033 0.0276 0.2747 -0.1690 -0.0024 0.0011 -0.0025 0.1328 Umbellets per umbel G 0.0066 0.0256 -0.0502 -0.0069 -0.0788 -0.0462 0.0002 -0.1497 P -0.0127 0.0844 -0.0064 -0.0059 -0.0684 -0.0593 0.0064 -0.0621 Seeds per umbel G 0.0058 0.0682 -0.0706 0.0036 -0.0427 -0.0854 0.0017 -0.1193 P -0.0110 0.0864 -0.0358 0.0020 -0.0421 -0.0964 0.0094 -0.0874 1000- seed weight (g) G 0.0166 0.0740 -0.0194 0.0042 -0.0016 -0.0188 0.0078 0.0627 P 0.0095 0.0595 -0.0444 0.0093 -0.0096 -0.0200 0.0454 0.0498 Residual effect: Genotypic =0.8251, Phenotypic = 0.8259, * significant at p = 0.05 and ** significant at = 0.01
Table: 4.5 Number of clusters along with the included genotypes
Clusters Number of lines Genotypes I 20 ILF-1, ILF- 41, ILF-119, ILF-143, ILF-137, RF-125, ILF-2, RF-205, ILF-138, ILF-50, ILF-87, ILF-21, ILF- 69, ILF-85, ILF-12 II 9 ILF-101, ILF-102, ILF-44, ILF-99, ILF-50, RF-59, ILF-94, ILF-95, ILF-97 III 4 ILF-39, ILF-83, ILF-82, ILF-91 IV 15 ILF-10, ILF-104, ILF-51, ILF-79, ILF-118, ILF-6, ILF-61, ILF-113, ILF-63, ILF-132, ILF-14, ILF-135, ILF-41, ILF-56, ILF-5 V 11 ILF-110, ILF-117, ILF-45, ILF-54, ILF-112, ILF-128, ILF-116, ILF-127, ILF-64, ILF-38, ILF-70 VI 4 ILF-109, ILF-35, ILF-28, ILF-29 VII 7 ILF-122, ILF-37, ILF-34, ILF-74, ILF-53, ILF-71, ILF-32 VIII 10 ILF-129, ILF-142, ILF-144, ILF-80, Local, ILF-48, ILF-75, ILF-46, ILF-67, ILF-68 IX 16 ILF-103, ILF-49, ILF-86, ILF-20, ILF-30, ILF-23, ILF-4, RF-101, RF-143, ILF-11, ILF-138, ILF-18, ILF-62, ILF-66, ILF-134, ILF-140 X 16 ILF-106, ILF-93, ILF-98, ILF-136, ILF-19, ILF-27, ILF-31, ILF-90, ILF-96, ILF-107, ILF-26, ILF-7, ILF-43, ILF-76, ILF-78, ILF-89
Table: 4.6 Mean and Rank of different clusters
Cluster Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield No. Flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Cluster I 101.43 2.00 130.19 3.00 7.27 8.00 17.45 8.00 21.05 8.00 384.85 8.00 6.33 5.00 12.27 4.00
Cluster II 105.63 10.00 127.66 2.00 8.56 5.00 17.01 10.00 21.07 7.00 294.82 9.00 6.36 4.00 7.81 9.00
Cluster III 103.00 5.00 112.08 1.00 8.66 4.00 17.50 7.00 17.40 10.00 259.20 10.00 4.86 10.00 11.30 5.00
Cluster IV 105.57 9.00 146.65 10.00 7.99 7.00 17.26 9.00 22.26 4.00 408.27 6.00 6.17 7.00 15.99 2.00
Cluster V 103.87 6.00 138.96 8.00 8.83 3.00 20.46 4.00 20.20 9.00 468.84 3.00 7.02 1.00 10.95 6.00
Cluster VI 100.25 1.00 132.55 5.00 8.41 6.00 30.70 1.00 23.95 3.00 464.20 4.00 6.27 6.00 9.61 8.00
Cluster VII 104.99 8.00 133.61 6.00 11.67 1.00 28.24 2.00 22.02 5.00 387.11 7.00 5.88 8.00 12.50 3.00
