RADIOCARBON DATES

from samples funded by English Heritage under the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund 2004–7

RADIOCARBON DATES

from samples funded by English Heritage under the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund 2004–7

Alex Bayliss, Gordon Cook, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Johannes van der Plicht and Gerry McCormac Published by English Heritage, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ www.english-heritage.org.uk

English Heritage is the Government’s statutory adviser on all aspects of the historic environment.

© English Heritage 2008

All images, unless otherwise specified, are either © English Heritage or © Crown copyright. NMR. The negative numbers for English Heritage and NMR images are noted in square brackets in the captions where possible. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any unintentional omissions, which we would be pleased to correct in any subsequent edition of the book.

First published 2008

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978 1 84802 004 7

Product Code 51409

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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The National Monuments Record is the public archive of English Heritage. For more information, contact NMR Enquiry and Research Services, National Monuments Record Centre, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ; telephone (01793) 414600.

Edited and brought to publication by David M Jones, Publishing, English Heritage, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ.

Cover design and page layout by www.mark-simmons.com Indexed by Alan Rutter Printed by 4Edge Ltd, Hockley. www.4edge.co.uk Contents

Introduction ...... vii

Scientific dating ...... vii

Radiocarbon dating: sample selection ...... ix

Radiocarbon ages and calibrated dates ...... xii

Radiocarbon dating: laboratory methods ...... xiii

Radiocarbon dating: quality assurance ...... xiv

Stable isotope measurements ...... xvi

Chronological modelling ...... xvi

Using the datelist...... xvii

Acknowledgements...... xvii

Datelist...... 1

Bibliography ...... 187

Index of laboratory codes ...... 194

General index...... 198

v vi Introduction Scientific Dating and the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (2004–7)

Introduction 5. promoting understanding of the conservation issues arising from the impacts of aggregate extraction on the The extraction of aggregate represents over 80% by tonnage historic environment. of non-fossil fuel minerals extracted in the UK. Following the success of the two-year pilot scheme, the Aggregates Levy In total, English Heritage funded projects worth over £10.9 Sustainability Fund (ALSF) was extended for three years million during 2004–7. Further details of this programme can from April 2004 to provide funds to help address the be found at www.english-heritage.org.uk/ALSF, and further environmental costs of aggregate extraction. This was based details of the wider ALSF programme can be found at on a proportion of the Aggregates Levy, a tax of £1.60 per www.defra.gov.uk. tonne on all newly-won aggregates. Between 2004 and 2007 in England, the ALSF provided grant support for a number of initiatives, including Scientific dating minimising the demand for primary aggregates, promoting more environmentally-friendly extraction and transport, The pilot scheme had demonstrated that an extensive reducing the local effects of aggregates extraction, and programme of scientific dating would be required to underpin addressing the environmental impacts of past quarrying. the objectives of the scheme. It was also clear that, once English Heritage, along with English Nature and the project designs had been agreed and suitable material Countryside Agency, continued to be a major distributor on retrieved for dating, this supporting research would have to be behalf of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural delivered swiftly. Affairs (DEFRA) for the proportion of the fund set aside for For radiocarbon dating, framework agreements were addressing the environmental costs of aggregate extraction. established with a number of laboratories to enable the The English Heritage ALSF scheme aims to reduce the programme of radiocarbon research to be completed within impacts of aggregate extraction on the historic environment, the necessary timescale. In total, 647 radiocarbon ages both on land and under the sea (Fig 1). For the scheme in have been reported at a cost of just over £175,000. The 2004–7, awards were focused on five key objectives: central provision of radiocarbon dating for all the projects funded through this scheme has not only enabled the production of this volume, but has also provided economies of scale which have allowed considerable cost savings to be achieved. Streamlining the sample selection and submission process, along with the efficiency and hard work of the staff of our collaborating laboratories, enabled the successful provision of radiocarbon dating within the challenging timescale demanded. Full details of the radiocarbon dates funded in support of the ALSF research programme between 2004 and 2007 are provided in this volume. For the other scientific dating techniques used in support of this programme, full archive reports have been commissioned for each application. These reports are available from English Heritage, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth, PO4 9LD ([email protected]). Tree-ring dating was undertaken by the Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory on a series of bog oaks preserved in palaeochannels of the river Trent at Warren Farm Quarry, Leicestershire (Fig 3). These trees grew in the third Fig 1 Vibro-coring in the southern North Sea (© J Russell,Wessex Archaeology)

1. developing the capacity to manage aggregate extraction landscapes in the future (Fig 2)

2. disseminating the knowledge of aspects of the historic environment gained through past work in advance of aggregate quarrying to a wide range of audiences

3. reducing the impacts of current extraction where these fall beyond current planning controls

4. addressing the effects of old mineral planning Fig 2 Palaeochannels at Osbaldeston Hall meander, lower Ribble, permissions Lancashire shown by LiDAR (© Environment Agency)

vii Introduction

Fig 3 Sampling waterlogged oak for dendrochronology at Warren Farm Quarry, Leicestershire (© Dr A Howard, Birmingham University) millennium cal BC (Arnold et al 2007), providing valuable OSL measurements were produced as part of research information on the chronology of the geomorphic change at programmes to provide robust chronological frameworks for the Trent-Soar confluence (p155). This analysis also provides terrace development associated with important Palaeolithic precious reference data for prehistoric dendrochronology in archaeological remains in the middle and lower Trent valley England, which is extremely sparse in this period (Bayliss (Schwenninger et al 2007b), the valleys of the rivers Axe, Exe, 1998, fig 11.4). Otter, and Doniford in Devon (Toms et al 2008a), and from the A second programme of tree-ring analysis was undertaken proto-Medway valley in northeast Kent and southeast Essex on waterlogged archaeological timbers from Burlescombe, (Schwenninger et al 2007c). Dating of terrace deposits and Devon by Ian Tyers (Tyres 2007).The timber lining of one of landscape evolution was also undertaken from deposits at the the two excavated wells from the site (structure 678) was confluence of rivers Trent and Soar (Toms et al 2008b), and from constructed of timbers felled in the spring of AD 629. This the Ribble valley in Lancashire (Lang et al 2007). All these analysis again provides valuable reference data. The dating of applications posed considerable technical challenges, although a second feature (structure 658) proved more problematic, only those in the Ribble valley prevented the calculation of and it was only the supporting evidence provided by wiggle- meaningful luminescence ages. From the confluence of the rivers matching a series of radiocarbon dates from one of the Trent and Soar, single-grain analysis was undertaken on sand- timbers (p52) that allowed a tree-ring date in the last third of size quartz grains from sediments deposited by fluvial action. the fifteenth century BC to be accepted. Continuing work begun during the pilot scheme, further Large-scale programmes of dating using Optically luminescence dating was undertaken of deposits relating to Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) (Aitken 1998) were funded the Palaeolithic archaeology of the Sussex/Hampshire coastal for a number of projects, at a cost of more than £95,000.This corridor (Schwenninger et al 2006; 2007a), and from method dates the last time a sediment was exposed to light, excavations of Mesolithic occupation at North Park Farm, and is particularly appropriate for dating sands and gravels. Bletchingley, Surrey (Bailey et al 2007; Toms 2005). Technical advances in the past few years have improved the Finally, a pilot study was undertaken from Bronze Age precision and accuracy of the method considerably (Duller deposits at Gwithian, Cornwall to assess the suitability of this 2004). This is, however, undoubtedly a swiftly developing material for more extensive analysis in the future (Roberts discipline and it is essential that these measurements are 2007; Fig 4).This demonstrated that the quartz here has good interpreted in the light of technical information provided in luminescence properties and produced ages which are in good the archive reports, which enables an assessment of the agreement with stratigraphically related radiocarbon dates reliability of the dates to be undertaken. (p82; Hamilton et al 2007).

viii Introduction

GPC LSC

Fig 5 Techniques of radiocarbon dating used for ALSF samples AMS 2004–7

Fig 4 Taking measurements of radiation dose by gamma pilot scheme (84%)(Bayliss et al 2007a, fig 6). The remaining spectrometry for OSL dating at Gwithian, Cornwall (© Dr H samples were dated by Gas Proportional Counting (GPC) Roberts, Aberystwyth University) or Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry (LSC). An introduction to these methods of measuring radiocarbon is provided in Following promising results produced by two projects Bayliss et al (2004b). during the pilot scheme (Collins and Penkman 2004a–b), The proportion of bone and antler samples dated under further work was commissioned to enable molluscs this ALSF programme is extremely low (Fig 6), 6% compared recovered from gravel deposits to be dated using Amino to 21% for samples dated in support of the other Acid Racemization (AAR) (Johnson and Miller 1996; Hare archaeological research programmes funded by English et al 1997; McCarroll 2002). A research project assessed Heritage in 2004–7, but similar to the proportion dated under the utility of a novel method of AAR analysis, using reverse- the pilot scheme (8%). This is undoubtedly caused by the phase high pressure liquid chromatography (Kaufman poor survival of bone and antler on many gravel sites. Even and Manley 1998) and intracrystalline proteins from the where such material is recovered, samples may not be datable calcitic opercula of the gastropod Bithynia sp. (Sykes et al because of poor collagen preservation (Hedges and van 1995). This study has shown that the protocol provides Klinken 1992b; van Klinken 1999). tighter clustering of amino acid data than is obtainable from Research specifically investigating this problem, which can shells composed of aragonite (Penkman 2005), and provides be a severe impediment to constructing reliable chronologies relative age estimates for different aggregate deposits in for archaeological sites on aggregate deposits, has been England which are consistent with the ages of these undertaken by the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit deposits expected from litho- and bio-stratigraphic evidence (Brock et al 2007). A range of pre-screening criteria that can (Penkman et al 2008). be used on-site, in museums, or in the laboratory was tested AAR analysis was also undertaken as part of research to determine which, if any, could be used to identify samples programmes aiming to provide robust chronological suitable for radiocarbon dating prior to time-consuming and frameworks for terrace development in three different river costly collagen extraction. The only consistently reliable systems. In the Swale-Ure washlands, where the sediments had predictor of suitability for dating was the percentage of proven unsuitable for luminescence dating (Duller 2007), only nitrogen in the whole bone. Of samples containing more than relative dating could be suggested for samples from four sites, 0.76% nitrogen, 84% will contain sufficient protein for all of which produced amino acid data consistent with ages reliable radiocarbon analysis. within the Holocene (Penkman and Collins 2007). Samples from terraces of the proto-Medway valley in north-east Kent bone & antler and south-east Essex produced amino acid data consistent with ages in Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 9 and 11, with one waterlogged carbonised plant site producing data consistent with an Ipswichian date (MIS plant macrofossil macrofossil 5e) (Penkman et al 2007). Samples analysed from the middle and lower Trent valley produced amino acid data consistent with MIS 5e and MIS 7 (Penkman and McGrory 2007).

Radiocarbon dating: sample selection

Almost all the radiocarbon samples processed as part of the ALSF research programme between 2004 and 2007 shell were dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) (Fig 5). The proportion of AMS measurements (98%) is sediment slightly higher than the proportion of samples dated by AMS leather carbonised from the other archaeological research programmes funded residue by English Heritage during this period (91%), and higher cremated bone than the proportion of samples dated by AMS during the Fig 6 Types of material dated

ix Introduction

pottery concerned, may suggest that it was freshly deposited. In any case, even if the context of a sample is unknown or the sherd is residual, dates on carbonised residues provide direct dates for the use of the ceramic types represented. Internal residues are interpreted as carbonised food remains from the use of vessels. External residues are avoided as these may represent sooting from fires which may introduce an age offset if heartwood or peat was used as fuel (Bowman 1990, 15). Most carbonised residues are, however, poorly characterised chemically, and technical problems with their dating remain (Hedges et al 1992a; see below). Although the first steps have been taken to enable the dating of absorbed fatty residues from pottery (Stott et al 2003), this technique is not yet routine and was not used as part of this research programme. Fig 7 Cremation F14-1 from barrow 2 at Cossington, Leicestershire As part of the landscape characterisation which formed a (© Leicestershire County Council Heritage Services) core objective of many ALSF projects, a large number of organic deposits were dated. Wherever possible, single Cremated bone is far more likely to survive in acid fragments of waterlogged plant material were submitted conditions and, if highly calcined, can now be reliably dated for dating, although in some cases these were too small even (Lanting et al 2001; van Strydonck et al 2005). When for AMS dating and a number of items had to be combined recovered from discrete deposits, which may represent the to form a viable sample. This sampling strategy is based on remains of a particular cremation event (Fig 7), it can be the principle that dates on plant macrofossils are generally functionally related to the archaeological activity which we more reliable than those on “bulk” samples of the sediment wish to date. Calcined bone formed 3% of the radiocarbon matrix, as the source of carbon in the former is known samples dated during the course of this research programme. and macrofossils are not made up of heterogenous material The relative rarity of adequate bone preservation means that could be of different ages (Walker et al 2001; Lowe that more reliance has to be placed on single-entity samples of and Walker 2000). charred plant remains (Ashmore 1999; Fig 8). Typically more In all cases, these plant macrofossils were identified as uncertainty is attached to the taphonomy of such samples, and short-lived material of terrestrial origin. Aquatic species were so more replication is required in the hope that consistent not selected for dating to avoid the possibility of hard water results from the same context suggest that the dated material error (Bowman 1990, 25–6). Owing to a regrettable oversight, was deposited as a single event. All carbonised plant remains OxA-16358, OxA-16410, and SUERC-10656, from the were confirmed as short-lived species or sapwood before Ribble valley, were not identified before dating. OxA-15934, submission for dating (except for OxA-15939 from from the Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries, was too soft Burlescombe, Devon, which consisted of bulk fragments of to thin section and so could not be identified. Given the late unidentified charcoal). Samples consisted of material from a Glacial ages produced by samples SUERC-9080 and SUERC- single plant (eg one cereal grain, one nutshell, one fragment of 9081, it is possible that the identification of the dated wood charcoal) unless otherwise specified. Carbonised plant samples as alder was erroneous. remains formed 29% of the radiocarbon samples dated. The reliability of these samples for dating the deposits Carbonised residues adhering to the internal surfaces of from which they were recovered was assessed by the ceramics provide another large group of samples suitable for consistency of the results in relation to the relative dating of dating from aggregate sites (Fig 6), forming 17% of the the deposits provided by stratigraphy, and by the consistency radiocarbon samples dated. In this case, refitting sherds may of results on duplicate macrofossils from the same level. On suggest that a sample is close in age to the deposit from which these grounds, the dating of the sediment sequences presented it was recovered. Even when fragments do not refit, the degree here from both the Nene Valley project (pp92–8) and the of abrasion of the sherds, and the fragility of much of the Suffolk Rivers project (pp136–45) must be treated with considerable caution. Inconsistencies in the dates produced for the Trent/Soar rivers confluence were also observed, where some modern macrofossils were dated. These appear to have been introduced by the use of open-chambered augers for sampling. Waterlogged plant macrofossils formed 37% of the dated samples. Unfortunately, in many instances suitable plant material could not be recovered from the organic deposits selected for dating, as they were too humified. In these cases, bulk organic material had to be dated. This is a hazardous proceeding, and a number of safeguards were adopted to assess the reliability of the dates obtained. Firstly, material was submitted from stratigraphically related deposits so that the agreement between the stratigraphic information and the radiocarbon results could be assessed. Multiple measurements on different chemical fractions of the same sample were also obtained. In Fig 8 Excavation of a charcoal pit at Bestwall Quarry, Dorset cases where these measurements are statistically consistent, (© Bestwall Quarry Archaeology Project) more confidence can be placed in the estimated date of the

x Introduction

-1600 -1200 -800 -400 0 400 800 1200 1600 offset (BP) ALSF 2002-4 (GPC) ALSF 2002-4 (GPC/AMS) ALSF 2004-7 (AMS) ALSF 2002-4 (AMS) Fig 9 Offsets between radiocarbon measurements on the humic acid and humin fractions of bulk sediment samples (error bars are those for 68% confidence) deposit concerned. When these replicate measurements do under this programme were large, weighing 100–200g, and so not agree, then caution is indicated. Overall, fractions of were suitable for conventional dating. Unfortunately, samples sediment provide 8% of the measurements undertaken. of this size were not forthcoming from the sequences dated Given these concerns, the results produced on replicate during the extended ALSF programme, and so samples of fractions of bulk sediment from the pilot stage of the ALSF bulk sediment weighing only a few grammes were dated by were surprisingly reproducible, with 15 of the 19 replicate AMS. Eighteen replicate pairs of measurements on the alkali pairs of measurements being statistically consistent (Fig 9; and acid soluble (“humic acid”) and alkali and acid insoluble Bayliss et al 2007a, x). Most of the sediment samples dated (“humin”) fractions were undertaken.

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

replicated group replicated 8

6

4

2

0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 radiocarbon age (BP) humin humic acid plant macrofossil(s) Fig 10 Replicate 14C determinations on humic acid and humin bulk fractions and waterlogged plant material from sediment samples

xi Introduction

All but one of these pairs of measurements are statistically recommended by Mook (1986) with the end points rounded inconsistent, and in almost all cases the humic acid fractions outwards to 10 years (or five years when error terms are less produce a younger age (Fig 9). than ±25 BP). Ranges in the datelist itself are quoted at 68% In six cases, measurements on waterlogged plant and 95% confidence; the calibrated date ranges referred to in macrofossils are available from levels where replicate bulk the commentaries are those for 95% confidence unless fractions have also been dated, and in another four cases otherwise specified. results on plant macrofossils have been made on sediments Whilst it is hoped that readers will find the calibrations from which the bulk humic acid fraction has been dated. In provided helpful, it is necessary to recognise their limitations. nine out of the ten instances, the results on the humic acid Firstly, the intercept method itself is best regarded as a ‘quick fraction and waterlogged plant material are statistically and simple’ way of providing an indication of the calendar significantly different. In eight cases, the macrofossils are even date of a sample. The full complexity of the calendar age is younger than the alkali-soluble fraction (Fig 10). only apparent from the probability distribution of the These results highlight the difficulties of dating organic calibrated date. This can be illustrated by considering the sediments from within river floodplains. In some calibration of OxA-16783, a measurement on a carbonised circumstances, accurate dating can be achieved, but it is residue on pottery from Beckford, Worcestershire (see below necessary to carefully consider the context, geomorphology, p8). This measurement (2398 ±30 BP) calibrates to 730–390 and stratigraphic relationships between replicate cal BC (at 95% confidence) and 520–400 cal BC (at 68% measurements in order to construct such chronologies and confidence) using the maximum intercept method. The identify inaccurate results. Owing to the likelihood of calibration of this sample using the probability method anomalous results, a higher degree of replication is essential (Stuiver and Reimer 1993) is shown in Fig 11. It can be seen when attempting to date such sequences. Strenuous efforts that some parts of the calibrated range—particularly when should be made to obtain uncontaminated waterlogged plant this is cited at 95% confidence—are much more probable material for dating (samples should not be dated from open- than others. It is not so much that the intercept calibration is chamber corers). If identifiable plant macrofossils do not exist wrong, but it does not necessarily convey the full complexity within the sediment, it is advisable to sample another of the scientific information available. equivalent site. If macrofossils are still not preserved, then it The second limitation of the calibrated dates provided in will be difficult and expensive to obtain a reliable chronology this volume is that they are not definitive. Radiocarbon for the sequence. In these circumstance digging a test-pit and calibration is continually being refined, with updated and sampling for radiometric dating from an open section is internationally agreed calibration curves being issued greatly to be preferred. periodically (eg Stuiver and Pearson 1986; Pearson and Further discussion of the difficulties of dating organic Stuiver 1986; Stuiver et al 1998; and currently Reimer et al deposits can be found in Shore et al (1995), Cook et al 2004). It is thus certain that the calibrated dates quoted here (1998), and Walker et al (2001). will become outdated, and that the measurements listed here Finally, a single sample of leather was dated from a will need to be recalibrated. It is one of the major objectives of shoe from Burlescombe, Devon, and two samples of marine this datelist to provide easy access to the information needed shell were dated from the coastal waters off Great for such recalibration so that these data can be used in future Yarmouth, Norfolk. research. It is for this reason that it is so important that users cite both the unique laboratory identifier for each measurement and the uncalibrated radiocarbon age when Radiocarbon ages and calibrated dates using the results listed in this volume – this is a courtesy and convenience to the readers of your publications who will The conventions for quoting radiocarbon dates and themselves need to recalibrate the results in due course! supporting information used here conform to the Results older than c 21,380 BP fall beyond the limit of international standard known as the Trondheim Convention the presently internationally agreed calibration data (26,000 (Stuiver and Kra 1986). cal BP; van der Plicht et al 2004), and have not been The uncalibrated results are given as radiocarbon years calibrated.This is an area of active research, however, and this before present (BP) where present has been fixed at AD 1950. situation is likely to change in the next few years. These results are conventional radiocarbon ages (Stuiver and Measurements more recent than AD 1950 have been Polach 1977). Some material dates to after AD 1950. The radiocarbon content of these samples is expressed as a fraction OxA-16783: 2398 ±30BP of modern carbon (Mook and van der Plicht 1999). 2600 520-400 cal BC (68% confidence) Results which are, or may be, of the same actual 730-390 cal BC (95% confidence) radiocarbon age have been tested for statistical consistency 2500 using methods described by Ward and Wilson (1978). These results, of course, are not true calendar ages, but 2400 have to be converted to calendar time by using a calibration curve made up of radiocarbon measurements on samples of 2300 wood whose age is known through dendrochronology

(Pearson 1987). The calibrated date ranges provided in Radiocarbon age (BP) 2200 the datelist have been calculated using the maximum intercept method at a resolution of one year (Stuiver and 2100 Reimer 1986), OxCal v4.0 (Bronk Ramsey 2008), and the currently internationally agreed dataset for terrestrial 800 700 600 500 400 samples from the northern hemisphere published by Reimer Calibrated date (cal BC) et al (2004). Date ranges are quoted in the form Fig 11 Calibrated radiocarbon date for OxA-16783

xii Introduction calibrated using the atmospheric data of Kueppers et al that these technical details can be traced for each (2004), and rounded outwards to the nearest year. The measurement as scientific methods are continuously evolving. calibrated date ranges for radiocarbon ages which fall in the For example, a method for reliably dating an entirely new type post-medieval period, but may show some influence of bomb of material (cremated bone) became available as recently as carbon from nuclear testing in the AD 1950s, have been 2001 (Lanting et al 2001).This information will be valuable in rounded outwards to cal AD 1955*. assessing the reliability of these measurements in the future. Samples of charred and waterlogged plant remains, carbonised residues, and marine shell processed at the Oxford Radiocarbon dating: laboratory methods Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit were prepared using methods outlined in Hedges et al (1989); cremated bones were Fig 12 shows the types of samples processed by each processed as described by Lanting et al (2001); other bones collaborating facility. Full details of the methods used for the were processed using the revised gelatinisation protocol preparation and radiocarbon dating of these samples are described by Bronk Ramsey et al (2004a). Leather and wood, provided in the references cited in this section. It is important including some waterlogged twigs, were pre-treated using the acid/alkali/acid protocol (Mook and Waterbolk 1985), followed by bleaching using sodium hypochlorite. Samples 100 were combusted, graphitised, and dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry as described by Bronk Ramsey et al (2004b). Measurements provided by ORAU are identified by the 75 laboratory code OxA (Fig 15). Most samples dated at the Rijksuniversiteit, Groningen 50 were processed using the acid/alkali/acid protocol of Mook and Waterbolk (1985); samples of cremated bone were 25 prepared as described by Lanting et al (2001); samples of unburnt bone were prepared as described by Longin (1971); carbonised residues on pottery sherds were pretreated by 0 SUERC OxA using the acid/alkali/acid method on the entire sherd and GrA GrN selecting the alkali-soluble fraction for dating (Mook and UB bone & antler Streurman 1983). The samples were then combusted to leather shell sediment carbon dioxide and graphitised as described by Aerts-Bijma et carbonised residue carbonised plant material macrofossil al (1997; 2001) and dated by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry cremated human bone waterlogged plant (van der Plicht et al 2000). Measurements made at Groningen Fig 12 Types of sample material processed by each collaborating by AMS are identified by the laboratory code GrA. facility A series of wood samples from Burlescombe, Devon were dated at Groningen using Gas Proportional Counting of carbon dioxide (Fig 13). These samples were prepared using the acid/alkali/acid method (Mook and Waterbolk 1985) and dated as described by Mook and Streurman (1983). Measurements made at Groningen using Gas Proportional Counting are identified by the laboratory code GrN. Two bone samples were dated by high-precision Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry at the Queen’s University, Belfast Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory (Fig 14).These samples were pretreated using a method based on that of Longin (1971), combusted and converted to benzene as described by Pearson (1980), and dated by Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry

Fig 13 Checking the gas proportional counters at Groningen Fig 14 Converting a sample to benzene at the Queen’s University, (© English Heritage) Belfast (© English Heritage)

xiii Introduction

Fig 15 The power supply of the 2.5MV accelerator at Oxford open for maintenance in May 2007 (© ORAU)

(McCormac 1992; McCormac et al 1993). Measurements As part of these quality control protocols, 24 single-entity made at Belfast are identified by the laboratory code UB. samples were measured in duplicate (Fig 16). These replicate Samples of carbonised or waterlogged plant remains and measurements were undertaken on samples of unburnt bone sediment dated at the Scottish Universities Environmental and antler, cremated bone, carbonised plant remains, and Research Centre were pretreated by the acid-base-acid carbonised residues on ceramic sherds. In four cases, the protocol (Stenhouse and Baxter 1983). The acid and alkali measurements are statistically significantly different (Ward insoluble fraction was dated, except for sediment samples and Wilson 1978). where the acid insoluble/alkali soluble fraction (humic acid Two measurements on a red deer antler for a fraction) could also be dated (as specified in the datelist). palaeochannel at Cossington, Leicestershire (OxA-16053, Samples of bone and antler were pre-treated using the method SUERC-11278; pp71–2) are inconsistent, as is a new described by Longin (1971), and cremated bone was prepared measurement undertaken from a burial at Berinsfield Mount as described by Lanting et al (2001). The samples were Farm, Oxfordshire (OxA-15748; p22) in comparison with the converted to carbon dioxide in pre-cleaned sealed quartz original measurement undertaken in 1981 (HAR-4673). tubes (Vandeputte et al 1996), graphitised as described by Although in both cases either measurement could be a Slota et al (1987), and measured by Accelerator Mass statistical outlier, in the latter case improvements in bone pre- Spectrometry (Xu et al 2004). Results produced by the treatment (eg Bronk Ramsey et al 2004a) mean that the new Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre by AMS measurement is more likely to be accurate. have the code SUERC. Two more samples which produced statistically inconsistent measurements were charred residues on ceramic sherds. Of the two results on a sherd of ceramic phase B Iron Radiocarbon dating: quality assurance Age pottery from Beckford, Worcestershire (GrA-35086, OxA-16730; p6), on archaeological grounds it is judged likely All four laboratories maintained continual programmes of that GrA-35086 provides a more reliable indication of the quality assurance procedures at the time when these date when the sherd was used. Both results on a rimsherd of measurements were made. No offsets were observed. In diagnostic middle or late Bronze Age pottery from Gwithian, addition, all the laboratories participated in international inter- Cornwall (OxA-14525, SUERC-6162; pp85 and 87) comparison exercises during the time when the samples were produced dates which are archaeologically plausible. measured (Scott 2003).These tests indicate no laboratory bias Ten bulk samples of waterlogged plant material were also and demonstrate the validity of the precision quoted. dated in replicate (Fig 16). In three cases these groups of

xiv Introduction

-200 0 200 400 600 800 offset (BP) bone & antler carbonised plant macrofossil carbonised residue cremated bone waterlogged plant macrofossils Fig 16 Offsets between replicate radiocarbon measurements on the same material (error bars are those for 68% confidence) measurements were not statistically consistent. GrA-31468 chronologies also provided tentative tree-ring matches and OxA-15897 are from 0–0.1m of a pollen column at consistent with dates of AD 1868 and 1433 BC for the final Willington Quarry, Derbyshire (pp184–5), but consisted of ring in the respective sequences. identifiable seeds and twigs and so the discrepancy between A Bayesian approach to wiggle-matching was adopted for the results probably results from inhomogeneity in the dated this analysis (see below).This method is described by Christen material. Three measurements are available from 0.23–0.25m of a pollen core taken from a palaeochannel at Cossington, Leicestershire (p69). One of these measurements (OxA- 16055) is a thousand years older than the other two (OxA- 16056–7). It is likely that such divergent ages arise from heterogeneity in the composition of the dated material, rather than a measurement problem. Two measurements from a buried peat beneath alluvial fan 7 at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve in the Ribble-Wharfe interfluve zone, North Yorkshire (p103), also produced inconsistent ages. The final quality assurance measure adopted for the 2004–7 ALSF radiocarbon research programme was the wiggle-matching of a series of tree-ring chronologies. Two undated master sequences were sampled for dating from Ripon Cathedral as part of the quality assurance procedures adopted by English Heritage for its overall radiocarbon research programme (p129; Fig 17; Arnold et al 2005; Bayliss et al forthcoming), and the floating tree-ring series of plank 475 within pit 658 at Burlescombe, Devon was also sampled to provide dating for this feature (p52). Wiggle-matching is the process of fitting a series of radiocarbon dates which are separated by a known number of years to the shape of the radiocarbon calibration curve. At its simplest, this can be done visually, although statistical methods are usually employed. Floating tree-ring sequences are particularly suited to this approach as the calendar age separation of different blocks of wood submitted for dating is known precisely by counting the rings in the timber. Thus, the radiocarbon dates should be consistent with the relative dating between samples provided by these tree-ring counts. In the case of the Ripon Cathedral and Burlescombe Fig 17 Dendrochronology cores used for wiggle-matching timbers sequences, we have the additional information that these from the nave of Ripon Cathedral,Yorkshire (© R Howard)

xv Introduction and Litton (1995) and Bronk Ramsey et al (2001). The us to combine the results of the radiocarbon analyses with technique used is a form of numerical integration, and has other information such as stratigraphy, to produce realistic been applied using the program OxCal v3.10 (Bronk Ramsey estimates of these dates of archaeological interest. 1995; 1998; 2001). For all three tree-ring sequences, the This methodology is known as the Bayesian approach radiocarbon dates are in good agreement with both the to the interpretation of archaeological data (Buck et al relative dating provided by the tree-ring counts and with the 1996), and is becoming widely used in English archaeology absolute dates suggested tentatively by dendrochronology. (Bayliss and Bronk Ramsey 2004). Lindley (1985) An excellent summary of the history and variety of provides a user-friendly introduction to the principles of approaches employed for wiggle-matching is provided by Bayesian statistics, and Bayliss et al (2007b) provide an Galimberti et al (2004). introduction to the practice of chronological modelling for archaeological problems. Many of the dates produced as part of the ALSF research Stable isotope measurements programme between 2004 and 2007 have been interpreted within a Bayesian framework. This modelling has been All radiocarbon ages reported in this datelist have been undertaken by Peter Marshall and staff of the Scientific corrected for fractionation as described in Stuiver and Polach Dating Section of English Heritage (Alex Bayliss, Derek (1977). The δ13C values quoted were measured from Hamilton, and John Meadows), in partnership with the sub-samples of carbon dioxide taken after combustion of project teams. Models have been implemented using the the radiocarbon sample and measured by conventional program OxCal (v3.5–3.10 and 4.0) (Bronk Ramsey 1995; mass spectrometry. These values have been used in the 1998; 2001), which uses a mixture of the Metropolis-Hastings calculation of the radiocarbon ages reported by the Scottish algorithm and the more specific Gibbs sampler (Gilks et al Universities Environmental Research Centre, the Queen’s 1996; Gelfand and Smith 1990). Full details of the algorithms University, Belfast, and by the Groningen laboratory for employed by this program are available from the on-line radiocarbon ages produced by GPC. At Oxford and manual, and fully worked examples are given in a series of Groningen δ 13C values for each sample were also measured by papers by Buck et al (1991; 1992; 1994a–b). AMS, and it is these (unreported) values which have been The chronological models produced as part of this used to calculate the reported ages (Bronk Ramsey et al ALSF research programme are discussed in the relevant 2004b; van der Plicht et al 2000). project publications or reports, (cited in the datelist entries). For collagen samples from bone and antler, δ 15N values The value of this approach is demonstrated by the example from sub-samples of the same gas have also been reported by shown in Figs 18 and 19. Oxford and Groningen. At the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre sub-samples of the dated Phase Bronze Age, round buildings {A=109.5%(A'c= 60.0%)} Sequence Building 5 collagen have their isotopic values measured by continuous Boundary end_Building 5 flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.These are the δ 13C (diet) Phase Building 5 δ 15 Phase [306] and N (diet) values reported in the datelist. For OxA-X-2178-14 128.3% the two samples dated by LSC at Belfast, gelatin was Phase [308] SUERC-9092 116.5% prepared from bone sub-samples by the Rafter Radiocarbon SUERC-9091 49.2% laboratory as outlined in Beavan-Athfield et al (2001) Phase [312] SUERC-9094 118.3% and analysed at Isotrace New Zealand for nitrogen and SUERC-9093 119.4% carbon (δ 15N, δ 13C, %N and %C) using the elemental Phase [316] analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) SUERC-9099 115.0% SUERC-9098 89.0% technique. Laboratory methods, standards, equipment, and Phase [489] calculation of total analytical error were as described by SUERC-9101 119.6% SUERC-9100 97.3% Beavan-Athfield and Mays (forthcoming). The dating Boundary start_Building 5 laboratories did not measure δ 15N values for the inhumations Sequence Building 4 Boundary end_Building 4 from Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery as, following the pilot Phase Building 4 study, these values had been obtained by the Rafter Phase Pit [483] OxA-16066 116.1% Radiocarbon Laboratory as part of the preservation OxA-16067 75.0% assessment which preceded sampling for dating. Phase Hearth [342] OxA-X-2178-15 121.2% Radiocarbon ages for cremated bone have been corrected SUERC-11294 91.7% for fractionation in the usual way. The δ 13C values are not Phase [369] SUERC-9114? 0.0% reported, however, as they do not relate to the natural isotopic Phase [363] composition of the bone (Lanting et al 2001). SUERC-9113 113.4% SUERC-9513 116.2% Phase [348] SUERC-9112? 0.0% SUERC-9111 109.6% Chronological modelling Phase [346] SUERC-9110 82.0% SUERC-9109 103.6% Although the simple calibrated date ranges of radiocarbon Boundary start_Building 4 measurements (such as those provided in this volume) are accurate estimates of the dates of the samples, this is usually 6000 cal BC 4000 cal BC 2000 cal BC not what we really wish to know as archaeologists. It is the Posterior Density Estimate dates of the archaeological events represented by those Fig 18 Probability distributions of dates from Buildings 4 and 5 at samples which are of interest, or the dates of phases of Cheviot Quarry, Northumberland.The large square brackets down archaeological activity made up of those events. Fortunately, the left-hand side of along with the OxCal keywords define the explicit statistical methodology is now available which allows overall model exactly.

xvi Introduction

Ware). Readers are cautioned that the latter entries in Span Building 5 particular may be partial or even unreliable! The majority of Span Building 4 the information in this datelist was provided on sample

-200 0 200 400 600 submission and revised during post-excavation analysis, which Calendar years was in many cases on-going at the time this datelist was Fig 19 Probability distributions of the number of years during compiled. In most instances the appearance of this volume which the circular buildings from Cheviot Quarry were in use, precedes the full academic publication of the projects derived from the model shown in Fig 18. concerned. Alternatively, the results of projects may have been disseminated through archive reports, the internet, or other This model estimates the dates of two circular structures more appropriate media. Every effort has been made, from Cheviot Quarry, Northumberland (Johnson and however, to provide a link to further information about each Waddington in press). In Figure 18 each distribution project which produced dated samples. represents the relative probability that an event occurred at a particular time. For each of the dates two distributions have been plotted, one in outline which is the result produced Acknowledgements by the scientific evidence alone (the calibrated radiocarbon date), and a solid one which is based on the chronological This datelist has been compiled and edited by Henriette model used. The other distributions correspond to aspects Johansen, on the basis of information provided by the of the model. For example, the distribution ‘start_Building 4’ submitters of the samples dated and by the radiocarbon is the estimated date when Building 4 was constructed. laboratories. Peter Marshall has been instrumental in devising The model suggests that this occurred in 1020–850 cal BC sampling strategies and chronological models for many of the (95% probability; start_Building 4), probably in 970–890 cal BC projects included in this volume, and has provided invaluable (68% probability). input into the editing process. Design has been the Perhaps as importantly, by comparing our formal responsibility of Mark Simmons, and the overall production estimates for the dates when Building 4 was constructed of the volume has been overseen by David Jones. (start_Building 4; Fig 18) and demolished (end_Building 4), The information has been output from the English it is possible to estimate the duration of the use of the Heritage Radiocarbon Database thanks to the dedicated and structure. This suggests that Building 4 was in use for 1–200 exact programming of Carlton Carver.The database itself has years (95% probability; Span Building 4; Fig 19), and probably been developed over many years, successively by Paul 1–110 years (68% probability). Cheetham, Sarah Hill, Manuela Lopez, Marcos Guillen, Mike The actual dates of archaeological sites and their periods Gratton, David Head, and Carlton Carver. of use are not necessarily apparent from examination of the Radiocarbon dating is a complex and labour-intensive simple calibrated radiocarbon dates (shown in white in Fig process which takes time. It is a tribute to the effort and 18).The dangers of interpreting suites of radiocarbon dates by efficiency of the staff of our dating laboratories that such visual inspection of the graphs of calibrated dates is discussed numbers of accurate measurements were made in such a small further in Bayliss et al (2007b) and Bayliss (2007). space of time. The logistics of this task fell principally upon Henny Deenen, Derek Hamilton, Tom Higham, and Diane Baker. For the actual preparation and dating of samples we are Using the datelist grateful to Angela Bowles, Fiona Brock, Jane Davies, Peter Ditchfield, Martin Humm, Philip Leach, and Christine Radiocarbon determinations are identified by a unique Tompkins at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit; laboratory code. So, for example, SUERC is the code for the Nancy Beavan and Ken Neal of the Rafter Radiocarbon Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, and Laboratory; Henk Been, Trea Dijkstra, Fsaha Ghebru, Bert SUERC-10688 is the 10,688th measurement produced by the Kers, Harm-Jan Streurman, Stef Wijma and Dicky van laboratory. This code is the internationally-agreed identifier by Zonneveld at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen; Robert Anderson, which every radiocarbon determination can be traced. SUERC- Andrew Dougans, Elaine Dunbar, Stuart Freeman, Lesley 10668 refers to the age produced on an fragment of willow or Garety, Graham Muir, Philip Naysmith, and Sheng Xu of the poplar wood from sediment from the lower Ribble valley at Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre; and Osbaldestone Hall (p127) and only to that measurement. An Jim MacDonald, Stephen Hoper, and Michelle Thompson of index of these codes is therefore provided to enable further the Queen’s University, Belfast Radiocarbon Dating details of dates cited elsewhere to be easily traced. Laboratory. A more traditional index of key terms is also provided. This enables dates from particular sites, or of particular Alex Bayliss materials, or with particular archaeological associations to be English Heritage, 1 Waterhouse Square, traced (eg dates relating to the elm decline or Peterborough 138–142 Holborn, London, EC1N 2ST

xvii xviii Beckford, Worcestershire

Beckford, Worcestershire Description: an extensive prehistoric and Roman settlement complex excavated in advance of sand and gravel quarrying. Location: SO 984364 The earliest substantial evidence consists of a large Bronze Lat. 52.01.32 N; Long. 02.01.24 W Age linear boundary laid out at right angles to the gravel terrace. Subsequent late Bronze Age/early Iron Age activity Project manager: J Wills (Archaeology Service, comprised a number of small enclosures and scattered Gloucestershire County Council), 1972–9 features. A large middle Iron Age settlement spread across Description: seven seasons of archaeological recording were this part of the gravel terrace. This took the form of large undertaken at Huntsman’s Quarry, Beckford, Worcestershire, rectilinear enclosures within which were situated areas of between 1972 and 1979, in advance of sand and gravel roundhouses, other buildings, stone-paved ′yards′, and extraction. From 1972–4 the work was carried out by the storage pits. In the late Iron Age land-use on the terrace Rescue Archaeology Group, directed by William Britnell, changed again; the settlement was abandoned and replaced under the auspices of the Avon-Severn Valleys Research by a sequence of complex enclosures, probably agricultural Committee and later the West Midlands Rescue Archaeology in function. Further reordering of boundaries took place Committee. In 1975 responsibility was taken over by the throughout the Roman period. The skeletons were all Archaeology Service of Hereford and Worcester County examples of articulated animal disposals, primarily chosen to Council and the excavation was directed by Jan Wills until its contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. completion in 1979. The excavations were funded by the Objectives: to provide precise dates for the animal skeletons, Department of the Environment with contributions from to help elucidate changes in animal husbandry across the Birmingham City Museum and support from Hereford and Iron Age/Roman transition, and to contribute to the overall Worcester County Council. After initial separate periods of site chronology. post-excavation by both excavation directors the decision was taken in the 1980s to combine all the Beckford material References: Russell forthcoming in a single publication. However, it was not until 2003 and the advent of the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund, OxA–15780 1771 ±30 BP administered by English Heritage, that resources were finally available to publish the results of the 1970s excavations. δ13C: -19.7‰ Objectives: the principal aims of the scientific dating Sample: 65935B, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills programme were: to provide precise estimates for the dates Material: animal bone (cat) (A Russell 2006) of activity at Beckford, eg when it started, when it finished, and how it continued, to determine the dates of the animal Initial comment: this partial articulated cat skeleton came burials, the dates of the human burials, and whether specific from pit 65935B, which was part of structure 218 (boundary practices were contemporary or changed over time; to reread ditch). Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological spatial and temporal changes in activity across the site; how deposits. it changed and developed, and how long different Objectives: to provide a precise date for the cat burial, and boundaries were in use; to provide a precise chronological contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. framework for the ceramics sequence; and to provide a chronological framework for the environmental sequence. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 230–330 2σ: cal AD 130–350 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the results of the scientific dating programme have radically Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), altered our understanding of settlement at Beckford and the result is in agreement with the expected Roman date for have provided the framework for writing a much more the cat. detailed history of its inhabitants. The revised chronology Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit suggests that the settlement was in use for a much shorter (15 September 2006), this sample produced very low period of time than previously thought, and thus challenges amounts of pretreated gelatin (less than the 10mg threshold notions of Iron Age activity continuing for hundreds of years for reliable dating), and caution is therefore advised in the with little change. In addition, the use of formal Bayesian interpretation of this result. statistical methods for deposition modelling have allowed the integration of the off-site pollen record with dates of Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), archaeological activity on-site. the two measurements (OxA-15918 and OxA-15780) on this bone are statistically consistent (T′=3.1; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; References: Wills forthcoming Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be calculated (1732 ±20 BP), which calibrates to cal AD 240–385 (Reimer et al 2004). Beckford: animal bone, References: Reimer et al 2004 Worcestershire Ward and Wilson 1978 Location: SO 984364 Lat. 52.01.32 N; Long. 02.01.24 W OxA–15781 2009 ±31 BP δ13 Project manager: J Wills (Archaeology Service, C: -21.3‰ Gloucestershire County Council), 1972–9 Sample: 66114, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Archival body: Worcestershire County Museum Material: animal bone (cow) (A Russell 2006)

1 Beckford, Worcestershire

Initial comment: this foetal/neonatal cow skeleton came from OxA–15784 2247 ±31 BP pit 66114, which was cut by S63 (a boundary ditch). Glacial δ13C: -20.8‰ sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Sample: 65865, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Objectives: to provide a precise date for the cow burial, and contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. Material: animal bone (sheep) (A Russell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 50 Initial comment: this partial articulated sheep skeleton came 2σ: 90 cal BC–cal AD 70 from 65865, a small hollow within S56. This structure is a small circular enclosure with a diameter of c 11m. The Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), structure was located in an area of the settlement which had the result is in agreement with the expected date for the been intensively occupied in the middle Iron Age, it cut sample. roundhouses S60 and S62 and was cut by the sunken- floored S55 and oval enclosure S61. OxA–15782 1980 ±31 BP Objectives: to provide a date for the sheep burial and δ13 C: -20.8‰ contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. Sample: 75456, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–210 cal BC Material: animal bone (sheep) (A Russell 2006) 2σ: 400–200 cal BC Initial comment: this partial articulated sheep skeleton came Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), from 75456, a circular and shallow posthole forming part of the result is in agreement with the expected date for the the semi-circular post-built S6. The bone may have been sample. deposited after the abandonment of the building, the hollows Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit left by the removal of posts being used for the deposition of (15 September 2006), this sample produced very low the burials. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the amounts of pretreated gelatin (less than the 10mg threshold archaeological deposits. for reliable dating), and therefore caution is advised in the Objectives: to provide a precise date for the sheep burial and interpretation of this result. the abandonment of S6, and to contribute to the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), construction of the overall site chronology. the two measurements (OxA-15784 and OxA-15920) on this Calibrated date: 1σ: 40 cal BC–cal AD 70 bone are statistically consistent (T′=0.6; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 90 Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be calculated (2264 ±21 BP), which calibrates to 395–230 cal Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), BC (Reimer et al 2004). the result is in agreement with the expected date for the sample. References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (19 November 2007), the two results (OxA-15782 and OxA-15919) from this OxA–15918 1701 ±26 BP partial sheep skeleton are statistically consistent (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978), and so a δ13C: -19.8‰ weighted mean may be taken (1987 ±19 BP), which Sample: 65935B, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills calibrates to 45 cal BC–cal AD 70 (Reimer et al 2004). Material: animal bone (cat) (A Russell 2006) References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: as OxA-15780 Objectives: as OxA-15780 OxA–15783 2058 ±29 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 260–400 δ13 C: -20.3‰ 2σ: cal AD 250–420 Sample: 65632, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Final comment: see OxA-15780 Material: animal bone (pig) (A Russell 2006) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), see replicate Initial comment: this neonatal articulated pig skeleton came measurement OxA-15780 from pit 65632 that contained six neonatal pig skeletons, which cut S61 (small enclosure). Glacial sands and gravels OxA–15919 1991 ±25 BP underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -20.3‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the pig burial, and Sample: 75456, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. Material: animal bone (sheep) (A Russell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 110–40 cal BC 2σ: 170 cal BC–cal AD 10 Initial comment: as OxA-15782 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Objectives: as OxA-15782 the result is in agreement with the expected date for the Calibrated date: 1σ: 40 cal BC–cal AD 60 sample. 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 80

2 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Final comment: see OxA-15782 Sample: 65614, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Laboratory comment: see OxA-15782 Material: animal bone (dog) (A Russell 2006) Initial comment: the articulated dog skeleton was one of five OxA–15920 2278 ±28 BP that came from (65614). Glacial sands and gravels underlie δ13C: -20.5‰ the archaeological deposits. Sample: 65865B, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Objectives: to provide a precise date for the dog burials, and contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. Material: animal bone (sheep) (A Russell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–230 cal BC Initial comment: replicate of OxA-15784 2σ: 400–200 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-15784 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–360 cal BC the result is in agreement with the expected date for the 2σ: 400–230 cal BC context, and suggests control of an unwanted population. Final comment: see OxA-15784 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15784 Beckford: ceramic residues, Worcestershire OxA–15921 2044 ±27 BP Location: SO 984364 δ13 C: -20.6‰ Lat. 52.01.32 N; Long. 02.01.24 W Sample: 65522, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills Project manager: J Wills (Archaeology Service, Material: animal bone (cow) (A Russell 2006) Gloucestershire County Council), 1972–9 Initial comment: this articulated cow skeleton came from Archival body: Worcestershire County Museum ditch 65522, forming the latest phase of S239 (a boundary Description: an extensive prehistoric and Roman settlement ditch and small enclosure). Glacial sands and gravels complex excavated in advance of sand and gravel quarrying. underlie the archaeological deposits. The earliest substantial evidence consists of a large Bronze Objectives: to provide a precise date for the cow burial and Age linear boundary laid out at right angles to the gravel contribute to the overall site chronology. terrace. Subsequent late Bronze Age/early Iron Age activity comprised a number of small enclosures and scattered σ Calibrated date: 1 : 90–1 cal BC features. A large middle Iron Age settlement spread across σ 2 : 170 cal BC–cal AD 30 this part of the gravel terrace. This took the form of large Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), rectilinear enclosures within which were situated areas of the disposal of complete cow carcasses is rare in the Iron roundhouses, other buildings, stone-paved ′yards′ and Age and could be evidence of ritual activity or the disposal storage pits. In the late Iron Age land-use on the terrace of a diseased animal not fit for consumption. changed again; the settlement was abandoned and replaced by a sequence of complex enclosures, probably agricultural in function. Further reordering of boundaries took place OxA–15922 2259 ±26 BP throughout the Roman period. The very large assemblage δ13C: -20.2‰ (approx 45,000 sherds) of late Iron Age and Roman sherds offers a rare opportunity to study ceramic change at this Sample: 75809, submitted in March 2006 by J Wills time, and to characterise early Severn Valley ware. This Material: animal bone (sheep) (A Russell 2006) makes Beckford the type site for ceramic phasing in the region. For these reasons an extensive programme of Initial comment: this partial articulated sheep skeleton came radiocarbon dating was undertaken, using organic residues from 75809, a hollow or shallow pit within PG6. PG6 lay adhering to the interior of ceramic sherds. inside S50 and surmounted S3. Although there was no supporting stratigraphic evidence, this spatial distribution Objectives: to provide a more precise chronology for the strongly suggests that they were contemporary internal ceramic phasing, and to provide a chronological framework features. for better understanding the development of the site. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the sheep burial and References: Wills forthcoming PG6, and to contribute to the construction of the overall site chronology. GrA–33496 2290 ±40 BP σ Calibrated date: 1 : 390–230 cal BC δ13C: -30.0‰ 2σ: 400–200 cal BC Sample: Beckford-2747, submitted in November 2006 by Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), J Wills the result is in agreement with the expected date for the sample. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Initial comment: from a pit [2747], part of PG12. The storage OxA–16173 2259 ±28 BP pits of PG11 and PG12 clustered around S118, and may have been contemporary with S118 and adjacent δ13C: -20.1‰

3 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire roundhouses. The residue is on a ceramic phase C/D sherd, Calibrated date: 1σ: 200–50 cal BC fabric 10, from four small joining sherds. Glacial sands and 2σ: 350–40 cal BC gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase the result is earlier than expected and is probably a result of C/D sherd and to help in the construction of the overall the “whole” sherd being dated rather than just the residue. site chronology. It is therefore likely that material present in the fabric of the sherd has resulted in a small amount of contamination. Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–360 cal BC 2σ: 410–210 cal BC Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment of the sherd was not possible because it GrA–33513 2120 ±35 BP had been almost completely destroyed by the pre-treatment δ13C: -30.0‰ process. Sample: Beckford-75816C, submitted in November 2006 by Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), J Wills the entire sherd, rather than just the carbonised residue, was pre-treated using the acid-alkali-acid protocol (Mook Material: carbonised residue (internal) and Waterbolk 1985), with the alkali-soluble fraction Initial comment: 75816C formed part of S247, phase i an selected for dating. oval enclosure that was recut numerous times. The residue is References: Mook and Waterbolk 1985 on a ceramic phase E sherd (from a pot diagnostic of ceramic phase E), fabric 11, form 11.3 with Aha41 combed decoration. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the GrA–33497 2480 ±50 BP archaeological deposits. δ13C: -27.9‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic E sherd Sample: Beckford-1789, submitted in November 2006 by and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: 200–90 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) 2σ: 350–40 cal BC Initial comment: From a pit [1789], part of PG12. The Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), storage pits of PG11 and PG12 clustered around S118 and the result is earlier than expected and is probably a result of may have been contemporary with S118 and adjacent the “whole” sherd being dated rather than just the residue. It roundhouses. The residue is on a ceramic phase A sherd, is therefore likely that material present in the fabric of the fabric 16, from a ?complete smashed pot. Glacial sands and sherd has resulted in a small amount of contamination. gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase A sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site GrA–33514 2320 ±35 BP chronology. δ13C: -30.0‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 770–420 cal BC 2σ: 800–400 cal BC Sample: Beckford-4821D, submitted in November 2006 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), current methodology for assigning ceramic phases would Material: carbonised residue (internal) classify the context from which this vessel came as ceramic Initial comment: 4821D formed part of a rectangular phase A/B based upon the 22% regional component. The enclosure S14. The residue is on a ceramic phase A sherd, result is thus in agreement with a date for the ceramic phase. fabric 16. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. GrA–33511 2115 ±35 BP Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic A sherd δ13C: -29.4‰ and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Sample: Beckford-5596, submitted in November 2006 by Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC J Wills 2σ: 410–360 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), although the pre-treatment was identical to a number of Initial comment: 5596 formed the west side of a large other sherds that seem to have given ?inaccurate results (eg rectangular enclosure S230 laid out in the late Iron Age and GrA-33511 and GrA-33513) the result is in agreement with continuing in use until the early Roman period. 5596 the expected date for a ceramic phase A sherd. contained a dump of partly fired clay and an exceptionally large quantity of pottery. The residue is on a ceramic phase Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496 F–G sherd (from a diagnostic pot), fabric 11, form 16.8. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological GrA–33515 2235 ±35 BP deposits. δ13C: -25.5‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic F–G sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site Sample: Beckford-3839X B, submitted in November 2006 by chronology. J Wills

4 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Material: carbonised residue (internal) north-western part of the recorded area. The residue is on a ceramic phase A sherd, form 2.12, fabric 16. Glacial sands Initial comment: from an enclosure ditch 3839X, forming and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. part of a small enclosure (S108/116). The residue is on a ceramic phase A sherd, fabric 16. Glacial sands and gravels Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase A underlie the archaeological deposits. sherd (form 2.12) and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase A sherd (form 2.12) and to help in the construction of the Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–200 cal BC overall site chronology. 2σ: 400–190 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–200 cal BC Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), 2σ: 400–190 cal BC the result is in good agreement with the expected date for a ceramic phase A sherd. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the expected date for a Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), ceramic phase A sherd. the two measurements on residues from this sherd (OxA- 16776 and GrA-33519) are statistically consistent (T′=1.8; Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weighted the two measurements on residue from this sherd (OxA- mean can be calculated (2272 ±22 BP), which calibrates to 16777 and GrA-33515) are statistically consistent (T′=0.8; 400–230 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weighted mean can be calculated (2212 ±23 BP), which calibrates to References: Reimer et al 2004 385–195 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 GrA–33520 2235 ±40 BP δ13C: -26.8‰ GrA–33518 2225 ±35 BP Sample: Beckford-1817B, submitted in November 2006 by δ13C: -28.9‰ J Wills Sample: Beckford-5628B, submitted in November 2006 Material: carbonised residue (internal) by J Wills Initial comment: [1817] formed part of the ditch of Material: carbonised residue (internal) D-shaped enclosure S118. A ceramic phase C sherd, fabric 16, form 3.4R. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Initial comment: 5728 was one of 137 storage pits forming archaeological deposits. PG4 to the east of S16, the largest identified group within the middle Iron Age settlement. The residue is on a ceramic Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase C phase B sherd, fabric 10. Glacial sands and gravels underlie sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site the archaeological deposits. chronology. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic B sherd Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–200 cal BC and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. 2σ: 400–190 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), 2σ: 400–190 cal BC the result is in good agreement with the expected date of a ceramic phase C sherd. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in agreement with the expected date for a Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), ceramic phase B vessel. the two measurements on residues from this sherd (OxA- 16778 and GrA-33520) are statistically consistent (T′=0.0; Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weigthed the two measurements on residues from this sherd (OxA- mean can be calculated (2230 ±24 BP), which calibrates to 16731 and GrA-33518) are statistically consistent (T′=0.2; 390–200 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weighted mean may be calculated (2214 ±24BP), which calibrates to References: Reimer et al 2004 385–195 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 GrA–33521 2210 ±35 BP δ13C: -26.7‰ GrA–33519 2235 ±35 BP Sample: Beckford-5403, submitted in November 2006 δ13C: -25.0‰ by J Wills Sample: Beckford-1844B, submitted in November 2006 Material: carbonised residue (internal) by J Wills Initial comment: 5403 was one of a small cluster of storage Material: carbonised residue (internal) pits. It cut the roundhouse S22. The residue is on a ceramic phase C sherd, fabric 20. Glacial sands and gravels underlie Initial comment: from a small sub-circular pit [1844], an the archaeological deposits. internal feature within S118, a D-shaped enclosure in the

5 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic C sherd GrA–35086 2325 ±45 BP and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. δ13C: -25.9‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC Sample: Beckford-3805B, submitted in November 2007 2σ: 390–170 cal BC by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the Material: carbonised residue (internal) result is too early for a ceramic phase C sherd. This could be because the ceramic phase should actually be B or later or Initial comment: S113 was a stone-paved surface lying because of pre-treatment contamination (see GrA-33513). towards the eastern edge of the 1972–4 area excavation. Its main components were a stone surface set within a Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496 hollow, a system of ditches and gullies extending south from this surface, and a number of postholes and stakeholes. GrA–33533 3120 ±35 BP The sample was a ceramic phase B sherd, fabric 17. Glacial δ13C: -29.9‰ sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Sample: Beckford-1717B, submitted in November 2006 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase B by J Wills sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC Initial comment: from ditch 1717, forming part of S100, on the 2σ: 490–250 cal BC stratigraphically earliest feature in this part of the site. The residue is on an important middle Bronze Age vessel. Glacial Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. the result is in good agreement with the expected date of a ceramic phase B sherd. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic early Bronze Age/early Iron Age sherd and to help in the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (19 November 2007), construction of the overall site chronology. the two measurements on residues from this sherd (OxA- 16777 and GrA-33515) are not statistically consistent Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1380 cal BC (T′=7.4; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). 2σ: 1490–1310 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the expected date. GrA–35087 2590 ±50 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), δ13C: -29.5‰ the two measurements on residues from this vessel (OxA- 16732 and GrA-33533) are statistically consistent (T′=2.1; Sample: Beckford-55107A, submitted in November 2006 by T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weighted J Will mean can be calculated (3084 ±24BP), which calibrates to Material: carbonised residue (internal) 1425–1290 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). Initial comment: 55107A formed part of S26, a boundary References: Reimer et al 2004 ditch that together with S21 formed a roughly square Ward and Wilson 1978 enclosure. The residue is on a ceramic phase C/D sherd, fabric 11. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the GrA–35057 2275 ±45 BP archaeological deposits. δ13 C: -26.9‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic C/D Sample: Beckford-75154B, submitted in November 2006 by sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site J Wills chronology. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Calibrated date: 1σ: 810–760 cal BC 2σ: 830–550 cal BC Initial comment: 75154B, a deep and narrow ditch with a flat base, formed the west side of S246, an oval enclosure. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), The residue is on a ceramic phase G sherd (diagnostic pot the result is earlier than expected and is probably a result of of ceramic phase G), fabric 38. Glacial sands and gravels the “whole” sherd being dated rather than just the residue. underlie the archaeological deposits. It is therefore likely that material present in the fabric of the sherd has resulted in a small amount of contamination. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic G sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496 Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–230 cal BC OxA–16730 2175 ±32 BP 2σ: 410–200 cal BC δ13C: -23.9‰ Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is earlier than expected and is probably a result of Sample: Beckford-3805A, submitted in November 2006 the “whole” sherd being dated rather than just the residue. by J Wills It is therefore likely that material present in the fabric of the Material: carbonised residue (internal) sherd has resulted in a small amount of contamination. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33496

6 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Initial comment: replicate of GrA-35086 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the expected date for a Objectives: as GrA-35086 ceramic phase F vessel. Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–170 cal BC 2σ: 370–110 cal BC OxA–16760 1792 ±27 BP

Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), δ13C: -27.4‰ the result is a bit later than would be expected for a ceramic phase B sherd. Given that the measurement is Sample: Beckford-75553A, submitted in February 2006 not statistically consistent with GrA-33515 it might simply by J Wills be a statistical outlier. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Laboratory comment: see GrA-35086 Initial comment: 75553A, a ditch forming part of S234, was a large sub-rectangular enclosure that replaced S230. The OxA–16731 2205 ±32 BP residue is on a ceramic phase K sherd (handle or lid) probably contemporary with ceramic phase K even though it was δ13C: -25.1‰ handmade in fabric 10. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Sample: Beckford-5628A, submitted in November 2006 archaeological deposits. by J Will Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase Material: carbonised residue (internal) K sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Initial comment: replicate of GrA-33518 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 210–260 Objectives: as GrA-33518 2σ: cal AD 130–330 Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), 2σ: 390–170 cal BC the result is in good agreement with the expected Roman Final comment: see GrA-33518 date for a ceramic phase K vessel. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33518 OxA–16776 2296 ±28 BP OxA–16732 3050 ±34 BP δ13C: -24.3‰

δ13C: -23.8‰ Sample: Beckford-1844A, submitted in November 2006 by J Wills Sample: Beckford-1717A, submitted in November 2006 by J Wills Material: carbonised residue (internal) Material: carbonised residue (internal) Initial comment: replicate of GrA-33519 Initial comment: as GrA-33533 Objectives: as GrA-33519 Objectives: as GrA-33533 Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–370 cal BC 2σ: 410–250 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1260 cal BC 2σ: 1420–1210 cal BC Final comment: see GrA-33519 Final comment: see GrA-33533 Laboratory comment: see GrA-33519 Laboratory comment: see GrA-33533 OxA–16777 2195 ±30 BP OxA–16733 2008 ±32 BP δ13C: -24.8‰

δ13C: -25.8‰ Sample: Beckford-3839X, submitted in November 2006 by J Wills Sample: Beckford-65798A, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills Material: carbonised residue (internal) Material: carbonised residue (internal) Initial comment: a replicate of GrA-33515 Initial comment: 65798A formed the east side of a small Objectives: as GrA-33515 horseshoe-shaped enclosure and adjacent boundary ditch Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–190 cal BC S239. The residue is on a ceramic phase F sherd (from a pot 2σ: 380–170 cal BC diagnostic of ceramic phase F), fabric 11, form 10.23 with pattern burnish. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Final comment: see GrA-33515 archaeological deposits. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33515 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. OxA–16778 2227 ±30 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 50 δ13C: -24.6‰ 2σ: 90 cal BC–cal AD 70 Sample: Beckford-1817A, submitted in November 2006 by J Wills

7 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Material: carbonised residue (internal) is on a ceramic phase A sherd, fabric 16. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Initial comment: a replicate of GrA-33520 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase A Objectives: as GrA-33520 sherd (form 2.12) and to help in the construction of the Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC overall site chronology. 2σ: 390–190 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–360 cal BC Final comment: see GrA-33520 2σ: 400–210 cal BC Laboratory comment: see GrA-33520 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment of the ceramics in the context suggest they OxA–16779 2231 ±29 BP should be reassigned to ceramic phase A/B. The result is in agreement with the expected date for a ceramic phase A/B δ13C: -27.1‰ sherd. Sample: Beckford-6327, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills OxA–16782 2099 ±28 BP Material: carbonised residue (internal) δ13C: -25.7‰ Initial comment: from a small pit or posthole [6327], an Sample: Beckford-4830, submitted in February 2006 by internal feature within S65, a horseshoe-shaped enclosure. J Wills Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological Material: carbonised residue (internal) deposits. Initial comment: from a penannular ditch 4830 possibly the Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase A wall line of a timber building (S11). The residue is on a sherd, fabric 16 (complete profile D71) and to help in the ceramic phase A sherd, fabric 16, from a number of construction of the overall site chronology. conjoining sherds. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC archaeological deposits. 2σ: 390–200 cal BC Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic A sherd Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. the result is in agreement with the expected date for a Calibrated date: 1σ: 180–50 cal BC ceramic phase A sherd. 2σ: 200–40 cal BC

OxA–16780 2181 ±30 BP Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the measurement is too late for the expected age of a δ13C: -27.4‰ ceramic phase A sherd. Sample: Beckford-74340-04, submitted in February 2007 by J Wills OxA–16783 2398 ±30 BP Material: carbonised residue (internal) δ13C: -26.4‰ Initial comment: 74340–04 formed part of the wall trench of Sample: Beckford-5590B, submitted in February 2006 by structure 3, a stone-floored building, the best-preserved J Wills middle Iron Age building at Beckford. The residue is on a Material: carbonised residue (internal) ceramic phase B sherd. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Initial comment: 5590B formed part of a ditch that may have been associated with S26. The residue is on a sherd from a Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase B ceramic phase D assemblage. sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic C/D sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–190 cal BC chronology. 2σ: 370–160 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 520–400 cal BC Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), 2σ: 730–390 cal BC reassessment suggests the sherd be assigned to ceramic phase B/C. The radiocarbon result is in agreement with the Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the sherd may be a expected date for a ceramic phase B/C sherd. residual form from ceramic phase B. The date is too early. Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment OxA–16781 2278 ±29 BP suggests that the vessel is a form of ceramic phase B type, in δ13C: -27.7‰ which case the radiocarbon result is just in agreement with the expected date. Sample: Beckford-2968, submitted in February 2007 by J Wills Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the measurement just falls on the end of the main early Iron Material: carbonised residue (internal) Age plateau in the calibration curve and therefore gives the Initial comment: from a pit 2968, part of PG11. The storage impression that the calibrated result is too early. pits of PG11 and PG12 clustered around S118. The residue

8 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

OxA–16784 1908 ±30 BP Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the expected date for a δ13C: -24.7‰ sherd from ceramic phase C/D. Sample: Beckford-75131B, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills SUERC–9840 2335 ±35 BP

Material: carbonised residue (internal) δ13C: -27.4‰ Initial comment: 75131B was a hollow over some phases of Sample: Beckford-6343, submitted in February 2006 by the west side of S246, an oval enclosure, and formed the J Wills final silting over this area. The residue is on a ceramic phase H sherd (diagnostic pot of ceramic phase H) form 10.27, Material: carbonised residue (internal) fabric 30, with pattern burnish. Glacial sands and gravels Initial comment: from a ditch (S65), context 6343. This is underlie the archaeological deposits. one of the few enclosures at Beckford which were thought Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic H sherd to date from the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age. Glacial and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 60–130 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), 2σ: cal AD 20–140 ceramic phase A, form, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), of a complete vessel D86.This enclosure is of particular this result provides a date for the form and ceramic phase, as importance for the dating of the late Bronze Age to early well as dating an occurrence of a grog-tempered vessel. Iron Age phase at Beckford. Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC OxA–16785 2313 ±30 BP 2σ: 420–370 cal BC δ13C: -25.8‰ Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the date is later Sample: Beckford-1842, submitted in November 2006 than anticipated. by J Wills Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is Material: carbonised residue (internal) in good agreement with the date suggested by the ceramic phasing. Initial comment: the large curved oval pit [1842] was D- shaped and located in the northwest corner of the enclosure (S118) and appeared to be curved to fit into that space. SUERC–9844 2275 ±35 BP One of 18 ceramic phase B sherds from the pit, fabric 16, δ13C: -28.4‰ associated forms 1.1, 1.3, and 2.1. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Sample: Beckford-6359, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase B sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site Material: carbonised residue (internal) chronology. Initial comment: from a ditch (S66), context 6359. S66 is a Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–380 cal BC phase 5 enclosure within Area D of the middle Iron Age 2σ: 410–360 cal BC settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the suggested ceramic Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type phase B assigned to the sherd. (F10), ceramic phase C/D, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Area D is one of the most well-stratified areas of middle Iron Age settlement, with at OxA–16786 2210 ±30 BP least five discernible phases of activity. δ13C: -28.0‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–260 cal BC Sample: Beckford-2914, submitted in November 2006 2σ: 400–200 cal BC by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Material: carbonised residue (internal) the ceramic phase C/D assignation is appropriate for the context, although reassessment of the pot from which the Initial comment: from a ditch forming the western side of sample came suggests it is in fact a ceramic phase B vessel. enclosure S117. S117 was a small enclosure in the northern The result is in agreement with the sample being from a part of the 1972–4 excavations and was roughly rectangular redeposited ceramic phase B pot. in shape. The residue is on a ceramic phase C/D sherd, fabric 10. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. SUERC–9845 1905 ±35 BP δ13 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the ceramic phase C: -26.4‰ C/D sherd and to help in the construction of the overall site Sample: Beckford-7324, submitted in February 2006 chronology. by J Will Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) 2σ: 390–190 cal BC

9 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Initial comment: from a ditch (S30 – south side), context Sample: Beckford-65024, submitted in February 2006 by 7324. S230 is a key structure in the late Iron Age to early J Wills Roman sequence at Beckford. Glacial sands and gravels Material: carbonised residue (internal) underlie the archaeological deposits. Initial comment: from a ditch (S45), context 65024. S45 is a Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), boundary ditch defining an area of settlement within phase 3 ceramic phase J, the form, and to help in the construction of of the Area D middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and the overall site chronology. The residue is on a sherd that gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. forms part of a near complete vessel (D1308). Objectives: to provide a precise date for the sherd; fabric type Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 60–130 (F16), ceramic phase D, and to help in the construction of 2σ: cal AD 20–220 the overall site chronology. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–230 cal BC the result is in excellent agreement with the expected Roman 2σ: 400–200 cal BC date for the vessel. Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the date is SUERC–9846 2375 ±35 BP acceptable for a redeposited sherd in fabric 16, but not for the ceramic phase. δ13C: -27.4‰ Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment Sample: Beckford-7706, submitted in February 2006 by of the context from which the sherd came showed that it J Wills contained too few sherds to give it a ceramic phase, other Material: carbonised residue (internal) than later than ceramic phase B. The radiocarbon result is in agreement with the revised suggested date. Initial comment: from a ditch (S8), context 7706. Structure 8 is from phase 2 of the area D middle Iron Age settlement SUERC–9849 2245 ±35 BP sequence. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -26.1‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), Sample: Beckford-65056, submitted in February 2006 and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. by J Wills The residue is from a sherd of a near complete vessel D1364 Material: carbonised residue (internal) (ceramic phase A). Initial comment: from a ditch (S47), context 65056. S47 is a Calibrated date: 1σ: 420–390 cal BC settlement enclosure within phase 2 of the Area D middle 2σ: 700–390 cal BC Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), archaeological deposits. the ceramic phase of the context and the sherd was revised Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), to ceramic phase A (ceramic phase B had been based on 2.2 ceramic phase (C*), and to help in the construction of the local). The result is in good agreement with the new date overall site chronology. suggested by the ceramic phasing. Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–210 cal BC SUERC–9847 2270 ±35 BP 2σ: 400–200 cal BC

δ13C: -28.5‰ Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the original ceramic phasing (C*) was based on the Sample: Beckford-65021C, submitted in February 2006 percentage of regional fabrics and linear tooling. However, by J Wills the sample sherd weight of 2g was much lower than the Material: carbonised residue (internal) average weight for the group. This sherd is therefore probably redeposited. Initial comment: from a ditch (S48), context 65021C. S48 is a settlement enclosure within phase 3 of Area D within the SUERC–9850 2045 ±35 BP middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -26.7‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), Sample: Beckford-65097A, submitted in February 2006 ceramic phase (B) and to help in the construction of the by J Wills overall site chronology. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–250 cal BC Initial comment: from a ditch (S235), context 65097A. S235 2σ: 400–200 cal BC is a small enclosure, forming part of the key late Iron Age to Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), early Roman sequence of activity at Beckford. Glacial sands the result is in good agreement with the date suggested by and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. the ceramic phasing. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), ceramic phase F, and to help in the construction of the SUERC–9848 2255 ±35 BP overall site chronology. The residue adheres to the inside of δ13C: -28.7‰ rimsherd D382.

10 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 100 cal BC–cal AD 10 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), 2σ: 170 cal BC–cal AD 50 ceramic phase B, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is in good agreement with the date suggested by Calibrated date: 1σ: 730–400 cal BC the ceramic phasing. 2σ: 760–390 cal BC Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), SUERC–9854 2145 ±35 BP the result is in good agreement with other radiocarbon δ13C: -28.0‰ measurements on fabric 16 sherds. Sample: Beckford-65113A, submitted in February 2006 SUERC–9857 2260 ±40 BP by J Wills δ13C: -27.4‰ Material: carbonised residue (internal) Sample: Beckford-65515B, submitted in February 2006 Initial comment: from a ditch (S61), context 65113A. S61 is a by J Wills small domestic enclosure in phase 3 of the Area D middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Material: carbonised residue (internal) archaeological deposits. Initial comment: from a ditch (S39), context 65515B. S39 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), was a small enclosure within the Area D middle Iron Age ceramic phase E-F, and to help in the construction of the settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the overall site chronology. archaeological deposits. Calibrated date: 1σ: 350–110 cal BC Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F22), 2σ: 360–50 cal BC ceramic phase C, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the small size of the sherd (7g) and small number of sherds Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–230 cal BC of ceramic phase E–F from the context (none with rims) 2σ: 400–200 cal BC suggested the sherd is redeposited. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment of the ceramic assemblage from the context SUERC–9855 2310 ±35 BP (63 sherds, 58% regional) suggests it should be reclassified δ13C: -28.4‰ as ceramic phase B/C. The result would be in agreement if the sherd was from ceramic phase B/C. Sample: Beckford-65134A, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills SUERC–9858 2315 ±35 BP Material: carbonised residue (internal) δ13C: -26.9‰ Initial comment: from a ditch (S46), context 65134A. S46 Sample: Beckford-65543A, submitted in February 2006 is a small domestic enclosure within phase 3 of the Area D by J Wills middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), Initial comment: from a ditch (S39), context 65543A. S39 ceramic phase D, and to help in the construction of the was a small enclosure within phase 4 of the Area D middle overall site chronology. Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–380 cal BC 2σ: 410–250 cal BC Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), ceramic phase C, and to help in the construction of the Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), overall site chronology. the context is clearly ceramic phase D, as it contains 98 sherds, weighing 2,500g, and six different vessels. The small Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC sherd from which the residue was dated is probably therefore 2σ: 410–260 cal BC redeposited. Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), as the context only contains eight sherds, the ceramic phase C SUERC–9856 2425 ±35 BP attribution is probably unreliable. The result is therefore in δ13C: -28.4‰ agreement with the sherd which has been dated as Iron Age. Sample: Beckford-65448, submitted in February 2006 by J SUERC–9859 2325 ±35 BP Wills δ13C: -26.8‰ Material: carbonised residue (internal) Sample: Beckford-65686, submitted in February 2006 by J Initial comment: from a ditch (S56), context 65448. S56 was Wills a small domestic enclosure within Area D of the middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Material: carbonised residue (internal) archaeological deposits.

11 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Initial comment: from a ditch (S69), context 65686. The ditch Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), enclosed a stone-floored building, from Area D middle Iron this is an excellent result for a ceramic phase B sherd. Age settlement phase 3. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. SUERC–9865 2295 ±40 BP

Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), δ13C: -28.3‰ and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd (D829) forming part of a Sample: Beckford-65813B, submitted in February 2006 vessel from which a high percentage of the profile survived. by J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) σ 2 : 410–360 cal BC Initial comment: from a pit (PG9), context [65813B]. PG9 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), was from an early phase of the middle Iron Age settlement. the original attribution of the context to ceramic phase B Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological was based on the presence of local 2.2 forms, but deposits. reassessment suggests that it should be reclassified as Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F17), ceramic phase A because of the percentage of regional wares. ceramic phase B, and to help in the construction of the The result is in good agreement with a ceramic phase A overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd of a date, although this appears to be too late for the stratigraphic single vessel. phase. Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–370 cal BC 2σ: 410–210 cal BC SUERC–9860 2300 ±35 BP Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), δ13C: -28.3‰ the result is in good agreement with the expected date for Sample: Beckford-65775C, submitted in February 2006 ceramic phase B sherd. by J Wills Material: carbonised residue (internal) SUERC–9866 2225 ±35 BP Initial comment: from a ditch (S63), context 65775C. S63 δ13C: -27.3‰ was a boundary ditch within the area D middle Iron Age Sample: Beckford-65987B, submitted in February 2006 settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the by J Wills archaeological deposits. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Initial comment: from a ditch (structure 50 – west side), The residue comes from sherd (D767), ceramic phase E. context 65987B. S50 was a large middle Iron Age settlement enclosure in Area D, dating to phases 4 and 5. Glacial sands σ Calibrated date: 1 : 400–370 cal BC and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. 2σ: 410–230 cal BC Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2007), the date is from a ceramic phase D, and to help in the construction of the sherd that is probably residual. overall site chronology. Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the sherd Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC seems to have been mis-classified as being from ceramic 2σ: 400–190 cal BC phase E, when all the evidence suggests it is actually from ceramic phase B. The result is in agreement with a ceramic Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), phase B date. the result is too early for a ceramic phase D sherd.

SUERC–9864 2320 ±35 BP SUERC–9867 1830 ±35 BP

13 δ13C: -29.0‰ δ C: -26.7‰ Sample: Beckford-65792, submitted in February 2006 Sample: Beckford-66112C, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills by J Wills Material: carbonised residue (internal) Material: carbonised residue (internal) Initial comment: from a ditch (S9), context 65792. S9 was a Initial comment: from a pit or ditch (S239), context 66112C. small enclosure within the Area D middle Iron Age S239 was a small enclosure, forming a key element of the settlement, phase 2. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the late Iron Age to early Roman sequence of activity at archaeological deposits. Beckford. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F24), ceramic phase B, and to help in the construction of the Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), overall site chronology. ceramic phase F, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd σ Calibrated date: 1 : 410–380 cal BC forming a complete vessel (D883). 2σ: 410–360 cal BC

12 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 120–240 SUERC–9870 2005 ±35 BP 2σ: cal AD 80–320 δ13C: -28.9‰ Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the earlier part of Sample: Beckford-74086, submitted in February 2006 the date range is in agreement with the expected date. by J Wills Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result is Material: carbonised residue (internal) in agreement with the expected Roman date, but it stands out as being odd for fabric 11. It might therefore be from a Initial comment: from a deposit (S247 – south west side), long-lived form. context 74086. S247 is a small enclosure that forms a key part of the late Iron Age to early Roman sequence at SUERC–9868 2065 ±35 BP Beckford. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -27.6‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type Sample: Beckford-74009A, submitted in February 2006 (F11), ceramic phase F, and to help in the construction of by J Wills the overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd Material: carbonised residue (internal) that forms part of a vessel of which a high percentage was present (D1263). Initial comment: from a ditch (S247 – north side, phase iii), context 74009A. S247, a small enclosure, was a key part of Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 60 the late Iron Age to early Roman sequence of activity at 2σ: 100 cal BC–cal AD 80 Beckford. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), archaeological deposits. the result is consistent with the expected date for a ceramic Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), phase F vessel. ceramic phase G, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd that SUERC–9874 2250 ±50 BP forms part of vessel (D1279). δ13C: -27.5‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 160–40 cal BC Sample: Beckford-74310-16, submitted in February 2006 2σ: 190 cal BC–cal AD 20 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the date is too Material: carbonised residue (internal) early for ceramic phase G and the vessel may be redeposited. Initial comment: from an occupation layer (S3 – phase iiid), Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment context 74310. S3 was a very well-preserved stone-floored of the ceramic phasing suggests this sherd should be roundhouse of multiple phases. Contemporary with S50, assigned to ceramic phase F-H, and that it might be an PG6, and part of phases 4 and 5 of the Area D middle Iron example of the later reuse of forms (including form 10.5) in Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the fabric 11. archaeological deposits.

SUERC–9869 2040 ±35 BP Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), ceramic phase B*, and to help in the construction of the δ13 C: -26.8‰ overall site chronology. Sample: Beckford-74077B, submitted in February 2006 Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–200 cal BC by J Wills 2σ: 410–190 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Initial comment: from a ditch (S247 – north side, phase iii), the result is in good agreement with the expected date for a context 74077B. S247 is a small enclosure within the key ceramic phase B* sherd, but is early for this stratigraphic late Iron Age to early Roman sequence of activity at phase. Beckford. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. SUERC–9875 2185 ±35 BP

Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), δ13C: -26.9‰ ceramic phase G, and to help in the construction of the Sample: Beckford-74171A, submitted in February 2006 overall site chronology. The residue comes from a sherd that by J Wills forms part of vessel (D1309). Material: carbonised residue (internal) Calibrated date: 1σ: 90 cal BC–cal AD 10 2σ: 170 cal BC–cal AD 60 Initial comment: from a pit (PG6), context 74171A. PG6 was a large pit group associated with roundhouse structure 3 and Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the later part of enclosure structure 50. Phase 4 of the Area D middle Iron the date range is consistent with ceramic phase G. Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment archaeological deposits. of the ceramic phasing suggests this sherd should be Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), assigned to ceramic phasing F-H, and that it might be an ceramic phase B, and to help in the construction of the example of the later reuse of forms in fabric 11. overall site chronology.

13 Beckford: Ceramic Residues, Worcestershire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–190 cal BC Initial comment: from a pit (PG6), context 74596A. PG6 was 2σ: 380–120 cal BC a pit group contemporary with S3 and S50, Area D, phase 4 and 5, of the middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. the result is in agreement with the expected date for a ceramic phase B sherd. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), ceramic phase D, and to help in the construction of the SUERC–9876 2060 ±35 BP overall site chronology. σ δ13C: -26.6‰ Calibrated date: 1 : 360–190 cal BC 2σ: 390–160 cal BC Sample: Beckford-74314A-14, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills (15 January 2008), the sample was probably a redeposited sherd. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the ceramic Initial comment: from a storage pit associated with S3, assemblage from this context includes form 2.23 in fabric 11 context 74314A. S3 was a very well-preserved stone-floored which could be of the date suggested by the radiocarbon roundhouse of multiple phases. Contemporary with S50, measurement. PG6, and part of phases 4 and 5 of the Area D middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the SUERC–9879 2100 ±35 BP archaeological deposits. δ13C: -30.0‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), ceramic phase C, and to help in the construction of the Sample: Beckford-75536C, submitted in February 2006 overall site chronology. by J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: 160–1 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) 2σ: 180 cal BC–cal AD 30 Initial comment: from a ditch (S50 – west side), context Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), an 75536C. S50 was one of the main settlement enclosures excellent result for a ceramic phase C sherd. within the middle Iron Age settlement, well-stratified and with important links to other enclosures. Area D, phases 4, 5 SUERC–9877 2275 ±35 BP and possibly later. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -26.4‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), Sample: Beckford-74355D, submitted in February 2006 ceramic phase K, and to help in the construction of the by J Wills overall site chronology. Material: carbonised residue (internal) Calibrated date: 1σ: 180–50 cal BC σ Initial comment: from a pit containing a dump of oven 2 : 340–40 cal BC material (PG6), context 74355D. Adjacent to roundhouse S3 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), and perhaps containing the dismantled remains of the reassessment of the sherd suggested it was undiagnostic and superstructure of its oven. Area D, phases 4 and 5. Glacial therefore probably residual in its context. sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), SUERC–9880 2265 ±50 BP ceramic phase C/D, and to help in the construction of the δ13C: -27.5‰ overall site chronology. Sample: Beckford-75550D, submitted in February 2006 Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–260 cal BC by J Wills 2σ: 400–200 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the 24% regional component in the ceramic assemblage Initial comment: from a pit (PG6), context 75550D. PG6 was would indicate this should be classified as ceramic phase A/B a large pit group, contemporary with structure 3 and 50, and not ceramic phase C/D. The forms are consistent with Area D, phases 4 and 5. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the interpretation of ceramic phase A/B and the result is in the archaeological deposits. agreement with this. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), ceramic phase E, and to help in the construction of the SUERC–9878 2195 ±35 BP overall site chronology. δ13 C: -27.1‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–210 cal BC Sample: Beckford-74596A, submitted in February 2006 by J 2σ: 410–190 cal BC Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Material: carbonised residue (internal) given the sherd is made from fabric 16 it is almost certainly redeposited and thus unlikely to be from ceramic phase E. The result is therefore in agreement with the sherd being middle Iron Age in date.

14 Beckford: Human Inhumations, Worcestershire

SUERC–9884 2200 ±35 BP Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), based on the revised methodology for assigning ceramic δ13C: -27.3‰ phases the sherd would be classified as belonging to ceramic Sample: Beckford-75567C, submitted in February 2006 phase B. The result is in agreement with the date suggested by J Wills for ceramic phase B. Material: carbonised residue (internal) SUERC–9887 2025 ±35 BP Initial comment: from a pit (PG6), context 75567C. PG6 was δ13 a large pit group, contemporary with structures 3 and 50, C: -26.9‰ Area D, phases 4 and 5. Glacial sands and gravels underlie Sample: Beckford-75962C, submitted in February 2006 the archaeological deposits. by J Wills Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), Material: carbonised residue (internal) ceramic phase F, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Initial comment: from a ditch (S247 – north side phase i), context 75962C. S247 was a late Iron Age enclosure, very Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–190 cal BC well-stratified within a long sequence of middle to late Iron 2σ: 390–170 cal BC Age to Roman settlement. It is a key structure in establishing Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the Beckford ceramic sequence with a very good assemblage given the sherd is made from fabric 16 it is almost certainly of pottery. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the redeposited and thus unlikely to be from ceramic phase F. archaeological deposits. The result is therefore in agreement with the sherd being Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), middle Iron Age in date. ceramic phase D, the form, and to thus help in the construction of the overall site chronology. The residue is SUERC–9885 2235 ±35 BP from a sherd of vessel D1228.

δ13C: -28.3‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 60 cal BC–cal AD 30 2σ: 160 cal BC–cal AD 60 Sample: Beckford-75726, submitted in February 2006 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), reassessment suggests the ceramic phase could also be Material: carbonised residue (internal) ceramic phase E or F (the terminus post quem is based on Initial comment: from a hollow (S2 – internal), context the distinction between form 3.9 and form 10). The result 75726. S2 was a posthole building, adjacent to and possibily would be in more agreement with ceramic phase E or F contemporary with the roundhouse S3. This context is an rather than D. internal feature within the building. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. SUERC–9888 1990 ±35 BP

Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F16), δ13C: -27.8‰ ceramic phase A, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Sample: Beckford-65144FP, submitted in February 2006 by J Will Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–200 cal BC 2σ: 400–190 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal) Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Initial comment: from a ditch (S46), context 65144. S46 is as the context only has two sherds, the ceramic phase A a small domestic enclosure within the Area D middle Iron classification is unreliable. The result therefore is in Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the agreement with the sherd being assigned an Iron Age date. archaeological deposits. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F10), SUERC–9886 2210 ±35 BP ceramic phase F, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. δ13C: -26.3‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 60 Sample: Beckford-75955B, submitted in February 2006 2σ: 60 cal BC–cal AD 80 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Material: carbonised residue (internal) the result is in good agreement with the date suggested by Initial comment: from a pit (PGb), context 75955B. PG6 was the ceramic phasing. a large pit group, contemporary with S3 and S50, area D, of the middle Iron Age settlement. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. Beckford: human inhumations, Objectives: to provide a precise date for the fabric type (F11), Worcestershire ceramic phase C/D, and to help in the construction of the overall site chronology. Location: SO 984364 Lat. 52.01.32 N; Long. 02.01.24 W Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC 2σ: 390–170 cal BC Project manager: J Wills (Archaeology Service, Gloucestershire County Council), 1972–9

15 Beckford: Human Inhumations, Worcestershire

Archival body: Worcestershire County Museum Sample: Beckford-1123, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills Description: an extensive prehistoric and Roman settlement Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) complex excavated in advance of sand and gravel quarrying. Initial comment: one of seven inhumations from a small The earliest substantial evidence consists of a large Bronze cemetery. All of the burials were salvage recorded and the Age linear boundary laid out at right angles to the gravel bone was fragmentary. This is an extended adult inhumation terrace. Subsequent late Bronze Age/early Iron Age activity lying on its back with the head removed and placed adjacent comprised a number of small enclosures and scattered to the feet. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the features. A large middle Iron Age settlement spread across archaeological deposits. this part of the gravel terrace. This took the form of large rectilinear enclosures within which were situated areas of Objectives: to provide a precise date for the inhumation and roundhouses, other buildings, stone-paved ′yards′, and ascertain whether all the burials in the cemetery are of the storage pits. In the late Iron Age land-use on the terrace same age. changed again; the settlement was abandoned and replaced Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 70–140 by a sequence of complex enclosures, probably agricultural 2σ: cal AD 20–230 in function. Further reordering of boundaries took place throughout the Roman period. The 13 inhumations (1123, Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), 5533, 75646, HWCM 5006, 65538A, 1207, 1109, 178420, although these graves could not be dated precisely, a 272205, 65785, 65168, 5539, and 1108) represent a sample combination of ceramic and stratigraphic evidence indicated of the 49 complete inhumations from the site. They have that burials were taking place from the early second century been chosen as they represent a sample of the range of burial cal AD onwards. The radiocarbon result is in agreement with practices taking place on the site from the middle Iron Age this interpretation. to Roman period. Objectives: to test bone collagen survival on-site; to provide GrA–33530 1855 ±35 BP precise dates for the inhumations; and to provide a δ13C: -19.7 ±0.2‰ chronological framework for better understanding the δ15N (diet): +10.3 ±0.2‰ development of the site. C/N ratio: 2.7 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), as Sample: Beckford-5533, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills the site was located on a gravel terrace it was expected, in common with sites in similar geological settings, that many Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) of the bones will have undergone severe chemical/physical Initial comment: a small cluster of burials (5532, 5533, 5534, degradation, which can result in up to 90% of the original and 5539), placed in sub-rectangular graves, located just collagen content being lost (Brock et al 2007). Thus six inside the north-western entrance to the enclosure structure human bone samples were submitted to the Queen’s 230. Stratigraphic and ceramic evidence indicates that these University, Belfast, in 2005 as part of a pilot study to burials were of late Iron Age to early Roman date, and the investigate the feasibility of radiocarbon dating bone from type of burial (certainly in the case of 5539, and probably Beckford. The samples submitted to Belfast were processed the whole group) represents a method completely different according to methods outlined in Longin (1971), but due to to that of earlier phases. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the poor collagen yield of four of them (5539, 1108, 178420, the archaeological deposits. and 272205), only two of the samples produced sufficient benzene for liquid scintillation counting; 65785 (UB-5212) Objectives: to provide a date for the inhumations (5532, and 65168 (UB-5213). Stable isotope measurements on the 5533, and 5534) and ascertain whether all the burials in the six samples submitted to the Queen’s University, Belfast group are the same age. were carried out at the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 80–230 Zealand as described by Beavan-Athfield et al (2001). These 2σ: cal AD 70–250 results showed that the collagen was well-preserved. In summary therefore the pilot study suggested that although Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the human bones did not all contain enough collagen for stratigraphic and ceramic evidence indicates that these high-precision radiocarbon dating, the collagen that was burials were of late Iron Age to early Roman date, and the present was well-preserved. It was thus decided to resample type of burial (certainly in the case of 5539, and probably the same six skeletons and an additional seven, and submit the whole group) represents a method completely different samples for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating at to that of earlier phases. 5533, on the basis of its radiocarbon the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre age, seems to be an early example of this new type of burial. (SUERC), East Kilbride, in 2006. References: Beavan-Athfield et al 2001 GrA–33531 2175 ±35 BP Brock et al 2007 δ13C: -18.8 ±0.2‰ Longin 1971 δ15N (diet): +11.5 ±0.2‰ Wills forthcoming C/N ratio: 2.5 Sample: Beckford-75646, submitted in August 2005 by GrA–33529 1890 ±35 BP J Wills δ13 C: -19.8 ±0.2‰ Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) δ15N (diet): +10.5 ±0.2‰ C/N ratio: 2.9

16 Beckford: Human Inhumations, Worcestershire

Initial comment: a neonate burial in the primary fill of Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), boundary ditch structure 31 phase iii. One of four neonate the result is in good agreement with the expected age, and burials concentrated within the fill of structure 31, within a provides a date for when the ditch finally went out of use. 20m length of the ditch. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. OxA–16763 1969 ±27 BP

Objectives: to provide a precise date for this inhumation and δ13C: -19.6 ±0.3‰ ascertain when ditch structure 31 was constructed. δ15N (diet): +11.4 ±0.3‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–170 cal BC C/N ratio: 3.2 2σ: 370–110 cal BC Sample: Beckford-1207, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) the result is in good agreement with the expected date for construction of the boundary ditch. Initial comment: one of seven inhumations from a small cemetery. All of the burials were salvage recorded and the bone was fragmentary. This is an extended adult inhumation OxA–16761 2241 ±27 BP lying on its left side with its head in the normal position. δ13C: -20.5 ±0.3‰ Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological δ15N (diet): +10.4 ±0.3‰ deposits. C/N ratio: 3.1 Objectives: to provide a precise date for the inhumation and Sample: Beckford-HWCM 5006, submitted in August 2005 ascertain whether all the burials in the cemetery are the by J Wills same age. Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1–70 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 90 Initial comment: during excavations on the flood plain an adult inhumation, probably female, was found in a grave Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), sealed beneath peat deposits. The skeleton was in a crouched stratigraphic and ceramic evidence indicates that these position, with the head to the east, facing south. Glacial burials were of later Roman date, and the type of burial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. (certainly in the case of 5539, and probably the whole group) represents a method completely different to that of Objectives: to provide a precise date for this inhumation and earlier phases. 1207, on the basis of its radiocarbon age, a terminus post quem for the overlying peat sequence. seems to be an early example of this new type of burial. Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–210 cal BC 2σ: 400–200 cal BC OxA–16764 1797 ±27 BP

Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), δ13C: -19.0 ±0.3‰ the result is much later than expected, given its stratigraphic δ15N (diet): +11.7 ±0.3‰ position below the peat deposit (basal date HAR-3954; C/N ratio: 3.2 3750 ±110 BP; 2480-1880 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). However, analysis suggests that HAR-3954 is inaccurate and Sample: Beckford-1109, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills that the radiocarbon age of the skeleton is accurate Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) (Marshall et al forthcoming). Initial comment: one of seven inhumations from a small References: Marshall et al forthcoming cemetery. All of the burials were salvage recorded and the Reimer et al 2004 bone was fragmentary. This is an extended adult inhumation with the head removed and placed between OxA–16762 2227 ±28 BP the knees. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. δ13C: -20.2 ±0.3‰ δ15N (diet): +12.0 ±0.3‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for this inhumation C/N ratio: 3.1 and ascertain whether all the burials in the cemetery are the same age. Sample: Beckford-65538A, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 180–260 2σ: cal AD 130–330 Material: human bone (A Grieve 2006) Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Initial comment: a neonate burial in the final silting of although these graves could not be dated precisely, a boundary ditch structure 31 phase i. One of four neonate combination of ceramic and stratigraphic evidence indicated burials concentrated within the upper fill of structure 31 that burials were taking place from the early second century within a 20m length of the ditch. There were no examples cal AD onwards. The radiocarbon result is in agreement of neonate burials within storage pits. Glacial sands and with this interpretation. gravels underlie the archaeological deposits.