Cluster VIII 101.46 3.00 141.64 9.00 10.22 2.00 22.88 3.00 21.89 6.00 409.96 5.00 6.50 3.00 23.01 1.00
Cluster IX 102.26 4.00 138.04 7.00 7.08 10.00 17.86 6.00 25.96 1.00 561.93 1.00 6.93 2.00 10.85 7.00
Cluster X 104.20 7.00 131.10 4.00 7.26 9.00 18.03 5.00 25.76 2.00 514.55 2.00 5.77 9.00 7.21 10.00
Table: 5.1 Adjusted mean and Ranking of fennel inbred lines and checks based on per se performance S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant (g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 1 ILF-1 102.65 67 115.675 104 8.025 60 21.1 30 21.05 71 358.2 83 5.664 97 19.695 12 2 ILF-2 99.65 108 132.015 73 7.825 68 21.5 25 22.65 52 388.2 75 6.274 59 10.655 62 3 ILF-4 101.65 81 136.215 53 6.825 89 22.7 21 27.25 13 558.2 17 6.794 24 8.345 81 4 ILF-5 104.65 34 138.315 46 8.625 47 13.3 102 27.45 11 423.2 56 5.784 92 21.315 7 5 ILF-6 106.65 7 150.855 12 6.825 89 17.1 76 25.65 23 406.2 65 5.734 93 9.395 69 6 ILF-7 103.65 46 136.415 50 8.425 50 21.1 30 25.05 26 565.2 14 6.124 72 8.255 83 7 ILF-10 108.65 1 150.615 14 8.225 57 20.5 39 22.45 55 412.2 61 5.914 84 15.275 30 8 ILF-11 101.65 81 143.055 31 7.425 76 19.5 49 24.85 27 670.2 3 5.644 98 2.655 111 9 ILF-12 99.65 108 146.015 24 5.025 107 16.1 88 22.25 56 430.2 54 5.934 83 13.985 39 10 ILF-14 103.65 46 147.015 20 7.825 68 18.7 57 19.45 90 304.2 100 6.074 75 15.885 26 11 ILF-15 98.65 112 126.215 88 4.625 111 14.7 95 21.25 68 318.2 96 6.194 66 12.345 51 12 ILF-16 100.65 102 137.415 48 4.825 109 14.5 97 23.25 44 416.2 59 6.834 22 13.425 42 13 ILF-18 100.65 102 134.715 59 6.425 93 18.9 54 24.05 35 573.2 11 6.154 70 9.765 67 14 ILF-19 103.65 46 134.215 63 7.225 82 23.7 17 22.65 52 397.2 68 6.464 48 4.985 104 15 ILF-20 101.65 81 137.015 49 5.825 105 18.1 66 28.65 5 457.2 42 7.804 5 7.895 88 16 ILF-21 103.65 46 116.615 102 7.625 72 19.1 53 18.65 98 334.2 89 5.954 82 6.535 96 17 ILF-23 103.65 46 124.615 92 6.425 93 21.5 25 28.25 7 389.2 73 6.744 28 13.255 44 18 ILF24 100.65 102 143.02 32 6.03 100 18.7 57 25.45 25 313.2 97 6.65 33 11.59 56
S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 19 ILF-26 103.65 46 134.615 60 8.025 60 22.5 22 26.25 18 511.2 31 5.844 87 9.845 65 20 ILF-27 102.65 67 147.215 19 4.225 112 12.9 106 28.25 7 607.2 7 6.244 63 4.395 110 21 ILF-28 100.65 102 132.215 71 8.425 50 30.7 4 26.25 18 478.2 38 5.644 98 15.425 28 22 ILF-29 99.65 108 134.615 60 5.425 106 32.7 2 23.85 37 526.2 24 6.594 36 8.925 76 23 ILF-30 101.65 81 134.615 60 6.025 100 16.7 84 30.65 