Objectives: to provide a precise date for this inhumation and SUERC–9082 1765 ±35 BP ascertain when this phase of structure 31 went out of use. δ13C: -19.6 ±0.1‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC δ15N (diet): +10.2 ±0.3‰ 2σ: 390–200 cal BC C/N ratio: 3.4

17 Beckford: Human Inhumations, Worcestershire

Sample: Beckford-5539, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), although these graves could not be dated precisely, a Material: human bone (right femur) (A Grieve 2006) combination of ceramic and stratigraphic evidence indicated Initial comment: an extended decapitated adult male that burials were taking place from the early second century inhumation from a small cluster (four in total) placed in cal AD onwards. The radiocarbon result is in good sub-rectangular graves located just inside the north-western agreement with this interpretation. entrance to the late Iron Age to early Roman enclosure Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), structure 230. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried archaeological deposits. This burial was situated in the out at the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Zealand and middle of the gravel terrace and sealed by less than 1.5m the measurements for R-29050-2 were as follows: δ13C was - of later deposits. 19.5 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +8.1 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio was Objectives: to provide a precise date for the decapitated 3.3. The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton (SUERC- burial. This feature is also well-related to the important late 9083 and R-29050-2) are statistically consistent (T′=0.4; Iron Age to early Roman sequence of activity at Beckford T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a and it will therefore make a contribution to the dating of weighted mean to be calculated (-19.7 ±0.1‰; Reimer et al the main stratigraphic sequence. 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same skeleton are also statistically consistent (T′=1.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 230–340 and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be 2σ: cal AD 130–390 calculated (+7.9 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), References: Reimer et al 2004 stratigraphic and ceramic evidence indicates that these Ward and Wilson 1978 burials were of late Iron Age to early Roman date, and the type of burial (certainly in the case of 5539, and probably the whole group) represents a method completely different SUERC–9084 2610 ±35 BP to that of earlier phases. The result is thus slightly later than δ13C: -20.4 ±0.1‰ might have been expected. δ15N (diet): +8.3 ±0.3‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), C/N ratio: 3.7 replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried Sample: Beckford-178420, submitted in August 2005 by out at the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Zealand and J Wills the measurements for R-29050-1 were as follows : δ13C was -19.7 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +10.9 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio Material: human bone (right femur) (A Grieve 2006) was 3.2. The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton Initial comment: crouched female inhumation (25–35 years (SUERC-9082 and R-29050-1) are statistically consistent old) from an oval grave in the base of a storage pit (PG 12). (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and Well stratified within the middle Iron Age sequence in this allow a weighted mean to be calculated (-19.6 ±0.1‰; part of the site. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same archaeological deposits. This burial was situated near to the skeleton are also statistically consistent (T′=3.2; T′(5%)=3.8; northern edge of the gravel terrace, and sealed by less than ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to 2m of pit fill. be calculated (+10.6 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). Objectives: to provide a precise date for the burial within the References: Reimer et al 2004 storage pit and to contribute to the dating of the middle Iron Ward and Wilson 1978 Age stratigraphic sequence in this part of the site. Calibrated date: 1σ: 810–780 cal BC SUERC–9083 1720 ±35 BP 2σ: 830–760 cal BC δ13C: -19.7 ±0.1‰ Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), δ15N (diet): +7.7 ±0.3‰ the result is much earlier than expected, given its C/N ratio: 3.4 stratigraphic position. Sample: Beckford-1108, submitted in August 2005 by J Wills Laboratory comment: SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Material: human bone (unidentified longbone shaft) Laboratory (AMS) (December 2007), see laboratory (A Grieve 2006) comment by Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory. Initial comment: an extended adult burial from a small Laboratory comment: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory Roman cemetery of seven inhumations near to the south- (December 2007), there is an inconsistency in the δ15N western edge of the excavation. Glacial sands and gravels values for three samples (NZA-29050-3/SUERC-9084; underlie the archaeological deposits. The burial was situated NZA-29050-5/SUERC-9088; and NZA-29050-4/SUERC- about 50m from the junction of the gravel terrace and flood 9090) from Beckford from the two laboratories. There is no plain. It was sealed by colluvial or alluvial deposits. indication from internal standards run, to suggest that the inconsistency was due to analytical problems. Repeat Objectives: to provide a precise date for the inhumation and analysis was not available by time of publication to test the for the cemetery which is set within the Roman field system. inconsistency. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 250–390 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), the 2σ: cal AD 230–420 C:N ratio is outside the range usually quoted as an indicator

18 Beckford: Human Inhumations, Worcestershire of good quality collagen preservation (2.9–3.6) (De Niro Laboratory comment: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory (15 1985), but discussion with G Cook (SUERC) suggests the December 2007), see laboratory comment by Rafter range is rather conservative, and the laboratory is confident Radiocarbon Laboratory under SUERC-9084. that this measurement is accurate. Replicate measurements References: Reimer et al 2004 on the stable isotopes were carried out at Rafter Laboratory, Ward and Wilson 1978 New Zealand and the measurements for R-29050-3 were as follows: δ13C was -20.3 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +9.7 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.2. The two δ13C measurements on this SUERC–9089 2210 ±35 BP skeleton (SUERC-9084 and R-29050-3) are statistically δ13C: -20.4 ±0.1‰ ′ ′ ν consistent (T =0.1; T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson δ15N (diet): +10.7 ±0.3‰ 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be calculated (-20.4 C/N ratio: 3.4 ±0.1‰; Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same skeleton are, however, not statistically consistent Sample: Beckford-272205, submitted in August 2005 by (T′=12.8; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). J Wills References: DeNiro 1985 Material: human bone (right tibia) (A Grieve 2006) Reimer et al 2004 Initial comment: glacial sands and gravels underlie the Ward and Wilson 1978 archaeological deposits. This burial was situated close to the northern edge of the gravel terrace. It was sealed by less SUERC–9088 1980 ±35 BP than 0.50m of other deposits. δ13C: -20.3 ±0.1‰ Objectives: crouched elderly male inhumation from a shallow δ15N (diet): +11.9 ±0.3‰ oval grave within a roundhouse. The location of the grave in C/N ratio: 3.3 relation to the area of domestic occupation is particularly interesting. The date will contribute to the establishment of Sample: Beckford-65168, submitted in August 2005 by the overall middle Iron Age sequence on the site. J Wills Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC Material: human bone (right tibia) (A Grieve 2006) 2σ: 390–170 cal BC Initial comment: tightly crouched female inhumation (34–45 Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), years) from the upper layers of ditch (structure 235). The the radiocarbon result is in good agreement with the very tightly crouched position of the burial suggests the body expected date of the inhumation. may have been bound. Structure 235, a small enclosure, is well-stratified and an important part of the key middle to Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), late Iron Age to early Roman sequence at Beckford. Glacial replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried sands and gravels underlie the archaeological deposits. out at Rafter Laboratory, New Zealand and the This burial was situated in the middle of the gravel terrace. measurements for R-29050-6 were as follows: δ13C was It was inserted into a backfilled ditch and sealed by less -20.4 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +11.2 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio than 0.5m of other deposits. was 3.3. The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton (SUERC-9089 and R-29050-6) are statistically consistent Objectives: to provide a precise date for the tightly crouched (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and (bound) burial within the upper layers of the ditch. Structure allow a weighted mean to be calculated (-20.4 ±0.1‰; 235 is an important element in the middle to late Iron Age Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same sequence in this part of the site. skeleton are also statistically consistent (T′=1.6; T′(5%)=3.8; Calibrated date: 1σ: 40 cal BC–cal AD 70 ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 90 be calculated (+11.10 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), References: Reimer et al 2004 the result is in good agreement with the expected late Iron Ward and Wilson 1978 Age date of the burial. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), SUERC–9090 2215 ±35 BP replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried δ13C: -20.1 ±0.1‰ out at Rafter Laboratory, New Zealand and the δ15N (diet): +9.6 ±0.3‰ δ13 measurements for R-29050-5 were as follows: C was -20.4 C/N ratio: 3.3 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +10.2 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.2. The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton (SUERC-9088 Sample: Beckford-65785, submitted in August 2005 by and R-29050-5) are statistically consistent (T′=0.1; J Wills ′ ν T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a Material: human bone (left tibia) (A Grieve 2006) weighted mean to be calculated (-20.3 ±0.1‰; Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same skeleton Initial comment: semi-crouched male inhumation (17–25 are, however, not statistically consistent (T′=19.0; years) from the upper layers of a storage pit (PG5). This pit T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). See UB-5213. group is well-stratified within the middle Iron Age occupation sequence. Glacial sands and gravels underlie the Laboratory comment: SUERC Radiocarbon Dating archaeological deposits. This burial was situated towards the Laboratory (AMS) (15 December 2007), see laboratory northern edge of the gravel terrace, sealed by less than 0.5m comment by Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory under of other deposits. SUERC-9084.

19 Beckford: Pollen Core, Worcestershire

Objectives: to provide a precise date for the burial within the δ13C (diet): -20.3 ±0.1‰ upper layers of the storage pit and to contribute to the δ15N (diet): +11.9 ±0.3‰ dating of the middle Iron Age stratigraphic sequence. C/N ratio: 3.3 Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC Sample: Beckford-65168, submitted in August 2005 by 2σ: 390–170 cal BC J Wills Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), Material: human bone (300g) (left femure and tibia) the result is in excellent agreement with its position in a (A Grieve 2006) middle Iron Age dated feature. Initial comment: replicate of SUERC-9088 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (December 2007), Objectives: as SUERC-9088 replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried out at Rafter Laboratory, New Zealand and the Calibrated date: 1σ: 45 cal BC–cal AD 20 measurements for R-29050-4 were as follows: δ13C was -20.2 2σ: 55 cal BC–cal AD 55 ±0.3‰; δ15N was +12.2 ±0.25‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.2. Final comment: see SUERC-9088 The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton (SUERC-9090 and R-29050-4) are statistically consistent (T′=0.1; Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a the two measurements (SUERC-9088 and UB-5213) on this weighted mean to be calculated (-20.1 ±0.1‰; Reimer et al skeleton are statistically consistent (T′=0.8; T′(5%)=3.8; 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same skeleton ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to are, however, not statistically consistent (T′=44.3; be calculated (2007 ±17 BP), which calibrates to 50 cal T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). See UB-5212. BC–cal AD 55 (Reimer et al 2004). See SUERC-9088 for laboratory comment on the stable istopes measurements. Laboratory comment: SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory (AMS) (15 December 2007), see laboratory References: Reimer et al 2004 comment by Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory under Ward and Wilson 1978 SUERC-9084. Laboratory comment: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory (15 December 2007), see laboratory comment by Rafter Beckford: pollen core, Worcestershire Radiocarbon Laboratory under SUERC-9084. Location: SO 984364 References: Reimer et al 2004 Lat. 52.01.34 N; Long. 02.01.29 W Ward and Wilson 1978 Project manager: J Wills (Archaeology Service, Gloucestershire County Council) UB–5212 2176 ±16 BP Archival body: Worcestershire County Museum δ13C: -20.6 ±0.2‰ δ13C (diet): -20.1 ±0.1‰ Description: a peat deposit beside the Carrant Brook. The top δ15N (diet): +9.6 ±0.3‰ and bottom have previously been dated. The section is c 1m C/N ratio: 3.3 deep and there are results from pollen, seeds, and beetles that show the development of the landscape of the vale of Sample: Beckford-65785, submitted in August 2005 by Evesham since the Bronze Age. J Wills Objectives: the top and bottom have already been dated using Material: human bone (310g) (right femur and tibia) bulk sediment. The aim is to fill in the gaps with AMS dates (A Grieve 2006) and to test the original dates (HAR-3624; 1000 ±70 BP; cal Initial comment: replicate of SUERC-9090 AD 890–1210; Reimer et al 2004) and HAR-3954; 3750 ±110 BP; 2480–1880 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). Objectives: as SUERC-9090 References: Greig and Colledge forthcoming σ Calibrated date: 1 : 350–195 cal BC Reimer et al 2004 2σ: 355–170 cal BC Final comment: see SUERC-9090 OxA–14939 1606 ±31 BP

Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), δ13C: -28.3‰ the two measurements on this skeleton (SUERC-9090 and Sample: BD1 0.85m, submitted in February 2006 by J Greig UB-5215) are statistically consistent (T′=1.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils: Carex subgen be calculated (2183 ±15 BP), which calibrates to 360–175 Carex; Apium cf nodiflorum; Prunus/Crataegus sp., thorn; cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). See SUERC-9090 for laboratory Urtica dioica; Ranunculus flammula, Ranunculus sect. comment on the stable isotopes measurements. Ranunculus, Chenopodium sp., Rorippa sp. (waterlogged seeds), Rosa/Rubus thorn (J Greig 2005) References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: layers of peaty sediment at a depth of 0.85m from the ground surface. Material may be calcareous; UB–5213 2015 ±20 BP samples were kept in a cold store in monolith tins sealed in polythene bags for 29 years after excavation. δ13C: -20.7 ±0.2‰

20 Berinsfield: Mount Farm, Oxfordshire

Objectives: the three samples submitted, together with the Description: the site was first recognised as a series of crop two dates already obtained, aim to date the pollen profile at marks (barrow ditch, gullies, pits, and ditched enclosures) in even intervals. This should allow a time/depth graph to be the 1930s and partially excavated by Myres in 1933 (Myres plotted. The pollen results can then hopefully be compared 1937). The Oxford Archaeological Unit excavated the site on with those from the excavation of the adjacent area. a much larger scale in advance of gravel extraction in 1977–8 (financed by Amey Roadstone Corporation, the Manpower Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 410–540 Services Commission, and the Department of the 2σ: cal AD 390–550 Environment). The excavations revealed a multi-period site Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the that spans the Neolithic to Saxon periods. Neolithic activity result is in agreement with the expected date for the sample. is represented by pit deposits, a scatter of lithic material, and a middle Neolithic oval barrow with a burial accompanied OxA–14940 1821 ±32 BP by a group of flint blades. This barrow contained a secondary Beaker burial. Probably also of Neolithic date is a δ13C: -25.1‰ timber post-ring, although much smaller than site 3, to the Sample: BD1 1m (A), submitted in February 2006 by south (Whittle et al 1992). Bronze Age activity is J Greig concentrated around a round barrow. No central grave was found, although the barrow contained a series of secondary Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (0.01g): Carex burials comprising inhumations and Deverel-Rimbury subgen Carex, Cirisum cf palustre, one seed; Ranunculus cremations. Later Bronze Age activity is represented by a sceleratus, two seeds; Apium cf nodiflorum, Ranunculus sect. field system aligned on the barrow, a waterhole cut through Ranunculus, seven seeds; Chenopodium sp., Conium the silted barrow ditch, and a burnt mound deposit. A late maculatum, one seed; Rorippa sp., Rosa/Rubus one thorn Bronze Age ploughsoil, stratified within the barrow ditch and (J Greig 2005) cut by a middle Iron Age gully, seals the waterhole. Initial comment: the material may be calcareous. The main The conversion of the land to arable was followed by the sample is of plant material. development of an early Iron Age settlement comprising a pit scatter. The storage pits had been reused for the disposal Objectives: as OxA-14939 of rubbish and some contained placed deposits of articulated Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 130–250 animal bone and human burials. In the middle Iron Age, a 2σ: cal AD 80–320 house enclosure and yard defined by ditches were constructed adjacent to the earlier pit scatter. Associated Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), the with this phase are a series of curvilinear gullies, the result is in agreement with the expected date for the sample. beginnings of a rectilinear field or paddock system, and a series of waterholes. This field system and excavation of OxA–14941 2083 ±33 BP further waterholes appear to have continued into the Roman period. Traces of early Saxon domestic activity including δ13 C: -25.1‰ wells, may indicate more extensive settlement in the area Sample: BD1 1.15m, submitted in February 2006 by J Greig possibly associated with the contemporary cemetery at Wally Corner 1km to the south. The four samples of human bone Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Carex subgen Carex, and a boar’s tusk were submitted for dating to add further seven seeds; Eleocharis sp., two seeds; Urtica dioica, one seed; precision to two radiocarbon measurements obtained in Ranunculus sceleratus, two seeds; Ranunculus sect. Ranunculus, 1981, and to take advantage of the smaller sample size seven seeds; Potentilla anserine, one seed; Aphanes sp., one required by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). seed; Lamiaceae, one seed (J Greig 2005) Objectives: to further refine the absolute chronology provided Initial comment: layer of peaty sediment. by a series of radiocarbon measurments obtained in 1981 Objectives: as OxA-14939 (HAR-4673 and HAR-4792; see below). Calibrated date: 1σ: 170–40 cal BC Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), the results 2σ: 200 cal BC–cal AD 1 show that the measurements obtained in 1981 were accurate, and contribute to a fuller understanding of the Final comment: J Wills and P Marshall (31 October 2007), chronological use of the site. the result is slightly earlier than might have been expected, given the pollen spectra. References: Lambrick forthcoming Myres 1937 Whittle et al 1992 Berinsfield: Mount Farm, Oxfordshire OxA–15747 3814 ±34 BP δ13C: -20.9 ±0.3‰ Location: SU 584968 δ15N (diet): +11.0 ±0.3‰ Lat. 51.39.59 N; Long. 01.09.20 W C/N ratio: 3.2 Project manager: G Lambrick (Oxford Archaeology), Sample: BERMF618 (1), submitted on 21 March 2005 by A 1977–8 Barclay Archival body: The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Material: human bone (right tibia) (C Boston 2005)

21 Berinsfield: Mount Farm, Oxfordshire

Initial comment: single articulated inhumation (adult female) (Bronk Ramsey et al 2004a) means that the measurement in a grave cut. Secondary burial within an oval barrow, found from the Oxford laboratory is more likely to be accurate. with a Beaker and two perforated boar tusks. The grave was References: Bronk Ramsey et al 2004a cut into natural free-draining gravel (second terrace). Ward and Wilson 1978 Objectives: to establish the date of the burial. A previous date obtained for this burial 2470–1770 cal BC (HAR-4792; OxA–15785 3372 ±38 BP 3710 ±110 BP) is broadly as expected but has a large error term. The second date should be more precise and allow for δ13C: -21.0 ±0.3‰ a more exact placement of the burial and its associated grave δ15N (diet): +12.0 ±0.3‰ goods within the regional sequence of Beaker graves. A date C/N ratio: 3.2 within the period 2250–1950 cal BC is most likely. Sample: BERMF178, submitted on 21 March 2005 by Calibrated date: 1σ: 2300–2200 cal BC A Barclay σ 2 : 2440–2140 cal BC Material: human bone (C Boston 2005) Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), the result is Initial comment: secondary infant (neonatal) burial within as expected. round barrow, which was found with a miniature Deverel- Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 November 2007), Rimbury style urn. The burial is within a grave cut and the two measurements on the human bone (OxA-15747 and forms part of a cemetery group that should belong to the HAR-4792) are statistically consistent (T′=0.8; T′(5%)=3.8; middle Bronze Age. The grave was cut into natural free- ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and so a weighted mean may draining gravel (second terrace). be calculated (3805 ±32 BP), which calibrates to 2350–2130 Objectives: to establish the date of the burial. It is likely that cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). the burial belongs to a phase of secondary burial within Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit the barrow that is thought to have taken place during the (20 July 2006), this sample produced a low yield (8.0mg middle Bronze Age. from 800mg starting weight). This is below our threshold of Calibrated date: 1σ: 1740–1610 cal BC 1% weight collagen usually accepted for accurate dating. 2σ: 1750–1530 cal BC References: Reimer et al 2004 Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), this result is Ward and Wilson 1978 a little earlier than might be expected. Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit OxA–15748 4738 ±35 BP (20 July 2006), this sample produced a low yield of gelatin δ13C: -20.9 ±0.3‰ (8.1mg from 520mg bone) and is therefore beneath our δ15N (diet): +11.5 ±0.3‰ threshold of 10mg gelatin. In addition, it had a low target C/N ratio: 3.2 current on the AMS, which is why its standard error is slightly higher than usual. Sample: BERFM602, submitted on 31 March 2005 by A Barclay OxA–15786 3359 ±32 BP Material: human bone (left femoral shaft fragment) (C Boston 2005) δ13C: -19.8‰ δ15N (diet): +9.8 ±0.3‰ Initial comment: single articulated inhumation (adult male) C/N ratio: 3.1 within a grave near the centre of an oval barrow. Found with a group of flint blades. The grave was cut into natural Sample: BERMF177, submitted on 21 March 2005 by free draining gravel (second terrace). A Barclay Objectives: to confirm the middle Neolithic date of this burial Material: human bone (left tibia) (C Boston 2005) and provide a date for the primary use of the oval barrow. Initial comment: this sample came from a secondary burial A previous date of 3500–2880 cal BC (HAR-4673; of an eight-year-old child, within the round barrow.The 4450±100 BP) has been obtained for this burial and a burial is within a grave cut. The burial is one of a group second determination should provide a more precise date. that should belong to the middle Bronze Age. The grave Calibrated date: 1σ: 3640–3380 cal BC was cut into natural free-draining gravel (second terrace). σ 2 : 3640–3370 cal BC Objectives: to establish the date of the burial. It is likely Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), the result that the burial belongs to a phase of secondary burial provides a date in line with what would be expected for a within the barrow that is thought to have taken place primary inhumation in an oval barrow. during the middle Bronze Age. However, the burial could belong with the Neolithic features (pit 160 and post rings) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 November 2007), that were enclosed by the barrow ditch. two measurements were made on bone from burial 602 (OxA-15748 and HAR-4673). These two dates are not Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC statistically consistent (T′=7.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and 2σ: 1750–1530 cal BC Wilson 1978). Although either measurement could be a Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), the result statistical outlier, improvements in pre-treatment of bone confirms the date of the secondary phase of burial activity associated with the barrow.

22 Bestwall Quarry: central peat sequence, Dorset

OxA–15787 3835 ±32 BP the environmental data with the archaeological evidence. A further objective of the dating programme was to date a δ13C: -20.6 ±0.3‰ henge complex where cultural material spanned the early δ15N (diet): +8.6 ±0.3‰ Neolithic to the middle Bronze Age. Archaeobotanical C/N ratio: 3.1 samples were submitted to determine the period of Sample: BERMF618(2), submitted on 21 March 2005 by cultivation of oats. A major objective was to confirm the A Barclay period of use of the charcoal pits and metalworking activity and to provide absolute dating for this. Material: animal bone (boar’s tusk) (C Boston and A Barclay 2005) Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the absolute dating evidence for the chronology of the field systems was Initial comment: one of a pair of perforated and possibly based on the artefactual evidence deposited in the ditches polished boar tusks found as placed grave goods with an after their abandonment. It was possible to reconstruct their articulated inhumation within a grave cut. The grave was cut periods of use and to confirm that an early system was laid into natural free-draining gravel (second terrace). out in the sixteenth century cal BC and a second series of Objectives: the tusks are likely to be the same date as or older ditches were laid out in the later sixteenth century cal BC. than (curated items) the burial. A radiocarbon date on one The ditches were abandoned by the beginning of the fifteenth of the tusks will establish this. Curated items (artefacts and century cal BC. It was possible to date the series of middle human bone) are a feature of some Beaker/early Bronze Age and Bronze Age roundhouses and their associated activities graves and a date for this artefact will allow comparison with across the site. The dating of the pollen sequence from the the date of the burial. The result will aid the understanding peat deposit has demonstrated that major environmental of Beaker/early Bronze Age ritual-funerary practices. change involving extensive woodland clearance and the intensification of cereal cultivation was contemporary with Calibrated date: 1σ: 2350–2200 cal BC the establishment of field systems and could be correlated 2σ: 2460–2150 cal BC with change rate of sedimentation within the peat deposit. Final comment: P Marshall (8 November 2007), the result The earliest dated feature on the site was a pit containing suggests that the boar tusk is probably contemporary with early Neolithic pottery. A segmented ditch belonging to a the inhumation. henge-type monument overlay this pit, but unfortunately no suitable dating material was available to date either this or its Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 November 2007), associated timber building. The cultivation of oats in the three measurements were made on human bone (replicates thirteenth century cal BC is confirmed. The dates of the OxA-15747 and HAR-4792) and a boar tusk (OxA-15787) charcoal pits and ironworking were found to be from this grave. All three dates are statistically consistent contemporary and took place from the end of the fifth ′ ′ ν (T =1.2; T (5%)=6.0; =2; Ward and Wilson 1978) and century cal AD up until the ninth century cal AD. therefore the human burial and boar tusk could be of the same actual age. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 December 2007), further radiocarbon dates from Bestwall Quarry are reported References: Ward and Wilson 1978 by Bayliss et al (2007a, 1–32). References: Bayliss et al 2007a Bestwall Quarry, Dorset Ladle and Woodward in press Ladle forthcoming Location: SY 935880 Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology Bestwall Quarry: central peat Project), 1992–2005 sequence, Dorset

Description: excavations at this 55ha gravel quarry have Location: SY 935880 uncovered a multiperiod landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W archaeology project. Features date from the early Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field systems, Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology droveways, working areas, domestic structures, pit clusters, Project) industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The best Archival body: Dorset County Museum represented periods are middle Bronze Age, late Bronze Age, Roman, and Saxon. Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have uncovered a multiperiod landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ Objectives: the scientific dating programme was designed to archaeology project. Features date from the early Mesolithic answer a series of fundamental questions regarding human to the post-medieval period and comprise field systems, activity at Bestwall. It was hoped to date the construction, droveways, working areas, domestic structures, pit clusters, use, and abandonment of the field/enclosure systems and to industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The best determine whether the structural remains within those field represented periods are middle Bronze Age, late Bronze Age, systems were contemporary, or otherwise, with their use. In Roman, and Saxon.The peat deposit is approximately 20m addition, it was hoped to date the sequence and construction wide and at least 50m long, with a depth of 2.7m, and was of a series of middle and late Bronze Age houses and their located in the central-south area of the site. The deposit is associated occupation. It was hoped to date the deposition cut into the natural gravels. The samples in this series come and accumulation of a peat deposit in order to understand from a long sequence in the central/deepest part of the the development of the associated landscape and to correlate deposit (2.32m deep).

23 Bestwall Quarry: central peat sequence, Dorset

Objectives: to understand the origins of the peat-filled Objectives: as SUERC-7550 depression and its subsequent vegetational history and local Calibrated date: 1σ: 800–760 cal BC palaeo-environments. To examine and establish the rate of 2σ: 810–590 cal BC peat accumulation and the time depth of each pollen zone/vegetational layer. Final comment: see SUERC-7550 References: Birks et al 1975 Scaife 2005 SUERC–7552 3395 ±35 BP Scaife and Jones 1988 δ13C: -27.7‰ Sample: BQ 05 K central column (1.5m), submitted on 7 SUERC–7550 2780 ±40 BP July 2005 by R Scaife δ13C: -28.2‰ Material: waterlogged wood (-1.47m OD): Alnus glutinosa, Sample: BQ 05 K central column (1.10–1m), submitted on 7 single fragment (R Gale 2005) July 2005 by R Scaife Initial comment: the sample was obtained from a monolith Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.07 – -0.97m OD column in the peat deposit at a depth of 1.50m below the Crataegus cf. laevigata (fruit stone)) (R Gale 2005) stripped surface. There was no evidence for disturbance or intrusion. The local geology was valley gravels overlain Initial comment: the sample was obtained from a monolith with sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged column in the peat deposit at a depth of between peat feature was contained within the gravel horizon. 1.00–1.10m below the stripped surface. There was no Eighteenth to nineteenth-century field drains had been laid evidence for disturbance or intrusion. The local geology was on top of the peat deposit. Approximately 0.5m of topsoil valley gravels overlain with sandy acidic topsoils and had been removed. subsoils. The waterlogged peat feature was contained within the gravel horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century field Objectives: the assessment of the pollen content of the peat drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. deposit (Scaife 2005), and the inferred vegetational Approximately 0.5m of topsoil had been removed. sequence, indicated a possible prehistoric date for laying down of the peat. Approximately 2m away from this sample, Objectives: the assessment of the pollen content of the peat the base of the original core was dated to 2880–2490 cal BC deposit (Scaife 2005), and the inferred vegetational (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer et al 2004). The sequence, indicated a possible prehistoric date. At a different dated samples will help determine the overall chronological location the base of this deposit has been dated to range and help confirm the dating of the archaeological 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP). The activity. In addition, the peat sequence will help clarify the dated samples will help to determine the overall pollen sequence. chronological range of the sediments and so help to confirm dating of the archaeological activity. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1750–1630 cal BC 2σ: 1770–1610 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 980–890 cal BC 2σ: 1020–820 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this sample from the boundary of pollen zones 3 and 4 dates the change Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the in sedimentation rate for the infill of the peat deposit. determination fell into the late Bronze Age at the beginning of the phase for peak cereal production, but the pollen References: Reimer et al 2004 evidence showed a bias towards pastoral activity. This would Scaife 2005 accord with the sequence of late Bronze Age houses. References: Reimer et al 2004 SUERC–7553 3780 ±40 BP Scaife 2005 δ13C: -27.5‰ Sample: BQ 05 K central column (2m), submitted on 7 July SUERC–7551 2575 ±35 BP 2005 by R Scaife δ13C: -26.7‰ Material: waterlogged wood (-1.97m OD): Alnus glutinosa, Sample: BQ 05 K central column (1.04m), submitted on 7 single fragment (R Gale 2005) July 2005 by R Scaife Initial comment: the sample was obtained from a monolith Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.01m OD): column in the peat deposit at a depth of 2m below the Phragmites (R Gale 2005) stripped surface. There was no evidence for disturbance or intrusion. The local geology was valley gravels overlain with Initial comment: the sample was obtained from a monolith sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat column in the peat deposit at a depth of 1.04m (base of feature was contained within the gravel horizon. Eighteenth peat). The sample comprised sedge peat containing to nineteenth-century field drains had been laid on top of macrofossils. There was no evidence for disturbance or the peat deposit. Approximately 0.5m of topsoil had been intrusion. The local geology was valley gravels overlain removed. with sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat feature was contained within the gravel horizon. Objectives: as SUERC-7552 Eighteenth to nineteenth-century field drains had been laid Calibrated date: 1σ: 2290–2130 cal BC on top of the peat deposit. Approximately 0.5m of topsoil 2σ: 2340–2040 cal BC had been removed.

24 Bestwall Quarry: central peat sequence, Dorset

Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the Objectives: as SUERC-7554 determination of the sample from pollen zone 2 places it in Calibrated date: 1σ: 2290–2140 cal BC the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age periods when woodland 2σ: 2350–2130 cal BC was dominant but with evidence for probable human interference resulting in minor clearances. This phase Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this sample equates with the construction of the ditched enclosure and came from the base of the peat deposit and belonged to, and associated mortuary structure. dated, the earliest sediments as well as the pollen sequence. References: Scaife 2005 SUERC–8158 2500 ±35 BP

SUERC–7554 3885 ±35 BP δ13C: -27.3‰ δ13C: -29.5‰ Sample: BQ 05 K 609 (0.90–1m), submitted on 20 September 2005 by L Ladle Sample: BQ 05 K central column (2.38m a), submitted on 7 July 2005 by L Ladle Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-0.87 – -0.97m OD): Phragmites, horizontally-bedded leaf (R Gale 2005) Material: waterlogged wood (-2.35m OD): Pomoideae, Sorbus group, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of 0.90–1m measured from the surface of the peat deposit. There was no Initial comment: the sample was obtained from a monolith intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels column in the peat deposit at a depth of 2.38m (base of overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The peat). The sample comprised sedge peat containing waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel macrofossils. There was no evidence for disturbance or horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic and intrusion. The local geology is valley gravels overlain with stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately feature was contained within the gravel horizon. 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century field drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. Approximately 0.5m of Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to topsoil had been removed. 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP). The sample will date the top sequence of peat. Objectives: as SUERC-7552 Calibrated date: 1σ: 770–540 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2290 cal BC 2σ: 790–410 cal BC 2σ: 2480–2200 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the sample Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the from the top of pollen zone 4 correlated with a peak in determinations secured the dating of the inception of the cereal production at the end of the late Bronze Age which peat deposition to the late Neolithic period. The results also continued into the early Iron Age. date the start of pollen zone 1. The vegetation consisted of woodland with small-leaved lime, ash, oak, and hazel. References: Reimer et al 2004 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two measurements from this level are statistically consistent SUERC–8159 3755 ±40 BP ′ ′ ν (SUERC-7554–5; T = 3.3; T (5%) = 3.8; = 1; Ward and δ13C: -27.5‰ Wilson 1978); the weighted mean (3840 ±25 BP; 2460–2200 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004) is the best estimate Sample: BQ 05 K 671 1.8–1.9m, submitted on 20 of the radiocarbon age of the level in the peat column. September 2005 by L Ladle References: Birks et al 1975 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.77 – -1.87m Birks 1989 OD): Corylus avellana, nutshell (R Gale 2005) Godwin 1975 Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of between Greig 1982 1.80m and 1.90m measured from the surface of the peat Moore 1977 deposit. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local Reimer et al 2004 geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and Scaife 1980 subsoils. The waterlogged peat deposit was contained within Scaife 2005 the gravel horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century Sidell et al 2000 ceramic and stone land drains had been laid on top of the Ward and Wilson 1978 peat deposit. The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. SUERC–7555 3795 ±35 BP Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to δ13C: -28.1‰ 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer et al 2004). The sample is at the bottom of pollen zone 2 and Sample: BW 05 K central column (2.38m B), submitted on sits above the lime decline and should confirm this event. 7 July 2005 by R Scaife Calibrated date: 1σ: 2270–2060 cal BC Material: waterlogged wood (-2.35m OD): Alnus glutinosa, 2σ: 2300–2030 cal BC single fragment (R Gale 2005) Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the sample is Initial comment: as SUERC-7554 of the anticipated date and confirms the lime decline.

25 Bestwall Quarry: central peat sequence, Dorset

References: Andersen 1970 Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to Andersen and Birks 1975 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) Godwin 1940 (Reimer et al 2004). The sample lies above the postulated Godwin 1956 ‘oak decline’ and above the major deforestation phase. Godwin 1975 The sample will check whether or not there is a hiatus in Haskins 1978 the sequence. Reimer et al 2004 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC Scaife 1980 2σ: 1750–1520 cal BC Scaife 2003 Sidell et al 2000 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), it was Turner 1962 confirmed that the sample lay above the start of the oak Waller 1994 decline and that there was no hiatus in the sequence. Waton 1983 References: Reimer et al 2004

SUERC–8160 3325 ±35 BP SUERC–8162 3655 ±40 BP δ13C: -27.8‰ δ13C: -29.9‰ Sample: Main profile. BQ 05 K 1.34m, submitted on 27 Sample: BQ 05K 672 (1.91–1.92m), submitted on 20 September 2005 by L Ladle September 2005 by L Ladle Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (1.34m; -1.31m OD, Material: waterlogged wood (-1.88 – -1.89m OD): Rosa/Rubus sp.) (R Gale 2005) Pomoideae, twig (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of 1.34m Initial comment: the sample came from a depth between measured from the surface of the peat deposit. There was no 1.91–1.92m from the surface of the peat deposit. There was intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The overlain with sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel waterlogged peat feature was contained within the gravel horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic and horizon. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century ceramic land stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. The sample The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately was permanent waterlogged. Approximately 0.5m of topsoil 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. had been removed. Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer 280–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer et et al 2004). The sample lies just above the oak forest decline, al 2004). The sample lies on the pollen zone half boundary that is, the base of zone 3 and will confirm or otherwise the at the lime decline and should confirm this event. date of this event. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2130–1950 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1670–1530 cal BC 2σ: 2150–1910 cal BC 2σ: 1730–1510 cal BC Final comment: see SUERC-8159 Final comment: L Ladle (27 September 2005), this sample was on the transition between pollen zones 3 and 4 and References: Reimer et al 2004 confirms the dramatic oak forest decline at the end of the early Bronze Age. SUERC–8166 3360 ±35 BP

References: Reimer et al 2004 δ13C: -29.0‰ Sample: BQ 05 K 645 (1.40m), submitted on 20 September SUERC–8161 3355 ±35 BP 2005 by L Ladle δ13C: -27.6‰ Material: waterlogged wood (-1.37m OD): Pomoideae, twig Sample: BQ 05 K 643 (1.35–1.36m), submitted on 27 (R Gale 2005) September 2005 by L Ladle Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of 1.40m Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.32 – -1.33m measured from the surface of the peat deposit. There was no OD): Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of 1.35m to waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel 1.36m measured from the surface of the peat deposit. There horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic and was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic and stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. et al 2004). The sample lies at the start of the major (oak) woodland decline and above the major deforestation phase.

26 Bestwall Quarry: charcoal-filled pits, Dorset

The sample will check whether or not there is a hiatus in the Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 650–690 sequence. 2σ: cal AD 610–780 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the 2σ: 1750–1530 cal BC determination confirmed that the sample was of early Saxon date and belonged to pollen zone 5 and confirms the Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the decline/regression of cereals. determination confirms that the sample lay in pollen zone 3 and that there was major woodland clearance at this time References: Reimer et al 2004 with a change to an open agricultural landscape which was initially pasture. References: Reimer et al 2004 Bestwall Quarry: charcoal-filled pits, Dorset SUERC–8845 2755 ±40 BP Location: SY 935880 δ13C: -27.5‰ Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Sample: BQ 05 K 642 (1.10–1.2m), submitted on 20 Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology September 2005 by L Ladle Project) Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.07 – 1.17m OD): Archival body: Dorset County Museum Phragmites, stem (R Gale 2005) Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of have uncovered a multiperiod landscape during a 13-year 1.10–1.20m measured from the surface of the peat deposit. ′rescue′ archaeology project. Features date from the early There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. field systems, droveways, working areas, domestic structures, The waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the pit clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. gravel horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic The best-represented periods are middle Bronze Age, late and stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat Bronze Age, Roman, and Saxon. The site has produced deposit. The sample was permanently waterlogged. 1089 pits, whose widths varied from 0.1 to 3.6m and Approximately 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. whose depths varied between 0.01m–0.60m. The pits varied Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to in shape from sub-rectangular to circular and generally 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer consisted of a basal layer of charcoal and an upper layer et al 2004). The sample will date the start and increase in of soil, often containing charcoal pieces. Some pits did not cereals and the change from pasture to arable. have a defined charcoal layer. A number of pits produced Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman pottery. Prehistoric Calibrated date: 1σ: 970–830 cal BC worked flint was found in more than half of the pits. These 2σ: 1010–810 cal BC features could belong to one or more periods and some Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the date could be medieval. confirms an increase in cereal production at the end of the Objectives: to discover whether the charcoal-filled pits are late Bronze Age, which lasted some 300 to 400 years. of a single period and if so which, or whether they date from References: Reimer et al 2004 several periods. Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the series SUERC–8863 1340 ±50 BP of 51 determinations from 27 charcoal-filled pits confirmed that charcoal burning activity began in the post-Roman δ13 C: -26.6‰ period and had ceased by the late ninth century AD. Sample: BQ 05 K 604 (0.40–0.50m), submitted on 20 There appeared to be a concentrated phase of activity September 2005 by L Ladle in the seventh and eighth centuries. Ceramic material which was originally used to date the pits must therefore Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-0.37 – -0.47m have been either residual or intrusive. The robust dates for OD): Phragmites, single fragment (R Gale 2005) these features give good confirmation of Saxon charcoal Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of burning activities in features which were otherwise very 0.40m–0.50m measured from the surface of the peat difficult to date. deposit. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local References: Cox and Hearne 1991 geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and Ladle forthcoming subsoils. The waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century GrA–28482 1455 ±35 BP ceramic and stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. The sample was permanently waterlogged. δ13C: -25.7‰ Approximately 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. Sample: BQ 04 L 316 (2), submitted on 4 March 2005 Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to by L Ladle 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer et al 2004).The sample lies at the decline/regression of the cereal Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment expansion and dating will confirm or otherwise this assumption. (R Gale 2005)

27 Bestwall Quarry: charcoal-filled pits, Dorset

Initial comment: an oval pit with two fills. The lower fill (315) There was no intrusion or residuality. Local geology is valley comprised a dark brown sandy loam with charcoal flecks. gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoil and topsoils. The pit Three large pieces of iron slag weighing 13.02g were on the was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.40m below burnt base of the pit. The local geology is valley gravels present ground surface. overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The pit was Objectives: as GrA-29006 cut into gravelly sand and was approximately 0.40m below present ground surface. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 660–770 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Objectives: contribute towards the dating of the charcoal pits. This pit had three very large pieces of iron slag and would Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit dates establish a date and association with metalworking on other to the main period of middle Saxon activity, despite the parts of the site. presence of a relatively high number of Roman pottery sherds, which must have been residual. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 570–650 2σ: cal AD 540–660 GrA–29009 1295 ±35 BP Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the determination for the pit falls into the later post-Roman δ13C: -27.7‰ period and before the main phase of middle Saxon activity. Sample: BQ 04 L 250A, submitted on 4 February 2005 The presence of large pieces of slag confirms that iron by L Ladle working was contemporary with the use of this charcoal pit. Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), (R Gale 2005) two measurements (GrA-28482 and SUERC-6931) from this feature produced statistically consistent results (T′=1.2; Initial comment: from a very large oval pit with steep sides T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). A third sample and a flat base. The lower fill (250) comprised a dense layer from this feature (BQ 04 L 316 (1) failed. of charcoal. There were no finds. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley gravels overlain by References: Ward and Wilson 1978 sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The pit was cut into gravelly sand and was approximately 0.40m below present GrA–29006 1310 ±35 BP ground surface. δ13C: -24.8‰ Objectives: as GrA-29006 Sample: BQ 04 K 563 A (256), submitted on 4 March 2005 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 660–780 by L Ladle 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Material: charcoal: Ilex aquifolium, single fragment (R Gale Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit falls 2005) into the main period of middle Saxon activity. Initial comment: from an oval pit with steep sides and a flat base. There were two fills and the charcoal was collected SUERC–5839 1385 ±35 BP from the bottom of the upper fill. This fill comprised a dark δ13C: -26.3‰ brown sandy loam. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic Sample: BQ 03 L 204B (168), submitted on 4 March 2005 subsoils and topsoils. The pit was cut into gravelly sand and by L Ladle was approximately 0.40m below the present ground surface. Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of the charcoal (R Gale 2005) pits. Initial comment: as GrA-29008 σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 660–770 Objectives: as GrA-29006 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 640–670 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit dates 2σ: cal AD 600–680 to the main period of middle Saxon activity. Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit dates to the earliest period of Saxon occupation of Dorset. GrA–29008 1300 ±35 BP

δ13 C: -22.9‰ SUERC–5840 1250 ±35 BP

Sample: BQ 03 L 204A (168), submitted on 4 March 2005 δ13C: -24.9‰ by L Ladle Sample: BQ 04 K 563B (256), submitted on 4 March 2005 Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment by L Ladle (R Gale 2005) Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, c 11 growth Initial comment: from an oval pit with steep sides and a flat rings, single fragment (R Gale 2005) base, with evidence of burning on the base. The fill comprised a mid-brown sandy loam with charcoal lumps Initial comment: from an oval pit with steep sides and a flat and discrete lenses and pockets of charcoal. Twelve sherds of base. There were two fills and charcoal was located from the Roman pottery weighing 31g were retrieved from the fill. bottom of the fill. The fill comprised a dark sandy loam.

28 Bestwall Quarry: charred plants, Dorset

There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic structures, pit The pit was cut into gravelly sand and was approximately clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The 0.40m below present ground surface. best-represented periods are middle and late Bronze Age, Roman, and Saxon. This series consist of three samples of Objectives: as GrA-29006 oats from middle Bronze Age contexts (ditch fills). Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 680–810 Objectives: to confirm (or otherwise) that oats were 2σ: cal AD 660–890 introduced and in cultivation in the middle Bronze Age. Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the pit falls Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the oat grain within the main period of middle Saxon activity. from pit K79 was dated to 1410-1130 cal BC (SUERC- 6152) and provided an early record for south-east Dorset SUERC–5841 1215 ±35 BP but as no chaff fragments were identified it was not δ13C: -25.0‰ possible to be certain whether wild or cultivated oats were preserved. By the Iron Age, oats were part of the arable Sample: BQ 04 L 250B, submitted on 4 March 2005 by regime at Bestwall. The determination from ditch segment L Ladle L634 (SUERC-6153) dated this oat grain to the post- Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment Roman period. (R Gale 2005) References: Carruthers 2003 Initial comment: as GrA-29009 Ladle and Woodward in press Objectives: as GrA-29006 GrA–28217 115 ±45 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 720–890 δ13C: -26.2‰ 2σ: cal AD 680–900 Sample: BQ 04 L 856C, submitted on 4 February 2005 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the pit falls in by L Ladle the latest phase of charcoal burning activity. Material: grain (oat, carbonised, single grain) SUERC–6931 1510 ±35 BP (W Carruthers 2004)

δ13C: -25.9‰ Initial comment: a segment of a ditch 1m long. The grain came from a soil sample from the second of five fills. This Sample: BQ 04 L 316 (3), submitted on 4 March 2005 by layer comprised a dark brown sandy loam with sparse L Ladle charcoal pieces. In total 19 sherds of pottery weighing Material: grain: Avenena sp., carbonised (W Carruthers 171g were retrieved from this layer. There was no intrusion 2005) or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The segment was cut Initial comment: as GrA-28482 into gravel and was approximately 0.5m below present Objectives: as GrA-28482 ground surface. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–600 Objectives: to establish that wild (or cultivated) oats were 2σ: cal AD 430–640 established in the middle Bronze Age. Very few sites have produced this type of grain in the early prehistoric Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), only four period. The only record is from the early Bronze Age at charcoal pits were bulk sampled and all produced grain-rich Montefiore, Southampton. assemblages. There is no reason to suppose that other σ charcoal pits would have been different. The oat grain from Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 1680–1955* σ this pit (L 316) had been processed and was indicative of 2 : cal AD 1660–1955* either waste food or fodder. The post-Roman date implies Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the middle organised agricultural activity at this time. Bronze Age determination confirms that oats were grown Laboratory comment: see GrA-28482 during this period, but the lack of chaff precludes absolute categorical affirmation of oats as a crop; they may have been weed seeds. Bestwall Quarry: SUERC–6152 3035 ±35 BP charred plants, Dorset δ13C: -25.3‰ Location: SY 935880 Sample: BQ 04 K 80C, submitted on 4 March 2005 by Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W L Ladle Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology Material: grain (oat, carbonised, single grain) Project), 1992–2005 (W Carruthers 2004) Archival body: Dorset County Museum Initial comment: from an oval shallow pit with a single fill. Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have The fill comprised a very dark brown, almost black, uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ sandy loam with much charcoal present. Four ceramic archaeology programme. Features date from the early weights were in this pit. One of these was decorated.

29 Bestwall Quarry: early Bronze Age ditches, Dorset

There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology in systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic structures, pit valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The The pit was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.5m best-represented periods are middle and late Bronze Age, below present ground surface. Roman, and Saxon. This series consist of sherds with residues from two early Bronze Age ditches. Objectives: as GrA-28217 Objectives: to date the construction, use, and abandonment Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1260 cal BC of the field systems. Artefactual evidence has currently dated 2σ: 1410–1130 cal BC two of the ditches to the early Bronze Age. Final comment: see GrA-28217 References: Ladle et al 2004 Laboratory comment: see GrA-28480 References: Ladle and Woodward in press GrA–29544 2690 ±40 BP δ13C: -28.5‰ SUERC–6153 1420 ±35 BP Sample: BQ 97F 371, submitted on 1 August 2005 by δ13C: -24.8‰ L Ladle Sample: BQ 04 L 634C, submitted on 4 March 2005 by Material: carbonised residue (internal) L Ladle Initial comment: from a “U”-shaped ditch segment with very Material: grain (oat, carbonised, single grain) steep sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a mid-brown (W Carruthers 2004) sandy loam with infrequent charcoal flecks, pottery, and scarce burnt flint. There was no intrusion or residuality. It is Initial comment: from a segment of a ditch 1m long. The soil a part of ditch F179. The local geology was valley gravel sample came from the second of five fills. This layer overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature comprised a dark brown sandy loam containing charcoal and was cut into sandy gravel and was approximately 0.35m charcoal ash. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local from the present ground surface. There was no disturbance. geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The pit was cut into gravel and was approximately Objectives: to establish the period of use and subsequent 0.5m below present ground surface. abandonment of the early Bronze Age ditches, the pre- cursors of the later, middle Bronze Age field system. Objectives: as SUERC-6152 Calibrated date: 1σ: 900–800 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 600–660 2σ: 920–790 cal BC 2σ: cal AD 570–670 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), ceramics Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the ceramic spanning the early to late Bronze Age confirm the multi- material in this ditch suggested that the oat grain would have phasing of ditch F179, the determination placing the sherd a middle Bronze Age date. The determination falls within the in the late Bronze Age agrees with the longevity of this late post-Roman period and the grain which came from the feature in the landscape. upper fills of the ditch, may have originated from agricultural activities in this field during that time. Oats were identified from two charcoal pits in this field, one of which (L314), OxA–15105 3132 ±28 BP SUERC-6931 yielded a broadly contemporary date. δ13C: -26.5‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), Sample: BQ 2000 S350, submitted on 1 August 2005 by two statistically consistent measurements on short-lived L Ladle charcoal fragments from this context (GrA-28472 and SUERC-5830; (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson Material: carbonised residue (internal, Middle Bronze Age) 1978), suggest that this ditch is middle Bronze Age in date Initial comment: from a “U”-shaped ditch segment with a and this oat grain intrusive. moderately steep side and a slightly rounded base. The fill References: Ward and Wilson 1978 comprised a light brown sandy loam with a deposit of raw clay. Pottery and burnt flint were present. The local geology was valley gravel overlain by sandy, acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into sandy gravel and was Bestwall Quarry: approximately 0.35m from the present ground surface. early Bronze Age ditches, Dorset There was no disturbance.

Location: SY 935880 Objectives: as GrA-29544 Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1390 cal BC Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology 2σ: 1460–1320 cal BC Project), 1992–2005 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this sherd Archival body: Dorset County Museum from the upper fill of the ditch provided a terminus post quem for the disuse of the later ditch system. Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ OxA–15124 3352 ±37 BP archaeology programme. Features date from the early Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field δ13C: -28.9‰

30 Bestwall Quarry: House X and ditch, Dorset

Sample: BQ 97F 240, submitted on 1 August 2005 by References: Ladle and Woodward in press L Ladle Material: carbonised residue (internal) GrA–28420 3040 ±35 BP δ13 Initial comment: from a “U”-shaped ditch segment with very C: -26.5‰ steep sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a dark brown Sample: BQ 04 L 1003A (202), submitted on 2 March 2005 sandy loam containing pottery, burnt flint, and heathstone. by L Ladle There was no intrusion or residuality. It is a part of ditch F179. The local geology was valley gravel overlain by sandy, Material: charcoal: Ericaceae, single fragment (R Gale 2004) acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into sandy Initial comment: from an oval pit with gently sloping sides gravel and was approximately 0.35m from the present and a flat base which was associated with burnt flint spread ground surface. There was no disturbance. (803) and lay to the side of, and underneath, this feature. Objectives: as GrA-29544 The fill comprised a compacted burnt flint with much charcoal within the compaction. The local geology is valley Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The 2σ: 1750–1520 cal BC feature was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.50m Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the below the ground surface. There was no disturbance. determination of the sherd supported the view that the ditch Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible was laid out in the latter part of the early Bronze Age. henge complex and the various archaeological sequences associated with this. To establish the period of use of a OxA–15125 3255 ±31 BP burnt area, identified as a hearth in the centre of the complex and its phasing. δ13C: -27.2‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1260 cal BC Sample: BQ 97F 238, submitted on 20 September 2007 2σ: 1410–1130 cal BC by L Ladle Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the charcoal Material: carbonised residue (internal) was derived from a spread of burnt flint which was Initial comment: from a “U”-shaped ditch segment with very interpreted as part of a hearth and which was located in the steep sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a mid-dark centre of House X. The determination confirmed middle brown sandy loam with pottery dispersed throughout. There Bronze Age occupation of this structure. was no intrusion or residuality. It is a part of ditch F179. The local geology was valley gravel overlain by sandy, acidic GrA–28422 3235 ±35 BP subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into sandy gravel δ13 and was approximately 0.35m from the present ground C: -28.0‰ surface. There was no disturbance. Sample: BQ 04 L 878A (234), submitted on 2 March 2005 Objectives: as GrA-29544 by L Ladle Calibrated date: 1σ: 1610–1490 cal BC Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment 2σ: 1620–1440 cal BC (R Gale 2004) Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the Initial comment: from a circular posthole with vertical sides determination of the sherd falls within the early middle and a rounded base. The fill comprised a mid-brown sandy Bronze Age and can be used to date the abandonment of the loam with most of the charcoal near the top of the fill. There first phase of the ditch. was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravelly sand and was approximately Bestwall Quarry: 0.50m from the ground surface. House X and ditch, Dorset Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible henge complex and the various archaeological sequences Location: SY 935880 associated with this. To establish the period of use of a Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W sequence of postholes within a ditched enclosure. Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology Calibrated date: 1σ: 1530–1450 cal BC Project) 2σ: 1610–1430 cal BC Archival body: Dorset County Museum Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the charcoal came from the fill of a posthole belonging to the ring of Description: a later Bronze Age house constructed over part postholes which held structural timbers belonging to House of early Neolithic pit L577, the late Neolithic timber X and confirms a middle Bronze Age date for that structure. structure and a stock control ditch. The house probably took advantage not only of the natural hollow but also of the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (19 November 2007), partially silted-up ditches of the mortuary enclosure. The this result is significantly earlier than a second measurement gully of the house enclosed 17 postholes which formed a from this posthole 1420–1210 cal BC (SUERC-5828; single ring for posts which supported the roof. 3045 ±35 BP), which may suggest that this charcoal fragment was residual. Objectives: to date the construction and use of House X.

31 Bestwall Quarry: House X and ditch, Dorset

GrA–28423 3065 ±40 BP overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravely sand and was approximately 0.40m δ13C: -26.4‰ below the ground surface. Sample: BQ 04 L 804A (201), submitted on 2 March 2005 Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible by L Ladle henge complex and the various archaeological sequences Material: charcoal: Ericaceae, single fragment (R Gale 2004) associated with this. To establish a period of use of a sequence of postholes within a ditched enclosure. Initial comment: from a very shallow, oval scoop with edges that are difficult to define. The fill comprised a mid-brown Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1410 cal BC sandy loam with dense concentrations of burnt flint, within 2σ: 1520–1320 cal BC which were deposits of charcoal. Two sherds of pottery came Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the sample from the fill. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local from the fill of posthole L759 produced an early middle geology was valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils Bronze Age date and post-excavation analysis placed it with and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravelly sand and was a series postholes belonging to animal pens and drafting approximately 0.40m below the ground surface. gates which were associated with ditches and gullies used in Objectives: as GrA-28420 the control and movement of stock. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1410–1270 cal BC 2σ: 1430–1210 cal BC SUERC–5822 3105 ±35 BP δ13 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the heather C: -27.8‰ charcoal from the hearth sequence in the centre of House X Sample: BQ 04 L 532B (212), submitted on 2 March 2005 confirms a middle Bronze Age date for the structure. The by L Ladle heather may have had a specific use as a short-action but high temperature fuel. See SUERC-5827. Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: as GrA-28424 GrA–28424 3125 ±35 BP Objectives: as GrA-28420 δ13C: -25.8‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1430–1320 cal BC Sample: BQ 04 L 532A (212), submitted on 2 March 2004 2σ: 1450–1290 cal BC by L Ladle Final comment: see GrA-28424 Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: from a circular posthole with vertical sides, SUERC–5823 3230 ±40 BP but a ‘step’ to the west and a flat base. The fill comprised a δ13C: -25.4‰ dark brown, charcoal-rich sandy loam. There was neither intrusion nor residuality. The local geology is valley gravels Sample: BQ 04 L 760B (228), submitted on 2 March 2005 overlain with sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature by L Ladle was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.40m below the Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment ground surface. (R Gale 2005) Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible Initial comment: as GrA-28426 henge complex and the various archaeological sequences associated with this. To establish a period of use of a Objectives: as GrA-28426 sequence of postholes within a ditched enclosure. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1530–1440 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1380 cal BC 2σ: 1620–1420 cal BC σ 2 : 1500–1310 cal BC Final comment: see GrA-28426 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the charcoal References: Pryor 1996 came from the fill of a posthole belonging to the ring of Pryor 1998 postholes which held structural timbers belonging to House X and confirms a middle Bronze Age date for that structure. SUERC–5827 3105 ±35 BP

GrA–28426 3165 ±40 BP δ13C: -25.3‰

δ13C: -26.8‰ Sample: BQ 04 L 804B (201), submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle Sample: BQ 04 L 760A (228), submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment (R Gale 2004) Initial comment: as GrA-28423 Initial comment: a sub-square posthole with vertical sides and Objectives: as GrA-28420 a flat base. The fill comprised a grey silty sand with charcoal Calibrated date: 1σ: 1430–1320 cal BC and small amounts of burnt and worked flint. There was no 2σ: 1450–1290 cal BC intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley gravels

32 Bestwall Quarry: late Bronze Age houses and occupation, Dorset

Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the charcoal chronological progression of a single farmstead which was was derived from a spread of burnt flint which was successively rebuilt further south. The good agreement of interpreted as part of a hearth and which was located in the this model was noteworthy. Carbonised residues also centre of House X. The determination confirmed middle contributed to the overall dating programme. Samples which Bronze Age occupation of this structure. See GrA-28423. were directly associated with metallurgy could be related to the period of the settlements. SUERC–5828 3045 ±35 BP References: Gibson 2004 δ13C: -25.2‰ Ladle and Woodward in press Moore and Jennings 1992 Sample: BQ 04 L 878B (234), submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle GrA–28468 2875 ±35 BP Material: charcoal: Salicaceae, single fragment (R Gale 2005) δ13C: -23.3‰ Initial comment: as GrA-28422 Sample: BQ 97 P 1493A, submitted on 2 March 2005 Objectives: as GrA-28422 by L Ladle Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1260 cal BC Material: charcoal: Ulex/Cytisus sp., single fragment 2σ: 1420–1210 cal BC (R Gale 2003) Final comment: see GrA-28422 Initial comment: from an oval pit with steep, almost vertical, sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a charcoal-rich, SUERC–6035 3120 ±35 BP humic soil with frequent chunks of burnt heathstone. Twenty-six sherds of pottery were present. There was no δ13C: -26.2‰ intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels Sample: BQ 04 L 1003B (202), submitted on 2 March 2005 overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature by L Ladle was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.35m below present ground surface. Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) Objectives: to establish the period of use of House 13. Initial comment: as GrA-28420 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1120–1000 cal BC Objectives: as GrA-28420 2σ: 1200–920 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1380 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the 2σ: 1490–1310 cal BC determination confirmed that the farmstead at the north Final comment: see GrA-28420 of the site was the earliest in the sequence and was established in the 960s or 950s cal BC and was probably in use for one or two generations. See SUERC-5833. Bestwall Quarry: late Bronze Age GrA–28470 2680 ±35 BP houses and occupation, Dorset δ13C: -26.1‰ Location: SY 935880 Sample: BQ 97 F 368A, submitted on 2 March 2005 Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W by L Ladle Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment Project), 1992–2005 (R Gale 2003) Archival body: Dorset County Museum Initial comment: from a circular pit with moderately sloping Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry sides and a flat base. The fill comprises a mid-brown sandy have uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year loam with charcoal throughout. Large amounts of ′rescue′ archaeology programme. Features date from the heathstone were present together with 29 sherds of pottery. early Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology field systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic was valley gravels overlain with sandy acidic subsoils and structures, pit clusters, industrial activity, burials, and topsoil. The feature was cut into sand and was approximately ritual deposits. The best-represented periods are middle 0.40m below present ground surface. and late Bronze Age, Roman, and Saxon. This series Objectives: to determine whether the houses are of a single consists of five discrete structures comprising rings of date or whether they were constructed over a period of time. postholes of varying numbers. To establish a date for episodes of industrial activity. Objectives: to determine whether the houses are of a single Calibrated date: 1σ: 840–800 cal BC date or whether they were constructed over a period of 2σ: 910–790 cal BC time. To establish a date for episodes of industrial activity. Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the belonged to settlement 2 and as such helped to establish its chronological model suggested that three areas of settlement date of abandonment to between 900–850 cal BC. See in Fields P, F, and G which contained between one and SUERC-5838. three houses together with pits and activity areas showed a

33 Bestwall Quarry: late Bronze Age houses and occupation, Dorset

GrA–28471 2670 ±35 BP gravels overlain with sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into the present ground surface. δ13C: -26.5‰ Objectives: as GrA-28470 Sample: BQ 97 F 458A, submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle Calibrated date: 1σ: 910–820 cal BC 2σ: 970–800 cal BC Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment (W Carruthers 2004) Final comment: see GrA-28468 and SUERC-6149 Initial comment: from a circular feature with steep sides and a rounded base. The fill comprised a mid-brown sandy GrA–28486 2725 ±35 BP loam with frequent lumps of burnt heathstone and charcoal δ13C: -27.1‰ pieces. Three sherds of pottery (including one large sherd on the base of the feature) were in the fill. There was no Sample: BQ 97 F 442 (ii), submitted on 2 March 2005 intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley by L Ladle gravels overlain with sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, (Sorbus group), single The ditch segment was cut into sand on the east and fragment (R Gale 2005) gravel on the west. There were some voids likely to be animal burrows. The feature was approximately 0.5m Initial comment: from a circular pit with steep almost below present ground surface. vertical sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a dark brown sandy loam with lenses of raw clay and charcoal Objectives: as GrA-28470 throughout. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local Calibrated date: 1σ: 840–800 cal BC geology is valley gravels overlain with sandy acidic subsoils 2σ: 900–790 cal BC and topsoils. The feature was cut into natural sand and was approximately 0.40m below ground level. Final comment: see GrA-28470 Objectives: to establish the period of use of house 10. GrA–28481 2825 ±35 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 910–820 cal BC 2σ: 970–800 cal BC δ13C: -25.2‰ Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the Sample: BQ 97 F 270 (ii), submitted on 2 March 2005 determination confirmed the date of this house and placed by L Ladle it in the final late Bronze Age sequence of shifting Material: charcoal: Ulex/Cytisus sp., single fragment farmsteads on the site. (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: from a small oval pit with gently sloping SUERC–5833 2830 ±35 BP sides and a rounded base. The fill comprised dark brown δ13C: -26.6‰ silty sand with large amounts of clay and brunt hearthstone. Forty-one sherds of pottery were present. There was no Sample: BQ 97 P 1493B, submitted on 2 March 2005 intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley gravel by L Ladle overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment was cut into natural sands and was approximately 0.40m (R Gale 2003) below present ground surface. Initial comment: as GrA-28468 Objectives: to closely date an episode of industrial activity. Objectives: as GrA-28468 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1020–920 cal BC 2σ: 1120–900 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1020–920 cal BC 2σ: 1120–900 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit was associated with activity related to settlement 2 and houses 11 Final comment: see GrA-28468 and 12 and the determination confirmed activity in the first half of the tenth century cal BC. SUERC–5837 2720 ±35 BP

δ13C: -25.7‰ GrA–28484 2725 ±35 BP Sample: BQ 97 F 368B, submitted on 2 March 2005 δ13 C: -25.5‰ by L Ladle Sample: BQ 97 F 391 (ii), submitted on 2 March 2005 Material: charcoal: Alnus glutinosa, single fragment by L Ladle (R Gale 2003) Material: charcoal: Alnus glutinosa, narrow roundwood, Initial comment: as GrA-28470 single fragment (R Gale 2005) Objectives: as GrA-28470 Initial comment: from a circular pit with moderately steep sloping sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a mid-brown Calibrated date: 1σ: 910–820 cal BC sandy loam with pieces of burnt heathstone. Fifty-nine 2σ: 970–800 cal BC sherds of pottery were contained within the fill. There was Final comment: see GrA-28470 no intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley

34 Bestwall Quarry: marginal peat sequence, Dorset

SUERC–5838 2695 ±40 BP Bestwall Quarry: δ13C: -23.6‰ marginal peat sequence, Dorset

Sample: BQ 97 F 458B, submitted on 2 March 2005 Location: SY 935880 by L Ladle Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology (R Gale 2004) Project), 1992–2005 Initial comment: as GrA-28471 Archival body: Dorset County Museum Objectives: as GrA-28471 Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have Calibrated date: 1σ: 900–800 cal BC uncovered a multiperiod landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ 2σ: 920–790 cal BC archaeology project. Features date from the early Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field systems, Final comment: see GrA-28470 droveways, working areas, domestic structures, pit clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The best- SUERC–6148 2860 ±35 BP represented periods are middle Bronze Age, late Bronze Age, Roman, and Saxon. The sample in this peat series comes δ13C: -23.1‰ from the short sequence from the western margin of the Sample: BQ 97 F 270 (i), submitted on 2 March 2005 deposit (0.48m deep). by L Ladle Objectives: to provide information on the chronology of Material: charcoal: Ulex/Cytisus sp., three growth rings, sedimentation. single fragment (R Gale 2005) Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the base of Initial comment: as GrA-28481 this marginal peat sequence dates to 1060–890 cal BC and the environmental evidence from this column therefore Objectives: as GrA-28481 relates to the late Bronze Age period onwards. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1060–970 cal BC References: Birks et al 1975 2σ: 1130–910 cal BC Scaife 2005 Final comment: see GrA-28481 Scaife and Jones 1988 Smith and Pitcher 1973 SUERC–6149 2765 ±35 BP SUERC–8167 2815 ±35 BP δ13C: -27.3‰ δ13C: -27.3‰ Sample: BQ 97 F 391 (i), submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle Sample: PROFILE 2 (0.48m), submitted on 27 September 2005 by L Ladle Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., narrow roundwood, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Prunus spinosa, stem (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: as GrA-28484 Initial comment: the sample comes from a depth of 0.48m Objectives: as GrA-28470 measured from the surface of the peat deposit. There was no Calibrated date: 1σ: 970–840 cal BC intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels 2σ: 1010–820 cal BC overlain by sandy acidic topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat deposit was contained within the gravel Final comment: see GrA-28468 and GrA-28484 horizon. Eighteenth- to nineteenth-century ceramic and stone land drains had been laid on top of the peat deposit. SUERC–6150 2745 ±35 BP The sample was permanently waterlogged. Approximately δ13C: -25.1‰ 0.50m of topsoil had been removed. Sample: BQ 97 F 442 (i), submitted on 2 March 2005 Objectives: the base of the peat deposit has been dated to by L Ladle 2880–2490 cal BC (SUERC-5696; 4105 ±40 BP) (Reimer et al 2004). The sample lies at the base of section (262) at a Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., three growth rings, depth of 0.48m, and is in the upper levels of the peat deposit roundwood, single fragment (R Gale 2005) and will secure dating for the later stages of the peat Initial comment: as GrA-28486 formation and associated landscape. σ Objectives: as GrA-28486 Calibrated date: 1 : 1010–910 cal BC 2σ: 1060–890 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 920–830 cal BC 2σ: 980–810 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the base of the marginal peat sequence was dated to the latest phase of Final comment: see GrA-28486 the middle Bronze Age. References: Reimer et al 2004

35 Bestwall Quarry: metalworking debris, Dorset

Bestwall Quarry: Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., narrow roundwood, single metalworking debris, Dorset fragment (R Gale 2004) Initial comment: from a circular pit with gently sloping sides Location: SY 935880 and a flat, but undulating, base, which has been burnt red. Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W The fill comprised a mid brown sandy loam with large Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology amounts of charcoal and slag (5220g). There was no Project), 1992–2005 intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The pit was Archival body: Dorset County Museum cut into sand and was approximately 0.35m below the Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have present ground surface. uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ Objectives: as GrA-29004 archaeology programme. Features date from the early σ Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 610–660 σ systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic structures, pit 2 : cal AD 590–670 clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this pit was best-represented periods are middle and late Bronze Age, 1.5m away from the remnants of the base of a probable iron Roman, and Saxon. The samples are from an area of working furnace, the slag within the pit filling was probably metalworking activity comprising bases of furnaces and derived from activities centred on the furnace. The spreads of slag and other metal working debris. determination places these activities at the beginning of the Objectives: to establish the date of the features from which intensive phase of charcoal production which continued iron working slags were retrieved and activities associated throughout the seventh and eighth centuries AD. See with these. SUERC-6141.

Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the results SUERC–6141 1415 ±35 BP from the ironworking features indicate that this industry spanned approximately the same period as the charcoal δ13C: -25.1‰ burning beginning in the fifth or early sixth century AD and Sample: BQ 94D 509B, submitted on 4 March 2005 by ending in the late ninth or tenth century. L Ladle References: Aiano 1977 Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Salter and Maynard 1988 (R Gale 2005)

GrA–29004 1145 ±35 BP Initial comment: as GrA-29005

δ13C: -27.1‰ Objectives: as GrA-29004 σ Sample: BQ 04 K 502A (502), submitted on 4 March 2005 Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 600–660 σ by L Ladle 2 : cal AD 570–670 Material: charcoal: Alnus glutinosa, single fragment Final comment: see GrA-29005 (R Gale 2004) SUERC–6142 1255 ±35 BP Initial comment: from an oval pit, bowl-shaped with shallow sloping sides. The fill contained charcoal and hammerscale, δ13C: -27.9‰ comprising a mid to dark brown sandy loam. Some raw clay Sample: BQ 04 K 502B (502), submitted on 4 March 2005 was also present. Fill (502) was above a possible plano- by L Ladle convex bottom. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment subsoils and topsoils. The pit was cut into sand and was (R Gale 2005) approximately 0.40m below the present ground surface. Initial comment: as GrA-29004 Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of the Objectives: as GrA-29004 metalworking activity. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 680–780 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 870–970 2σ: cal AD 660–890 2σ: cal AD 770–990 Final comment: see GrA-29004 Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), hammerscale from this feature confirmed iron smithing on-site and the determination placed this activity in the eighth or ninth centuries AD. See SUERC-6142. Bestwall Quarry: middle Bronze Age occupation in field K, Dorset GrA–29005 1405 ±35 BP Location: SY 935880 δ13C: -24.9‰ Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Sample: BQ 94D 509A, submitted on 4 March 2005 Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology by L Ladle Project), 1992–2005

36 Bestwall Quarry: middle Bronze Age occupation in Field K, Dorset

Archival body: Dorset County Museum References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ GrA–28480 2990 ±35 BP archaeology programme. Features date from the early δ13C: -25.9‰ Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic structures, pit Sample: BQ 04 K 80A, submitted on 4 March 2005 by L clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The Ladle best-represented periods are middle and late Bronze Age, Material: charcoal: Ilex aquifolium, single fragment (R Gale Roman, and Saxon. The pits and ditch segments in Field K 2004) produced large quantities of middle Bronze Age pottery. Pit (80) produced decorated ceramic weights. Initial comment: from an oval, shallow pit with a single fill, which comprised a very dark, almost black, charcoal-rich, Objectives: to closely date the pottery assemblage and sandy loam. Four ceramic weights were in this pit, one of ceramic weights, through association with other assemblages which was decorated. There was no residuality or intrusion. from middle Bronze Age houses and working areas. The local geology was valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), subsoils and topsoils. The pit was cut into gravel and was determinations came from two pits and a single ditch approximately 0.5m below present ground surface. segment. Measurements from two barley grains from the Objectives: as GrA-28462 ditch fill suggest that the grain was deposited in the fifteenth century cal BC and that the ditch (K71) formed part of the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1300–1130 cal BC initial layout of the Bronze Age field system. The ditch had 2σ: 1380–1110 cal BC gone out of use by c 1300 cal BC. Pit K79 which contained Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), three samples a decorated, perforated clay object was probably filled in the from this pit were dated (GrA-28480, SUERC-5829, and thirteenth century cal BC, as was pit K63, which contained SUERC-6152). The results were not statistically consistent the substantial remains of a middle Bronze Age bucket urn. (T′=19.1;T′(5%)=6.0; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978), but this The determination is consistent for the date range of this determination probably implies that the pit was infilled during pottery. A previously dated assemblage of pottery and the thirteenth century cal BC and as such, dates the perforated perforated clay objects (J712) suggests that they were ceramic objects. See SUERC-5829 and SUERC-6152. deposited slightly earlier in the fourteenth century cal BC. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Barrett 1976 Ladle and Woodward in press GrA–28487 3235 ±40 BP

GrA–28462 2990 ±35 BP δ13C: -22.9‰

δ13C: -24.0‰ Sample: BQ 04 K 70(ii), submitted on 4 March 2005 by L Ladle Sample: BQ 04 K 65B, submitted on 4 March 2005 by L Ladle Material: grain: Hordeum sp., hulled, carbonised, single grain (W Carruthers 2004) Material: grain: Hordeum sp., hulled, carbonised, single fragment (W Carruthers 2004) Initial comment: from a segment of a ditch 0.7m long. The fill comprised a dark brown sandy loam, compacted in Initial comment: from a circular pit with two fills. The upper places, within which were 17 sherds of pottery weighing fill (64) comprised a very dark brown, almost black, 198g. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local compacted sandy loam, with much charcoal and ash. There geology was valley gravels overlain with sandy acidic subsoils were 42 sherds of pottery weighing 1065g in this layer and topsoils. The ditch segment was cut into sand on the including substantial remains of one vessel. There was no east and gravel on the west. There were some voids, likely to residuality or intrusion. The local geology was valley gravels be animal burrows. The feature was approximately 0.5m overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The pit was below present ground surface. cut into gravel and was approximately 0.5m below present ground surface. Objectives: as GrA-28462 Objectives: to establish the period of use of a series of Calibrated date: 1σ: 1530–1450 cal BC ditches and pits in Field K which were not associated with 2σ: 1620–1420 cal BC any house. Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1300–1130 cal BC determination confirms that this ditch was disused by c 1400 2σ: 1380–1110 cal BC cal BC and that it was part of the second phase of ditch digging. The pottery which was deposited in the fills Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the suggested that the ditch had certainly been abandoned by c statistically consistent results from two samples from this pit 1300 cal BC. (GrA-28462 and SUERC-6151; T′=3.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) suggest that the deposit was placed SUERC–5829 3195 ±35 BP in the thirteenth century cal BC. The bucket urn in the coarse ware Deverel-Rimbury tradition occurred with sherds δ13C: -24.4‰ from a further bucket urn and decorated sherds from Sample: BQ 04 K 80B (179), submitted on 4 March 2005 globular urns. by L Ladle

37 Bestwall Quarry: middle Bronze Age occupation in Field L, Dorset

Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Objectives: to closely date the pottery assemblage, through (R Gale 2004) association with other pottery groups from middle Bronze Age houses and working areas. To determine where the Initial comment: as GrA-28480 midden material originated and to confirm the date of Avon Objectives: as GrA-28480 Stour style pottery. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1420 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), five 2σ: 1530–1410 cal BC statistically consistent measurements suggest that the occupation debris was deposited in the fifteenth century cal Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this sample BC and that the determinations not only dated a large was probably residual. deposit of Avon Stour style pottery but also provided a Laboratory comment: see GrA-28480 terminus post quem for the construction of the later phase of the field systems. Earlier episodes of ditch cleaning indicate SUERC–6151 3085 ±35 BP that the ditch was dug some time before 1500 cal BC. One measurement from a residual fragment of charcoal indicates δ13C: -23.6‰ probable association with Beaker activity in the area. It was Sample: BQ 04 K 65A, submitted on 4 March 2005 by not possible to associate the deposit with any of the houses. L Ladle References: Brück 2001 Material: grain: Hordeum sp., hulled, carbonised, single grain Ellison 1981 (W Carruthers 2004) Ladle and Woodward in press

Initial comment: as GrA-28462 GrA–28472 3235 ±40 BP Objectives: as GrA-28462 δ13C: -26.3‰ σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1420–1310 cal BC Sample: BQ 04 L 634A (218), submitted on 3 March 2005 σ 2 : 1440–1260 cal BC by L Ladle Final comment: see GrA-28462 Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2004)

SUERC–6157 3165 ±35 BP Initial comment: from a segment of ditch 1m long. The pottery came from the second of five fills. This layer δ13C: -21.9‰ comprised a dark brown sandy loam containing charcoal and Sample: BQ 04 K 70(i), submitted on 4 March 2005 by charcoal ash. In total 14 sherds weighing 258g were retrieved L Ladle from this layer. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic Material: grain: Hordeum sp., naked, carbonised, single grain subsoils and topsoils. The upper half of the feature was cut (W Carruthers 2004) into sand and the lower half into gravel. The feature was Initial comment: as GrA-28487 approximately 0.40m below present ground surface. Objectives: as GrA-28462 Objectives: to establish the period of use of the ditch for midden material and to confirm the end of use of the ditch Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1410 cal BC as a field boundary. 2σ: 1510–1390 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1530–1450 cal BC Final comment: see GrA-28487 2σ: 1620–1420 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), one of five statistically consistent dates suggesting that the midden Bestwall Quarry: middle Bronze Age material was deposited in the fiftheenth century cal BC and occupation in field L, Dorset that the ditch had gone out of use by c 1400 cal BC. See GrA-28476. Location: SY 935880 Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W GrA–28475 3180 ±35 BP Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology δ13C: -26.7‰ Project), 1992–2005 Sample: BQ 04 L 639AF (223), submitted on 3 March 2005 Archival body: Dorset County Museum by L Ladle Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment uncovered a multi-period landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ (R Gale 2004) archaeology programme. Features date from the early Mesolithic to the post-medieval period and comprise field Initial comment: from a segment of ditch 1m long. The systems, drove ways, working areas, domestic structures, pit charcoal came from a soil sample in the middle fill of three clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The layers. The fill comprised a very dark brown charcoal-rich, best-represented periods are middle and late Bronze Age, sandy loam. Much burnt flint was present. In total twenty- Roman, and Saxon. This series consists of segments of ditch three sherds of pottery weighing 291g were retrieved from L (932) in field L which were filled with fresh midden this layer. There was no intrusion or residuality. The local material, including many large sherds with conjoins. geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and

38 Bestwall Quarry: middle Bronze Age occupation in Field L, Dorset topsoils. The upper half of the feature was cut into sand and Objectives: to establish the period of use of the ditch for the lower half into gravel. The feature was approximately midden material and to confirm the end of use of the ditch 0.40m below present ground surface. as a field boundary. Objectives: as GrA-28472 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1210–1040 cal BC 2σ: 1270–1000 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1410 cal BC 2σ: 1520–1400 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the determination from the sherd of Avon Stour style pottery Final comment: see GrA-28472 probably relates to the latest phase of ditch infilling. This ditch had ceased being used as a boundary by 1400 cal BC. GrA–28476 3335 ±35 BP

δ13C: -25.6‰ GrA–28478 2240 ±35 BP Sample: BQ 04 L 856A (233), submitted on 3 March 2005 δ13C: -26.2‰ by L Ladle Sample: BQ 04 L 630, submitted on 3 March 2005 by Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment L Ladle (R Gale 2004) Material: carbonised residue (internal) Initial comment: from a segment of a ditch 1m long. The Initial comment: from a segment of ditch 0.98m long. The charcoal came from a soil sample from the second of five pottery came from the upper fill of mid-brown sandy loam fills. This layer comprised a dark brown sandy loam with which contained burnt flint and lumps of white, raw clay. sparse charcoal. In total nineteen sherds of pottery weighing In total, 26 sherds of pottery weighing 387g were retrieved 171g were retrieved from this layer. There was no intrusion from this layer. There was no intrusion or residuality. The or residuality. The local geology was valley gravels overlain local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The upper part of the subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravelly sand feature was cut into sand and the lower part into gravel. The (upper fill) and gravel (base and lower fill). The feature was feature was approximately 0.4m below present ground approximately 0.4m below present ground surface. surface. Objectives: to establish the period of use of the ditch as a Objectives: see GrA-28472 sump for midden material and to confirm the end of use of Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1530 cal BC the ditch as a field boundary. 2σ: 1740–1520 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 390–200 cal BC Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this date from 2σ: 400–200 cal BC a residual fragment of charcoal may have been associated Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the with Beaker activity in the area and predated the determination on this sherd indicates that it must have been construction of the ditch. intrusive and was probably deposited when the ditch had Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), filled and gone out of use. Middle Iron Age evidence is six radiocarbon measurements are available from the sparse at Bestwall but pollen data implies a distinct phase of midden material in this ditch, of which five are statistically arable cultivation at this time and although the date was consistent (GrA-28472, GrA-28475, and SUERC-5830–2; unexpected, it confirms activity during this artefactually T′=2.9; T′(5%)=9.5; ν=4; Ward and Wilson 1978). GrA- impoverished period. 28476 is significantly older (T′=15.9; T′(5%)=11.1; ν=5; Ward and Wilson 1978) and may be from a residual SUERC–5830 3215 ±35 BP fragment of charcoal. δ13C: -25.1‰ References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: BQ 04 L 634B (218), submitted on 3 March 2005 by L Ladle GrA–28477 2920 ±35 BP Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment δ13C: -27.1‰ (R Gale 2004) Sample: BQ 04 L 1174, submitted on 3 March 2005 by Initial comment: as GrA-28472 L Ladle Objectives: to establish the period of use of the ditch for Material: carbonised residue (internal, Avon Stour style) midden material and to confirm the end of use of the ditch Initial comment: from a segment of a ditch 1m long. The as a field boundary. pottery came from the second of five fills. This layer Calibrated date: 1σ: 1520–1430 cal BC comprised a mid-brown, charcoal-rich, sandy loam with 2σ: 1610–1410 cal BC frequent gravel nodules. In total, 28 sherds of pottery, weighing 449g, were retrieved from this layer. There was no Final comment: see SUERC-5832, GrA-28472, and SUERC- intrusion or residuality. The local geology was valley gravels 6153 overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The upper part of the feature was cut into sand and the lower part SUERC–5831 3155 ±35 BP into gravel. The feature was approximately 0.4m below present ground surface. δ13C: -25.8‰

39 Bestwall Quarry: monument in Field L, Dorset

Sample: BQ 04 L 639B (223), submitted on 3 March 2005 References: Ladle and Woodward in press by L Ladle Ladle forthcoming Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment (R Gale 2004) GrA–28428 4955 ±40 BP δ13 Initial comment: as GrA-28475 C: -29.8‰ Objectives: as GrA-28472 Sample: BQ 04 L 578, submitted on 2 March 2005 by L Ladle Calibrated date: 1σ: 1460–1400 cal BC 2σ: 1500–1320 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, early Neolithic Plain Bowl) Final comment: see SUERC-5832 and GrA-28475 Initial comment: from a large oval pit with steep sides and an References: Ladle and Woodward in press undulating base. The fill comprised a mid-brown to grey sandy loam. Thirty-six sherds of pottery were found in the SUERC–5832 3210 ±40 BP fill together with forty pieces of struck flint of an early Neolithic character. The feature was cut by posthole L522. δ13C: -26.0‰ There was no intrusion or residuality. The local geology Sample: BQ 04 L 856B (233), submitted on 3 March 2005 is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and by L Ladle topsoils. The feature was cut into sandy gravel and was approximately 0.40m from the ground surface. There Material: charcoal: Salicaceae, single fragment (R Gale 2004) was no disturbance. Initial comment: as GrA-28476 Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible Objectives: as GrA-28476 henge area and the various archaeological sequences associated with the monument. To establish the period of σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1520–1430 cal BC use of the pit which predated the establishment of the later σ 2 : 1610–1410 cal BC features. To date the pottery within the feature, and by so Final comment: see GrA-28472 doing, date the associated flint assemblage. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), Calibrated date: 1σ: 3780–3660 cal BC two statistically consistent measurements on short-lived 2σ: 3900–3650 cal BC charcoal fragments from this context (GrA-28472 and Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the residue ′ ′ ν SUERC-5830; (T =0.1; T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson sample from an undecorated body sherd of early Neolithic 1978), suggest that this ditch is middle Bronze Age in date Plain Bowl pottery dates the pit which was one of four and and this oat grain intrusive. which was the earliest set of features associated with the References: Ward and Wilson 1978 henge complex. Part of the interrupted henge ditch overlay, and was therefore later than, this feature. References: Cleal 1990 Bestwall Quarry: Field et al 1964 monument in field L, Dorset Richards 1990 Thomas 1999 Location: SY 935880 Woodward 2000 Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology GrA–29716 2970 ±35 BP Project) δ13C: -27.0‰ Archival body: Dorset County Museum Sample: BQ 04 L 1052 (1051)B, submitted on 1 July 2005 Description: a rectangular timber building placed within an by L Ladle oval enclosure formed by a segmented ditch in Field L. Part Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2004) of a complex area of pits, postholes, and ditches in a natural hollow at the extreme south-eastern corner of the field. Initial comment: from a posthole with steep, almost vertical sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a dark brown sandy Objectives: to date the construction and use of the loam. Gravels were used as packing and there was much rectangular structure associated with the oval ditched charcoal in the fill. There was no intrusion or residuality. The monument in Field L. local geology is valley gravels overlain by sandy acidic Final comment: L Ladle and P Marshall (28 January 2008), subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravel and was unfortunately no samples were available to provide absolute approximately 0.50m from the ground surface. dates for this structure. The single fragment of charcoal Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible from posthole L1052 provided a middle Bronze Age date of henge/mortuary sequence associated with the monument. 1370-1050 cal BC (GrA-29716). Since this posthole was cut σ by gully L611, which appears to be associated with the Calibrated date: 1 : 1270–1120 cal BC σ earlier middle bronze Age House X, it seems likely that this 2 : 1370–1050 cal BC sample is intrusive in its context and does not date the Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), this posthole rectangular structure. was initially thought to belong to the late Neolithic mortuary

40 Bestwall Quarry: primary auger peat sequence, Dorset house structure; the determination showed that it was part of Objectives: as GrA-29717 the middle Bronze Age roundhouse structure. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1410–1300 cal BC 2σ: 1430–1260 cal BC GrA–29717 3010 ±40 BP Final comment: see GrA-29717 δ13C: -27.4‰ Sample: BQ 04 L 825 (232)B, submitted on 1 July 2005 by SUERC–7353 3100 ±35 BP L Ladle δ13C: -27.3‰ Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2004) Sample: BQ 04 L 825 (232)A, submitted on 1 July 2005 Initial comment: from a segment of a gully (611) with steep by L Ladle almost vertical sides and a flattish base. Cuts stakehole Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2004) (826). The fill comprised a dark brown sandy loam with frequent burnt flints and charcoal pieces. There was no Initial comment: as GrA-29717 intrusion or residuality. The local geology is valley gravels Objectives: as GrA-29717 overlain by sandy acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into gravel and was approximately 0.50m from the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1420–1310 cal BC ground surface. 2σ: 1440–1290 cal BC Objectives: to contribute towards the dating of a possible Final comment: see GrA-29717 henge/mortuary sequence associated with the monument. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1380–1210 cal BC 2σ: 1400–1120 cal BC Bestwall Quarry: Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the charcoal primary auger peat sequence, Dorset from the burnt flint-rich fill of a gully was originally thought Location: SY 935880 to belong to the middle to late Neolithic rectangular Lat. 50.41.28 N; Long. 02.05.31 W mortuary structure. The determination places this feature in the middle Bronze Age and therefore it must have been part Project manager: L Ladle (Bestwall Quarry Archaeology of the structural remains, probably a baffle screen in front of Project), 1992–2005 the hearth, of House X. Archival body: Dorset County Museum

GrA–29741 3095 ±35 BP Description: excavations at this 55 hectare gravel quarry have uncovered a multiperiod landscape during a 13-year ′rescue′ δ13C: -24.2‰ archaeology project. Features date from the early Mesolithic Sample: BQ 04 L 574 (214)B, submitted on 1 July 2005 by to the post-medieval period and comprise field systems, L Ladle droveways, working areas, domestic structures, pit clusters, industrial activity, burials, and ritual deposits. The best- Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., roundwood, single fragment represented periods are middle Bronze Age, late Bronze Age, (R Gale 2004) Roman, and Saxon.The peat deposit is approximately 20m Initial comment: from a segment of gully (611) with steep wide and at least 50m long, with a depth of 2.7m, and was almost vertical sides and a flat base. The fill comprised a located in the central-south area of the site. The deposit is dark brown sandy loam with a dense concentration of cut into natural gravels. This series consists of two samples natural gravels together with burnt flint and moderate obtained during primary survey of the pond. quantities of charcoal. The pottery was retrieved from this Objectives: to assess the chronological range of organic fill. The local geology was valley gravels overlain by sandy deposits from the pond. acidic subsoils and topsoils. The feature was cut into the gravels and was approximately 0.50m from the ground Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the dates surface. There was no disturbance. (SUERC-5696 and SUERC-5813) suggested that the peat between 2m and 2.68m below the level of the stripped Objectives: as GrA-29717 surface accumulated in the late Neolithic period. Thus much Calibrated date: 1σ: 1420–1310 cal BC of the environmental evidence contained within this peat 2σ: 1440–1260 cal BC could be expected to be contemporary with the prehistoric and later activity at Bestwall. Final comment: see GrA-29717 References: Ladle forthcoming SUERC–7352 3075 ±35 BP SUERC–5696 4105 ±40 BP δ13C: -27.7‰ δ13C: -29.1‰ Sample: BQ 04 L 574A (214)A, submitted on 1 July 2005 by L Ladle Sample: BQ Peat Deposit 2m, submitted on 25 January 2005 by L Ladle Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus glutinosa, single fragment Initial comment: as GrA-29741 (R Scaife 2005)

41 Burlescombe, Devon

Initial comment: the sample was obtained from hand- Burlescombe, Devon auguring through the centre of the peat-filled hollow.The sample was obtained from a depth of 2m below the stripped Location: ST 810658 surface and is in the earliest part of the sequence. There was Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W no evidence for disturbance or intrusion, but shallow, Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 modern land drains had been constructed over part of the peat-filled surface. The local geology was gravels overlain Description: the watching brief on the topsoil stripping in with sandy acidic topsoil and subsoil. The waterlogged peat advance of a quarry extension exposed a multiphase feature was contained within the gravel horizon. prehistoric and early medieval site, set in a shallow Approximately 0.5m of topsoil had been removed. There depression on a north-east-facing hill slope. This depression, were land drains on the surface of this feature. measuring c 30m north-south and 25m east-west, had been infilled with colluvium to a maximum depth of 2m sometime Objectives: the assessment of the pollen content of the ′peat′ in the mid- to late Iron Age, sealing and preserving the deposit (Scaife 2005) and the inferred vegetational sequence, archaeological deposits. The site was identified during topsoil indicates a possible early prehistoric (?Neolithic) origin for stripping when a spread of burnt stone and charcoal was the infilling of this hollow. Early in the vegetational sequence exposed at the eastern edge of the colluvium. The site itself there is a dramatic change in vegetation type; ie a loss of lies 15m below the crest of the hill at a height of c 150m woodland. A comparison with other pollen samples within OD. The archaeological features sealed within the depression the project indicates a Neolithic date. It is important to by the colluvium consist of: 1) two Bronze Age burnt confirm this significant event by providing a spot date from mounds with associated troughs; 2) a waterlogged pit the lower horizon of the core sample and to justify a more containing planks and stakes; 3) an oak-plank-built detailed analysis in the future. springhead, set in a shallow hollow, with a plank-lined Calibrated date: 1σ: 2860–2570 cal BC launder draining water from this feature to the east. A find of 2σ: 2880–2490 cal BC a single potsherd from this feature was provisionally dated to the middle- to late Iron Age; and 4) a stake- and wattle-lined Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the possible pit c 1.5m in diameter, situated less than one metre to the early prehistoric (?Neolithic) origin for the infilling of the west of the well described above, containing a hollowed tree hollow suggested by the pollen content, has been confirmed trunk. This trunk measured c 0.5m in diameter and 0.6m as this radiocarbon result calibrates to 2880–2490 cal BC high and was set upright within the pit. Initial assessment of and thus falls in the late Neolithic period. the tool marks on this artefact suggested an early Iron Age References: Scaife 2005 date for this structure. The site was systematically sampled. Bulk samples were taken from every cut feature and spread SUERC–5813 3655 ±35 BP of material, and where practicable, features were excavated in spits (of 50mm). Monoliths were also taken. δ13C: -25.6‰ Objectives: the programme of analysis and conservation was Sample: BQ Peat Deposit 1.68m, submitted on 25 January designed to answer specific questions regarding the date, 2005 by L Ladle function, and setting of the various constituent features Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus glutinosa, single fragment exposed during the fieldwork, and to make the results (R Scaife 2005) available through publication and the display of artefacts in a museum setting. Particular questions that needed to be Initial comment: this sample was obtained from hand- addressed included: dating of the Bronze Age burnt mounds; augering through the centre of the peat-filled hollow, from a dating of the troughs sealed by the burnt mounds; depth of 1.68m below the stripped surface, and is in the comparison of the dates to establish contemporaneity of the earliest part of the sequence. There was no evidence for troughs and associated mounds; dating of the well features, disturbance or intrusion, but shallow, modern land drains and date of the earlier use of the reused timbers; the had been constructed over part of the peat-filled surface. The chronological relationship between the two springheads; local geology was valley gravels overlain with sandy acidic establishing whether the site/features represent continuous topsoils and subsoils. The waterlogged peat feature was utilization (throughout the Bronze/Iron Age transition) of the contained within the gravel horizon. Approximately 0.5m of perched water table, or whether the site represents two the topsoil had been removed. There were land drains on the distinct periods of exploitation; determining the length of surface of this feature. time the various layers of dumping (over the burnt mounds) Objectives: as SUERC-5696 took to accumulate; establishing the date of the shoe (see below). Calibrated date: 1σ: 2130–1960 cal BC 2σ: 2140–1920 cal BC Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the radiocarbon results from this project have been supplemented by Final comment: L Ladle (20 September 2007), the possible dendrochronological study (Tyers 2007), and the combined early prehistoric (?Neolithic) origin for the infilling of the results subject to Bayesian analysis (Best and Gent hollow suggested by the pollen content, has been confirmed forthcoming). This has established a detailed chronology for as this radiocarbon result calibrates to 2140–1920 cal BC the site, making it possible to: establish a chronological and thus falls in the late Neolithic period. relation between the two burnt mounds; suggest the duration of use of the two burnt mounds; identify the early medieval date of the the springheads; establish a chronological relationship between the two springheads; date the shoe; and

42 Burlescombe: burnt mounds and associated pits, Devon provide an approximate date for the colluviation of the site. context represents the waterlogged fill of a pit (672) with A rigorous dating exercise also made it possible to unknown function, sealed by a layer of oxidized gravel demonstrate the ′mixed′ nature of the material sampled for (′burnt mound′). There is little or no chance of intrusive pollen analysis, and to ensure that the results of that analysis elements or residuality. The local geology is gravel. The were interpreted accordingly. spread of material immediately overlies the water table (the interface of this context and the underlying ones References: Barfield 1991 representing the level of the water table). The context was Barfield and Hodder 1987 undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be Best and Gent forthcoming slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact Hurley 1990 parameters are unknown. Jeffery 1991 Passmore and Pallister 1967 Objectives: to determine whether this pit (672) is Ryder 1981 contemporaneous with trough (645) (both of these features Tyers 2007 were sealed by the burnt mound (549)). Dating the fill of pit (672) will also help to determine the chronology of the site and relate this pit to other associated features. Burlescombe: burnt mounds and Calibrated date: 1σ: 740–400 cal BC associated pits, Devon 2σ: 760–400 cal BC

Location: ST 810658 Final comment: T Gent (17 April 2007), the dated material is Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W considered intrusive. Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 Laboratory comment: English Heritage, the two results from this context are not statistically consistent (OxA-15961 and Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum OxA-15983; T′=230.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson (Exeter) 1978). Description: the watching brief on the topsoil stripping in References: Ward and Wilson 1978 advance of a quarry extension exposed a multiphase prehistoric and early medieval site set in a shallow OxA–15983 3122 ±31 BP depression on a north-east-facing hill slope. This depression, measuring c 30m north-south and 25m east-west, had been δ13C: -28.4‰ infilled with colluvium to a maximum depth of 2m sometime Sample: BLC04-360A, submitted in May 2006 by in the mid- to late Iron Age, sealing and preserving the R Woodgate archaeological deposits. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (hazelnut shell) Objectives: to date the Bronze Age burnt mounds; to date (J Jones 2006) the troughs sealed by the burnt mound; to compare the dates to establish contemporaneity of the troughs and Initial comment: as OxA-15961 associated mounds. Objectives: as OxA-15961 Final comment: T Gent (11 October 2007), the results Calibrated date: 1σ: 1430–1380 cal BC contribute to providing a chronological sequence for the site, 2σ: 1450–1310 cal BC strongly suggesting that burnt mound 549 was employed after burnt mound 569 went out of use. Further analysis of Final comment: T Gent (17 April 2007), this result shows results (Best and Gent Forthcoming) also provides an that the pit was broadly contemporary with burnt mound estimate of the span of use of burnt mound 549 at 0–60 years 549 and trough 645. (95% probability), and an estimate of the span of use of burnt Laboratory comment: see OxA-15961 mound 569 at 10–170 years (95% probability). References: Best and Gent forthcoming References: Barfield 1991 Barfield and Hodder 1987 Best and Gent forthcoming SUERC–10148 3070 ±35 BP Hurley 1990 δ13C: -25.0‰ Jeffery 1991 Passmore and Pallister 1967 Sample: BLC04-309A, submitted in February 2006 by Ryder 1981 T Gent Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) OxA–15961 2432 ±33 BP Initial comment: this sample is from context 549. It represents δ13C: -27.3‰ a spread of burnt stone (chert and gravels) and charcoal forming a ′burnt mound′. This was overlain by a series of Sample: BLC04-360B, submitted in May 2006 by silty dumping horizons. Those horizons were in turn sealed R Woodgate by a thick layer of colluvium. The mound 549 sealed two Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified twig) earlier features: a large pit (672) containing waterlogged (J Jones 2006) material, and a timber lined trough (645 is also waterlogged). Due to the depth of deposits overlying the Initial comment: this sample is from context 682. This mound there is no chance of intrusive material or residuality.