3 523.2 28 7.244 8 5.455 101 24 ILF-31 102.65 67 137.615 47 5.025 107 17.9 67 26.85 15 448.2 48 5.574 101 1.065 112 25 ILF-32 104.65 34 141.015 38 14.025 1 39.3 1 26.25 18 478.2 38 6.534 43 10.955 61 26 ILF-34 104.65 34 130.215 77 10.025 15 28.9 7 24.65 28 334.2 89 4.834 108 9.785 66 27 ILF-35 99.65 108 122.615 96 9.425 25 27.3 9 24.45 32 454.2 44 6.194 66 4.885 106 28 ILF-37 104.05 40 132.755 69 13.525 2 29.9 5 17.65 109 380.4 77 5.81 91 15.777 27 29 ILF-38 103.05 59 139.555 42 10.125 13 21.1 30 21.85 61 440.4 49 7.21 9 11.137 58 30 ILF-41 106.05 14 142.755 33 10.325 11 16.9 80 24.65 28 524.4 26 6.27 60 17.817 19 31 ILF-43 106.05 14 147.555 18 9.125 32 21.1 30 24.65 28 551.4 18 6.1 73 4.487 109 32 ILF-44 106.05 14 138.555 44 9.125 32 19.5 49 20.05 83 278.4 104 5.91 85 5.297 103 33 ILF-45 105.05 23 125.355 89 9.725 18 25.3 12 21.05 71 524.4 26 6.79 26 9.527 68 34 ILF-46 101.05 90 142.355 34 12.725 3 23.5 18 18.25 103 269.4 107 6.34 53 18.697 15 35 ILF-48 102.05 73 151.555 11 12.525 4 21.5 25 23.25 44 530.4 22 6.31 57 17.887 18 36 ILF-49 102.05 73 123.555 95 5.925 104 12.7 108 23.45 41 509.4 32 6.69 32 12.797 47 37 ILF-50 106.05 14 136.16 54 8.33 56 16.5 86 18.65 98 307.4 98 7.17 11 5.75 100
S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 38 ILF-51 105.05 23 149.955 15 8.725 46 20.7 36 22.25 56 380.4 77 6.32 54 11.067 59 39 ILF-53 105.05 23 127.155 83 11.125 7 24.5 15 20.45 76 358.4 82 6.4 51 5.367 102 40 ILF-54 107.05 4 135.755 56 6.925 87 14.5 97 18.85 95 551.4 18 7.28 7 4.567 107 41 ILF-56 107.05 4 119.955 98 9.925 16 18.3 64 23.45 41 452.4 47 6.74 29 17.057 23 42 ILF-57 101.05 90 139.955 41 6.725 91 11.1 111 21.25 68 440.4 49 5.82 90 10.467 63 43 ILF-58 101.05 90 146.155 23 6.725 91 14.7 95 24.65 28 497.4 35 5.84 89 14.477 34 44 ILF-59 105.05 23 141.755 36 7.325 80 15.3 91 19.05 92 236.4 109 6.84 20 12.417 50 45 ILF-60 101.05 90 133.555 65 7.125 83 15.1 92 18.45 100 326.4 91 6.44 49 8.577 79 46 ILF-61 105.05 23 141.955 35 6.325 96 12.9 106 22.85 50 402.4 66 6.1 73 7.937 87 47 ILF-62 101.05 90 157.555 3 8.925 38 17.1 76 26.45 16 656.4 4 6.56 41 13.577 40 48 ILF-63 105.05 23 140.155 40 7.925 66 18.3 64 22.65 52 383.4 76 6.27 60 22.747 5 49 ILF-64 105.05 23 132.555 70 9.325 27 17.1 76 20.25 79 421.4 58 7.04 13 18.257 17 50 ILF-66 101.05 90 136.355 51 7.925 66 16.9 80 26.45 16 720.4 2 6.84 20 10.957 60 51 ILF-67 100.05 106 143.155 30 9.525 21 21.1 30 20.05 83 218.4 111 6.59 37 17.407 21 52 ILF-68 100.05 106 129.355 80 10.525 9 20.1 44 19.05 92 231.4 110 6.06 78 21.077 9 53 ILF-69 101.05 90 116.955 101 9.925 16 20.7 36 17.85 108 324.4 92 6.74 29 9.287 70 54 ILF-70 102.05 73 130.755 75 9.325 27 18.7 57 22.85 50 513.4 30 7.2 10 17.357 22 55 ILF-71 104.25 37 126.475 87 11.905 5 25.9 11 23.85 37 371.2 79 5.684 95 9.267 71 56 ILF74 106.25 8 126.88 84 10.11 14 22.9 20 23.25 44 371.2 79 5.67 96 16.52 24