43 Burlescombe: burnt mounds and associated pits, Devon

The local geology is gravel. The spread of material site, suggesting strongly that burnt mound 569 was used and immediately overlies the water table (the interface of this abandoned before burnt mound 549 was employed. Further context and the underlying ones representing the level of the analysis of results (Best and Gent Forthcoming) also water table). The context was undisturbed. The pH is likely provides an estimate of the span of use of burnt mound 569 to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact at 10–170 years (95% probability). parameters are unknown. References: Best and Gent forthcoming Objectives: a control/comparative date for that obtained from University of Waikato on charcoal (Corylus sp.), 1450–1300 SUERC–10151 3225 ±35 BP cal BC (Wk-16204: 3110 ±34 BP, δ13C -25.2 ±-0.2‰). δ13C: -25.5‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1410–1300 cal BC 2σ: 1430–1220 cal BC Sample: BLC04-311B, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result has contributed to providing a chronological sequence for the Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment site, suggesting strongly that burnt mound 549 was Initial comment: as SUERC-10150 employed after burnt mound 569 went out of use. Further analysis of results (Best and Gent forthcoming) also provides Objectives: as SUERC-10150 an estimate of the span of use of burnt mound 549 at 0–60 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1530–1440 cal BC years (95% probability). 2σ: 1610–1420 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), Final comment: see SUERC-10150 the three radiocarbon results from this context are statistically consistent (Wk-16204, and SUERC-10148–9; References: Best and Gent forthcoming T′=0.7; T′(5%)=6.0;ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978). SUERC–10152 3115 ±35 BP References: Best and Gent forthcoming Reimer et al 2004 δ13C: -25.1‰ Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: BLC04-347A, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent SUERC–10149 3100 ±35 BP Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment δ13 C: -26.3‰ (R Gale 2006) Sample: BLC04-309B, submitted in February 2006 by Initial comment: the sample is from context 662, the fill of T Gent trough 645. This material was waterlogged, with some timber Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment planking surviving at the edges of the trough. Charcoal is (R Gale 2006) being used as radiocarbon sample as no suitable waterlogged material was available. The trough was sealed by a layer of Initial comment: as SUERC-10148 burnt stone and gravel (burnt mound 549). The trough was Objectives: as SUERC-10148 cut into natural sands and gravels. Due to the depth of deposits overlying the mound there is no chance of intrusive σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1420–1310 cal BC material or residuality. The local geology is gravel. The σ 2 : 1440–1290 cal BC material was beneath the water table. The context was Final comment: see SUERC-10148 undisturbed and un-bioturbated. The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10148 parameters are unknown. Objectives: the date will prove useful as a comparative tool SUERC–10150 3195 ±35 BP between the date of the mound and the trough. The dating δ13C: -25.0‰ of the trough may also establish whether the troughs were contemporary. Sample: BLC04-311A, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent Calibrated date: 1σ: 1430–1320 cal BC 2σ: 1450–1300 cal BC Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result has Initial comment: as OxA-15961 contributed to provide a chronological sequence for the site, Objectives: the dates from this burnt mound will ascertain strongly suggesting that this trough, and burnt mound 549, whether the two mounds are contemporary. They may also was used after burnt mound 569 went out of use. See indicate how long the burnt mounds were in use. They SUERC-10153. would likewise prove useful as a comparative tool between the date of the mound and the trough the mound seals. SUERC–10153 3140 ±35 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1420 cal BC δ13C: -26.2‰ 2σ: 1530–1410 cal BC Sample: BLC04-347B, submitted in February 2006 by Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result has T Gent contributed to providing a chronological sequence to the

44 Burlescombe: monolith 324, Devon

Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Initial comment: as SUERC-10152 Initial comment: the sample is from context 689. It represents the lower fill of trough (659), within a circular depression at Objectives: as SUERC-10152 the base of the trough. The context was reddish black in Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1390 cal BC colour (2.5YR 2.5/1) with clay/silt and abundant charcoal 2σ: 1500–1310 cal BC throughout. The local geology is gravel and this context was immediately above the water table. The context was Final comment: see SUERC-10152 undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact SUERC–10154 3280 ±35 BP parameters are unknown. δ13C: -25.1‰ Objectives: to compare the date of the horizon of that of the ′ ′ Sample: BLC04-350A, submitted in February 2006 by overlying burnt mound . The suite of dates/samples (basal T Gent fill, upper fill, and overlying mound) should give a clear indication of the chronology of the feature(s) and, with the Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment similar dating strategy for the other burnt mound and (R Gale 2006) trough, it will give some insight into the development of the Initial comment: this sample is from context 666. It represents site. the upper fill of trough (659). The context was black in Calibrated date: 1σ: 1610–1450 cal BC colour (5YR 2.5/1) and contained abundant heat shattered 2σ: 1620–1430 cal BC quartzite and chert. The trough was sealed by a spread of burnt stone (one of the burnt mounds). Due to the depth of Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result has deposits overlying the mound, there is no chance of intrusive contributed to provide a chronological sequence to the site, material or risiduality. The local geology is gravel. This strongly suggesting that this trough, and burnt mound 569, context was immediately above the water table. The context was used and abandoned before burnt mound 549 was was undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be employed. See SUERC-10160. slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact parameters are unknown. SUERC–10160 3220 ±35 BP Objectives: to compare the date of this burnt horizon to that δ13C: -24.5‰ of the early overlying ′burnt mound′ and the basal fill (689). Sample: BLC04-354B, submitted in February 2006 by The suite of the dates/samples (basal fill, upper fill, and T Gent overlying mound) should give a clear indication of the chronology of the feature(s) and with a similar dating Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) strategy for the other burnt mound and trough, it will give Initial comment: as SUERC-10159 some insight into the development of the site. Objectives: as SUERC-10159 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1620–1500 cal BC 2σ: 1640–1450 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1520–1440 cal BC 2σ: 1610–1420 cal BC Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result has contributed, with others, to provide a chronological Final comment: see SUERC-10159 sequence for the site, strongly suggesting that this trough, References: Best and Gent forthcoming and burnt mound 569, was used and abandoned before burnt mound 549 was employed. See SUERC-10158.

SUERC–10158 3315 ±35 BP Burlescombe: monolith 324, Devon

δ13C: -26.8‰ Location: ST 810658 Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W Sample: BLC04-350B, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum (Exeter) Initial comment: as SUERC-10154 Description: the watching brief on the topsoil stripping in Objectives: as SUERC-10154 advance of a quarry extension exposed a multiphase Calibrated date: 1σ: 1640–1520 cal BC prehistoric and early medieval site set in a shallow 2σ: 1690–1500 cal BC depression on a north-east facing hill slope. This depression, measuring c 30m north-south and 25m east-west, had been Final comment: see SUERC-10154 infilled with colluvium to a maximum depth of 2m sometime in the mid- to late Iron Age, sealing and preserving the SUERC–10159 3245 ±40 BP archaeological deposits. The samples in this series are from a monolith taken through a series of colluvial deposits across δ13C: -26.2‰ most of the features on site. Due to the depth of deposits Sample: BLC04-354A, submitted in February 2006 by overlying this material there is no chance of intrusive T Gent material or residuality.

45 Burlescombe: monolith 324, Devon

Objectives: to indicate the date and duration of the Sample: BLC04-324 (0.20–0.22m), submitted in February colluviation and when the site was sealed; to determine 2006 by T Gent whether the rate of deposition of material was constant; to Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment tighten the chronology of the feature (R Gale 2006) Final comment: T Gent (11 October 2007), the poor Initial comment: from a monolith taken through a series of agreement between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy colluvial deposits across most of the features on site. Due to from this monolith (324) is the result of the sampled the depth of deposits overlying this material there is no material having been mixed (the datable material is likely to chance of intrusive material or residuality. The local geology have been preserved in a waterlogged state in the vicinity, is gravel. The spread of material overlies the water table (the and then introduced to the sampled positions during an interface of this context and the underlying ones unknown number of colluvial episodes). The dates therefore representing the level of the water table). The context was provide only an approximate end point for these events undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be during the Iron Age. slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact References: Barfield 1991 parameters are unknown. Barfield and Hodder 1987 Objectives: the dating of the top and bottom of the monolith Best and Gent forthcoming will indicate the date and duration of colluviation and when Hurley 1990 the site was sealed. Jeffery 1991 Passmore and Pallister 1967 Calibrated date: 1σ: 740–410 cal BC Ryder 1981 2σ: 760–400 cal BC Tyers 2007 Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from both OxA–15693 2511 ±28 BP this monolith and the one taken through the fills of pit 658 δ13C: -27.5‰ (monolith 325) indicate that the sampled material has been mixed. The datable material is likely to have been preserved Sample: BLC04-324 (0.43–0.45m), submitted in February in a waterlogged state in the vicinity, and then introduced to 2006 by T Gent the sampled positions during an unknown number of Material: waterlogged wood (0.05g) (unidentified twig) colluvial episodes. The dates therefore provide only an (R Gale 2006) approximate end point for these events during the Iron Age. See SUERC-10674. Initial comment: from a monolith taken through a series of colluvial deposits across most of the features on site. Due to Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), the depth of deposits overlying this material there is no the two results from this level are not statistically consistent chance of intrusive material or residuality. The local geology (OxA-15694 and SUERC-10674; T′=28.0; T′(5%)=3.8; is gravel. The spread of material overlies the water table (the ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978), suggesting that this sediment interface of this context and the underlying ones contained reworked material of a variety of ages. representing the level of the water table). The context was References: Ward and Wilson 1978 undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH6.5) although exact OxA–15939 2766 ±29 BP parameters are unknown. δ13C: -26.7‰ Objectives: the dating of the top and bottom of the monolith will indicate the date and duration of this colluviation and Sample: BLC04-324 (0.28–0.29m), submitted in February suggest when the site was sealed. 2006 by T Gent Calibrated date: 1σ: 780–540 cal BC Material: charcoal (0.05g) (unidentified, single fragment) 2σ: 790–520 cal BC (S David 2006) Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement Initial comment: from a monolith taken through a series of between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from both colluvial deposits sealing most of the features on site. Due to this monolith and the one taken through the fills of pit 658 the depth of deposits overlying this material there is no (monolith 325) indicates that the sampled material has been chance of intrusive material or residuality. The local geology mixed. The datable material is likely to have been preserved is gravel. The spread of material immediately overlies the in a waterlogged state in the vicinity, and then introduced to water table (the interface of this context and the underlying the sampled positions during an unknown number of ones representing the level of the water table). The context colluvial episodes. The dates therefore provide only an was undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be approximate end point for these events during the Iron Age. slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact parameters are unknown. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), the two macrofossils from this level produced statistically Objectives: the dating of the mid-section from the organic fill inconsistent radiocarbon ages (OxA-15693 and SUERC- in addition to the top and base will indicate whether the rate 10675; (T′=4.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). of deposition of material was constant and serve to tighten the chronology of the feature. AMS dating of specific References: Ward and Wilson 1978 material is suggested to compare with the bulk humic acid fraction of this sample. OxA–15694 2437 ±27 BP

δ13C: -25.0‰ 46 Burlescombe: monolith 324, Devon

Calibrated date: 1σ: 970–850 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 840–800 cal BC 2σ: 1000–830 cal BC 2σ: 900–790 cal BC Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from this between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from this monolith indicate that the sampled material has been mixed. monolith indicates that the material contained has been The datable material is likely to have been preserved in a mixed. The datable material is likely to have been preserved waterlogged state in the vicinity, and then introduced to the through waterlogging in the vicinity, and then introduced to sampled positions during an unknown number of colluvial the sampled positions during an unknown number of episodes. The dates therefore provide only an approximate colluvial episodes. The dates therefore provide only an end point for these events during the Iron Age. approximate end point for these events during the Iron Age. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), Laboratory comment: see OxA-15694 the two results from this level are not statistically consistent References: Best and Gent forthcoming (OxA-15939 and OxA-15941; T′=9.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978), suggesting that this sediment contained reworked material of a variety of ages. SUERC–10675 2600 ±35 BP References: Ward and Wilson 1978 δ13C: -28.6‰ Sample: BLC04-324 (0.43–0.45m), submitted in February OxA–15941 2644 ±28 BP 2006 by T Gent δ13C: -27.5‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (0.05g) (bark, unidentified, single fragment) (R Gale 2006) Sample: BLC04-324 (0.28–0.29m), submitted in February 2006 by T Gent Initial comment: as OxA-15693 Material: sediment (humic acid, bulk sample) Objectives: as OxA-15963 (D Davis 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 810–780 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-15939 2σ: 820–670 cal BC Objectives: the dating of the mid-section from the organic fill Final comment: see OxA-15963 in addition to the top and base will indicate the rate of References: Best and Gent forthcoming deposition of material and serve to tighten the chronology of the feature. Dating of specific fractions from bulk sediment is suggested to compare with the charcoal AMS date SUERC–10676 2325 ±35 BP requested. δ13C: -28.4‰ σ Calibrated date: 1 : 820–790 cal BC Sample: BLC04-325 (60mm), submitted in February 2006 σ 2 : 840–790 cal BC by T Gent Final comment: see OxA-15939 Material: waterlogged wood (waterlogged, twig, single Laboratory comment: see OxA-15939 fragment) (R Gale 2006) References: Best and Gent forthcoming Initial comment: as OxA-15691 Objectives: the dating will establish how long the pit took to SUERC–10674 2670 ±35 BP fill up and will provide useful comparative information to the previous dating undertaken by Waikato. δ13C: -26.0‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC Sample: BLC04-324 (0.20–0.22m), submitted in February 2σ: 410–360 cal BC 2006 by T Gent Final comment: see OxA-15940 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (0.05g) (unidentified bark, un-charred) (R Gale 2006) SUERC–10677 2940 ±35 BP Initial comment: from a monolith taken through a series of colluvial deposits sealing most of the features on site. Due to δ13C: -28.2‰ the depth of deposits overlying this material there is no Sample: BLC04-325 (0.40–0.50m), submitted in February chance of intrusive material or residuality. The local geology 2006 by T Gent is gravel. The spread of material immediately overlies the water table (the interface of this context and the underlying Material: waterlogged wood (twig, single fragment) ones representing the level of the water table). The context (R Gale 2006) was undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be Initial comment: as OxA-15691 slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact parameters are unknown. Objectives: the dating will establish how long the pit took to fill up and will provide useful comparative information to the Objectives: the dating of the top and bottom of the monolith previous dating undertaken by Waikato. will indicate the duration and date of this colluviation and when the site was sealed.

47 Burlescombe: pit [658], Devon

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1260–1050 cal BC Initial comment: from a monolith taken through pit 658. The 2σ: 1290–1010 cal BC backfill has been dated to the Iron Age. Due to the depth of the deposits overlying the site there is no chance of intrusive Final comment: see OxA-15640 material or residuality. The local geology is gravel. The References: Tyers 2007 spread of material immediately overlies the water table (the interface of this context and the underlying ones representing the level of the water table). The context was Burlescombe: pit [658], Devon undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact Location: ST 810658 parameters are unknown. Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W Objectives: the dating will establish how long the pit took to Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 fill up and will provide useful comparative information to the previous dating undertaken by Waikato. Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum (Exeter) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1450–1410 cal BC 2σ: 1500–1390 cal BC Description: pit 658 was located in the northern part of the hollow and measured up to 2.65m across and 0.6m deep. Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement The pit was irregular in shape, largely as a consequence of between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from both the very soft and mixed natural sands in this area, but also this monolith and monolith 324, indicate that the material due to disturbance by tree roots along the west edge. The contained has been mixed. The datable material is likely to infill of 658 was excavated as a single deposit (654), as it had have been preserved in a waterlogged state in the vicinity, been extensively sorted through waterlogging and showed no and then introduced to the sampled positions during an apparent differentiation. The pit contained the remains of a unknown number or colluvial episodes. The dates therefore collapsed timber lining, including worked planks, stakes and provide only an approximate end point for these events natural pieces. The majority of the timbers were oak, with during the Iron Age. Three timbers from pit 658 were also some hazel stakes and one fragment of yew. Horizontal successfully dated by dendrochronology, with support from planks 474, 475 and 483 were found at the base, and radiocarbon wiggle-match dating. This group provided a date measured between 1.03 m–1.5m long and 0.1m–0.2m wide. for the felling of these timbers of 1433–1422BC, confirming Overlying these was an assortment of timbers, including a Bronze Age date. randomly pitched stakes up to 0.82m in length. Several large Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), timbers, comprising both worked planks and natural pieces the two measurements on short-lived plant macrofossils from lay above these. Oak trunk 469 was the largest timber, which this level are statistically consistent (OxA-15691–2; T′=0.2; measured 2.55m long and 0.28m wide, and extended T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). beyond the excavated west edge of 658. Long timber fragment 482 measured 1.3m long and 0.06m wide and References: Ward and Wilson 1978 lined the upper, northeast edge of the pit. The remains of three vertical stakes, situated within an indentation on the OxA–15692 3135 ±29 BP southeast edge, also formed part of the timber revetment. δ13C: -26.6‰ Objectives: to provide a precise date for the construction of the pit and provide a chronology for its subsequent infilling. Sample: 325 (0.45m), submitted in February 2006 by R Woodgate Final comment: T Gent (11 October 2007), the radiocarbon dating evidence from the fill of 658 suggests relatively Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., waterlogged, single homogonous mixing of material as a direct result of one of fragment (R Gale 2005) more colluvial events. As such it is impossible to tie any part Initial comment: as OxA-15691 of the record from these contexts to the on-site archaeology or provide a chronological framework for interpreting the Objectives: as OxA-15691 palaeoenvironmental sequence. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1440–1390 cal BC σ References: Barfield 1991 2 : 1490–1320 cal BC Barfield and Hodder 1987 Final comment: see OxA-15691 Best and Gent forthcoming Hurley 1990 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15961 Jeffery 1991 Passmore and Pallister 1967 OxA–15713 2757 ±34 BP Tyers 2007 δ13C: -25.0‰

OxA–15691 3153 ±28 BP Sample: BLC04-325 (00–20mm), submitted in February 2006 by T Gent δ13C: -26.5‰ Material: charcoal: cf Corylus sp., single fragment Sample: BLC04-325 (0.45m), submitted in February 2006 (R Gale 2006) by T Gent Initial comment: as OxA-15691 Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., waterlogged, single fragment (R Gale 2006) Objectives: the dating will establish how long the pit took to fill up and will provide useful comparative information to the

48 Burlescombe: plank-lined springhead, Devon previous dating undertaken by Waikato (Wk-16204; 3110 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1380–1210 cal BC ±34 BP;1450–1300 cal BC) (Reimer et al 2004). 2σ: 1390–1130 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 930–840 cal BC Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), see OxA-15940 2σ: 1000–820 cal BC Laboratory comment: see OxA-15940 Final comment: see OxA-15691 References: Best and Gent forthcoming OxA–15976 3015 ±30 BP Reimer et al 2004 δ13C: -29.7‰ Sample: 325 0.25–0.26m, submitted in March 2006 by OxA–15940 3040 ±28 BP R Woodgate δ13C: -28.2‰ Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample) Sample: BLC04-325 (0.25–0.26m bulk), submitted in (S Davis 2006) February 2006 by T Gent Initial comment: as OxA-15940 Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk) Objectives: as OxA-15940 (S Davis 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1370–1210 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-15691 2σ: 1390–1130 cal BC Objectives: the dating will establish how long the pit took Final comment: see OxA-15940 to fill up and will provide useful comparative information to the previous dating undertaken by Waikato (Wk-16204; Laboratory comment: see OxA-15940 3110 ±34 BP;1450–1300 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). Dating on specific fractions from bulk sediment is suggested to compare with the AMS date on plant macrofossil from Burlescombe: this horizon. plank-lined springhead, Devon Calibrated date: 1σ: 1380–1260 cal BC 2σ: 1410–1210 cal BC Location: ST 810658 Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), the poor agreement between the radiocarbon results and stratigraphy from Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 this monolith indicate that the material contained has been Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum mixed. The datable material is likely to have been preserved (Exeter) through waterlogging in the vicinity, and then introduced to the sampled positions during an unknown number of Description: the watching brief on the topsoil stripping in colluvial episodes. The dates therefore provide only an advance of a quarry extension exposed a multiphase approximate end point for these events during the Iron prehistoric and early medieval site set in a shallow Age. Three timbers from pit 658 were also successfully depression on a north-east facing hill slope. This depression, dated by dendrochronology, with support from radiocarbon measuring c 30m north-south and 25m east-west, had been wiggle-match dating. This group provided a date for the infilled with colluvium to a maximum depth of 2m sometime felling of these timbers of 1433–1422 BC, confirming a in the mid- to late Iron Age, sealing and preserving the Bronze Age date. archaeological deposits. The samples in this series come from context 691, representing the waterlogged fill of the plank- Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 November 2007), lined springhead (678) and from context 700, which the three results from this level are statistically consistent represent the fill of a hollowed-out tree trunk. (OxA-15940 and OxA-15975–6; (T′=0.4; T′(5%)=6.0 ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: to provide a precise date for the well feature; to establish the chronological relationship between the two References: Reimer et al 2004 springhead wells. Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: T Gent (11 October 2007), the radiocarbon OxA–15975 3022 ±29 BP results correspond with dendrochronology and identify an early medieval date for the plank-lined springhead (678), δ13C: -29.7‰ which appears to have been built shortly before the Sample: BLC04-325 (0.25–0.26m), submitted in February documented Saxon arrival in the area. They also indicate 2006 by T Gent that plank-lined springhead (678) almost certainly predates the hollowed trunk (693). Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (bark fragments) (S Davis 2006) References: Best and Gent forthcoming Initial comment: as OxA-15691 SUERC–10174 1430 ±35 BP Objectives: the dating of the mid-section from the organic fill δ13C: -26.4‰ in addition to the top and base will indicate whether the rate of deposition of material was constant and serve to tighten Sample: BLC04-355, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent the chronology of the feature. AMS dating of specific Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Rumex obtusifolius, material is suggested to compare with the bulk sediment 10 seeds) (J Jones 2006) fractions dated.

49 Burlescombe: the western well (hollowed tree trunk 546 and shoe), Devon

Initial comment: the sample is from context 691; it represents Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Corylus avellana, nut the fill of the plank-lined springhead. The deposit surviving fragment (J Jones 2006) within the well-head was 100mm thick and was sampled in Initial comment: as SUERC-10179 two spits. Waterlogged material from both spits has been identified as suitable for carbon dating. Due to the depth of Objectives: as SUERC-10174 deposits overlying colluvium there is no chance of intrusive Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 570–650 material or residuality. The feature was cut into natural sands 2σ: cal AD 540–660 and gravels. The local geology is gravel. The context was immediately above the water table and was undisturbed and Final comment: see SUERC-10179 and SUERC-10181 unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline References: Tyers 2007 (approximately pH 6.5) although exact parameters are unknown. Objectives: the dating will clarify the date of the structure. Burlescombe: It is known that certain timbers used in the structure have been reused, the tool working seems to be a mix of iron and the western well (hollowed tree trunk bronze axe marks. The dating will also tie in with the 546 and shoe), Devon planned dendrochronology. Location: ST 810658 σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 600–660 Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W 2σ: cal AD 560–670 Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2005 Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), dendrochronology provides a precise felling date for one of the timbers used in Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum construction of the plank-lined springhead (678) of spring (Exeter) AD 629. The radiocarbon results correspond with Description: a sub-circular pit (693 was situated 1m to the dendrochornology studies, and identify an early medieval west of springhead 678. This was up to 1.6m wide and 0.7m date for the structure, which appears to have been built deep, with steep sides and a flattish base. Part of a hollowed shortly before the documented Saxon arrival in the area. tree trunk (546) had been placed vertically within the References: Tyers 2007 western part of the pit. This trunk was approximately 0.56m tall and up to 0.5m wide, and was identified as either poplar SUERC–10179 1475 ±35 BP or willow. Redeposited natural sand (698) had been used to infill the pit around the trunk once it had been set in place. δ13C: -27.2‰ Fragments of nine vertical stakes and brushwood wattling, including species such as, oak, alder, holly but predominantly Sample: BLC04-359-0-5 top, submitted in February 2006 hazel (ibid.) were recovered from the upper part of fills (697 by T Gent and 698), around the edge of the pit. It would appear that Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils: Polygonum the tree trunk was originally surrounded by a wattle aviculare, 20 seeds (J Jones 2006) revetment to protect the well against the accumulation of soft sands at the base of the hillslope. The environmental evidence Initial comment: this sample is from context 691. It represents recovered from 697, 698 and the fill of the hollowed trunk the waterlogged fill of the plank-lined springhead (678). This was similar to those from the plank-lined springhead and was excavated in two spits. Due to the depth of deposits of launder, and suggests that this was an area used for watering overlying colluvium there is no chance of intrusive material animals. The tree trunk and its contents were lifted intact to or residuality. The feature was cut into natural sands and allow excavation and sampling of its fill under laboratory gravels, immediately above the water table. The context was conditions at the Wiltshire Conservation Centre. During this undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be excavation, a leather shoe was exposed c 0.35m below the slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact upper edge of the trunk, slightly squashed against the side. parameters are unknown. Objectives: to provide a precise date for the construction of Objectives: this material may represent the most suitable the western well and a chronology for its subsequent material for ascertaining the period of utilisation of the infilling, and to date the shoe. springhead 678. Final comment: T Gent (11 October 2007), radiocarbon dates Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 550–640 provide an estimate for the start of the use of the western well 2σ: cal AD 530–650 (546) of cal AD 670-760 (95% probability; event 546; Fig. 35; Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result Best and Gent forthcoming) and probably cal AD 680-730 (68% accompanies the other radiocarbon determinations and probability). It thus post-dates the construction of the eastern dendrochronolgy results from this feature, and supports an well 678, dendrochronologically dated to spring AD 629. indication that plank-lined springhead 678 predates the References: Best and Gent forthcoming hollowed trunk (693).

OxA–15960 1227 ±31 BP SUERC–10180 1455 ±40 BP δ13C: -24.8‰ δ13C: -24.5‰ Sample: BLC04-547 (find # 546), submitted in May 2006 Sample: BLC04-359-0-5 bottom, submitted in February by R Woodgate 2006 by T Gent

50 Burlescombe: the western well (hollowed tree trunk 546 and shoe), Devon

Material: waterlogged wood (willow/poplar) (R Gale 2006) SUERC–10178 1285 ±35 BP

Initial comment: this sample represents part of a hollowed-out δ13C: -27.2‰ tree trunk (willow or poplar). The trunk was overlain by a Sample: BLC04-357, submitted in February 2006 by T Gent thick band of colluvium, and was set into natural sands with an area of waterlogged trampling around it. There is little or Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Rubus sect. no chance of intrusive elements or residuality. The local Glandulosus, 20 seeds) (J Jones 2006) geology is gravel. The spread of material immediately overlies Initial comment: this sample is from context 697; it represents the water table (the interface of this context and the the waterlogged ′trample′ around the hollow tree trunk, dark underlying ones representing the level of the water table). reddish brown (5YR 3/3) gritty sand. Due to the depth of The context was undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is the overlying colluvium there is no chance of intrusive likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although material or residuality. The local geology is gravel. The exact parameters are unknown. context was immediately above the water table.The context Objectives: the date will indicate the age of the hollowed tree was undisturbed and unbioturbated. The pH is likely to be trunk. It will also provide a comparison to the date of the slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) although exact leather shoe. parameters are unknown. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 710–870 Objectives: this material may represent the most suitable 2σ: cal AD 680–890 material for ascertaining the period of utilisation of the hollow trunk (dates from the fills of the hollow marks its Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), this result indicates disuse and gradual filling, while dating the wood of the the early medieval date of the creation of the hollowed tree hollow determines the ′death′ of the felled tree). trunk. In combination with other results, it also suggests strongly that the hollowed trunk post-dates the plank-lined Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 670–780 springhead (678) 2σ: cal AD 650–810 Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), in association with OxA–15977 1346 ±27 BP the radiocarbon results from the timber of the hollowed δ13C: -28.4‰ trunk, this result strongly suggests that the feature post-dates the construction of the plank-lined springhead (678) Sample: BLC04-548, submitted in May 2006 by R Woodgate exposed to the east. Material: leather (waterlogged) SUERC–10181 1260 ±35 BP Initial comment: the leather fragments/shoe were recovered from the waterlogged fill of a hollowed-out tree trunk (willow/poplar). δ13C: -26.9‰ The trunk was overlain by a thick bank of colluvium, and was Sample: BLC04-546-0 top, submitted in February 2006 set into natural sands with an area of waterlogged trampling by T Gent around it. There is little or no chance of intrusive elements or residuality.The local geology is gravel. The spread of material Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Polygonum immediately overlies the water table (the interface of this hydropiper, 20 seeds) (J Jones 2006) context and the underlying ones representing the level of the Initial comment: this sample is from context 700.The context water table). The context was undisturbed and unbioturbated. represents the fill of a hollowed out tree trunk (willow or poplar). The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline (approximately pH 6.5) The waterlogged fill was taken out in spits, the first and last although exact parameters are unknown. spits (spits 0 and 9) both had suitable waterlogged plant Objectives: material from the top and bottom of the fill of this macrosfopssils and have been submitted for dating.The trunk structure has also been submitted for radiocarbon dating, as was overlain by a thick band of colluvium, and was set into has a fragment from the hollowed-out trunk. It was thought natural sands with an area of waterlogged trampling around it. that the shoe may represent the ′earliest shoe′ found in a There is little or no chance of intrusive elements or residuality. British context, although scientific dating of the shoe is the The local geology is gravel.The context was undisturbed and only method available to us for clarifying this point. A plank- unbioturbated.The pH is likely to be slightly alkaline lined ‘spring head’ immediately to the east, initially thought (approximately pH 6.5) although exact parameters are unknown. to be prehistoric was dendrochronologically dated to AD The base of the hollow trunk was below the water table. 421–628, with a precise felling date for one timber of spring Objectives: the dates will indicate the period of time it took AD 629 (Tyers 2007). for the hollow trunk to silt up. They will also provide a Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 650–680 comparison to the date of the leather shoe. 2σ: cal AD 640–760 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 680–780 Final comment: T Gent (14 April 2007), this radiocarbon 2σ: cal AD 660–880 result refutes initial suggestions of an Iron Age date for the Final comment: T Gent (10 April 2007), in association with shoe, and identifies an early medieval date. The results also the result obtained from the wood of the hollowed trunk, suggest that the shoe is as much as 50 to 100 years older this result strongly suggests the this feature post-dates the than the trunk in which it was found. plank-lined springhead (678). See SUERC-10180. References: Tyers 2007

51 Burlescombe: wiggle-matching, Devon

Burlescombe: Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) wiggle-matching, Devon (I Tyers 2006) Initial comment: rings 38–47 of the 245-ring floating tree-ring Location: ST 810658 series from timer 475. Lat. 51.23.26 N; Long. 02.16.23 W Objectives: as GrN-30162 Project manager: T Gent (Exeter Archaeology), 2004 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1665–1610 cal BC Archival body: The Royal Albert Memorial Museum 2σ: 1690–1530 cal BC (Exeter) Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle- Description: ten decadal blocks of tree-rings from the 245- matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this year floating series from plank 475 within pit 658. decadal block dates to 1640–1605 cal BC (GrN-30163;Tyers Objectives: to provide independent evidence for the dating 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of of this timber, to determine whether tentative cross-dating 1640–1631 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative for the tree-ring sequence, ending in 1433 BC (Tyers 2007), tree-ring match. is valid. References: Tyers 2007 Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle- matching was initially performed using the data published by GrN–30164 3343 ±21 BP Reimer et al (2004). This suggests that the last ring of the δ13C: -25.6‰ timber dates to 1440–1400 cal BC (95% probability). Since this distribution includes the suggested tree-ring date of BC Sample: Sample C, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers 1433 (Tyers 2007), the analysis was repeated with this Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) calendar date included as the final ring of the sequence (I Tyers 2006) (cf Bayliss et al 1999). Overall, the radiocarbon results are in good agreement with the date suggested by the Initial comment: rings 58–67 of the 245-ring floating tree-ring dendrochronological analysis (A=46.7.%; (An=21.3%), and series from timber 475. so the tree-ring date of 1433 BC for the last ring on this Objectives: as GrN-30162 timber can be accepted. Allowing for missing sapwood, this timber was probably felled in 1433–1413 BC. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1670–1610 cal BC 2σ: 1690–1530 cal BC References: Bayliss et al 1999 Best and Gent forthcoming Final comment: P Marshall (4 October 2007), wiggle- Reimer et al 2004 matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this Tyers 2007 decadal block dates to 1620–1585 cal BC (GrN-30164;Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of GrN–30162 3355 ±14 BP 1620–1611 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative tree-ring match. δ13C: -26.1‰ References: Tyers 2007 Sample: Sample A, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) GrN–30165 3305 ±17 BP (I Tyers 2006) δ13C: -26.0‰ Initial comment: rings 18–27 of the 245-ring floating tree-ring Sample: Sample D, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers series from timber 475. Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) (I Tyers Objectives: to provide independent evidence for the dating of 2006) this timber, to determine whether tentative cross-dating for the tree-ring sequence, ending in 1433 BC (Tyers 2007), is Initial comment: rings 78–87 of the 245-ring floating tree-ring valid. series from timber 475. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1685–1620 cal BC Objectives: as GrN-30162 2σ: 1690–1610 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1620–1525 cal BC Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle- 2σ: 1630–1520 cal BC matching of the series of radiocarbon results suggests that Final comment: P Marshall (4 October 2007), wiggle- this decadal block dates to 1660–1625 cal BC (GrN-30162; matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of decadal block dates to 1600–1565 cal BC (GrN-30165;Tyers 1660–1651 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of tree-ring match. 1600–1591 BC for there rings, derived from the tentative References: Tyers 2007 tree-ring match. References: Tyers 2007 GrN–30163 3341 ±21 BP

δ13C: -25.9‰ GrN–30166 3277 ±18 BP Sample: Sample B, submitted in April 2006 by I Tyers δ13C: -25.8‰

52 Burlescombe: wiggle-matching, Devon

Sample: Sample E, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers GrN–30169 3243 ±20 BP

Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) δ13C: -26.0‰ (I Tyers 2006) Sample: Sample H, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers Initial comment: rings 98–107 of the 245-ring floating tree- Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) ring series from timber 475. (I Tyers 2006) Objectives: as GrN-30162 Initial comment: rings 158–167 of the 245-ring floating Calibrated date: 1σ: 1605–1515 cal BC tree-ring series from timber 475. 2σ: 1615–1495 cal BC Objectives: as GrN-30162 Final comment: P Marshall (4 October 2007), wiggle- Calibrated date: 1σ: 1525–1495 cal BC matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this 2σ: 1605–1450 cal BC decadal block dates to 1580–1545 cal BC (GrN-30166;Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the dates of Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle- 1580–1571 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this tree-ring match. decadal block dates to 1520–1485 cal BC (GrN-30169;Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of References: Tyers 2007 1520–1511 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative tree-ring match. GrN–30167 3291 ±25 BP References: Tyers 2007 δ13C: -25.2‰ Sample: Sample F, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers GrN–30170 3205 ±17 BP

Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) δ13C: -25.9‰ (I Tyers 2006) Sample: Sample I, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers Initial comment: rings 118–127 of the 245-ring floating Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) tree-ring series from timber 475. (I Tyers 2006) Objectives: as GrN-30162 Initial comment: rings 178–187 of the 245-ring floating Calibrated date: 1σ: 1620–1520 cal BC tree-ring series from timber 475. 2σ: 1630–1490 cal BC Objectives: as GrN-30162 Final comment: P Marshall (4 October 2007), wiggle- Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1445 cal BC matching the series of the radiocarbon results suggests that 2σ: 1510–1430 cal BC this decadal block dates to 1560–1525 cal BC (GrN-30167; Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the dates of Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle-matching 1580–1571 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this decadal tree-ring match. block dates to 1500–1465 cal BC (GrN-30170; Tyers 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of 1500–1491 BC References: Tyers 2007 for these rings, derived from the tentative tree-ring match.

GrN–30168 3243 ±17 BP References: Tyers 2007

δ13C: -25.8‰ GrN–30171 3188 ±24 BP Sample: Sample G, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers δ13C: -26.6‰ Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) (I Tyers Sample: Sample J, submitted on 25 April 2006 by I Tyers 2006) Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (200–250g) Initial comment: rings 138–147 of the 245-ring floating tree- (I Tyers 2006) ring series from timber 475. Initial comment: rings 198–207 of the 245-ring floating Objectives: as GrN-30162 tree-ring series from timber 475. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1525–1495 cal BC Objectives: as GrN-30162 2σ: 1600–1455 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1495–1430 cal BC Final comment: P Marshall (4 October 2007), wiggle- 2σ: 1505–1410 cal BC matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this decadal block dates to 1540–1505 cal BC (GrN-30168;Tyers Final comment: P Marshall (3 October 2007), wiggle- 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of matching the series of radiocarbon results suggests that this 1540–1531 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative decadal block dates to 1475–1455 cal BC (GrN-30171; Tyers tree-ring match. 2007, Table 10).This is consistent with the date of 1480–1471 BC for these rings, derived from the tentative References: Tyers 2007 tree-ring match. References: Tyers 2007

53 Catholme (Where Rivers Meet), Staffordshire

Catholme (Where Rivers Meet), Catholme Farm (Where Rivers Meet): Staffordshire ring ditch, Staffordshire

Location: SK 196416 Location: SK 19461682 Lat. 52.58.16 N; Long. 01.42.29 W Lat. 52.44.54 N; Long. 01.42.42 W Project manager: M Hewson (Birmingham Archaeology), Project manager: M Hewson (Birmingham Archaeology), 2004 2004 Description: the site lies on a sand and gravel terrace on the Archival body: Potteries Museum, Stoke west bank of the river Trent, just north of its confluence with Description: the site lies on a sand and gravel terrace on the the river Tame.The principal monuments of the Catholme west bank of the river Trent, just north of its confluence with Ceremonial Complex are afforded statutory protection as the river Tame.The principal monuments of the Catholme Scheduled Ancient Monuments. No previous excavation has Ceremonial Complex are afforded statutory protection as taken place within the scheduled areas and the monuments Scheduled Ancient Monuments. No previous excavation has have not been affected directly by sand and gravel extraction. taken place within the scheduled areas and the monuments However, extensive quarrying has taken place in adjacent have not been affected directly by sand and gravel extraction. areas, accompanied by archaeological excavations, which However, extensive quarrying has taken place in adjacent have, for example, revealed Neolithic/early Bronze Age ritual areas, accompanied by archaeological excavations, which monuments and a major Anglo-Saxon settlement. The focus have, for example, revealed Neolithic/early Bronze Age ritual of this landscape would appear to lie at Catholme Farm on monuments and a major Anglo-Saxon settlement. The focus the extensive river terrace immediately to the north of the of this landscape would appear to lie at Catholme Farm on confluence of the two rivers. The cluster of monuments here the extensive river terrace immediately to the north of the has been termed the “Catholme Ceremonial Complex”, but confluence of the two rivers. The cluster of monuments here further monuments spread out to the west and south up the has been termed the “Catholme Ceremonial Complex”, but valleys of the Trent and Tame, making the Catholme further monuments spread out to the west and south up the complex a focus for a more diffuse ritual landscape. This valleys of the Trent and Tame, making the Catholme project consists of the Woodhenge and the ring ditch series. complex a focus for a more diffuse ritual landscape. A total of nine samples were submitted for radiocarbon In Area B2, a Beaker/early Bronze Age ring ditch with dating for this prioject. radiating pit alignments, previously known only from aerial Objectives: to confirm dates of use of the possible Neolithic photography, was excavated. The ditch, which had in a later woodhenge monument in absence of artefactual data, and to phase been re-cut, was visible in its entirety. An ovoid pit was confirm dates for the probable Beaker/early Bronze Age ring excavated in its centre, which contained numerous fragments ditch in order to compare with artefactual data. of incised Beaker pottery and some worked flint. This pit was interpreted as the surviving remains of an inhumation, Final comment: M Hewson (September 2007), the results although no human remains were recovered. In Area A1, from statistical analysis of the radiocarbon dating from the part of a probable Iron Age pit alignment was identified. Woodhenge structure and the adjacent ring ditch (within the These were found to contain several distinct deposition Sunburst Monument) indicate a statistically consistent date layers, although no artefacts were recovered. of 2570–2470 cal BC (95% probability; Last woodhenge; fig x) for the former, and a date of 2570–2490 cal BC (95% Objectives: to confirm the date for the probable Beaker/ probability; Event Ring ditch re-cut; fig x; Hamilton et al early Bronze Age ring ditch in order to compare with forthcoming) for the latter. This means that the Woodhenge artefactual data. structure and the ring ditch at the centre of the Starburst Final comment: see final comment above monument are likely to have been contemporary monuments within the landscape. This is particularly interesting, given the References: Bain et al 2005 results from the visualisation of the GPR survey of the ring ditch and Sunburst monument, which indicates that the ring OxA–16051 3997 ±30 BP ditch is a later feature than the Sunburst monument. Hence, the radiocarbon dating, and the Bayesian analysis of these δ13C: -26.5‰ dates, has added to a chronology for the site which begins Sample: F105.01/1030A, submitted in May 2006 by with the construction of a cursus monument directly to the M Hewson west, presumably towards the centre of the fourth millennium BC. This was followed by the construction of the Sunburst Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) monument at some point prior to 2500 cal BC. At around Initial comment: this was a sample from the primary fill of a 2500 cal BC, the Woodhenge structure was erected and, at recut ditch. It was sealed by at least one upper fill though approximately the same time, a ring ditch was cut around the also partially cut by a later recut ditch. It was cut into sandy central area of what had been the Sunburst Monument. This gravel natural subsoil, free draining geology. feature had one break in its eastern side and may more helpfully be considered to be a hengiform monument. It Objectives: to establish the period of use of the ring ditch and appears on the basis of pottery diagnostics that the to compare with the artefactual data. To aid the provision of construction of this feature was post-dated by the insertion of a context for the function of the monument within the wider a central burial at the site at around 2000 cal BC. ritual landscape. References: Bain et al 2005 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2570–2470 cal BC Hamilton et al forthcoming 2σ: 2580–2460 cal BC

54 Catholme Farm (Where Rivers Meet): Woodhenge, Staffordshire

Final comment: M Hewson (September 2007), a total of four Laboratory comment: English Heritage (September 2007), the samples were dated from the ring ditch feature. Two of these two measurements from the primary fill (SUERC-11072 and (SUERC-11072 and OxA-16052) were from the primary fill OxA-16052) are statistically consistent (T′=0.5; v=1; of the ring ditch, whereas the other two (SUERC-11071 and T′(5%)=3.8; v=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). OxA-16051) derive from the recutting of this feature. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Statistical analysis indicates that all four of these dates are consistent, thus presumably representing the overall recutting phase of the ditch at some period around 2570–2490 cal BC. Catholme Farm (Where Rivers Meet): Laboratory comment: English Heritage (September 2007), the Woodhenge, Staffordshire two measurements from the recut ditch (SUERC-11071 and Location: SK 19641667 OxA-16051) are statistically consistent (T′=0.2;T′(5%)=3.8; Lat. 52.44.49 N; Long. 01.42.33 W v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Project manager: M Hewson (Birmingham Archaeology), References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2004

OxA–16052 4011 ±30 BP Archival body: Potteries Museum, Stoke

δ13C: -25.6‰ Description: the site lies on a sand and gravel terrace on the west bank of the river Trent, just north of its confluence with the river Sample: F112.01/1022A, submitted in May 2006 by Tame.The principal monuments of the Catholme Ceremonial M Hewson Complex are afforded statutory protection as Scheduled Ancient Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Monuments. No previous excavation has taken place within the scheduled areas and the monuments have not been affected Initial comment: this sample is from the primary fill of a directly by sand and gravel extraction. However, extensive ditch. It was sealed by at least one upper fill though also quarrying has taken place in adjacent areas, accompanied by partially cut by a later recut ditch. Cut into sandy gravel archaeological excavations, which have, for example, revealed natural subsoil, free draining geology. Neolithic/early Bronze Age ritual monuments and a major Objectives: as SUERC-11071 Anglo-Saxon settlement.The focus of this landscape would appear to lie at Catholme Farm on the extensive river terrace Calibrated date: 1σ: 2580–2470 cal BC immediately to the north of the confluence of the two rivers.The 2σ: 2620–2460 cal BC cluster of monuments here has been termed the “Catholme Final comment: see SUERC-11071 Ceremonial Complex”, but further monuments spread out to the west and south up the valleys of the Trent and Tame, making the Laboratory comment: see SUERC-11072 Catholme complex a focus for a more diffuse ritual landscape. In Area B2, a Beaker/early Bronze Age ring ditch with SUERC–11071 4020 ±35 BP radiating pit alignments, previously known only from aerial photography, was excavated. The ditch, which had in a later δ13 C: -26.2‰ phase been recut, was visible in its entirety. An ovoid pit was Sample: F105.01/1030, submitted in May 2006 by excavated in its centre, which contained numerous fragments of M Hewson incised Beaker pottery and some worked flint. This pit was interpreted as the surviving remains of an inhumation although Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) no human remains were recovered. In Area A1, part of a Initial comment: as OxA-16051 probable Iron Age pit alignment was identified. These were found to contain several distinct deposition layers, although no Objectives: as OxA-16051 artefacts were recovered. In Area A2 a ‘woodhenge’ feature, Calibrated date: 1σ: 2580–2470 cal BC comprising a series of five concentric rings of circular pits, was 2σ: 2830–2460 cal BC partially exposed. Each of the excavated pits had steep, near vertical sides and measured between 0.7m and 1.23m in depth. Final comment: see OxA-16051 One example contained what appeared to be the degraded and Laboratory comment: see OxA-16051 burnt remains of a wooden post. Two other pits also contained evidence of a post in the form of staining. It is likely that many if not all the pits once held upstanding posts. In Field F, a second SUERC–11072 3980 ±35 BP ring ditch was also selected for excavation. Only a small section δ13C: -26.4‰ of the 5m diameter ring ditch was exposed during the excavation in Area F1. It proved to measure over 2m wide and Sample: F112.01/1022B, submitted in May 2006 by clearly had been recut in a later phase. Two linear features were M Hewson also located converging toward the ditch. These pre-dated the Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) ring ditch having been truncated during the ditch’s primary construction phase. Initial comment: as OxA-16052 Objectives: to confirm dates for use of the possible Neolithic Objectives: as SUERC-11071 woodhenge monument in the absence of artefactual data. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2570–2460 cal BC Final comment: see final comment above 2σ: 2580–2450 cal BC References: Bain et al 2005 Final comment: see SUERC-11071 Hamilton et al forthcoming

55 Cheviot Quarry, Northumberland

OxA–16048 4095 ±30 BP Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment (R Gale 2006) δ13C: -25.6‰ Initial comment: this sample is from a single fill of a post-pit. Sample: F113.01/2018, submitted in May 2006 by It was sealed below 0.30–0.40m of modern plough soil. Cut M Hewson into sandy gravel natural subsoil, free draining geology. Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Objectives: to establish the period of use of the woodhenge (R Gale 2006) monument in the absence of artefactual data. To aid the Initial comment: this sample came from a bulk sample from provision of a context for the use of the monument within the primary fill of a post-pit. It was sealed by at least the wider ritual landscape. 0.30–0.40m of modern ploughsoil. Cut into sandy gravel Calibrated date: 1σ: 2860–2580 cal BC natural subsoil, free-draining geology. 2σ: 2880–2500 cal BC Objectives: to establish the period of use of the Woodhenge Final comment: see OxA-16048 monument in the absence of artefactual data. To aid the provision of a context for the use of the monument within the wider ritual landscape. SUERC–11070 3975 ±35 BP δ13 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2840–2570 cal BC C: -25.4‰ 2σ: 2870–2500 cal BC Sample: F234/2061, submitted in May 2006 by M Hewson Final comment: M Hewson (September 2007), this sample Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment comes from the fifth (outer) ring of the woodhenge. A total (R Gale 2006) of five samples were dated from the five rings of the Woodhenge structure. Of these samples statitical analysis Initial comment: as SUERC-11069 demonstrated that the five samples were not statistically Objectives: as SUERC-11069 consistent (T′=14.0; T′(5%)=9.5; ν=4; Ward and Wilson 1978), although if sample SUERC-11070 (from ring 4) is Calibrated date: 1σ: 2570–2460 cal BC excluded (T′=6.3; T′(5%)=7.8; ν=3; Ward and Wilson 2σ: 2580–2410 cal BC 1978), the remaining four dates are statistically consistent, Final comment: M Hewson (September 2007), this date from indicating that they could be of the same age. from the fourth ring of the woodhenge has to be excluded to References: Ward and Wilson 1978 make the dates consistent. See OxA-16048.