S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 57 ILF75 101.25 87 133.475 66 11.305 6 24.9 14 26.05 21 619.2 6 5.844 87 21.217 8 58 ILF76 106.25 8 136.075 55 9.305 29 20.1 44 29.85 4 594.2 8 6.424 50 8.307 82 59 ILF78 102.25 70 131.075 74 9.305 29 20.3 43 33.85 1 529.2 23 5.574 101 11.427 57 60 ILF79 106.25 8 156.075 5 9.505 22 20.7 36 23.65 40 410.2 62 6.584 38 14.047 38 61 ILF80 103.25 53 128.075 81 9.105 34 19.5 49 22.05 59 456.2 43 6.314 55 35.537 1 62 ILF81 103.25 53 112.875 106 8.505 48 17.5 72 16.65 111 201.2 112 4.734 109 15.087 31 63 ILF82 104.25 37 109.675 108 9.105 34 17.7 71 16.65 111 274.2 105 5.444 105 12.997 45 64 ILF83 103.25 53 115.275 105 8.905 39 18.9 54 18.05 105 257.2 108 4.634 110 10.397 64 65 ILF85 101.25 87 92.075 112 8.905 39 18.7 57 18.45 100 342.2 88 7.014 14 16.427 25 66 ILF86 103.25 53 125.075 90 6.105 97 15.1 92 24.25 34 475.2 40 8.014 1 14.737 33 67 ILF87 102.25 70 124.475 93 7.105 84 13.3 102 20.85 74 323.2 93 6.924 16 7.017 93 68 ILF89 105.25 19 129.875 79 8.105 58 16.3 87 27.45 11 579.2 10 4.594 112 14.287 36 69 ILF90 106.25 8 94.875 111 4.705 110 9.9 112 27.25 13 525.2 25 5.384 106 6.477 98 70 ILF91 101.25 87 110.475 107 8.105 58 15.9 89 18.25 103 304.2 100 4.634 110 6.737 94 71 ILF93 105.25 19 124.475 93 6.105 97 13.3 102 22.05 59 532.2 21 5.474 104 7.457 89 72 ILF94 106.25 8 101.675 109 6.105 97 12.5 109 18.05 105 355.2 85 6.134 71 8.617 77 73 ILF95 108.25 2 116.275 103 8.905 39 16.9 80 21.45 65 271.2 106 5.734 93 8.597 78 74 ILF96 105.25 19 100.475 110 9.505 22 18.5 62 30.85 2 409.2 63 5.644 98 4.517 108 75 ILF97 107.25 3 117.68 100 10.31 12 19.7 48 22.25 56 295.2 102 6.58 38 8.57 80
S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 76 ILF98 104.25 37 126.675 85 7.305 81 14.3 100 23.25 44 502.2 34 5.874 86 6.507 97 77 ILF99 105.25 19 124.875 91 8.505 48 15.1 92 25.85 22 305.2 99 6.174 68 5.987 99 78 ILF101 103.25 53 138.475 45 8.905 39 17.5 72 20.45 76 285.2 103 6.614 35 7.077 92 79 ILF102 103.25 53 133.475 66 9.505 22 20.1 44 23.85 37 319.2 94 6.074 75 7.977 86 80 ILF103 102.25 70 119.275 99 6.905 88 13.1 105 21.45 65 570.2 12 6.484 45 