OxA–16049 4018 ±30 BP Cheviot Quarry, Northumberland δ13C: -25.5‰ Location: NT 951328 Sample: F224/2046, submitted in May 2006 by M Hewson Lat. 51.05.38 N; Long. 02.04.12 W Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Project manager: B Johnson (Archaeological Research (R Gale 2006) Services Ltd), 2005 Initial comment: as OxA-16048 Description: a series of postholes, hearths, and pits cut into Objectives: as OxA-16048 fluvio-glacial terrace deposits within the Milfield Basin, Northumberland. Pits and hearths containing early, middle, Calibrated date: 1σ: 2580–2470 cal BC and later Neolithic pottery, Beaker pottery, and presumed 2σ: 2620–2460 cal BC late Bronze Age pottery were discovered during excavations Final comment: see OxA-16048 by Archaeological Research Services Ltd and from other, previous interventions. Most features within this application OxA–16050 4108 ±31 BP comprised one cut and one fill and all were truncated by later ploughing and construction activity. The postholes with δ13 C: -25.7‰ which the Neolithic pottery was found in close association Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment resolved themselves as seven buildings: two circular (R Gale 2006) (buildings 4 and 5), four sub-rectangular (buildings 1, 2, 3, and 7), and finally one sub-triangular (building 6) structure, Initial comment: as OxA-16048 which had no close ceramic associations. The series consists Objectives: as OxA-16048 of a number of widely distributed pits and hearths from all previous archaeological interventions at Cheviot Quarry that Calibrated date: 1σ: 2860–2570 cal BC contained pottery vessels known to date by morphological 2σ: 2870–2500 cal BC association to the early, middle, and later Neolithic and the Final comment: see OxA-16048 Beaker period. It also contains several pits and hearths in close associations with two circular post-built buildings that contained pottery sherds, and had produced late Bronze Age SUERC–11069 4115 ±35 BP radiocarbon dates. δ13C: -24.6‰ Objectives: the objectives of this radiocarbon dating Sample: F207/2010, submitted in May 2006 by M Hewson programme were threefold; firstly to date the span of Neolithic activity at Cheviot Quarry, secondly to date the

56 Cheviot Quarry: circular buildings, Northumberland presumed late Bronze Age pottery at the site, and thirdly to SUERC–9091 2735 ±35 BP establish the dates of construction and use of the buildings. δ13C: -25.4‰ An association with nearby features (buildings 2 and 3) of extremely similar morphology, that were themselves very Sample: 308/127/1, submitted on 13 December 2006 by closely associated with pits containing Grooved Ware pottery, B Johnson suggests building 1 may be later Neolithic. No material Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., 3 years old, single fragment culture was recovered directly from the postholes, however, (J Huntley 2006) and given the lack of vertical stratigraphy, the dates of the buildings cannot be ascribed with complete confidence. A Initial comment: from posthole 308, underlying subsoil 002 total of four samples, comprising two samples of separate and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms species from one posthole and two other samples from two part of a circular structure (building 5), and is situated to postholes, are being submitted to endeavour to overcome any the south-east of the circle, forming one side of an potential problems with residuality. entranceway. Residuality is possible due to the unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from the surface, Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the spread of cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. Some rootlet dates, together with the sequence of Neolithic pottery penetration and truncat by ploughing also occurred. evident on the site, suggest that the Cheviot Quarry sites formed important parts of the landscape throughout the Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of Neolithic period. Two of the dates are clearly incorrect, OxA- building 5. Posthole 316 contained Carinated Ware pottery. 16098 on a residue from a Beaker vessel is too early and A very close association with a pit, 306, within the interior OxA-16162 on a residue from a Carinated Bowl is too late, of the building, as well as nearby features, that all contained when compared to the known corpus of dated pottery from Carinated Ware pottery, as well as the morphological the region. However, if these two dates are excluded from similarity and close proximity of building 4, suggests the discussion, the rest of the dates show Carinated Bowls building 5 may be early Neolithic. and Plain Ware being used in the earlier half of the fourth Calibrated date: 1σ: 920–830 cal BC millennium BC, followed by the use of Impressed Ware by 2σ: 980–800 cal BC the late fourth millennium BC, and Grooved Ware in the latter half of the early third millennium BC, and Beaker Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating vessels in use by the late third millennium BC. has shown that Building 5 is tenth and eleventh century cal BC in date. This is the first evidence of lowland late Bronze References: Johnson and Waddington in press Age settlement in the Milfield basin.

Cheviot Quarry: SUERC–9092 2785 ±35 BP circular buildings, Northumberland δ13C: -26.4‰ Sample: 308/127/2, submitted on 13 December 2006 by Location: NT 951328 B Johnson Lat. 51.05.38 N; Long. 02.04.12 W Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., 7 years old, single fragment Project manager: B Johnson (Archaeological Research (J Huntley 2006) Services Ltd), 2005 Initial comment: as SUERC-9091 Archival body: Archaeological Research Service Ltd. Objectives: as SUERC-9091 Description: a series of postholes formed two circular buildings (building 4 and 5). Both contained material Calibrated date: 1σ: 980–890 cal BC suitable for dating. 2σ: 1020–830 cal BC Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of the Final comment: see SUERC-9091 buildings, suggested by associated pottery to be early Neolithic. References: Johnson and Waddington in press Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), based upon the radiocarbon dating undertaken as part of this work, the SUERC–9093 2795 ±35 BP use of the circular buildings is estimated to have started δ13 during the tenth century cal BC and continued in use well C: -27.0‰ into the ninth century cal BC. The dating programme has Sample: 312/156/1, submitted on 13 December 2006 by been very successful in providing the first evidence of B Johnson lowland late Bronze Age settlement in the Milfield basin. Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., 5 years old, single fragment Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007) all eight (J Huntley 2006) measurements from building 5 are statistically consistent (SUERC-9091–4 and SUERC-9098–9101; T′=8.5; Initial comment: from posthole 312, underlying subsoil 002 T′(5%)=14.1; ν=7; Ward and Wilson 1978). If the two and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms earlier results on clearly residual material (SUERC-9112 and part of a circular structure (building 5), and is situated to the SUERC-9114) are excluded, the other five results from south-east of the circle, forming one side of an entranceway. building 4 are also statistically consistent (T′=2.7; Residuality is possible due to the unsealed nature of the T′(5%)=9.5; ν=4; Ward and Wilson 1978). context. The posthole is 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There is some rootlet References: Johnson and Waddington in press penetration and the feature was truncated by ploughing. Ward and Wilson 1978

57 Cheviot Quarry: circular buildings, Northumberland

Objectives: as SUERC-9091 SUERC–9100 2850 ±35 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1010–900 cal BC δ13C: -27.6‰ 2σ: 1030–840 cal BC Sample: 489/161/1, submitted on 13 December 2006 by Final comment: see SUERC-9091 B Johnson Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment SUERC–9094 2820 ±35 BP (J Huntley 2006) δ13 C: -25.8‰ Initial comment: from posthole 489, underlying subsoil 002 Sample: 312/156/2, submitted on 13 December 2006 by and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole B Johnson forms part of a circular structure (building 5), and is situated to the south-east of the circle, forming one side Material: charcoal (Salix/Populus sp., single fragment) of an entranceway. Residuality is possible due to the (J Huntley 2006) unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from Initial comment: as SUERC-9093 the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There is some rootlet penetration and the feature was Objectives: as SUERC-9101 truncated by ploughing. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1020–910 cal BC Objectives: as SUERC-9091 2σ: 1060–890 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1060–930 cal BC Final comment: see SUERC-9101 2σ: 1130–910 cal BC References: Johnson and Waddington in press Final comment: see SUERC-91091

SUERC–9098 2855 ±35 BP SUERC–9101 2805 ±35 BP

13 δ C: -27.5‰ δ13C: -24.2‰ Sample: 3116/150/1, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Sample: 489/161/2, submitted on 13 December 2006 by B Johnson B Johnson Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., roundwood, single fragment Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., twig, single fragment (J Huntley 2006) (J Huntley 2006) Initial comment: from posthole 316, underlying subsoil 002 Initial comment: as SUERC-9100 and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms part of a circular structure (building 5), and is situated to Objectives: as SUERC-9091 the south-east of the circle. It contains sherds of Carinated Calibrated date: 1σ: 1010–900 cal BC Ware pottery. Residuality is possibly due to the unsealed 2σ: 1050–840 cal BC nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There is some Final comment: see SUERC-9101 rootlet penetration and the feature was truncated by References: Johnson and Waddington in press ploughing. Objectives: as SUERC-9101 SUERC–9109 2725 ±35 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1060–940 cal BC δ13C: -27.9‰ 2σ: 1130–910 cal BC Sample: 346/117/1, submitted on 11 January 2006 by Final comment: see SUERC-9101 B Johnson References: Johnson and Waddington in press Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (J Huntley 2005) SUERC–9099 2790 ±30 BP Initial comment: from posthole 346, underlying subsoil 002 δ13C: -27.7‰ and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms part of a circular structure (building 4), and is Sample: 316/128/2, submitted on 13 December 2006 by situated to the south-east of the circle, forming one side B Johnson of an entranceway. Residuality is possible, due to the Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., 6 years old, single fragment unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from (J Huntley 2006) the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There is some rootlet penetration and the feature was Initial comment: as SUERC-9098 truncated by ploughing. Objectives: as SUERC-9091 Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of Calibrated date: 1σ: 980–900 cal BC building 4. Postholes 338, 342, 346, and 352 all contained 2σ: 1020–840 cal BC sherds of Carinated Ware pottery; this structure was also very closely associated with a large pit within the interior of Final comment: see SUERC-9091 the building, as well as nearby features, that also contained Carinated Ware pottery. Along with the morphological

58 Cheviot Quarry: circular buildings, Northumberland similarity and close proximity of building 5, all strands of Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment (J Huntley evidence suggest building 4 may be early Neolithic. 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 910–820 cal BC Initial comment: as SUERC-9111 2σ: 970–800 cal BC Objectives: as SUERC-9109 Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating Calibrated date: 1σ: 3930–3710 cal BC has shown that Building 4 is tenth and eleventh century cal 2σ: 3950–3700 cal BC BC in date. This is the first evidence of lowland late Bronze Age settlement in the Milfield basin. Final comment: see SUERC-9109 References: Johnson and Waddington in press Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), this fragment of charcoal is clearly residual. See SUERC-9111. SUERC–9110 2800 ±35 BP SUERC–9113 2745 ±35 BP δ13C: -25.6‰ δ13C: -23.0‰ Sample: 346/117/2, submitted on 11 January 2006 by B Johnson Sample: 363/82/2, submitted on 11 January 2006 by B Johnson Material: charcoal: Cytisus sp., single fragment (J Huntley 2005) Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment (J Huntley 2005) Initial comment: as SUERC-9109 Initial comment: from posthole 363, underlying subsoil 002 Objectives: as SUERC-9109 and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms Calibrated date: 1σ: 1010–900 cal BC part of a circular structure (building 4), and is situated to 2σ: 1050–840 cal BC the south-east of the circle. Residuality is possible, due to the unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m Final comment: see SUERC-9109 from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace Laboratory comment: see SUERC-9109 deposits. There is some rootlet penetration and the feature was truncated by ploughing. SUERC–9111 2775 ±35 BP Objectives: as SUERC-9109 δ13C: -25.5‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 920–830 cal BC σ Sample: 348/169/1, submitted on 11 January 2006 by 2 : 980–810 cal BC B Johnson Final comment: see SUERC-9109 Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment (J Huntley 2005) SUERC–9114 5740 ±35 BP Initial comment: from posthole 348, underlying subsoil 002 δ13C: -27.1‰ and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms Sample: 369/89/2, submitted on 13 December 2006 by part of a circular structure (building 4), and is situated to B Johnson the south-east of the circle. Residuality is possible due to the unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., twig, single fragment the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. (J Huntley 2005) There is some rootlet penetration and the feature was Initial comment: from posthole 369, underlying subsoil 002 truncated by ploughing. and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole forms Objectives: as SUERC-9109 part of a circular structure (building 4), and is situated to the south-east of the circle. Residuality is possible, due to the Calibrated date: 1σ: 980–890 cal BC unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from 2σ: 1010–830 cal BC the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. Final comment: see SUERC-9109 There is some rootlet penetration and the feature was truncated by ploughing. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results on samples of charcoal that were submitted from Objectives: as SUERC-9109 posthole 348 (SUERC-9111 and SUERC-9112) are not Calibrated date: 1σ: 4670–4530 cal BC statistically consistent (T′=1983.7; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward 2σ: 4690–4490 cal BC and Wilson 1978). Final comment: see SUERC-9109 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a second SUERC–9112 5015 ±35 BP sample from this feature failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. This piece of charcoal is probably residual. δ13C: -26.2‰ Sample: 348/69/2, submitted on 11 January 2006 by SUERC–9513 2765 ±35 BP B Johnson δ13C: -25.6‰

59 Cheviot Quarry: late Bronze Age pottery, Northumberland

Sample: 363/81/3, submitted on 11 January 2006 by posthole fills of the associated building, showing that the B Johnson pottery dates to the late Bronze Age. Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, roundwood, single References: Johnson and Waddington in press fragment (J Huntley 2006) Initial comment: as SUERC-9113 OxA–16067 2693 ±30 BP δ13 Objectives: as SUERC-9109 C: -25.9‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 970–840 cal BC Sample: 483/2, submitted on 24 May 2006 by B Johnson 2σ: 1010–820 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, Flat Rimmed ware) Final comment: see SUERC-9109 Initial comment: the pot sherd came from the primary fill of pit F340, underlying secondary fill 482, tertiary fill 477, and final fill 340, which in turn was situated beneath subsoil Cheviot Quarry: late Bronze Age 002. The pit was cut into gravel deposit 003. The pit is pottery, Northumberland situated internally to building 4, which has provided radiocarbon dates from its postholes of the late-tenth to Location: NT 951328 late-ninth centuries cal BC. The potsherd was found in a Lat. 51.05.38 N; Long. 02.04.12 W deposit 1m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was no rootlet penetration and Project manager: B Johnson (Archaeological Research no bioturbation. Services Ltd), 2005 Objectives: as OxA-16066 Archival body: Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Calibrated date: 1σ: 900–800 cal BC Description: the site consists of a series of pits and hearths in 2σ: 910–800 cal BC close association with two circular post-built buildings. These have provided late Bronze Age radiocarbon dates, but were Final comment: see OxA-16066 originally thought to be early Neolithic, based on the pottery Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit sherds found within them. (2006), this sample produced a high yield of carbon Objectives: the objective of this series was to date presumed (42–63%) on combustion. late Bronze Age pottery at Cheviot Quarry. References: Johnson and Waddington in press Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating of the material concorded with the dates received from the OxA-X–2178–14 2785 ±75 BP posthole fills of the associated building, showing that the δ13C: -31.6‰ pottery also dates to the late Bronze Age. Sample: 306/2, submitted in May 2006 by B Johnson References: Johnson and Waddington in press Material: carbonised residue (internal, Flat Rimmed Ware) OxA–16066 2759 ±30 BP Initial comment: the potsherd in primary fill of hearth F306, δ13C: -25.4‰ situated beneath subsoil 002. The pit was cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The pit is situated internally to building Sample: 483/1, submitted on 24 May 2006 by 11/05/2007 5, which had provided radiocarbon dates from its postholes Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain of the late tenth to ninth centuries cal BC. Potsherd in (B Johnson 2006) deposit 0.5m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was rootlet penetration and some Initial comment: the Hordeum (barley) grain was found in the bioturbation (worm). primary fill of hearth F342, which was situated beneath subsoil 002. The hearth was cut into natural gravel deposit Objectives: as OxA-16066 003. The hearth is situated internally to building 4, which Calibrated date: 1σ: 1020–830 cal BC has provided radiocarbon dates from its postholes of the 2σ: 1190–800 cal BC late- tenth to late-ninth centuries cal BC. The grain was deposited 0.6m from the surface, cut into a fluvio-glacial Final comment: see OxA-16066 gravel terrace deposit. There was no rootlet penetration and Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit no obvious bioturbation. (2006), this sample produced a low carbon yield (245 µg) Objectives: the objective is to establish the date of the and low target current of 8.3 µA. presumed late Bronze Age pottery at the Cheviot Quarry site. Pit F340 contained 96 typologically late Bronze Age OxA-X–2178–15 2755 ±55 BP pottery sherds. Two samples are being submitted to δ13 endeavour to overcome potential problems with residuality. C: -28.3‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 930–840 cal BC Sample: 342/1, submitted in May 2006 by B Johnson 2σ: 1000–820 cal BC Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating of (B Johnson 2006) the material concorded with the dates received from the

60 Cheviot Quarry: Neolithic activity sequence, Northumberland

Initial comment: Hordeum (barley) grain in primary fill of OxA–16068 4999 ±32 BP hearth F342, situated beneath subsoil 002. The hearth was δ13C: -24.2‰ cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The hearth is situated internally to building 4, which has provided radiocarbon Sample: 052/1, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson dates from its postholes of the late tenth to late ninth Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single centuries cal BC. The grain was found in a deposit 0.6m fragment) (J Cotton 2006) from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was no rootlet penetration and no obvious Initial comment: the hazelnut fragment came from the bioturbation. primary fill of pit F031, underlying secondary fill 031 which in turn was situated beneath subsoil 002. The pit was cut Objectives: as OxA-16066 into natural gravel deposit 003. The potsherd was deposited Calibrated date: 1σ: 980–830 cal BC 0.7m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace 2σ: 1030–800 cal BC deposits. There was no rootlet penetration but some bioturbation (worm). Final comment: see OxA-16066 Objectives: to establish the sequence of Neolithic activity and Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit pottery use at the Cheviot Quarry site. Pit 031 contained 85 (2006), this sample yielded only 129 µg of carbon from typologically early Neolithic sherds. Two samples are being combustion of just under 10mg of pretreated material, which submitted in an endeavour to overcome any potential is at the absolute limit of our smallest sized graphites. The problems with residuality. graphite produced yielded a low target current of 4.7µA, which results in a higher than usual standard error. This Calibrated date: 1σ: 3900–3710 cal BC result is reported with a health warning. 2σ: 3940–3700 cal BC Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the spread of SUERC–11294 2795 ±40 BP dates, together with the sequence of Neolithic pottery δ13C: -24.9‰ evident on the site, suggest that the Cheviot Quarry sites formed important parts of the landscape throughout the Sample: 342/2, submitted on 26 May 2006 by B Johnson Neolithic period. The Carinated Bowls date to the earliest Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain part of the fourth millennium BC with the earliest dates (B Johnson 2006) starting around c 3900 cal BC. Initial comment: as OxA-16066 OxA–16069 4906 ±34 BP Objectives: as OxA-16066 δ13C: -27.2‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1010–900 cal BC Sample: 052/2, submitted on 24 May 2005 by B Johnson 2σ: 1050–830 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, Carinated Bowl) Final comment: see OxA-16066 Initial comment: as OxA-16068 Objectives: as OxA-16068 Cheviot Quarry: Neolithic activity Calibrated date: 1σ: 3710–3640 cal BC sequence, Northumberland 2σ: 3770–3630 cal BC Location: NT 951328 Final comment: see OxA-16068 Lat. 51.05.38 N; Long. 02.04.12 W Laboratory comment: see OxA-16067 Project manager: B Johnson (Archaeological Research Services Ltd), 2005 OxA–16070 4152 ±31 BP

Archival body: Archaeological Research Services Ltd. δ13C: -23.7‰ Description: the site consists of a series of distributed pits and Sample: 2133/1, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson hearths from all previous archaeological interventions at Cheviot Quarry that contained pottery vessels known to date Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single by morphological association to the early, middle, and late fragment) (J Cotton 2006) Neolithic and the Beaker period. Initial comment: the hazelnut fragment is from the primary Objectives: the objective of this series was to date the span of fill of pit F2133, which was situated beneath subsoil 002. Neolithic activity at the site. The pit was cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The pit lay 2.2m east of building 3, a structure morphologically similar Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the spread of to buildings 1 and 2, which have produced radiocarbon dates, together with the sequence of Neolithic pottery results in the fifth to sixth centuries AD. The fragment was evident on the site, suggest that the Cheviot Quarry sites deposited 0.6m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial formed important parts of the landscape throughout the terrace deposits. There was no rootlet penetration but some Neolithic period. bioturbation (worm). References: Johnson and Waddington in press Objectives: to establish the sequence of Neolithis activity and pottery use at the Cheviot Quarry site. Pit F2133 contained

61 Cheviot Quarry: Neolithic activity sequence, Northumberland

10 typologically Grooved Ware pottery sherds. Two samples OxA–16098 4155 ±33 BP were submitted to endeavour to overcome any potential δ13C: -27.8‰ problems with residuality. Sample: MAP/F219/2, submitted on 24 May 2006 by Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2630 cal BC B Johnson 2σ: 2880–2580 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, Beaker) Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the spread of dates, together with the sequence of Neolithic pottery Initial comment: the potsherd (Beaker) in fill of pit F219 was evident on the site, suggest that the Cheviot Quarry sites situated beneath the subsoil. The pit was cut into natural formed important parts of the landscape throughout the gravel deposits. The sample was taken from a rimsherd. Neolithic period. The Grooved Ware dates to the early third The potsherd was found in a deposit 0.6m from the surface, millennium BC and shows a clear overlap with the use of cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was Impressed Ware. some rootlet penetration and some bioturbation. Objectives: to establish the sequence of Neolithic activity and OxA–16096 4177 ±33 BP pottery use at the Cheviot Quarry site. Two samples are δ13C: -23.3‰ being submitted to endeavour to overcome any potential problems with residuality. Sample: 2168/1, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2630 cal BC Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single 2σ: 2890–2580 cal BC fragment) (J Cotton 2006) Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), this date is Initial comment: the hazelnut fragment was from the primary too early for the known dates of Beaker pottery and has fill of pit F2168, which was situated beneath subsoil 002. probably resulted from dating organic material incorporated The pit was cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The pit lay in the clay of the pottery fabric that was scraped off as part 2.3m east of building 3, a structure morphologically similar of the residue sample collection. to buildings 1 and 2, which have produced radiocarbon dates in the fifth to sixth centuries AD. The fragment is from a Laboratory comment: see OxA-16067 deposit 0.6m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was no rootlet penetration but some OxA–16099 4348 ±34 BP bioturbation (worm). δ13C: -27.4‰ Objectives: to establish the sequence of Neolithic activity and Sample: MAP/F204, submitted on 24 May 2006 by pottery use at Cheviot Quarry. Pit F2168 contained three B Johnson typologically Grooved Ware pottery sherds. Two samples are being submitted to overcome any potential problems with Material: carbonised residue (internal, Carinated Bowl) residuality. Initial comment: the potsherd (Carinated Bowl) in the fill of Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2690 cal BC pit F204 was situated beneath the subsoil. The pit was cut 2σ: 2890–2630 cal BC into natural gravel deposit. The potsherd is from a deposit 0.6m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial terrace Final comment: see OxA-16070 deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and some bioturbation. OxA–16097 4933 ±35 BP Objectives: as OxA-16098 δ13C: -26.5‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 3020–2900 cal BC Sample: 051/1, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson 2σ: 3090–2890 cal BC Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single Final comment: see OxA-16070 fragment) (J Cotton 2006) Laboratory comment: see OxA-16067 Initial comment: the hazelnut fragment was from the primary fill of pit 009. The pit was cut into natural gravel deposits OxA–16162 4870 ±40 BP 003. There is a slight possibility of residuality from bioturbation. The fragment is from a deposit 0.6m from the δ13C: -27.4‰ surface, cut into a fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposit. There Sample: 051/2, submitted on 24 May 2006 by B Johnson was no rootlet penetration but some bioturbation (worm). Material: carbonised residue (internal, Carinated Bowl) Objectives: to establish the sequence of Neolithic activity and pottery use at the Cheviot Quarry site. Pit 009 contained 63 Initial comment: as OxA-16097 early Neolithic pottery sherds. Two samples are being submitted to endeavour to overcome any potential problems Objectives: as OxA-16097 with residuality. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3700–3630 cal BC σ Calibrated date: 1σ: 3760–3650 cal BC 2 : 3710–3530 cal BC 2σ: 3790–3640 cal BC Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), this date is Final comment: see OxA-16068 too late for the known dates for other Carinated Bowls.

62 Cheviot Quarry: sub-rectangular buildings, Northumberland

OxA–16163 3625 ±40 BP Objectives: as OxA-16070

δ13C: -25.8‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 2870–2620 cal BC 2σ: 2880–2570 cal BC Sample: MAP/Pot1, submitted on 24 May 2006 by B Johnson Final comment: see OxA-16070 Material: carbonised residue (internal, Beaker) SUERC–11296 4250 ±35 BP Initial comment: as OxA-16098 δ13C: -26.0‰ Objectives: as OxA-16098 Sample: 2168/2, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson Calibrated date: 1σ: 2040–1930 cal BC 2σ: 2140–1880 cal BC Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single fragment) (J Cotton 2006) Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the spread of dates, together with the sequence of Neolithic pottery Initial comment: as OxA-16096 evident on the site, suggest that the Cheviot Quarry sites Objectives: as OxA-16096 formed important parts of the landscape throughout the Neolithic period. The Beakers date to the later part of the Calibrated date: 1σ: 2910–2870 cal BC third millennium BC. 2σ: 2920–2760 cal BC Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Final comment: see OxA-16070 (2006), this measurement has a health warning attached as the measurable carbon obtained from combustion was very low (480µg) and there was an offset between the δ13C values Cheviot Quarry: sub-rectangular measured on the AMS and on the mass spectrometer. buildings, Northumberland

OxA–16178 4148 ±32 BP Location: NT 951328 Lat. 51.05.38 N; Long. 02.04.12 W δ13C: -27.2‰ Project manager: B Johnson (Archaeological Research Sample: MAP/F219/1, submitted on 24 May 2006 by Services Ltd), 2005 B Johnson Archival body: Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Material: carbonised residue (internal, Impressed Ware) Description: a series of postholes formed four sub-rectangular Initial comment: the potsherd (Impressed Ware) was in the buildings. Samples were available for dating from two of fill of pit F219, which was situated beneath subsoil. The pit these structures, buildings 1 and 2. was cut into a natural gravel deposits. The sherd is from a deposit 0.6m from the surface, cut into a fluvio-glacial gravel Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of terrace deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and the buildings, suggested by associated pottery to be middle some bioturbation. Neolithic. Objectives: as OxA-16163 Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), based upon the radiocarbon dating undertaken as part of this work, the Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2630 cal BC rectangular buildings have been shown to be fifth or early 2σ: 2880–2580 cal BC sixth century cal AD in date. The dating programme has Final comment: see SUERC-11295 been very successful in providing intriguing evidence for early Dark Age activity, that could be either Anglo-Saxon or Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), this is not the British in origin. same pot at F219/2 (OxA-16098). F219/1 is from higher in the fill. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the seven measurements from building 2 (OxA-15545–7 and SUERC- ′ SUERC–11295 4130 ±35 BP 8959–62) are not statistically consistent (T =890.4; T′(5%)=12.6; ν=6; Ward and Wilson 1978). However, if the δ13C: -24.4‰ two measurements from posthole 107 are excluded as being Sample: 2133/2, submitted in August 2005 by B Johnson from residual, Iron Age, material, then the remaining results are statistically consistent (T′=2.1; T′(5%)=9.5; ν=4; Ward Material: carbonised plant macrofossil (hazelnut, single and Wilson 1978).The four measurements from building 1 fragment) (J Cotton 2006) (SUERC-9102–4 and SUERC-9108) are not statistically ′ ′ ν Initial comment: the hazelnut fragment was found in the consistent (T =882.0; T (5%)=7.8; =3; Ward and Wilson primary fill of pit F2133, which was situated beneath subsoil 1978). Based on the spatial proximity and morphological 002. The pit was cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The pit similarity of buildings 1 and 2, it seems most plausible to lay 2.2m east of building 3, a structure morphologically interpret SUERC-9104 and SUERC-9108 as from residual, similar to buildings 1 and 2, which have produced Bronze Age, material and to interpret building 1 as of Dark radiocarbon dates in the fifth to sixth centuries AD. The Age date. hazelnut fragment was deposited 0.6m from the surface, cut References: Johnson and Waddington in press into fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposits. There was no Ward and Wilson 1978 rootlet penetration but some bioturbaton (worm).

63 Cheviot Quarry: sub-rectangular buildings, Northumberland

OxA–15545 1517 ±26 BP Sample: 2107/376/2, submitted on 3 January 2006 by B Johnson δ13C: -24.4‰ Material: charcoal (roundwood, single fragment) Sample: 2053/274/2, submitted on 3 January 2006 by (J Huntley 2006) B Johnson Initial comment: from posthole 2107, underlying subsoil 002 Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one (J Huntley 2006) of 23 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 2) and is Initial comment: from posthole 2053, underlying subsoil 002 situated towards the eastern end of the southern axis. There and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one is a possibility of residuality, given the unsealed nature of the of 23 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 2) and is context. The posthole was 0.4m from the surface, cut into situated towards the eastern end of the southern axis. There fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposit. There was some rootlet is a possibility of residuality, given the unsealed nature of the penetration and it was truncated by ploughing. context. The posthole was 0.4m from the surface, cut into a Objectives: as OxA-15545 fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposit. There was some rootlet penetration and it was truncated by ploughing. Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–370 cal BC 2σ: 410–230 cal BC Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of building 2. A very close association between the postholes of Final comment: see OxA-15545 the building and a hearth feature within the interior of a structure that contained Grooved Ware pottery, as well as the SUERC–8959 1520 ±35 BP extremely similar morphology of nearby structures (buildings 1 and 3), suggest building 2 may be later Neolithic. No δ13C: -23.8‰ material culture was recovered directly from the postholes, Sample: 2053/274/1, submitted on 3 January 2006 by however, and, given the lack of vertical stratigraphy, the B Johnson dates of the buildings cannot be ascribed with complete confidence. Eight samples, comprising two samples of Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain separate species from four postholes, are being submitted to (J Huntley 2006) endeavour to overcome any potential problems with Initial comment: as OxA-15545 residuality. Objectives: as OxA-15545 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–580 2σ: cal AD 430–610 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–600 2σ: cal AD 430–620 Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating has shown that building 2 is fifth or early sixth century cal Final comment: see OxA-15545 AD in date and could be of Anglo-Saxon or British origin. Laboratory comment: see OxA-15545 References: Johnson and Waddington in press SUERC–8960 1545 ±35 BP

OxA–15546 1531 ±27 BP δ13C: -29.0‰ δ13 C: -25.4‰ Sample: 2047/322/1, submitted on 3 January 2006 by Sample: 2047/322/2, submitted on 3 January 2006 by B Johnson B Johnson Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment Material: charcoal (Salix/Populus sp., single fragment) (J Huntley 2006) (J Huntley 2006) Initial comment: as OxA-15546 Initial comment: from posthole 2047, underlying subsoil 002 Objectives: as OxA-15545 and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one of 23 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 2) and is Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–570 situated towards the eastern end of the southern axis. There 2σ: cal AD 420–610 is a possibility of residuality, given the unsealed nature of the Final comment: see OxA-15545 context. The posthole was 0.4m from the surface, cut into a fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposit. There was some rootlet Laboratory comment: see OxA-15546 penetration and it was truncated by ploughing. Objectives: as OxA-15545 SUERC–8961 2315 ±35 BP δ13 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–570 C: -24.9‰ 2σ: cal AD 430–610 Sample: 2107/376/1, submitted on 3 January 2006 by Final comment: see OxA-15545 B Johnson References: Johnson and Waddington in press Material: charcoal (Salix/Populus sp., single fragment) (J Huntley 2006) OxA–15547 2290 ±29 BP Initial comment: as OxA-15547

δ13C: -26.2‰ Objectives: as OxA-15545

64 Cheviot Quarry: sub-rectangular buildings, Northumberland

Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–380 cal BC Final comment: B Johnson (9 November 2007), the dating 2σ: 410–260 cal BC has also shown that building 1 is fifth or early sixth century cal AD in date. Final comment: see OxA-15545 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), one sample References: Johnson and Waddington in press from each posthole failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Unfortuntately no more material was available. SUERC–8962 1575 ±35 BP

δ13C: -22.7‰ SUERC–9103 1565 ±50 BP Sample: 2057/400/2, submitted on 3 January 2006 by δ13C: -27.0‰ B Johnson Sample: 2019/340/1, submitted on 11 January 2006 by Material: grain: Hordeum sp., carbonised, single grain B Johnson (J Huntley 2006) Material: charcoal: Crataegus sp., single fragment Initial comment: from posthole 2057, underlying subsoil 002 (J Huntley 2005) and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one Initial comment: from posthole 2019, underlying subsoil 002 of 23 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 2) and is and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one situated towards the eastern end of the southern axis. There of 19 within a sub-rectangular structure and is situated in is a possibility of residuality, given the unsealed nature of the the centre of the northern long axis. Residuality is possible, context. The posthole was 0.4m from the surface, cut into given the unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is fluvio-glacial gravel terrace deposit. There was some rootlet 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial terrace penetration and it was truncated by ploughing. deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and it was Objectives: as OxA-15545 truncated by ploughing. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–550 Objectives: as SUERC-9102 2σ: cal AD 400–570 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–560 Final comment: see OxA-15545 2σ: cal AD 390–610 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a second Final comment: see SUERC-9102 sample from this posthole failed. References: Johnson and Waddington in press References: Johnson and Waddington in press SUERC–9104 2795 ±35 BP SUERC–9102 1620 ±35 BP δ13C: -24.6‰ δ13C: -26.9‰ Sample: 2029/520/2, submitted on 11 January 2006 by Sample: 2017/413/1, submitted on 11 January 2006 by B Johnson B Johnson Material: charcoal (Salix/Populus sp., single fragment) Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment (J Huntley 2005) (J Huntley 2005) Initial comment: from posthole 2029, underlying subsoil 002 Initial comment: from posthole 2017, underlying subsoil 002 and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one of 19 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 1) and is of 19 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 1) and is situated in the centre of the northern long axis. Residuality is situated in the centre of the northern long axis. Residuality is possible, given the unsealed nature of the context. The possible, given the unsealed nature of the context. The posthole is 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial posthole is 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial terrace deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and it terrace deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and it was truncated by ploughing. was truncated by ploughing. Objectives: as SUERC-9102 Objectives: to establish the dates of construction and use of Calibrated date: 1σ: 1010–900 cal BC building 1. An association with nearby features (buildings 2 2σ: 1030–840 cal BC and 3) of extremely similar morphology, that were themselves very closely associated with pits containing Final comment: see SUERC-9102 Grooved Ware pottery, suggests building 1 may be later Laboratory comment: see SUERC-9102 Neolithic. No material culture was recovered directly from the postholes, however, and, given the lack of vertical stratigraphy, the date of the building cannot be ascribed with SUERC–9108 2735 ±40 BP complete confidence. Eight samples, comprising two samples δ13C: -26.2‰ of separate species from four postholes, are being submitted to endeavour to overcome any potential problems with Sample: 2037/315/1, submitted on 11 January 2006 by residuality. B Johnson Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 400–530 Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment 2σ: cal AD 340–540 (J Huntley 2005)

65 Cossington, Leicestershire

Initial comment: from posthole 2037, underlying subsoil 002 environmental evidence to pollen samples taken from the and cut into natural gravel deposit 003. The posthole is one channel to inform on the contemporary Soar Valley of 19 within a sub-rectangular structure (building 1)and is landscape. Finally, at site 5, the objective was to establish a situated in the centre of the northern long axis. Residuality is date for the infilling of the barrow ring ditch (both samples possible given the unsealed nature of the context. The came from the upper fills of the ditch). posthole is 0.4m from the surface, cut into fluvio-glacial Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dating terrace deposits. There was some rootlet penetration and it programme has been extremely useful in providing an was truncated by ploughing. absolute chronological framework for the various episodes of Objectives: as SUERC-9102 activity revealed at Cossington. It has identified environmental deposits in the palaeochannel dating to the Calibrated date: 1σ: 920–820 cal BC late third millennium cal BC, providing a snapshot of the 2σ: 980–800 cal BC contemporary Soar Valley environment and a background to Final comment: see SUERC-9102 the landscape in which the barrows were constructed. It has also helped to ′fine tune′ our understanding of the Bronze Age burial sequence, in particular highlighting the early date Cossington, Leicestershire for the cremation burials clustered around Barrow 1. References: Thomas 2005 Location: SK 605128 Thomas 2007 Lat. 52.42.33 N; Long. 01.06.16 W Project manager: C O’Brien and J Thomas (Leicester Museums and University of Leicester Cossington: site 1, Leicestershire Archaeological Service), 1976 and 1999 Location: SK 605128 Description: the 1976 excavation was of two ring ditches and Lat. 52.42.33 N; Long. 01.06.16 W associated cremations. Site 1 consisted of a small recut ring ditch with a central feature (no evidence for burial) and 11 Project manager: C O’Brien and J Thomas (Leicester associated cremations located just outside the barrow to the Museums and University of Leicester south-east. Site 2 consisted of a larger barrow represented by Archaeological Service), 1976 and 1999 two concentric ring ditches. A central inhumation was Archival body: Leicestershire County Council Heritage associated with cremations and grave goods. The 1999 Services excavation at Cossington quarry, adjacent to Platts Lane, included recording of a single recut ring ditch (barrow-Area Description: the samples were from the cremation cemetery A) with a surviving denuded mound. The barrow had no south-east of the 1976 site 1 ring ditch. The samples central burial, but a fine jet, amber, and faience Bronze Age included three urned cremations (F24, F6, and F9) and four bead necklace had been buried close to the inside of the unurned cremations (F20, F22, and F25 from the south- ditch. Evidence was also recovered for later reuse of the eastern group, and F4 which cuts the first-phase ring ditch). barrow mound during the Iron Age, Roman, and Anglo- Objectives: to provide a date range for the cremation group; Saxon periods, when a group of ′warrior′ burials were placed to see if there are differences between the overall dates within the mound. To the east of the barrow, an area of indicated for the urned and unurned cremations; and to formerly marshy ground was represented by a rich organic provide a chronological relationship between the cremations layer, which contained a scatter of flints and was associated and the ring ditch phases (cremation F4). with a row of pits/postholes extending into the layer from the south. Part of a palaeochannel was also revealed during Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dates quarrying in the vicinity of the barrow (Area D), which provided for the period of cremation burial at barrow 1 contained well-preserved environmental remains and indicate a range of use between 1910–1690 cal BC (95% supporting evidence from a group of animal bones. probability; first cremation; Marshall et al 2007) and 1660–1520 cal BC (95% probability; last cremation; Marshall et Objectives: at site 1 the objectives were to provide a date al 2007), suggesting the period of deposition occurred in the range for the cremation group; to see if there are differences later stages of the Early Bronze Age. This was surprising as, between the overall dates indicated for the urned and in other aspects, the cemetery had similarities with middle unurned cremations and; to provide a chronological Bronze Age, ′Deverel-Rimbury′ type groups. relationship between the cremations and the ring ditch phases (cremation F4). At site 2 the objectives were to Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a bulk sample provide dating for the period of use of the ring ditch and to of unidentified charcoal was dated from a bedding of small provide comparative dating with the inhumation. At site 3 pebbles with flint scraper and waste flakes in the silting of the objectives were to provide a date range for the the first phase of the ring ditch, soon after the excavation. palaeochannel deposits; to provide comparative dating This date, 1940–1620 cal BC (HAR-4897; 3460 ±60BP; evidence with those obtained from the associated bone Reimer et al 2004), provide a terminus post quem for the group, and to provide information on the environmental secondary use of the barrow. history of the site from the Bronze Age (or earlier) to the References: Marshall et al 2007 Anglo Saxon period. At site 4 the objectives were to provide Reimer et al 2004 dating for the bone group (are they a contemporary group?); Thomas 2005 to provide dating for the palaeochannel; to provide Thomas 2007 comparative environmental information for the wider landscape of the excavations; and to provide complementary

66 Cossington: site 1, Leicestershire

OxA–16155 3352 ±33 BP Material: cremated human bone (possible tibia or ulna/radius) (H Jacklin 2006) Sample: Coss-Site1/F24, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas Initial comment: F9 was a cremation in a disturbed inverted urn. Only the upper (rim) part of the urn survived. Cranium Material: cremated human bone (humerus/femur) and long bone skeletal fragments were represented. A small (H Jacklin 2006) scatter of associated pottery and bone was also recovered Initial comment: F24 was the most complete urned cremation from the surrounding area. from the site. The top 0.05m (base) of the urn was damaged Objectives: as OxA-16155 but otherwise the pot was intact. F24 was cut into river terrace gravels, approximately 300m north of the river Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC Wreake. The land on which the site was situated had 2σ: 1750–1530 cal BC apparently been cultivated for a considerable length of time Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this prior to the excavation. No other details are known. determination provided a late to early Bronze Age date for Objectives: to establish the period of use for the cremation an inverted cremation burial of an adult individual, located cemetery and provide comparative evidence to determine if to the south-east of barrow 1. The burial had been placed there was a difference in date between the urned and within an upturned biconical urn and had been badly unurned cremations on the site. truncated by ploughing. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (September 2007), 2σ: 1740–1520 cal BC OxA-16158 is a replicate of OxA-16157. The weighted mean is 3330 ±24 BP (1690–1525 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004) and Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this date has the two results are statistically consistent (T′=1.3; provided a late early Bronze Age date for the cremation T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). burial of this adult, possibly a male of around 24 years. In contrast to the majority of other burials in this cremation References: Reimer et al 2004 cemetery, F24 was buried in an upright urn and was one of Ward and Wilson 1978 the better-preserved examples. The generally consistent date with the inverted burials suggests there was no clear OxA–16158 3306 ±33 BP chronological difference in the two burial traditions. Sample: Coss-Site1/F9, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas OxA–16156 3317 ±33 BP Material: cremated human bone (possible tibia or ulna/radius) (H Jacklin 2006) Sample: Coss-Site1/F25, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas Initial comment: as OxA-16155 Material: cremated human bone (possible cranial bone) Objectives: as OxA-16157 (H Jacklin 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1630–1520 cal BC Initial comment: F25 was the northernmost cremation in the 2σ: 1690–1490 cal BC group. Although appearing to be unurned, a scatter of Final comment: see OxA-16157 pottery sherds to the immediate south may indicate that this was a badly disturbed urned cremation. The focus of Laboratory comment: see OxA-16157 cremated bone was located on top of a triangular stone slab. F25 was cut into river terrace gravels, approximately 300m SUERC–11272 4285 ±35 BP north of the river Wreake.The land on which the site was situated had apparently been cultivated for a considerable Sample: Coss-Site/F4, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas length of time prior to the excavation. No other details are Material: cremated human bone (cranial bone, possibly known. occipital bone) (H Jacklin 2006) Objectives: as OxA-16155 Initial comment: F4 was an unurned cremation in a small pit. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1640–1520 cal BC It was the only cremation to have a direct stratigraphic 2σ: 1690–1500 cal BC relationship with the ring ditch, cutting the phase 1 ditch. F4 was cut into the backfilled/silted ring ditch, approximately Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this was a 300m north of the river Wreake.The land on which the site very disturbed cremation burial but was apparently once was situated had apparently been cultivated for a associated with an urn, judging by the scatter of sherds considerable length of time prior to the excavation. No other surrounding the bone. The date is statistically consistent with details are known. the other cremation burials in the group and helps confirm the date range for this cemetery. Objectives: to provide chronological evidence for the disuse of the phase 1 ditch and to establish the period of use for the References: Thomas 2005 cremation cemetery and provide comparative evidence to Thomas 2007 determine if there was a difference in date between the urned and unurned cremations on the site. OxA–16157 3359 ±34 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 2920–2880 cal BC Sample: Coss-Site1/F9, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas 2σ: 2930–2870 cal BC

67 Cossington: site 2, Leicestershire

Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this date SUERC–11275 3360 ±35 BP returned a surprisingly late Neolithic result from cremated Sample: Coss-Site1/F22, submitted in June 2006 by human bone that had been deposited in a pit that clearly J Thomas post-dated the infilled Bronze Age ditch of barrow 1. It is possible that the sample contained stray residual material Material: cremated human bone (possible proximal radius) that was chosen for dating. It is also a possibility that the (H Jacklin 2006) construction of barrow 1 had disturbed an earlier monument Initial comment: F22 was the southernmost cremation in the or cremation and the bones had been retained until the time group. Very little information exists for this cremation of reburial. although it was recorded with associated pottery sherds raising the possibility that this was a disturbed urned SUERC–11273 3340 ±35 BP cremation. F22 was cut into river terrace gravels, Sample: Coss-Site1/F6, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas approximately 300m north of the river Wreake.The land on which the site was situated had apparently been cultivated Material: cremated human bone (fibula) (H Jacklin 2006) for a considerable length of time prior to the excavation. No Initial comment: F6 was a cremation in an inverted urn, other details are known. placed in a shallow pit. Only the upper part of the urn Objectives: as OxA-16155 survived but the cremated material was well preserved, with all parts of the skeleton being represented. A small scatter Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1610 cal BC of bone had spilled into the base of the pit. The pit 2σ: 1750–1530 cal BC containing F6 was cut into river terrace gravels, Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this date has approximately 300m north of the river Wreake.The land provided a late to early Bronze Age date for the cremation on which the site was situated had apparently been burial of this adult individual in an inverted urn. It helps to cultivated for a considerable length of time prior to the clarify the chronological position of this small cemetery in excavation. No other details are known. the sequence of burials at the site. Objectives: as OxA-16155 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1690–1530 cal BC 2σ: 1740–1520 cal BC Cossington: site 2, Leicestershire Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this Location: SK 605128 determination provided a late to early Bronze Age date for Lat. 52.42.33 N; Long. 01.06.16 W an inverted cremation burial of an adult ?male, located Project manager: C O’Brien and J Thomas (Leicester to the south-east of barrow 1. The burial had been placed Museums and University of Leicester within an upturned biconical urn and had been badly Archaeological Service), 1976 and 1999 truncated by ploughing, such that only the upper portions of the vessel remained. Archival body: Leicestershire County Council Heritage Services SUERC–11274 3525 ±35 BP Description: cremations associated with the 1976 site 2 ring Sample: Coss-Site1/F20, submitted in June 2006 by ditch and central inhumation. F14 is from an urned J Thomas cremation north of the burial and F17 is from a stone cist south of the burial. Material: cremated human bone (possible tibia) (H Jacklin 2006) Objectives: to provide dating for the period of use of the ring ditch, and to provide comparative dating with the Initial comment: F20 was part of the cremation group to the inhumation. south-east of the ring ditch. Although apparently unurned, fragments of pottery urn were recovered in association Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), dating of with the cremated bone. In addition a scatter of cremated these two cremation burials has helped identify their bone was observed to the south east of the feature. In all chronological distinction from the cremation burials located likelihood F20 is a disturbed urned cremation. It lay near barrow 1 and has added to the overall understanding of near the centre of the cremation group. F20 was cut into the development of the two closely related monuments river terrace gravels, approximately 300m north of the river (barrows 1 and 2). Wreake. The land on which the site was situated had Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the centre of apparently been cultivated for a considerable length of time this barrow contained a sub-rectangular burial pit with a prior to the excavation. No other details are known. contracted inhumation. Bone fragments from this individual Objectives: as OxA-16155 (F15-BT) were submitted for dating to AERE Harwell in 1981. However, in 1985 attempts to obtain a measurement Calibrated date: 1σ: 1910–1770 cal BC on the small counters (Otlet et al 1983) were abandoned, 2σ: 1950–1740 cal BC due to the poor quality of the bone. Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this date has References: Otlet et al 1983 provided a late to early Bronze Age date for the cremation Thomas 2005 burial of this adult individual in an inverted urn. It helps to Thomas 2007 clarify the chronological position of this small cemetery in the sequence of burials at the site.