8.217 84 81 ILF104 106.25 8 155.275 8 7.505 75 16.7 84 23.05 48 319.2 94 6.314 55 15.367 29 82 ILF106 105.05 23 133.355 68 6.345 95 16.9 80 20.25 79 568.2 13 5.982 79 4.971 105 83 ILF107 103.05 59 143.755 29 9.545 19 21.3 28 27.65 9 538.2 20 6.162 69 12.781 48 84 ILF109 101.05 90 140.755 39 10.345 10 32.1 3 21.25 68 398.2 67 6.652 34 9.201 72 85 ILF110 105.05 23 149.355 16 8.345 52 29.3 6 20.45 76 565.2 14 6.792 25 7.251 91 86 ILF112 102.05 73 148.355 17 8.945 37 17.9 67 20.05 83 454.2 44 6.882 18 7.281 90 87 ILF113 103.05 59 138.955 43 6.945 85 17.9 67 18.45 100 438.2 52 5.962 81 21.071 10 88 ILF116 101.05 90 145.755 26 9.345 26 20.5 39 19.45 90 366.2 81 6.752 27 9.151 73 89 ILF117 104.05 40 121.555 97 7.945 62 18.9 54 17.65 109 484.2 36 7.042 12 8.951 75 90 ILF118 107.05 4 155.555 6 5.945 102 13.7 101 18.85 95 518.2 29 6.072 77 13.431 41 91 ILF119 103.05 59 141.355 37 7.545 73 17.9 67 21.85 61 430.2 54 6.582 40 17.451 20 92 ILF122 106.05 14 150.755 13 10.945 8 26.3 10 18.05 105 416.2 59 6.222 64 19.861 11 93 ILF127 105.05 23 146.955 21 8.745 44 20.1 44 18.85 95 397.2 68 7.402 6 18.881 14 94 ILF128 103.05 59 152.56 9 8.35 52 21.7 24 20.85 74 439.2 51 6.80 23 8.05 85
S. No. Inbred Line Days to 50% Plant height Branches Umbels Umbellets Seeds per 1000 seed Seed yield of fennel flowering (cm) per plant per plant per umbel umbel weight (g) per plant(g) Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank Mean Rank 95 ILF129 101.05 90 146.355 22 9.545 19 25.3 12 21.45 65 389.2 73 5.982 79 21.731 6 96 ILF132 105.05 23 155.555 6 8.345 52 21.1 30 20.05 83 394.2 71 6.202 65 19.161 13 97 ILF134 104.05 40 170.555 2 8.345 52 14.5 97 23.45 41 627.2 5 7.902 4 12.801 46 98 ILF-135 104.05 40 156.755 4 6.945 85 12.1 110 19.05 92 355.2 85 6.282 58 18.321 16 99 ILF136 104.05 40 144.355 27 5.945 102 20.5 39 20.05 83 454.2 44 5.482 103 6.631 95 100 ILF137 103.05 59 127.355 82 7.745 70 17.1 76 19.65 89 484.2 36 6.392 52 11.801 55 101 ILF138 101.05 90 136.355 51 7.345 77 18.5 62 24.45 32 565.2 14 6.552 42 12.171 54 102 ILF139 102.05 73 129.955 78 7.545 73 15.5 90 21.05 71 397.2 68 6.472 47 9.071 74 103 ILF140 104.05 40 170.955 1 7.345 77 17.5 72 28.65 5 734.2 1 7.972 2 14.211 37 104 ILF141 102.05 73 130.355 76 7.945 62 18.7 57 21.85 61 350.2 87 5.282 107 12.191 53 105 ILF142 102.05 73 145.955 25 9.145 31 21.3 28 23.05 48 438.2 52 6.902 17 25.781 3 106 ILF143 102.05 73 135.555 57 7.945 62 19.5 49 20.25 79 394.2 71 6.842 19 13.271 43 107 ILF144 101.05 90 143.955 