68 Cossington: site 3, Leicestershire

SUERC–11276 3430 ±35 BP Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this confirmed an early Bronze Age date for this burial and Sample: Coss-Site2/F14, submitted in June 2006 by indicated that F17 had been the primary burial within J Thomas barrow 2. Material: cremated human bone (possible tibia) (H Jacklin 2006) Initial comment: F14 was a cremation located 6m north of Cossington: site 3, Leicestershire the site 2 inhumation. Cremated bone was found in Location: SK 605128 association with a small Collared Urn. The excavators Lat. 52.42.33 N; Long. 01.06.16 W suggested the urn had fallen over during interment, spilling the contents. F14 was cut into river terrace gravels, Project manager: C O’Brien and J Thomas (Leicester approximately 300m north of the river Wreake.The land Museums and University of Leicester on which the site was situated had apparently been Archaeological Service), 1976 and 1999 cultivated for a considerable length of time prior to the Archival body: Leicestershire County Council Heritage excavation. No other details are known. Services Objectives: to establish the period of use for the ring ditch Description: samples from a pollen core taken from and provide comparative evidence to determine if there palaeochannel deposits in excavation area D of the was a difference in date between the cremations and the Cossington, Platts Lane quarry site. The channel deposits inhumation. are also associated with the animal bone group (series Calibrated date: 1σ: 1770–1680 cal BC Cossington site 4). The samples provided relate to the more 2σ: 1880–1630 cal BC organic levels of the core (0.23–5m and 0.86–8m deep). Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), this Objectives: to provide a date range for the palaeochannel confirms the early Bronze Age date for the cremation burial deposits; to provide comparative dating evidence with those of an adult ?male, suggested by the association with a obtained from the associated bone group, and to provide Collared urn. The urn and cremated remains had been information on the environmental history of the site from the placed side-by-side in a small pit. The pot may originally Bronze Age (or earlier) to the Anglo–Saxon period. have been placed on a ledge within the pit, perhaps as an Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dates accompaniment to the cremation burial. obtained from surviving pollen, plant remains, and insects Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), in 1981 a recovered from the palaeochannel have been successful in bulk sample of charcoal from this cremation was dated. providing snapshots of the Soar Valley landscape from the The surviving sub-sample was mostly too small to identify Neolithic onwards. This has not only been important for (but it did contain Quercus sp. sapwood and heartwood, providing an environmental setting for the archaeological Salicaceae, and cf. Acer sp.). This result 1930–1460 cal BC activity but will also complement previous environmental (HAR-4898; 3390 ±90 BP; Reimer et al 2004) is statistically information recovered from the Soar Valley. consistent with SUERC-11276 (T′=0.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; References: Thomas 2005 Ward and Wilson 1978), suggesting that HAR-4898 did Thomas 2007 not contain sufficient long-lived charcoal to produce a significant age-at-death offset. OxA–16055 4693 ±32 BP References: Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 δ13C: -27.6‰ Sample: Coss-Site3/CoreD1, submitted in June 2006 by SUERC–11277 3660 ±35 BP J Thomas Sample: Coss-Site2/F17, submitted in June 2006 by Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (<5g) (from J Thomas organic levels approximately 0.23–5m): Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani, seven fragments; Rubus subg. Glandolosus, Material: cremated human bone (possible humerus/radius) single fragment; Cirsium sp., two fragments; Sambucus nigra, (H Jacklin 2006) single fragment; Fraxinus excelsior, twig; Prunus/Crataegus sp., Initial comment: F17 was located 4m south of the site 2 two fragments; Ranunculus subgen Ranunculus,two inhumation and consisted of cremated bone packed into a fragments; Alnus glutinosa, three buds (J Greig 2006) rectangular possible ′cist′. A single sherd of Beaker pottery Initial comment: the sample was obtained from pollen was associated with the bone in the pit/′cist′. F17 was cut monolith boxes taken from palaeochannel deposits. The into river terrace gravels, approximately 300m north of the sample was recovered from organic levels approximately river Wreake.The land on which the site was situated had 0.23–5m from the top of the column. The palaeochannel apparently been cultivated for a considerable length of time was cut into natural gravels. prior to the excavation. No other details are known. Objectives: to establish a period of activity for the Objectives: to establish the period of use for the ring ditch palaeochannel; to provide comparative evidence for dates and provide comparative evidence to determine if there was obtained from an associated bone group, and to provide a difference in date between the cremations and the environmental evidence for the landscape in which the inhumation on the site. archaeological activities on the site took place. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2130–1970 cal BC 2σ: 2140–1930 cal BC

69 Cossington: site 3, Leicestershire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 3620–3370 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-16055 2σ: 3630–3360 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-16055 Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dates Calibrated date: 1σ: 2300–2200 cal BC obtained from surviving pollen, plant remains, and insects 2σ: 2400–2140 cal BC recovered from the palaeochannel have been successful in providing snapshots of the Soar Valley landscape from the Final comment: see OxA-16055 Neolithic onwards. This has not only been important for Laboratory comment: see OxA-16055 providing an environmental setting for the archaeological activity but will also complement previous environmental information recovered from the Soar Valley. OxA–16058 3882 ±30 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), three δ13C: -26.0‰ measurements on bulk macrofossils are available from this Sample: Coss-Site3/CoreD2 (sample 1), submitted in June level. OxA-16055 is nearly 900 radiocarbon years older 2006 by J Thomas than the other two results (OxA-16056–7), which are statistically consistent (T′=1.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (from organic levels and Wilson 1978). approximately 0.86–8m from the top of the column): Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani, two fragments; cf. Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Eleocharis sp., single fragment; cf. Alismataceae, two (2007), OxA-16055 and OxA-16056 are duplicate dates fragments; Lycopus europaeus, single fragment; Aethusa from the same submitted sample. The submitted material cynapium L., single fragment; Rosa sp., single fragment; was divided and treated separately using identical chemistry. Chenopodium sp., two fragments; Sambucus nigra, three This is part of Oxford’s programme of internal fragments; Lycopus europaeus, single fragment; Oenanthe sp., reproducibility.We think the divergent ages represent a single fragment; Rumex sp., four fragments; Ranunculus heterogeneous composition of the material rather than a subgen Ranunculus, two fragments; Alnus glutinosa, catkin, measurement problem. two buds; Alnus glutinosa, eight seeds (J Greig 2006) References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: the sample was obtained from pollen monolith boxes taken from palaeochannel deposits. The OxA–16056 3863 ±32 BP sample was recovered from organic levels approximately 0.86–0.88m from the top of the column. The palaeochannel δ13C: -27.4‰ was cut into natural gravels. Sample: Coss-Site3/CoreD1, submitted in June 2006 by Objectives: as OxA-16055 J Thomas Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2290 cal BC Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (from organic levels 2σ: 2470–2210 cal BC approximately 0.23–0.25m from the top of the column): Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani, seven fragments; Rubus Final comment: see OxA-16055 subg. Glandolosus, single fragment; Cirsium sp., two Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two fragments; Sambucus nigra, single fragment; Fraxinus excelsior, measurements on bulk macrofossils from this level are twig; Prunus/Crataegus sp., two fragments; Ranunculus statistically consistent (OxA-16058–9; T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; subgen Ranunculus, two fragments; Alnus glutinosa, three ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). buds (J Greig 2006) References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: replicate of OxA-16055

Objectives: as OxA-16055 OxA–16059 3877 ±29 BP σ Calibrated date: 1 : 2460–2280 cal BC δ13C: -25.6‰ 2σ: 2470–2200 cal BC Sample: Coss-Site3/CoreD2 (sample 2), submitted in June Final comment: see OxA-16055 2006 by J Thomas Laboratory comment: see OxA-16055 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (from organic levels approximately 0.86–0.88m from the top of the column): OxA–16057 3813 ±30 BP Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani, single fragment; cf. Eleocharis sp., single fragment; cf. Alismataceae, two δ13C: -26.6‰ fragments; Sambucus nigra, three fragments; Lycopus Sample: Coss-Site3/CoreD1 (sample 2), submitted in June europaeus, single fragment; Aethusa cynapium L., single 2006 by J Thomas fragment; Oenanthe sp., single fragment; Rosa sp., single fragment; Rumex sp., four fragments; Chenopodium sp., two Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (from organic levels fragments; Ranunculus subgen Ranunculus, two fragments; approximately 0.23–0.25m from the top of the column): Alnus glutinosa, catkin, two buds; Alnus glutinosa, eight seeds Schoenoplectus cf. tabernaemontani, seven fragments; Rubus (J Greig 2006) subg. Glandolosus, single fragment; Cirsium sp., two fragments; Sambucus nigra, single fragment; Fraxinus excelsior, Initial comment: as OxA-16058 twig; Prunus/Crataegus sp., two fragments; Ranunculus Objectives: as OxA-16058 subgen Ranunculus, two fragments; Alnus glutinosa, three buds (J Greig 2006)

70 Cossington: site 4, Leicestershire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2290 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 2580–2480 cal BC 2σ: 2470–2210 cal BC 2σ: 2840–2460 cal BC Final comment: see OxA-16055 Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dates recovered from the bone group reflect an accumulated Laboratory comment: see OxA-16058 assemblage representing different ages at the base of the silted channel. They provide important complementary evidence to the other environmental information recovered Cossington: site 4, Leicestershire from the channel. Additionally the bones, including examples of aurochs and red deer, some with evidence of Location: SK 605128 butchery, provide good evidence for human activity in the Lat. 52.42.33 N; Long. 01.06.16 W area in the Neolithic. OxA-16054 provides a terminus post Project manager: J Thomas (Leicester Museums and quem of 2550–2300 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004) for the University of Leicester Archaeological infilling of the channel. Service), 1999 Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Archival body: Leicestershire County Council Heritage (September 2006), this measurement was made on a bone of Services very low collagen yield. The yield was 5.2mg of ultrafiltered gelatin from 1100mg starting weight. This is less than our Description: a group of animal bone recovered from the base laboratory cut-off of 10mg collagen and <1% wt collagen. of a palaeochannel (area D) recorded in the vicinity of the The sample was therefore given an experimental number barrow excavated in 1999. (OxA-X-d) and should be treated with caution. Objectives: to provide dating for the bone group – are they a Laboratory comment: English Heritage (September 2006), contemporary group?; to provide dating for the OxA-16032 and SUERC-11282 are two measurements from palaeochannel; to provide comparative environmental the left humerus of a domestic cow.The results are information for the wider landscape of the excavations; and statistically consistent (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward and to provide complementary environmental evidence to pollen Wilson 1978) and the weighted mean is 4038 ±25 BP samples taken from the channel to inform on the (2830–2470 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). contemporary Soar Valley landscape. References: Reimer et al 2004 Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), the dates Ward and Wilson 1978 recovered from the bone group reflect an accumulated assemblage representing different ages at the base of the silted channel. They provide important complimentary OxA–16053 4519 ±32 BP evidence to the other environmental information recovered δ13C: -22.8‰ from the channel. Additionally the bones, including examples of aurochs and red deer, some with evidence of Sample: Coss-Site4/163b (1), submitted in June 2006 by butchery, provide good evidence for human activity in the J Thomas area in the Neolithic. OxA-16054 provides a terminus post Material: antler: Cervus elaphus (J Browning 2006) quem of 2550-2300 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004) for the infilling of the channel. Initial comment: the bone was recovered from a group of animal remains located within the base layer of a References: Reimer et al 2004 palaeochannel to the north of the 1999 excavation areas. Thomas 2005 The palaeochannel was cut into river terrace gravels, Thomas 2007 approximately 300m west of the river Soar. Context 163 was the earliest evidence for silting of the channel, lying directly OxA–16032 4029 ±37 BP above possible natural gravels.

δ13C: -21.9‰ Objectives: as OxA-16032 Sample: Coss-Site4/163c (1), submitted in June 2006 by Calibrated date: 1σ: 3360–3100 cal BC J Thomas 2σ: 3370–3090 cal BC Material: animal bone: Bos taurus (J Browning 2006) Final comment: see OxA-16032 Initial comment: the bone was recovered from a group of Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two animal remains located within the base layer of a measurements on this antler (OxA-16053 and SUERC- palaeochannel to the north of the 1999 excavation areas. 11278) are not statistically consistent (T′=6.8; T′(5%)=3.8; The palaeochannel was cut into river terrace gravels, ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). approximately 300m west of the river Soar. Context 163 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 was the earliest evidence for silting of the channel, lying directly above possible natural gravels. OxA–16054 3931 ±31 BP Objectives: to establish the age of the bone group; to δ13 understand if the bone group was deposited in one episode C: -23.6‰ or was an accumulation over time; and to establish a Sample: Coss-Site4/163d, submitted in June 2006 by comparative date for the palaeochannel in relation to the J Thomas other sites excavated in the quarry. Material: animal bone: Bos primigenius (J Browning 2006)

71 Cossington: site 5, Leicestershire

Initial comment: as OxA-16053 samples reflected activities towards the end of the barrow’s life, prior to final infilling of the surrounding ditch. The Objectives: as OxA-16032 dates provided from the two samples suggest that the Calibrated date: 1σ: 2480–2360 cal BC infilling of the ditch was almost complete by the early second 2σ: 2550–2300 cal BC millennium cal BC. Final comment: see OxA-16032. This date provides a terminus References: Thomas 2005 post quem for the infilling of the palaeochannel. Thomas 2007

SUERC–11278 4395 ±35 BP OxA–16060 3477 ±32 BP

δ13C: -22.6‰ δ13C: -25.8‰ Sample: Coss-Site4/163b (2), submitted in June 2006 by Sample: Coss-Site5/637, submitted in June 2006 by J Thomas J Thomas Material: antler: Cervus elaphus (J Browning 2006) Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., 15-years growth, single fragment (G Morgan 2006) Initial comment: as OxA-16053 Initial comment: the charcoal was retrieved from a charcoal- Objectives: as OxA-16053 rich patch within the upper backfill of the barrow ring-ditch. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3090–2920 cal BC The ditch was cut into natural sand. Due to the level of the 2σ: 3270–2910 cal BC sample, within the upper areas of the ditch, some rootlet penetration is possible. Final comment: see OxA-16053 Objectives: to establish a date for the Laboratory comment: see OxA-16053 backfilling/abandonment of the barrow ring ditch and References: Thomas 2005 provide comparative dating evidence with the two ring Thomas 2007 ditches to the south. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1880–1740 cal BC SUERC–11282 4045 ±35 BP 2σ: 1890–1690 cal BC δ13C: -22.6‰ Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), datable Sample: Coss-Site4/163c (2), submitted in June 2006 by samples from barrow 3 were scarce, but these discrete J Thomas samples reflected activities towards the end of the barrows life, prior to final infilling of the surrounding ditch. The Material: animal bone: Bos taurus (J Browning 2006) dates provided from the two samples suggest that the Initial comment: as OxA-16032 infilling of the ditch was almost complete by the early second millennium cal BC. Objectives: as OxA-16032 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two Calibrated date: 1σ: 2620–2490 cal BC measurements (OxA-16060 and OxA-16061) on this 2σ: 2840–2470 cal BC fragment of charcoal are statistically consistent (T′=2.1; ′ Final comment: see OxA-16032 T (5%)=3.8); v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).Their weighted mean is 3511 ±22 BP (1915–1745 cal BC; Laboratory comment: see OxA-16032 Reimer et al 2004). References: Thomas 2005 References: Reimer et al 2004 Thomas 2007 Ward and Wilson 1978

OxA–16061 3539 ±29 BP Cossington: site 5, Leicestershire δ13C: -25.9‰ Location: SK 605133 Sample: Coss-Site5/637, submitted in June 2006 by Lat. 52.42.49 N; Long. 01.06.37 W J Thomas Project manager: J Thomas (Leicester Museums and Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., 15 years growth, single University of Leicester Archaeological fragment (G Morgan 2006) Service), 1999 Initial comment: as OxA-16060 Archival body: Leicestershire County Council Heritage Services Objectives: duplicate measurement made as part of the internal programme of reproducibility run by the Oxford Description: charcoal recovered from two discrete areas of the Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. 1999 barrow ring ditch. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1920–1780 cal BC Objectives: to establish a date for the infilling of the barrow ring 2σ: 1960–1770 cal BC ditch (both samples came from the upper fills of the ditch). Final comment: see OxA-16060 Final comment: J Thomas (12 September 2007), datable samples from barrow 3 were scarce, however but discrete Laboratory comment: see OxA-16060

72 East London Gravels: Hunt’s Hill Farm, Greater London

SUERC–11283 3295 ±35 BP Objectives: the aim of dating the organic residues on selective prehistoric sherds is twofold: a) to improve the site δ13C: -26.6‰ chronology of Hunt’s Hill Farm which is based on either Sample: Coss-Site5/675, submitted in June 2006 by artefacts or pot typology, and b) to improve the J Thomas stylistic/typological dating of the selective late prehistoric sand-tempered fabrics of the late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Material: charcoal (single fragment, blackthorn, 4 years This will help refine the regional chronology of these fabrics. growth) (G Morgan 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1130–1010 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-16060 2σ: 1250–940 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-16060 Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the results of Calibrated date: 1σ: 1620–1510 cal BC the radiocarbon dating has refined the expected date and 2σ: 1690–1490 cal BC indicates that the pit belongs to the middle Bronze Age. Final comment: see OxA-16060 GrA–32961 2220 ±40 BP

δ13C: -27.4‰ East London Gravels: Hunt’s Hill Sample: UP-HH 89C (5422) seg 1 B potsherd (sand 2), Farm, Greater London submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson

Location: TQ 565830 Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered Lat. 51.31.25 N; Long. 00.15.22 E fabric) Project manager: P Rowsome (Museum of London Initial comment: this context (5422) is the fill of a ring ditch Archaeology Service), 1989–97 (building 103, group 5423). It has been dated to the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age. This feature was dug into the Archival body: London Archaeological Archive and Thames Terrace gravel. Research Centre Objectives: as GrA-32960 Description: extensive multi-period site located on the Corbets Tey Thames Gravel Terrace, near Upminster, and Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC excavated in advance of gravel quarrying. The site included 2σ: 400–170 cal BC settlement and agricultural features such as post-fast Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the discrepancy structures, field ditches, and enclosures. The majority of between the radiocarbon dating and the expected date might these are dated to the later prehistoric periods. This series suggest the pottery is intrusive. However, given the currently contains nine prehistoric potsherds with organic residues under-represented middle Iron Age assemblage and the suitable for radiocarbon dating. provisional assumption that sand-tempered fabrics belong to Objectives: the aim of this dating is to improve the site this period it is probable that building 103 does date to the chronology and to help refine the dating of the prehistoric middle Iron Age. ceramic fabric series for the East London area. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the results measurements (GrA-32961 and OxA-16668) from the same broadly confirm the ceramic sequence, although the small sherd (seg 1) are statistically consistent (T′=0.0; number of measurements mean it is not possible to undertake T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).Their weigthed any more detailed analysis. A number of discrepancies have mean is 2220 ±24BP (390–200 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). highlighted errors in dating, in particular building 103, which References: Reimer et al 2004 suggests more extensive scientific dating would have revealed Ward and Wilson 1978 further inconsistencies in the site sequence. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 December 2007), GrA–32963 2450 ±30 BP further radiocarbon dates from Hunt’s Hill Farm are δ13C: -27.2‰ reported by Bayliss et al (2007a, 51–2). Sample: UP-HH 89D (2720) 0191 potsherd (flin 1), References: Bayliss et al 2007a submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson Swift et al forthcoming Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered GrA–32960 2895 ±35 BP fabric)

δ13C: -27.5‰ Initial comment: this context (2720) is the fill of waterhole (structure 103, group 2752), which contained lots of pottery. Sample: UP-HH 89A (195) E 87 potsherd (flin1), submitted It is dated to the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age. on 27 September 2006 by B Watson Objectives: the aim of dating the organic residues on Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered selected prehistoric sherds is twofold: a) to improve the fabric) site chronology of Hunt’s Hill Farm, which is based on Initial comment: this context (195) is from a pit of Bronze either artefacts or pot typology, and b) to improve the Age date. No land-use details exist. The feature was dug into stylistic/typological dating of the selected late prehistoric the Thames Terrace gravel. coarse flint tempered fabrics of late Bronze Age and

73 Flixton Park Quarry, Suffolk

Iron Age. This will help refine the regional chronology of OxA–16667 2890 ±30 BP these fabrics. δ13C: -28.8‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 750–410 cal BC Sample: UP-HH 89C (2884) D 192 potsherd (flin1), 2σ: 770–400 cal BC submitted on 27 September 2007 by B Watson Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the results of Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered the radiocarbon dating has refined the expected date and fabric) indicates that the pit belongs to the early Iron Age. Initial comment: this context (2884) is the fill of a pit of GrA–32964 2900 ±35 BP Bronze Age date. This feature was dug into the Thames Terrace gravel. δ13C: -26.6‰ Objectives: as GrA-32960 Sample: UP-HH 89E (4342) E 87 potsherd finger tip dec (sand), submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson Calibrated date: 1σ: 1130–1010 cal BC 2σ: 1210–970 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered fabric) Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the radiocarbon dating has refined the general date for this feature and Initial comment: this context (4342) is from a possible confirmed that calcinated flint-tempered fabrics were in use cremation in structure 126, a mass of postholes of early Iron during this period. Age date. Objectives: as GrA-32960 OxA–16668 2209 ±29 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1130–1010 cal BC δ13C: -27.9‰ 2σ: 1260–970 cal BC Sample: UP-HH 89C (5422) seg 1 A potsherd (sand 2), Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), the results of submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson the radiocarbon dating suggest a middle Bronze Age date for Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered this feature. This contradicts other results and confirms the fabric) use of sand-tempered fabrics in this period. Initial comment: as OxA-16658 OxA–16658 2181 ±28 BP Objectives: as OxA-16658 δ13 C: -25.9‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 370–200 cal BC Sample: UP-HH 89C (5422) seg 2 c 208 potsherd (sand 3), 2σ: 390–190 cal BC submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson Final comment: see GrA-32961 Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered Laboratory comment: see GrA-32961 fabric) Initial comment: as GrA-32961 Objectives: as GrA-32961 Flixton Park Quarry, Suffolk Calibrated date: 1σ: 360–190 cal BC Location: TM 303640 2σ: 370–160 cal BC Lat. 52.13.32 N; Long. 01.22.21 E Final comment: see GrA-32961 Project manager: S Boulter (Suffolk County Council Archaeological Field Projects Team), 2005 OxA–16659 2496 ±28 BP Archival body: Suffolk Historic Environment Record δ13C: -26.8‰ Description: this is a multiple-period site on river terrace gravels. There is significant archaeology of prehistoric, Sample: UP-HH 89C (2893) D191 potsherd fabric: flin1, Roman, early Saxon, and post-medieval date. submitted on 27 September 2006 by B Watson Objectives: pit 0269 was located adjacent to the early Anglo- Material: carbonised residue (internal, coarse flint-tempered Saxon cemetery, but the only datable finds were Roman fabric) ceramics. However, the character of the pit was similar to Initial comment: this context (2893) is part of an early Iron those seen at Snape early Anglo-Saxon cemetery. The Age waterhole, group 2433 structure 130. This feature was objective, therefore, is to ascertain whether the pit was dug into the Thames Terrace gravel and its fills consist of silt contemporary with the cemetery (early Anglo-Saxon) or late and sands. The lower fills were moist. Iron Age/Roman. Objectives: as GrA-32960 Final comment: S Boulter (26 June 2007), bulk samples FLN 053 0270 & FLN 053 0718 were processed from pit FLN Calibrated date: 1σ: 770–540 cal BC 053 0269 and the charcoal was isolated for dating. 2σ: 790–510 cal BC References: Pestell 2002 Final comment: I Howell (23 October 2007), this result confirms the expected date and the use of calcinated flint- tempered fabrics in this period.

74 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Staffordshire

OxA–16710 1542 ±25 BP Sample: FLN 053 0718B, submitted in October 2006 by S Boulter δ13C: -24.9‰ Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006) Sample: FLN 053 0718A, submitted in October 2006 by S Boulter Initial comment: as OxA-16710 Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment Objectives: as OxA-16710 (R Gale 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–540 Initial comment: this is an isolated feature with in situ burning 2σ: cal AD 410–560 (heat-altered flints and charcoal lining). The charcoal is not Final comment: see OxA-16710 likely to be intrusive. The feature was immediately below ploughsoil and cut into river terrace gravels. The water table was at several metres depth. Root penetration was common throughout the feature. Geoarchaeology of the Trent Objectives: pit FLN 053 0269 is similar in size and character tributaries, Derbyshire, to features recorded at Snape Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Nottinghamshire, and Staffordshire However, the only datable finds comprised Roman pottery which could be residual and derived from Roman activity, Location: SK 038684; SK 280 260; SK 7603 7501: which also occurred in the immediate vicinity. At Snape, SK 7906 9402 these features have been tentatively interpreted as feasting Lat. 53.12.45 N; Long. 01.56.35 W, : Lat. hearths associated with the cemetery. The objective at 52.49.50 N; Long. 01.35.04 W: Lat. Flixton is simply to confirm the date of the feature. Is it 53.15.59 N; Long. 01.51.36 W: Lat. contemporary with the early Anglo Saxon cemetery or the 53.26.12 N; Long. 00.48.35 W Roman phase of the site? Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 440–560 December 2005 σ 2 : cal AD 420–590 Description: the Dove flows from the Peak District uplands Final comment: S Boulter (26 June 2006), the results were and is one of two major tributary rivers that feed the Trent in entirely in keeping with what was hoped. The early medieval its middle reaches (the other is the Derwent). It has a broad, date was confirmed, indicating that the feature was low-lying floodplain with numerous palaeochannels, contemporary with the cemetery and almost certainly indicating considerable lateral migration of the river through performed a similar function to those recorded at Snape. the Holocene. The Idle drains the Mansfield Plateau and enters the Trent in its lower reaches. The floodplain is low- Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), OxA-16711 is lying and, prior to agricultural drainage, formed an extensive a replicate of OxA-16710, from the same fragment of wetland area crossed by numerous channels. Three sites were ′ charcoal. The two results are statistically consistent (T =0.4; identified with sediments suitable for palaeoecological ′ T (5%)=3.8; v=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) Their weighted analysis and dating within the Idle Valley: one exposed ditch mean is 1560 ±18BP (cal AD 420–570; Reimer et al 2004). section at Misterton Carr; one exposed ditch section and References: Reimer et al 2004 one borehole at Fountains Farm. Both are situated on Ward and Wilson 1978 adjacent areas of the floodplain at similar stratigraphic levels. Two sites were identified in the Dove Valley; one borehole at Tutbury; and two adjacent ditch sections at Eaton Dovedale. OxA–16711 1564 ±25 BP The site of the Tutbury borehole is close to (but δ13C: -25.9‰ stratigraphically higher than) the adjacent contemporary channel, whilst the Eaton Dovedale sections are located at Sample: FLN 053 0718A, submitted in October 2006 the edge of the floodplain. by S Boulter Objectives: to determine the timing of inorganic alluviation Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment within the respective catchments; to determine both the (R Gale 2006) timing and cessation of organic sedimentation within the Initial comment: replicate of OxA-16710 respective catchments; and to identify episodes of changing flood frequency and magnitude in the Dove Valley. Objectives: this sample was a duplicate run by the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit as part of their internal Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), overall, a quality control procedures. successful dating programme, though the Tutbury dates are affected by recycling of organic sediments in response to Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–550 changing flood frequency and magnitude. 2σ: cal AD 420–570 References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 Final comment: see OxA-16710 Buckland and Sadler 1985 Laboratory comment: see OxA-16710 Challis et al 2007 Smith 1953 OxA–16712 1574 ±25 BP Van de Noort and Ellis 1997

δ13C: -26.0‰

75 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Eaton Dovedale, Dove 1, Derbyshire

Geoarchaeology of the Trent and to determine the timing of accelerated (inorganic) alluviation, indicated by the deposition of the overlying tributaries: Eaton Dovedale, Dove 1, red/brown/grey (inorganic) silt. This material is usually Derbyshire associated with catchment deforestation and increased anthropogenic activity and its date will provide an important Location: SK 10473723 indication of when accelerated soil erosion is occuring in the Lat. 52.55.55 N; Long. 01.50.39 W Dove Valley. Again, this will be fed into more general models Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), of alluviation in the Trent Valley. 2005 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1490–1650 Archival body: Derbyshire County Council, SMR 2σ: cal AD 1460–1650 Description: a recut modern drainage ditch, located 200m Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date east from the contemporary channel contained a series of appears to fit well with both the stratigraphic and organic rich deposits with significant environmental palaeoecological evidence and hence fairly reflects the timing potential. The ditch was approximately three metres deep of alluviation in this part of the Dove Valley. and inspection of aerial photographs and historic maps indicated that the ditch was probably excavated through a SUERC–10034 75 ±35 BP former river channel flowing along the eastern margin of the δ13C: -28.7‰ valley floor. Dove 1 was 2.6m deep and divided into five stratigraphic units with the richest biological remains Sample: Dove 1 Upper, submitted in February 2006 by associated with grey organic silty units between 1.9-2.6m. A J Howard Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- Material: waterlogged wood: Crataegus sp., single fragment mental work being undertaken on the core and to understand (W Smith 2006) the alluvial chronology of the valley floor deposits. Initial comment: analysis of aerial photographs and LiDAR as Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), an age part of the Trent tributaries project resulted in the estimate of approximately 75 years from the upper sample identification of a major palaeochannel of the river Dove at from Dove 1 suggests this material is recent, and is probably the eastern margin of the floodplain, inset immediately derived from the (modern) hawthorn hedgerow. beneath a higher terrace, assumed to be of late Pleistocene date. Two sections (Dove 1 and Dove 2) were cut back into a References: Challis et al 2007 recently excavated drainage ditch, which demonstrated that Dalton 1988 over 2m of fine-grained, organic-rich sediment cropped out Havelock and Howard 2002 across the valley floor. The underlying geology of this part of Howard 2005 the valley floor comprises mudstones and thin sandstones of Hudson-Edwards et al 2002 the Mercia Mudstone Group, a formation of Triassic age, originally deposited under semi-arid desert conditions, SUERC–10033 325 ±30 BP around 280 million years ago. The stratigraphy and δ13C: -27.3‰ sedimentology of the deposits recorded within the excavated sections demonstrate that these areas had infilled naturally in Sample: Dove 1 Lower, submitted in January 2006 by the quiet, low-energy backswamp area at the edge of the A J Howard floodplain. No evidence was found for human Material: waterlogged wood: Betula sp., roundwood, single manipulation/occupation within the sampled part of the fragment (W Smith 2006) palaeochannel. The sediments were excavated within a drainage ditch, which by its very nature, is periodically filled Initial comment: analysis of aerial photographs and LiDAR as with water. However, the water drains rapidly into the Dove part of the Trent Tributaries project resulted in the and on every occasion the site was visited both in the identification of a major palaeochannel of the river Dove at summer and autumn, only a small amount of water filled the the eastern margin of the floodplain, inset immediately very bottom of the ditch. No evidence of root penetration beneath a higher terrace, assumed to be of late Pleistocene was observed in the cleaned sections. date. Two sections (Dove 1 and Dove 2) were cut back into a recently excavated drainage ditch, which demonstrated that Objectives: to determine the duration of channel infilling with over 2m of fine-grained, organic-rich sediment cropped out organic material, which has been analysed to provide an across the valley floor. The sediments were excavated within environmental history of this part of the valley floor and is a drainage ditch, which, by its very nature, is periodically being analysed with respect to models of landscape filled with water. However, the water drains rapidly into the development within the Trent Valley, and to determine the Dove and on every occasion the site was visited both in the timing of accelerated (inorganic) alluviation, indicated by the summer and autumn, only a small amount of water filled the deposition of the overlying red/brown/grey (inorganic) silt. very bottom of the ditch. No evidence of root penetration This material is usually associated with catchment was observed in the cleaned sections. deforestation and increased anthropogenic activity and its date will provide an important indication of when Objectives: to determine the timing of the organic accelerated soil erosion is occurring in the Dove Valley. sedimentation across the Holocene floodplain; to determine Again, this will be fed into more general models of the duration of channel infilling with organic material, which alluviation in the Trent Valley. has been analysed to provide an environmental history of this part of the valley floor and is being analysed with respect Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1690–1955* to models of landscape development within the Trent Valley; 2σ: cal AD 1680–1960

76 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Fountains Farm (FN01), Nottinghamshire

Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1480–1650 appears much too young in relation to both the stratigraphic 2σ: cal AD 1450–1650 and palaeoecological evidence and hence is regarded as a Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date sampling contamination problem (?root penetration). appears to fit well with both the stratigraphic and palaeoecological evidence and hence fairly reflects the timing of alluviation in this part of the Dove Valley. Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Eaton Dovedale, Dove 2, Derbyshire Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Fountains Farm (FN01), Location: SK 10453701 Lat. 52.55.48 N; Long. 01.50.40 W Nottinghamshire Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), Location: SK 7208797346 2005 Lat. 53.28.04 N; Long. 00.54.50 W Archival body: Derbyshire County Council, SMR Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), 2005 Description: a recut modern drainage ditch, located 200m east from the contemporary channel contained a series of Archival body: Bassetlaw Museum, Retford, organic rich deposits with significant environmental Nottinghamshire County Council, SMR potential. he second section, Dove 2 was slightly deeper and Description: the Fountains Farm site lies close to Misterton stratigraphically more complex than Dove 1 and divided into Carr Farm, where excavations by Buckland and Dolby nine units of grey organic rich silt intercalated with bands of (1973) identified a number of scatters of Mesolithic and sand, possibly associated with flooding; the most prominent Neolithic lithic material. To the east, the Humber of these was at 2.16m, but sandy facies were common Wetlands Project recovered a scatter of lithics on the western between 1.98-2.34m. edge of the palaeochannel of probable Neolithic and Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- Bronze Age date (Misterton-11, Van De Noort & Ellis mental work being undertaken on the core and to understand 1997). Aerial photographic analysis and borehole modelling the alluvial chronology of the valley floor deposits. identified a large organic-rich depression trending south- north from the modern river Idle across the area. A single Final comment: A J Howard (5 October 2007), the upper auger core was taken. sample from Dove 2 yielded an age estimate of over 330 years and was more akin to other basal ages; it is therefore Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- suggested that this date (on a sample of common reed) mental work being undertaken on the core and to understand probably reflects contamination by older material during the alluvial chronology of the valley floor deposits. ditch cleaning. Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), radiocarbon References: Challis et al 2007 dating indicate the these organic sediments span a relatively narrow timescale between c 3900–3000 BC (i.e. Bronze Age). SUERC–10035 345 ±35 BP References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 δ13C: -29.1‰ Buckland and Sadler 1985 Challis et al 2007 Sample: Dove 2 Lower, submitted in February 2006 by Smith 1953 A J Howard Van de Noort and Ellis 1997 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified root fragment) (W Smith 2006) OxA–15896 2883 ±33 BP Initial comment: as SUERC-10034 δ13C: -29.8‰ Objectives: SUERC-10034 Sample: FN01 a (upper, 1.10m), submitted in March 2006 by A J Howard Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1460–1640 2σ: cal AD 1440–1650 Material: sediment (18g) (humin fraction, bulk sample) (W Smith 2006) Final comment: see SUERC-10033 Initial comment: analysis of aerial photographs, LiDAR, and SUERC–10036 330 ±35 BP borehole records resulted in the identification of a major palaeochannel of the Idle on land owned by Fountains δ13C: -27.9‰ Farm. Following a number of prospection holes, a single Sample: Dove 2 Upper, submitted in February 2006 by gouge core (FN01) was drilled through the thickest part of A J Howard the organic sequence and samples were recovered for environmental analysis and radiocarbon dating. This sample Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Phragmites australis is from the top of the organic-rich silty clay and was (W Smith 2006) immediately sealed by inorganic alluvium. The stratigraphy Initial comment: as SUERC-10034 and sedimentology of the deposits within the ditch section suggest aggradation within a backswamp floodplain wetland Objectives: as SUERC-10034 of the river Idle. The sediments were moist throughout and

77 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Fountains Farm (FN05), Nottinghamshire the watertable was encountered at the base of the ditch, modern river Idle across the area. Fountains Farm Core 5 approximately 1.9m below the ground surface. With the was taken from a ditch section. exception of the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), Objectives: to provide a chronology for the no evidence of root penetration was observed in the palaeoenvironmental work being undertaken on the core and recorded section. to understand the alluvial chronology of the valley floor Objectives: as OxA-15895 deposits. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1130–1000 cal BC Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), radiocarbon 2σ: 1200–930 cal BC dating indicate that these organic sediments span a relatively narrow timescale between c 3900–3000 BC (i.e. Bronze Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this Age). palaeochannel feature is incised into the deposits analysed as part of FN05 dating programme, and hence the age estimate References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 agrees with the geomorphological evidence for a younger age Van de Noort and Ellis 1997 chronology spanning the early to middle Bronze Age. The contrasting measurements from the humic and humin OxA–15895 3640 ±33 BP fractions probably reflects the mixing of sediments in a higher energy ′in-channel′ depositional context. δ13C: -26.4‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the Sample: FN05 a (upper, 1.20m), submitted in March 2006 measurements on the humic acid and humin fractions of by A J Howard this bulk sediment sample (OxA-15936 and OxA-15896) Material: waterlogged wood: Corylus avellana, roundwood, 12 ′ ′ ν are not statistically consistent (T =15.7; T (5%)=3.8; =1; years growth, single fragment (W Smith 2006) Ward and Wilson, 1978). Initial comment: analysis of LiDAR, aerial photography, and References: Ward and Wilson 1978 borehole records indicated that a major palaeochannel of the Idle was located within this area, close to Fountains Farm. OxA–15936 3055 ±28 BP Field investigation confirmed the presence of a visible depression, which was cored and sampled (FN01). However, δ13C: -27.9‰ cleaned drainage ditches approximately 500m west of FN01 Sample: FN01 a (upper, 1.10m), submitted in March 2006 demonstrated that organic-rich sediments were preserved by A J Howard over extensive areas of the floodplain. Large tree remains near the base of the organic-rich sediments suggested burial Material: sediment (18g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) of mature floodplain woodland at some point in time. A (W Smith 2006) representative section through these floodplain sediments Initial comment: as OxA-15896 was cleaned, recorded, and sampled for environmental assessment and dating. Objectives: as OxA-15895 This radiocarbon sample is from the top of the woody Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1270 cal BC peat and was sealed immediately beneath inorganic alluvium. 2σ: 1410–1220 cal BC The underlying geology of this part of the valley floor comprises mudstones and thin sandstones of the Mercia Final comment: see OxA-15896 Mudstone Group, a formation of Triassic age, originally Laboratory comment: see OxA-15896 deposited under semi-arid desert conditions, around 280 million years ago. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits within the ditch section suggest aggradation within Geoarchaeology of the Trent a backswamp floodplain wetland of the river Idle. The sediments were moist throughout and the watertable was tributaries: Fountains Farm (FN05), encountered at the base of the ditch, approximately 1.9m Nottinghamshire below the ground surface. With the exception of the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), no evidence of root Location: SK 7248297352 penetration was observed in the recorded section. Lat. 53.28.04 N; Long. 00.54.29 W Objectives: to determine the cessation of organic Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham) sedimentation and the onset of inorganic alluviation. Archival body: Bassettlaw Museum, Redford, Calibrated date: 1σ: 2110–1950 cal BC Nottinghamshire County Council, SMR 2σ: 2140–1910 cal BC Description: the Fountains Farm site lies close to Misterton Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date Carr Farm, where excavations by Buckland and Dolby indicates organic sedimentation continued through the early (1973) identified a number of scatters of Mesolithic and Bronze Age, though it may well have continued into the later Neolithic lithic material. To the east, the Humber Wetlands prehistoric and historic periods, although the evidence of Project recovered a scatter of lithics on the western edge of this continued wetland development is no longer present the palaeochannel of probable Neolithic and Bronze Age (through peat deflation, desiccation, and agricultural date (Misterton-11, Van De Noort & Ellis 1997). Aerial intensification). Again, such dates fit with regional models of photographic analysis and borehole modelling identified a floodplain mire development. large organic rich depression trending south-north from the

78 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Misterton Carr, Nottinghamshire

OxA–15935 3920 ±28 BP Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), radiocarbon dating indicate these organic sediments span a relatively δ13C: -27.0‰ narrow timescale between c 3900–3000 BC (i.e. Bronze Age). Sample: FN05b (lower, 1.85m), submitted in March 2006 by References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 A J Howard Buckland and Sadler 1985 Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus glutinosa, roundwood, 11 Challis et al 2007 years growth, single fragment (W Smith 2006) Smith 1953 Van de Noort and Ellis 1997 Initial comment: analysis of LiDAR, aerial photography, and borehole records indicated that a major palaeochannel of the Idle was located within this area, close to Fountains Farm. OxA–15933 3767 ±28 BP Field investigation confirmed the presence of a visible δ13C: -26.5‰ depression, which was cored and sampled (FN01). However, cleaned drainage ditches approximately 500m west of FN01 Sample: MC03 b (lower, 1.87m), submitted in March 2006 demonstrated that organic-rich sediments were preserved by A J Howard over extensive areas of the floodplain. Large tree remains Material: waterlogged wood: cf Alnus glutinosa, single near the base of the organic-rich sediments suggested burial fragment (W Smith 2006) of mature floodplain woodland at some point in time. A representative section through these floodplain sediments Initial comment: nationally important Mesolithic remains was cleaned, recorded and sampled for environmental have been recorded from Misterton Carr (Buckland and assessment and dating. Radiocarbon sample (FN05) is from Dolby 1973). Analysis of LiDAR, aerial photographs, and the base of the woody peat. The stratigraphy and borehole information as part of this project demonstrated sedimentology of the deposits within the ditch section the presence of a number of organic channels and wetland suggest aggradation within a backswamp floodplain wetland areas. Field inspection of Misterton Carr indicated that the of the river Idle. The sediments were moist throughout and peat-rich sediments are now of very variable thickness and the watertable was encountered at the base of the ditch, many are extremely thin and desiccated. A representative approximately 1.9m below the ground surface. With the section through these floodplain sediments was cleaned, exception if the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), recorded, and sampled for environmental assessment and no evidence of root penetration was observed in the dating. This section was excavated through the area where recorded section. the peat deposit was thickest and where it was moist (ie with the greatest environmental potential). This sample was from Objectives: to determine the onset of organic sedimentation. the base of the woody peat. The stratigraphy and Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2340 cal BC sedimentology of the deposits within the ditch section 2σ: 2480–2290 cal BC suggest aggradation within a backswamp floodplain wetland of the river Idle. The sediments were moist throughout and Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date the watertable was encountered at the base of the ditch, suggests the organic sedimentation from the late Neolithic to approximately 1.9m below the ground surface. With the the early Bronze Age, which fits in with regional models of exception of the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), floodplain mire development. no evidence of root penetration was observed in the recorded section. Geoarchaeology of the Trent Objectives: to determine the onset of organic sedimentation. tributaries: Misterton Carr, Calibrated date: 1σ: 2270–2130 cal BC 2σ: 2290–2050 cal BC Nottinghamshire Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date Location: SK 73029603 suggests the organic sedimentation from the late Neolithic to Lat. 53.27.21 N; Long. 00.54.01 W the early Bronze Age, which fits in with regional models of floodplain mire development. Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), 2005 References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 Archival body: Nottinghamshire County Council SMR OxA–15934 3606 ±29 BP Description: a large, sinuous palaeochannel was recorded δ13 from lidar and aerial photographs running north/south C: -26.9‰ through the area of Misterton Carr Farm. It is possible that Sample: MC03 a (upper, 1.27m), submitted in March 2006 this channel is a continuation of the large feature identified by A J Howard at Fountains Farm. Field inspection indicated that the feature was demarcated by soft, black peaty soil surrounded Material: waterlogged wood (too soft to thin section, single by pale grey alluvium. Following environmental assessment fragment) (W Smith 2005) of a number of sites further analysis was focused on Initial comment: nationally important Mesolithic remains Misterton Carr Farm Core 03 taken from a ditch section. have been recorded from Misterton Carr (Buckland and Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- Dolby 1973). Analysis of LiDAR, aerial photographs, and mental work being undertaken on the core and to understand borehole information as part of this project demonstrated the alluvial chronology of the valley floor deposits. the presence of a number of organic channels and wetland areas. Field inspection of Misterton Carr indicated that the