28 8.745 44 24.1 16 21.65 64 358.2 83 6.732 31 26.651 2 108 RF101 103.00 65 126.6 86 7.93 65 22.5 22 27.50 10 503.25 33 6.48 46 14.33 35 109 RF125 101.50 85 135.2 58 7.33 79 17.5 72 20.00 88 421.75 57 6.5 44 14.86 32 110 RF143 103.50 52 132.2 72 7.65 71 20.5 39 25.5 24 458.25 41 6.94 15 12.44 49 111 RF205 101.50 85 133.8 64 8.83 43 23.5 18 20.25 79 406.75 64 6.26 62 12.3 52 112 LOCAL 102.75 66 152.2 10 9.1 36 27.5 8 24 36 589 9 7.97 3 24.11 4 Overall Mean 103.22 134.71 8.23 19.81 22.73 439.16 6.38 12.61 C.V 1.33 4.93 9.62 10.30 14.81 9.01 11.92 11.61 Table: 3.3 Different Sources of Inbreds lines of fennel. S.No. Inbred Line Source S.No. Inbred Line Source 1 ILF-1 UF-1 55 ILF-71 UF-146 2 ILF-2 UF-3 56 ILF-74 UF-151 3 ILF-4 UF-5 57 ILF-75 UF-152 4 ILF-5 UF-8 58 ILF-76 UF-153 5 ILF-6 UF-9 59 ILF-78 UF-155 6 ILF-7 UF-10 60 ILF-79 UF-143 7 ILF-10 UF-16 61 ILF-80 UF-157 8 ILF-11 UF-19 62 ILF-81 UF-161 9 ILF-12 UF-20 63 ILF-82 RF-125 10 ILF-14 UF-24 64 ILF-83 UF-165 11 ILF-15 UF-26 65 ILF-85 UF-168 12 ILF-16 LOCAL 66 ILF-86 UF-171 13 ILF-18 RF-101 67 ILF-87 Local 14 ILF-19 UF-28 68 ILF-89 UF-174 15 ILF-20 UF-31 69 ILF-90 UF-175 16 ILF-21 UF-32 70 ILF-91 RF-101 17 ILF-23 UF-36 71 ILF-93 UF-178-1 18 ILF24 UF-39 72 ILF-94 UF-178-2 19 ILF-26 UF-40-2 73 ILF-95 RF-125 20 ILF-27 UF-42 74 ILF-96 UF-179 21 ILF-28 LOCAL 75 ILF-97 UF-189 22 ILF-29 UF-44 76 ILF-98 UF-177-2 23 ILF-30 UF-46 77 ILF-99 UF-178 24 ILF-31 UF-47 78 ILF-101 NDF-5-2 25 ILF-32 RF-101 79 ILF-102 NDF-5-3 26 ILF-34 RF-125 80 ILF-103 JF-303-1 27 ILF-35 UF-62 81 ILF-104 JF-303-2 28 ILF-37 UF-143 82 ILF-106 Local 29 ILF-38 Local 83 ILF-107 RF-101 30 ILF-41 UF-76 84 ILF-109 Local 31 ILF-43 UF-78 85 ILF-110 Unknown 32 ILF-44 UF-125 86 ILF-112 Unknown 33 ILF-45 UF-82 87 ILF-113 Unknown 34 ILF-46 UF-84 88 ILF-116 RF-101 35 ILF-48 UF-87 89 ILF-117 RF-101 36 ILF-49 UF-95 90 ILF-118 RF-101 37 ILF-50 UF-105-2 91 ILF-119 RF-101 38 ILF-51 UF-107 92 ILF-122 RF-101 39 ILF-53 UF-109 93 ILF-127 RF-101 40 ILF-54 UF-112 94 ILF-128 RF-101 41 ILF-56 UF-117 95 ILF-129 RF-101 42 ILF-57 UF-119 96 ILF-132 RF-101 43 ILF-58 UF-143 97 ILF-134 RF-101 44 ILF-59 RF-125 98 ILF-135 RF-101 45 ILF-60 UF-127 99 ILF-136 RF-101 46 ILF-61 RF-101 100 ILF-137 RF-101 47 ILF-62 UF-129 101 ILF-138 RF-101 48 ILF-63 UF-134-1 102 ILF-139 RF-101 49 ILF-64 UF-134-2 103 ILF-140 RF-101 50 ILF-66 UF-137 104 ILF-141 RF-101 51 ILF-67 UF-138 105 ILF-142 RF-101 52 ILF-68 UF-139 106 ILF-143 RF-101 53 ILF-69 UF-144 107 ILF-144 RF-101 54 ILF-70 UF-145