79 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Tutbury Castle, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Staffordshire peat-rich sediments are now of very variable thickness and References: Challis et al 2007 many are extremely thin and desiccated. A representative Dalton 1988 section through these floodplain sediments was cleaned, Havelock and Howard 2002 recorded, and sampled for environmental assessment and Howard 2005 dating. This sample was from the top of the woody peat and Hudson-Edwards et al 2002 was sealed immediately by inorganic alluvium. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits within the SUERC–10025 1165 ±35 BP ditch section suggest aggradation within a backswamp floodplain wetland of the river Idle. The sediments were δ13C: -28.5‰ moist throughout and the watertable was encountered at the Sample: Tutbury 34 S6 3.40m, submitted in February 2006 base of the ditch, approximately 1.9m below the ground by A J Howard surface. With the exception of the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), no evidence for root penetration was Material: sediment (7g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) observed in the recorded section. (W Smith 2006) Objectives: to determine the cessation of organic Initial comment: analysis of aerial photographs and LiDAR sedimentation and the onset of inorganic alluviation. resulted in the identification of a major meander loop of the Dove on the floodplain, immediately below Tutbury Castle. σ Calibrated date: 1 : 2020–1920 cal BC Following a number of prospection holes, a single gouge σ 2 : 2040–1880 cal BC core (34) was drilled through the thickest part of the organic Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date sequence and samples were recovered for environmental indicates organic sedimentation continued through the early analysis and radiocarbon dating. The underlying geology of Bronze Age. It may well have continued into the later this part of the valley floor comprises mudstones and thin prehistoric and historic periods, although the evidence of sandstones of the Mercia Mudstone Group, a formation of this continued wetland development is no longer present Triassic age, originally deposited under semi-arid desert (through peat deflation, desiccation, and agricultural conditions, around 280 million years ago. The stratigraphy intensification). Again, such dates fit with regional models of and sedimentology of the deposits from the drilled core floodplain mire development. indicate that the sediments were aggraded in an abandoned meander of the river Dove. However, three thin sand units References: Buckland and Dolby 1973 through the sequence indicate that periodically floods washed through the palaeochannel. The sediments were moist throughout and the watertable was encountered at Geoarchaeology of the Trent approximately 2.5m below the ground surface. With the tributaries: Tutbury Castle, exception of the upper 0.4m (modern topsoil development), no evidence of root penetration was observed in the core. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Objectives: to determine the timing of organic sedimentation Staffordshire within the channel and hence floodplain development. Location: SK 208294 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 780–940 Lat. 52.51.41 N; Long. 01.41.28 W 2σ: cal AD 770–980 Project manager: A J Howard (University of Birmingham), Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), a younger 2005 date than for material higher up the sequence of the channel Archival body: Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire County clearly indicates recycling of sediments within this channel Council SMR and hence caution should be exercised with the reliability of this date as an estimate for the timing of channel Description: analysis of aerial photography and LiDAR sedimentation. Recycling during flood events helps to resulted in the identification of a major meander loop of the explain the disparity between the humin and humic acid Dove on the floodplain immediately below Tutbury Castle. fractions. Following a number of prospection holes, a single gouge core (43) was drilled through the thickest part of the organic Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the sequence and samples were recovered for environmental measurements on the humin and humic acid fractions of this ′ analysis and radiocarbon dating. bulk sample are not statistically consistent (T =8.6; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: to determine the timing of inorganic alluviation within the catchment; to determine the timing of organic References: Ward and Wilson 1978 sedimentation within the channel and hence floodplain development; and to determine the timing of significant SUERC–10026 1310 ±35 BP flood events and periods of floodplain quiescence. δ13C: -28.3‰ Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), changing Sample: Tutbury 34 S6 3.40m, submitted in February 2006 flood frequency and magnitude appears to be a significant by A J Howard issue in the Dove Valley over the last 1000 years. This appears to have affected the integrity of the dating programme Material: sediment (7g) (humin fraction, bulk sample) undertaken on sediments within a channel fill close to the (W Smith 2006) main channel and has led to several inverted dates. Initial comment: as SUERC-10025

80 Geoarchaeology of the Trent tributaries: Tutbury Castle, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, and Staffordshire

Objectives: to determine the timing of organic sedimentation Objectives: to determine the cessation of organic (peat) within the channel and hence floodplain development. deposition and the onset of less organic sedimentation and ultimately, changing flood frequency and magnitude. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 660–770 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1020–1160 2σ: cal AD 1010–1170 Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), a younger date than material higher up the sequence of the channel Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), a younger clearly indicates recycling of sediments within this channel date than material higher up the sequence of the channel and hence caution should be exercised with the reliability of clearly indicates recycling of sediments within this channel this date as an estimate for the timing of channel and hence caution should be exercised with the reliability of sedimentation. this date as an estimate for the timing of channel sedimentation. Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10025

SUERC–11619 3820 ±60 BP SUERC–10027 335 ±35 BP δ13C: -27.1‰ δ13C: -26.7‰ Sample: Tutbury 34 S1 0.9m, submitted in February 2006 by Sample: Tutbury 34 S2 1.78m, submitted in February 2006 A J Howard by A J Howard Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample) (W Smith Material: waterlogged wood (cf. Salix sp., twig) 2006) (W Smith 2006) Initial comment: as SUERC-10025 Initial comment: as SUERC-10025 Objectives: to determine the timing of accelerated (inorganic) Objectives: to determine the timing of a significant flood alluviation, indicated by the deposition of the overlying event. This sample will provide a terminus ante quem for this red/brow/grey (inorganic) silt. This material is usually event. associated with catchment deforestation and increased Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1470–1650 anthropogenic activity and dating it will provide an 2σ: cal AD 1450–1650 important indication of when accelerated soil erosion occurred in the Dove Valley. Again, this will be fed into more Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date general models of alluviation in the Trent Valley. would appear to be within the age range expected for the upper part of the channel fill at Tutbury and would fit with Calibrated date: 1σ: 2400–2140 cal BC regional patterns of the timing of significant flood events. 2σ: 2470–2040 cal BC However, the presence of an older date from above Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), clearly an (SUERC-11619) clearly indicates caution must be exercised inverted date cause by the recycling of older organic material with acceptance of this date as representing the true age of during flooding into the upper part of an ‘in-channel the upper part of the channel fill. sequence’.

SUERC–10028 290 ±35 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (25 January 2008), the humic acid fraction of this sample produced insufficient δ13C: -30.2‰ carbon for dating. Sample: Tutbury 34 S4 1.94m, submitted in February 2006 by A J Howard SUERC–11620 910 ±30 BP Material: waterlogged wood: Betula sp., twig (W Smith 2006) δ13C: -29.0‰ Initial comment: as SUERC-11619 Sample: Tutbury 34 S3 1.82m, submitted in February 2006 by A J Howard Objectives: to determine the timing of a significant flood event. Material: sediment (12g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) (W Smith 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1520–1650 2σ: cal AD 1480–1800 Initial comment: as SUERC-10025 Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), a Objectives: to determine the timing of a significant flood significantly younger date, which clearly demonstrates the event. This sample will provide a terminus post quem for this recycling of materials within this channel sequence. event. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1040–1170 SUERC–10032 955 ±35 BP 2σ: cal AD 1020–1220 δ13C: -28.0‰ Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date Sample: Tutbury 34 S5 3.20m, submitted in February 2006 would appear within the age range expected for the upper by A J Howard part of the channel fill at Tutbury and would fit with regional patterns of the timing of significant flood events. However, Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified, roundwood, single the presence of an older date from above (SUERC-11619) fragment) (W Smith 2006) and a significantly younger date below (SUERC-10028) Initial comment: as SUERC-10025 clearly indicates caution must be exercised with acceptance

81 Gwithian, Cornwall of this date as representing the true age of this part of the remains of a major phase of settlement dating to the second fluvial sequence. The problems of sediment mixing during millennium BC were found at Gwithian. Three major phases high energy ‘in-channel’ events most probably explains the of occupation were discovered in a well-stratified, deep, discrepancies with the humic acid and humin fractions. localised sequence made up of old land surfaces (layers 8, 7, 5, and 3 – bottom to top). Each major occupation horizon Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the humic acid was sealed by layers of wind-blown sand concealing well- and humin fraction measurements on this bulk sample (SUERC- preserved episodes of continuing occupation. Wooden and 11620 and SUERC-11621) are not statistically consistent stone-built structures were found alongside fields where (T′=174.8;T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson, 1978). cultivation marks (plough and spade marks) survived. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Human cremations were found alongside human burial. The entire site was buried by middens at the end of the sequence. SUERC–11621 1770 ±60 BP The major occupation horizons were distinguished and dated by diagnostic ceramics. In 1963 mixed charcoal taken δ13C: -28.6‰ from four different cremation fire pits excavated in layer 5 Sample: Tutbury 34 S3 1.82m, submitted in February 2006 produced a radiocarbon date of 1530–1010 cal BC (Reimer by A J Howard et al 2004) (NPL-21; 3070 ±103BP) (Callow et al 1963, 36). Recent work on the structure and stratigraphy of the Bronze Material: sediment (12g) (humin fraction, bulk sample) Age sequence reveals an almost continuous use of the (W Smith 2006) landscape for settlement and farming from the early Bronze Initial comment: as SUERC-10025 Age through to the later Bronze Age. The sequence spans the best part of 1,000 years during the second millennium BC. Objectives: as SUERC-11619 Objectives: samples GMI (A, B, and C), GMX (3 and 5), Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 170–350 GMIX, and GMXV were submitted to spot-date major 2σ: cal AD 80–420 occupation horizons from two separate sites. GMI dates Final comment: A J Howard (25 October 2007), this date occupation from the post-Roman period. Samples from would appear within the age range expected for the middle GMX, GMIX, and GMXV all come from a well-preserved part of the channel fill at Tutbury. However, the presence of Bronze Age sequence. An additional objective has been to a significantly younger date below (SUERC-10028) clearly provide accurate dates for distinctive ceramic forms. indicates caution must be exercised with acceptance of this Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the overall date as representing the true age of this part of the fluvial dating programme has been successful. The dates have sequence. The problems of sediment mixing during high confirmed spot dates for the major occupation horizons for energy ′in-channel′ events most probably explains the both the localised Bronze Age and post-Roman stratigraphic discrepancy in the record. sequences at Gwithian. Most of the dates are also in good Laboratory comment: see SUERC-11620 agreement with the ceramic forms. References: Callow et al 1963 Hamilton et al 2007 Gwithian, Cornwall Nowakowski et al forthcoming Nowakowski 2004 Location: SW 58974221 Nowakowski 2007 Lat. 50.13.48 N; Long. 05.22.48 W Reimer et al 2004 Thomas 1958 Project manager: J Nowakowski (Historic Environment Service, Cornwall County Council), 2005 Description: samples from two major separate excavations Gwithian: post-Roman, Cornwall were submitted for scientific dating. At GMI, a small settlement of post-Roman date comprising a series of small Location: SW 58954212 circular buildings was discovered during the excavations at Lat. 50.13.45 N; Long. 05.22.49 W Gwithian (with related sites GM/A, GM/B, GM/E, GMXX and GMXXI). Distinctive and stratified occupation horizons Project manager: J Nowakowski (Historic Environment – layers A, B, and C – were recorded and these were dated Service, Cornwall County Council), 2005 by pottery to the post-Roman period. Each major Archival body: Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro, occupation horizon was sealed by deposits of wind-blown Cornwall sand. A major phase of activity associated with layer B was characterised by a number of small sunken cells which are Description: the post-Roman “industrial settlement” likely to have been workshops. These housed stone-lined discovered at Gwithian comprised a series of small linked hearths. Industrial pits (perhaps related to small-scale structures surrounded by industrial features – principally ironworking) were found together with domestic middens. found at sites GMI, GMA and GMIV (at the latter, only Remains of an associated field system were also found. industrial features were found). Associated with these Recent work on the structure and stratigraphy of the post- structural features was “settlement” debris (middens) found Roman sequence reveals that the evidence excavated at GMI at sites GMI, GMA, GMB, GME and GMIV.This major spans a major phase of activity from the fifth to eighth post-Roman phase (that is Phases 3 and 4) falls within the centuries AD. Abandonment of the site is likely to date from fifth to eighth centuries AD. The site is characterised by the late seventh or eighth centuries AD. At sites GMX, craft-based industries - such as ironworking, leatherworking, GMIX, and GMXV a number of related investigations, the boneworking, and perhaps woodworking and fishing, and

82 Gwithian: post-Roman, Cornwall may best be described as a “workshop centre”. The OxA–14528 1460 ±27 BP structures are unlikely to have been residential “houses” but δ13C: -27.3‰ rather may have been “shelters” and “workshops” perhaps used seasonally.All the residues submitted for dating came Sample: GMI (1), submitted on 16 March 2005 by from a selection of distinctive sherds and taken from two of J Nowakowski the main proposed occupation horizons recorded at GMI. Material: carbonised residue (internal, Gwithian-style base Objectives: to test whether the proposed post-Roman sherd) sequence of ′Layers′ (three principal archaeological horizons Initial comment: the stratigraphy for GMI was recorded as three or banded phases of archaeological activity (A–C) identified broad sandy-soil occupation layers (A, B, C) each probably across the site in the 1950’s and 1960’s can be verified by separated by layers of blown sand. Within each layer were dating the carbonised residues surviving on the internal features such as huts and pits. Layer C represents the lowest of surfaces of pottery sherds. the three occupation layers: the sample comes from within a Final comment: J Nowakowski and P Marshall (16 May building within the layer context (2210). The geology consists 2007), in general the dates seem reliable and to be in good of slate bedrock beneath blown calcareous sand layers. Layer C agreement with the proposed stratigraphic sequence although is the lowest occupation layer, between two sand layers. there is some overlap. However, all the dated samples come Objectives: to provide a spot date to help date the occupation from general spreads with the exception of GMI/13 which horizon represented by layer C and to fix its position within was from the sealed rubble collapse of House (2241). On the overall GMI stratigraphy. The artefacts from layers A–C present knowledge, the dates reveal a main phase of activity suggest a developing sequence; potentially a key sequence for at GMI which falls within the fifth to eighth centuries AD. the early medieval period in the region. Dates will provide Abandonment of the site was likely to have taken place in the clarification and support for this. late seventh/eighth centuries AD, and the evidence for abandonment could suggest fairly systematic closure. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 570–640 2σ: cal AD 550–650 References: Nowakowski et al forthcoming Nowakowski 2007 Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date is taken from the residue of a base sherd. The date is good for OxA–14526 1448 ±28 BP the ceramic form – known as the Gwithian Style – and also confirms the original interpretation of the date of this major δ13 C: -25.9‰ occupation horizon. Sample: GMI (7), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Nowakowski OxA–14529 1534 ±29 BP

Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body δ13C: -26.3‰ sherd) Sample: GMI (9), submitted on 16 March 2005 by Initial comment: the stratigraphy for GMI was recorded as J Nowakowski three broad sandy-soil occupation layers (A, B, C) each Material: carbonised residue (internal, base sherd) probably separated by layers of blown sand. Within each layer were features such as huts and pits. The samples were Initial comment: the stratigraphy for GMI was recorded as recorded as ′w baulk middle′ within layer B, the middle of three broad sandy-soil occupation layers (A, B, C) separated the three occupation layers. The geology consists of slate by blown sand. Within each layer were features such as huts bedrock beneath blown calcareous sand layers. Layer B and pits. Layer C represents the lowest of the three is the middle major occupation layer sealed between two occupation layers: the sample was recorded from ′NW corer sand layers. This sample was from context (2208) and House 1′ within the layer: context (2210). The geology belongs to phase 3. consists of slate bedrock beneath blown calcareous sand layers. Layer C is the lowest occupation layer, between two Objectives: to provide a spot date to help date the occupation sand layers. horizon represented by layer B and to fix its position within the overall GMI stratigraphy. Objectives: as OxA-14528 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 590–650 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 460–570 2σ: cal AD 560–660 2σ: cal AD 420–610 Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date is Final comment: see OxA-14528 taken from the residue of a body sherd. The date is good for Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two the ceramic form and also confirms the date of this major results from the carbonised residue on this sherd are occupation horizon (phase 3). statistically consistent (OxA-14526 and SUERC-6159; Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results (T′=3.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). from the carbonised residue on this sherd are statistically References: Ward and Wilson 1978 consistent (OxA-14526 and SUERC-6159; T′=3.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean is 1480 ±22 BP, which calibrates to cal AD 540–640 SUERC–6158 1455 ±35 BP (Reimer et al 2004). δ13C: -27.2‰ References: Reimer et al 2004 Sample: GMI (6), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Ward and Wilson 1978 Nowakowski

83 Gwithian: prehistoric, Cornwall

Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 660–770 sherd) 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Initial comment: the stratigraphy for GMI was recorded as Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date is three broad sandy-soil occupation layers (A, B, C) each taken from the residue of the base of a grass-marked vessel. probably separated by blown sand. Within each layer were The date is good for the ceramic form and also confirms the features such as huts and pits. Layer C represents the original interpretation of the date of this major occupation lowest of the three occupation layers. This sample was horizon. The sample comes from a sealed deposit (2238) recorded as ′mid house 1′ within layer C: context (2210). which is associated with the abandonment of structure 2241. The geology consists of slate bedrock beneath blown calcareous sand layers. Layer C is the lowest occupation SUERC–6167 3180 ±35 BP layer, between two sand layers. δ13C: -26.2‰ Objectives: to provide a spot date to help date the occupation horizon represented by layer C and to fix its position within Sample: GMXV (19), submitted on 16 March 2005 by the overall GMI stratigraphy. The artefacts from layers A–C J Nowakowski suggest a developing sequence, potentially a key sequence for Material: carbonised residue (internal, base sherd) the early medieval period in the region. Dates will provide clarification and support for this. Initial comment: during phase 3, the main layer 5 horizon at Gwithian was principally characterised by a field system. σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 570–650 Associated with this were the ruinous remains of a stone σ 2 : cal AD 540–660 and wooden building (1503) built on a terrace at GMXV Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date is overlying the exact location of an earlier wooden building taken from the residue of a body sherd and is considered which belonged to phase 1. The sample came from the good for the ceramic form. This date also confirms the area of the ruinous structure (1503). The geology is slate original interpretation of the date of this major occupation bedrock with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of horizon. sand and later occupation horizons. Objectives: to provide a spot date for dating the layer 5 SUERC–6159 1525 ±35 BP horizon – that is phase 3 – at GM XV. δ13C: -26.7‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1410 cal BC 2σ: 1520–1400 cal BC Sample: GMI (7), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Nowakowski Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the sample dated is interior residue on the base of a vessel which is Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body diagnostic to the middle Bronze Age to late Bronze Age. sherd) The date is good for the vessel and also for dating this major Initial comment: as OxA-14526 occupation horizon (that is layer 5) phase 3 at Gwithian. Objectives: as OxA-14526 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–580 Gwithian: prehistoric, Cornwall 2σ: cal AD 420–620 Location: SW 59084232 Final comment: see SUERC-6158 Lat. 50.13.52 N; Long. 05.22.43 W Laboratory comment: see OxA-14526 Project manager: J Nowakowski (Historic Environment Service, Cornwall County Council) SUERC–6160 1310 ±35 BP Archival body: Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro, δ13 C: -26.1‰ Cornwall Sample: GMI (13), submitted on 16 March 2005 by Description: archaeological investigations of a tract of a Bronze J Nowakowski Age farming landscape became a set-piece excavation during Material: carbonised residue (internal, grass-marked base the Gwithian campaign. Excavations started in 1955 with the sherd) investigation of a mound (GMV) which was initially interpreted as a Bronze Age barrow (Thomas 1958). This site Initial comment: the stratigraphy for GMI was recorded as was later shown to be within the area of a Bronze Age field three broad sandy-soil occupation layers (A, B, C) each system where well-preserved remains of linear and criss-cross probably separated by blown sand. Layer A is the uppermost plough marks (traces of ard cultivation) were found. occupation soil. The sample was recorded as sherd 924 from Investigations on a number of major linked “sites”; GMIX, layer A (context (2238), from within the walls and rubble of GMX and GMXV and other smaller sites, continued until house 2 [2241]). This is phase 3. The geology consists of 1961. An area approximately 100m2 was excavated providing slate bedrock beneath blown calcareous sand layers. a major overview of the development through time of a Objectives: to provide a spot date to help date the occupation complex (multi-phased) landscape dating to the second horizon represented by layer C and to fix its position within millennium BC. All the residues submitted for dating came the overall GMI stratigraphy. The artefacts from layers A–C from a selection of distinctive sherds and were taken from the suggest a developing sequence, potentially a key sequence for main proposed occupation phases recorded at Gwithian. the early medieval period in the region. Dates will provide clarification and support for this.

84 Gwithian: prehistoric, Cornwall

Objectives: to test whether the proposed Bronze Age Initial comment: during phase 3, the main layer 5 horizon at sequence of ′Layers′ (eight principal archaeological horizons Gwithian was principally characterised by a field system. or banded phases of archaeological activity (1–8) identified Associated with this were the ruinous remains of a stone and across the site in the 1950’s and 1960’s can be verified by wooden building (1503) built on a terrace at GMXV, dating the carbonised residues surviving on the internal overlying the exact location of an earlier wooden building surfaces of pottery sherds. which belonged to phase 1. The sample came from the area of the ruinous structure (1503). The geology is slate bedrock Final comment: J Nowakowski and P Marshall (16 May with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and 2007), in general five of the six dates are good for dating later occupation horizons. horizon “layer 3”. The overall date range for “layer 3” is 1380–900 cal BC, which confidently situates the date of Objectives: to provide a spot date for dating the layer 5 events occurring within phase 5 to the latter part of the horizon (phase 3) at GM XV. middle Bronze Age extending into the earlier later Bronze Calibrated date: 1σ: 1390–1260 cal BC Age. This is largely what has been expected although now 2σ: 1420–1130 cal BC that Plain Wares of late Bronze Age date have been identified in Cornwall, this does raise the question of whether two Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the sample ceramic traditions may have existed alongside each other in dated is residue on the interior of a decorated rimsherd the South-West (Henrietta Quinnell, pers. com). Date which is diagnostic to the middle to late Bronze Age. The SUERC-6161 comes from a sherd with unusual decoration, date is good for the vessel and also for dating this major with no immediate parallels. There appears no reason why occupation horizon (layer 5, phase 3) at Gwithian. the date should not be accurate for the sherd, but the sherd must be regarded as intrusive within the midden deposit in OxA–14490 2961 ±36 BP which it was found. δ13C: -26.2‰ References: Thomas 1958 Sample: GMXV (25B), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Nowakowski OxA–14488 3245 ±40 BP Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body δ13C: -27.3‰ sherd) Sample: GMXV (22), submitted on 16 March 2005 by Initial comment: at GMXV a ′layer 8′ horizon was found. J Nowakowski This is the earliest old land surface recorded during work Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body on the Gwithian Bronze Age sites. The major feature of this sherd) early phase (phase 1) is a circular wooden building (1642), which lay within an early terraced field system. In 1960 Initial comment: layer 7 was identified as a cultivation horizon an early archaeomagnetic date from the central hearth, during excavations in the 1950s and more recently at site centred on 1700 BC, was obtained. This radiocarbon sample GMXVII in June 2005. It was not evenly exposed across the came from a sherd found on the house floor (1507). linked Bronze Age sites during excavation at Gwithian, Following the abandonment of the area, the site was sealed although it is likely to have been the upper part of the main by sand and later cultivation layers in antiquity. The geology lowest occupation horizon (layer 8) and therefore is part of is slate bedrock and layer 8 has been described as a brown the major phase 1 settlement. The major feature of this early clay-loam immediately above the natural. In June 2005, phase – that is phase 1 – is a circular wooden building layer 8 was re-exposed at site GMXVII when plough marks (1642) which lay within an early terraced field system. The were found. sample was recorded a general context at GMXV.The geology is slate bedrock with old land surfaces preserved Objectives: to provide a spot date for phase 1 (layer 8) and to beneath layers of sand and later occupation horizons. provide a date for house (1642). Objectives: to provide a spot date for phase 1 (layer 8). Calibrated date: 1σ: 1270–1120 cal BC 2σ: 1310–1040 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1610–1450 cal BC 2σ: 1620–1430 cal BC Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came from interior residue on a body sherd of probable early Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came Bronze Age form. The date is too late for this horizon and it from an interior residue on a body sherd and is much later is therefore likely to have been intrusive, perhaps derived than expected for this horizon. It is likely therefore that the from an upper overlying layer at GMXV.This date is not sherd did not derive from a secure context, but derived from useful to date this horizon (layer 8), the earliest phase of an upper layer associated with phase 3 activities. occupation found at site GMXV. References: Nowakowski et al 2006 OxA–14525 2946 ±29 BP OxA–14489 3039 ±37 BP δ13C: -26.5‰ δ13C: -26.5‰ Sample: GMX (27B), submitted on 16 March 2005 by Sample: GMXV (20), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Nowakowski J Nowakowski Material: carbonised residue (internal, decorated rimsherd) Material: carbonised residue (internal, decorated rimsherd)

85 Gwithian: prehistoric, Cornwall

Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age OxA–14568 3430 ±50 BP sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three δ13C: -28.0‰ broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5, 7, and 8), each separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the Sample: GMXV (25A), submitted on 16 March 2005 by uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming J Nowakowski settlement of wooden circular buildings located and Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body surrounded by fields. There was evidence for stock and sherd) arable farming alongside pottery, shale, and stonework manufacture, as well as metalworking. The sample was Initial comment: at GMXV a ′layer 8′ horizon was found. This recorded from a midden deposit (433) which is associated is the earliest old land surface recorded during work on the with the layer 3 horizon and which represents a major Gwithian Bronze Age sites. The major feature of this early occupation horizon (phase 5). The geology is slate bedrock phase (phase 1) is a circular wooden building (1642) which with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and probably lay within a terraced field system. In 1960 an early later occupation horizons. archaeomagnetic date from the central hearth, centred on 1700 BC, was obtained. This radiocarbon sample came from Objectives: to provide a spot date for phase 5 (layer 3). a sherd found on the house floor (1507). Following the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1260–1110 cal BC abandonment of the area the site was sealed by sand and 2σ: 1270–1040 cal BC later cultivation layers in antiquity. The geology is slate bedrock and layer 8 has been described as a brown clay loam Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came immediately above the natural. In June 2005, layer 8 was from interior residue on a rimsherd of diagnostic middle to re-exposed at site GMXVII when plough marks were found. late Bronze Age form and so the date is good for the vessel type. The date also confirms the middle to late Bronze Age Objectives: to provide a spot date for phase 1 (layer 8) and to horizon for this major phase. provide a date for house (1642). Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results Calibrated date: 1σ: 1870–1680 cal BC (OxA-14525 and SUERC-6162) on the carbonised residue 2σ: 1890–1610 cal BC from this sherd are not statistically consistent (T′=5.9; Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). from interior residue on a body sherd of probable early References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Bronze Age form. The result confirms an early date for this major occupation horizon – which is the earliest identified at OxA–14527 2878 ±29 BP Gwithian during the excavations in 1961.

δ13C: -26.2‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), this sample is from a different sherd, and a different vessel, to OxA-14490 Sample: GMX (16), submitted on 16 March 2005 by from the same deposit. J Nowakowski Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated body OxA–14589 2944 ±33 BP sherd) δ13C: -25.0‰ Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age Sample: GMX (17), submitted on 16 March 2005 by sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three J Nowakowski broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5, 7, and 8) each separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the Material: carbonised residue (internal, base sherd with uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming matting impressions on exterior of base) settlement of wooden circular buildings located and Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age surrounded by fields. There was evidence for stock and sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three arable farming alongside pottery, shale, and stonework broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5, 7, and 8) each manufacture, as well as metalworking. The sample was separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the recorded from a general deposit (576) which is associated uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming with the layer 3 horizon and which represents a major settlement of wooden circular buildings located and occupation horizon (Phase 5). The geology is slate bedrock surrounded by fields. There was evidence for stock and with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and arable farming alongside pottery, shale, and stonework later occupation horizons. manufacture, as well as metalworking. The sample was Objectives: as OxA-14525 recorded from a general deposit (546) which is associated with the layer 3 horizon and which represents a major Calibrated date: 1σ: 1120–1000 cal BC occupation horizon: phase 5. The geology is slate bedrock 2σ: 1190–930 cal BC with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came later occupation horizons. from interior residue on a body sherd of diagnostic middle- Objectives: as OxA-14525 late Bronze Age form and so the date is good for the vessel type. The date also confirms the middle to late Bronze Age Calibrated date: 1σ: 1260–1110 cal BC horizon for this major phase. 2σ: 1290–1020 cal BC

86 Latton Lands, Wiltshire

Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came stratigraphic sequence. It is therefore agreed that this sample from interior residue on a base sherd of diagnostic middle to is intrusive as it does not comfortably fit with the overall late Bronze Age form and so the date is good for the vessel series of samples and dates obtained for this major layer type. The date also confirms the middle to late Bronze Age (layer 3) and occupation horizon phase 5. horizon for this major phase. SUERC–6162 2835 ±35 BP OxA–14590 2836 ±32 BP δ13C: -27.4‰ δ13C: -27.1‰ Sample: GMX (27), submitted on 16 March 2005 by Sample: GMIX (30), submitted on 16 March 2005 by J Nowakowski J Nowakowski Material: carbonised residue (internal, decorated rimsherd) Material: carbonised residue (internal, undecorated Initial comment: replicate of OxA-14525 rimsherd) Objectives: as OxA-14525 Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three Calibrated date: 1σ: 1050–920 cal BC broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5, 7, and 8) each 2σ: 1120–900 cal BC separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the Final comment: see OxA-14525 uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming settlement of wooden circular buildings located and Laboratory comment: see OxA-14525 surrounded by fields. Evidence for stock and arable farming alongside pottery, shale, and stonework manufacture, as well SUERC–6163 2980 ±35 BP as metalworking. The sample was recorded from ′cleaning of hearth′ (the central hearth (1088) in posthole structure δ13C: -26.6‰ (1134)). The geology consists of slate bedrock beneath Sample: GMX (28), submitted on 16 March 2005 by blown calcareous sand layers. Layer 3 represents a major J Nowakowski occupation horizon: phase 5. Material: carbonised residue (internal, decorated body sherd) Objectives: as OxA-14525 Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1030–930 cal BC sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three σ 2 : 1120–900 cal BC broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5 ,7, and 8) each Final comment: see OxA-14525 separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming settlement of wooden circular buildings located and SUERC–6161 3430 ±35 BP surrounded by fields. There was evidence for stock and δ13C: -28.3‰ arable farming alongside pottery, shale and stonework manufacture, as well as metalworking. The sample was Sample: GMX (26), submitted on 16 March 2005 by recorded from the fill of a gully (343) which lay to the south J Nowakowski of strcture (724/725). This structure is associated with the Material: carbonised residue (internal, sherd with incised layer 3 horizon which represents a major occupation herringbone decoration) horizon: phase 5. The geology is slate bedrock with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and later Initial comment: the stratigraphy for the Gwithian Bronze Age occupation horizons. sites (GMIX, GMX, and GMXV) was recorded as three broad sandy-soil occupation layers (3, 5, 7, and 8) each Objectives: as OxA-14525 separated by blown sand. Layer 3 (phase 5) was the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1290–1120 cal BC uppermost occupation horizon. It comprised a small farming 2σ: 1380–1110 cal BC settlement of wooden circular buildings located and surrounded by fields. Evidence for stock and arable farming Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date came alongside pottery, shale, and stonework manufacture, as well from interior residue on a rimsherd of diagnostic middle to as metalworking. The sample was recorded from a general late Bronze Age form and so the date is good for the vessel deposit (433) which is associated with the layer 3 horizon type. The date also confirms the middle to late Bronze Age and which represents a major occupation horizon: phase 5. horizon for this major phase. The geology is slate bedrock with old land surfaces preserved beneath layers of sand and later occupation horizons. Latton Lands, Wiltshire Objectives: as OxA-14525 Location: SU 094953 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1770–1680 cal BC Lat. 51.39.21 N; Long. 01.51.51 W 2σ: 1880–1630 cal BC Project manager: R Nicholson (Oxford Archaeology), Final comment: J Nowakowski (16 May 2007), the date 2001–4 comes from interior residue on a decorated body sherd. The decoration is unusual and has no immediate parallels. While Description: work undertaken by Oxford Archaeology in the date for the vessel may be accurate, the date for the advance of gravel extraction allowed the excavation of context is too early given its position within the overall prehistoric and Roman remains. An isolated oval enclosure

87 Latton Lands: double causewayed enclosure, Wiltshire of probably late Neolithic/early Bronze Age date was with the charcoal sample from the burial (165) which discovered. A widespread early Iron Age settlement produced an earlier date of 160 cal BC – cal AD 70 (Reimer comprised a number of roundhouses in association with et al 2004), a late Iron Age date seems likely and broadly groups of pits and postholes, including several articulated conforms to our expectations. animal burials. Middle Iron Age activity included a series of References: Gräslund 1978 penannular gullies, possibly representing structures. These McKinley 2000 were overlain by a later middle Iron Age boundary ditch and Philpott 1991 field system, including a number of enclosures. Features Reimer et al 2004 dating to the late Iron Age to early Roman period include Struck 1993 two further penannular gullies and a large enclosure, in Whimster 1981 addition to an alteration to the middle Iron Age boundary ditch. Later in this period a number of burials, including a failed anomalous (possibly bustum) burial, were interred into the late Iron Age enclosure, and possible depositions Latton Lands: double causewayed were made into other Iron Age features. A Roman trackway, enclosure, Wiltshire enclosures, and pits, in addition to a small number of burial deposits, were discovered in the eastern area of the site and Location: SU 094953 may have formed the northern part of settlement SAM899 Lat. 51.39.21 N; Long. 01.51.51 W to the south. Ridge and furrow and ditches of post-medieval Project manager: R Nicholson (Oxford Archaeology), date overlay the prehistoric and Roman activity. 2001–4 Objectives: to date the use of the ditch and to date the Archival body: Wiltshire Museum (Devizes) anomalous burial. The Iron Age enclosure ditch is dated on the basis of late Iron Age pottery in the ditch. Three Description: four samples from the enclosure ditch yielded cremations, and one potential bustum burial cut into the charcoal. Only one basal fill contained charcoal. The other enclosure ditch, are dated to the late Iron Age/early Roman samples were upper fills and contained Maloideae charcoal period on the basis of this terminus post quem and the (199), Prunus and Maloideae (190), Maloideae and material culture associated with one of the graves (grave Alnus/Corylus charcoal (196). 1100). The skeleton was prone (face down) and partially Objectives: to date the use of the ditch. cremated in situ. It was dated by association with late Iron Age pottery and a late Iron Age knife found within the grave. Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September Grave 1100 is of interest because of the evidence for partial 2007), six samples, including one from the terminus, were cremation and partial burial. It is possible that this submitted from the fills of one of the ditches. One sample represents a ′bustum burial′. Bustum burials are reasonably came from a lower fill (context 2547) below a possible recut. rare, with most British examples being from the north. The Five samples came from secondary fills. The radiocarbon bustum burial rite is believed to have been introduced to determinations provide a terminus ante quem for the digging Britain by the Romans (Philpott 1991, 48–9; Struck 1993, of the causewayed enclosure ditch. Infilling of the ditch 81) and be related to the army. However, in situ cremation probably occurred rapidly. The dating for the infilling of the burials are known outside the Roman world: two examples ditch is consistent with the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age from Puddlehill in Bedfordshire are known from Iron Age date anticipated by Oxford Archaeology on the basis of Britain (Whimster 1981, 154) and they are known morphology of the feature and the artefacts recovered, throughout the entire Iron Age in Scandinavia (500 BC – including a pygmy pot. AD 1050) (Gräslund 1978). Dating this burial would inform References: Philpott 1991 on the arrival and spread of the phenomenon in southern England, and would be important in providing a terminus ante quem for the ditch. GrA–33508 3245 ±40 BP Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September δ13C: -26.6‰ 2007), six samples, including one from the terminus, were Sample: LALA02-2545-196B, submitted on 18 September submitted from the fills of one of the ditches. One sample 2006 by R Nicholson came from a lower fill (context 2547) below a possible recut. There were five samples from secondary fills. There is good Material: charcoal: cf Corylus/Alnus sp., single fragment agreement between the stratigraphy and the radiocarbon (D Challinor 2006) measurements. This provides a terminus ante quem for the Initial comment: the sample was recovered from the digging of the causewayed enclosure ditch. Infilling of the penultimate ditch fill and represents a deliberate deposit of ditch probably occured very rapidly. The dating for the charred remains. Overlain by further deliberate deposit infilling of the ditch is consistent with the late Neolithic/early 2544, and seals fill 2546 which contained a complete pot. Bronze Age date anticipated by Oxford Archaeology on the A degree of intrusion is possible; no rooty material was basis of morphology of the feature and the artefacts found but several modern seeds were found. The fill was recovered, including a pygmy pot. The burial was originally gravel-rich, but this sample comprised almost pure charcoal. referred to as the bustum burial, but is probably better There was no evidence of rootlet penetration or ′ ′ referred to as an anomalous burial as it does not strictly waterlogging, but elsewhere in the ditch there was evidence fulfil all criteria of a bustum burial. On stratigraphic grounds of seasonal flooding. Abundant snail shells indicate a it was expected that the burial would date to the late Iron calcareous burial environment. Age or early Roman period. The calibrated date of 400–190 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004) seems early but, taken in tandem Objectives: to date the end of use of the ditch and so provide a terminus ante quem for the causewayed enclosure.

88 Latton Lands: double causewayed enclosure, Wiltshire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 1610–1450 cal BC secondary fills of the causewayed enclosure; the two 2σ: 1620–1430 cal BC determinations from context 2365 (GrA-33710 and SUERC- 12229) are consistent. There is good agreement between the Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September stratigraphy and the radiocarbon measurements for the 2007), infilling of the ditch probably occurred rapidly. See infilling of the ditch terminus in the early Bronze Age, and is GrA 33710. consistent with the artefacts in the main ditch fill. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two measurements from this deposit (GrA-33508 and SUERC- determinations (GrA-33710 and SUERC-12229) are 12230) are not statistically consistent (T′=12.1; T′(5%)=3.8; statistically consistent (T′=0.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Wilson 1978). References: Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Ward and Wilson 1978

GrA–33509 3440 ±40 BP SUERC–12229 3430 ±35 BP δ13C: -25.7‰ δ13C: -25.6‰ Sample: LALA02-2382-199, submitted on 18 September Sample: LALA02-2365-190A, submitted on 18 September 2006 by R Nicholson 2006 by R Nicholson Material: charcoal (Maloideae, single fragment) Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (D Challinor 2006) (D Challinor 2006) Initial comment: the sample was recovered from the silty clay Initial comment: as GrA-33710 upper fill of the terminus, overlying sandy silt fill 2383. A degree of intrusion is possible, but no rooty material or Objectives: as GrA-33710 modern seeds were found. The fill was gravel-rich. There was Calibrated date: 1σ: 1770–1680 cal BC no evidence of rootlet penetration or waterlogging, but 2σ: 1880–1630 cal BC elsewhere in the ditch there was evidence of seasonal flooding. Abundant snail shells indicate a calcareous burial Final comment: see GrA-33710 environment. Laboratory comment: see GrA-33710 Objectives: as GrA-33508 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1870–1680 cal BC SUERC–12230 3430 ±35 BP σ 2 : 1890–1630 cal BC δ13C: -25.9‰ Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September Sample: LALA02-2545-196A, submitted on 18 September 2007), see GrA-33710. The radiocarbon dates for the infilling 2006 by R Nicholson of the causewayed enclosure ditches are consistent with the broad late Neolithic/early Bronze Age date anticipated by the Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment artefactual and morphological evidence. (D Challinor 2006) Initial comment: as GrA-33508 GrA–33710 3455 ±35 BP Objectives: as GrA-33508 δ13C: -25.8‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 1770–1680 cal BC Sample: LALA02-2365-190B, submitted on 18 September 2σ: 1880–1630 cal BC 2006 by R Nicholson Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment 2007), this fragment of charcoal may be residual. (D Challinor 2006) See GrA-33508. Initial comment: the sample was recovered from what Laboratory comment: see GrA-33508 appeared to be a deliberate deposit of charcoal within one of the lower fills of the causewayed enclosure ditch. Intrusion is SUERC–12231 3410 ±40 BP unlikely, but some rooty material was found. Context 2365 was a charcoal deposit overlying the primary fill of the ditch δ13C: -24.9‰ terminus (redeposited natural), context 2365 was sealed by Sample: LALA02-2547-197, submitted on 18 September seasonal flooding deposit context 2262. Residuality is 2006 by R Nicholson considered unlikely. The fill was gravel-rich. But this sample contained abundant charcoal. There was some, minimal, Material: charcoal (Maloideae, single fragment) (D Challinor rootlet penetration and evidence of seasonal flooding. Snail 2006) shells were well-preserved, indicating a calcareous sediment. Initial comment: the sample was recovered from what Objectives: as GrA-33508 appeared to be a deliberate deposit of charcoal within one of the lower fills of the causewayed enclosure ditch. Intrusion is σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1880–1690 cal BC unlikely, but some modern weed seeds were found. Context σ 2 : 1890–1680 cal BC 2547 was sealed by context 2546. The fill was gravel-rich, Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September but this sample comprised almost pure charcoal. Context 2007), determinations were made on five samples from 2547 was sealed by context 2546. Rootlet penetration and

89 Latton Lands: Iron Age enclosure, Wiltshire position of the watertable are not known, but the sample did 160 cal BC – cal AD 70 (Reimer et al 2004), a late Iron Age not contain much rooty material and the deposit did not date seems likely and broadly conforms to our expectations. appear to have been waterlogged. Snail shells were well The calibrated dates for the emmer wheat results both fall preserved, indicating calcareous sediment. within the Iron Age period. Objectives: to date the end use of the ditch and so provide a References: Gräslund 1978 terminus ante quem for the causewayed enclosure. McKinley 2000 Philpott 1991 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1750–1660 cal BC Reimer et al 2004 2σ: 1880–1610 cal BC Struck 1993 Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September Whimster 1981 2007), the date of the primary fill of the causewayed enclosure is in good agreement with the date of the GrA–33707 2020 ±35 BP secondary fills, indicating that the ditches were filled within a δ13 relatively short space of time. Artefact deposition of a flint, C: -23.2‰ pygmy pot, and Aldbourne cup within the secondary fills Sample: LALA01-1104-165, submitted on 18 September provides some evidence for structured deposition in these 2006 by R Nicholson ditch features, perhaps rapid and deliberate backfill. Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (D Challinor 2006) Latton Lands: Initial comment: the charcoal sample was part of a part Iron Age enclosure, Wiltshire cremation, part inhumation, in situ burial. The burial (1100) contained a relatively complete articulated skeleton that was Location: SU 094953 above most of the charcoal, including a charred plank. Lat. 51.39.21 N; Long. 01.51.51 W Sample 165 was taken from this charcoal layer in the base of the grave, beneath skeleton 1100. Grave 1095 was cut into Project manager: R Nicholson (Oxford Archaeology), the western enclosure ditch. The sides of the cut had been 2001–4 burnt, indicating the body had been burned in situ. The fills Archival body: Wiltshire Museum (Devizes) of all features had a high gravel content. The sample did not contain rootlets or any modern material (eg burrowing snails Description: this series consists of cremated bone, two pieces or modern weed seeds). There was no indication of of charcoal from a potential bustum burial (grave 1100), and disturbance. Snail preservation overall at Latton Lands was two emmer wheat grains from the Iron Age enclosure ditch good, as a result of the calcareous soils. The position of the the burial was cut into. The burial is dated to the late Iron water table is unknown; although some features at the site Age on this terminus post quem and material culture. were waterlogged, this grave cut was fairly shallow and there Objectives: to date the use of the ditch and to date the was no indication of any seasonal waterlogging. anomalous burial. The Iron Age enclosure ditch is dated on Objectives: to date the charcoal within grave 1100; to test the the basis of late Iron Age pottery in the ditch. Three theory that the charcoal was part of the cremation pyre for cremations and one potential bustum burial cut into the the anomalous burial; to establish when the grave was enclosure ditch are dated to the late Iron Age/early Roman constructed and to compare with the absolute date of the period on this terminus post quem and material culture body itself; and to allow better precision in dating the burial. associated with one of the graves (grave 1100). The skeleton was prone (face down) and partially cremated in situ. It was Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 30 dated by association with late Iron Age pottery and a late 2σ: 160 cal BC–cal AD 70 Iron Age knife found within the grave. Grave 1100 is of Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September interest because of the evidence for partial cremation and 2007), this is charcoal from the feature containing the ′ partial burial. It is possible that this represents a bustum anomalous burial. This sample provides the best estimate for ′ burial . Bustum burials are reasonably rare, with most British the date of the burial, with a 93.2% probability that the examples being from the north. The bustum burial rite is burial occurred before the Roman invasion of AD 43. The believed to have been introduced to Britain by the Romans burial is no longer considered to be a true ′bustum burial′ (Philpott 1991, 48–9, Struck 1993, 81) and be related to the but the dating of this activity to the period prior to the army. However, in situ cremation burials are known outside Roman invasion is significant, in that it provides evidence of the Roman world: two examples from Puddlehill in continuing activity following the decommissioning of the Bedfordshire are known from Iron Age Britain (Whimster major enclosure but prior to the construction of Ermin 1981, 154) and they are known throughout the entire Iron Street and the establishment of the Romano-British Age in Scandinavia (500 BC–AD 1050) (Gräslund 1978). settlement, now a Scheduled Ancient Monument Dating this burial would inform on the arrival and spread of (SAM899). It had been viewed as a possibility that the burial the phenomenon in southern England, and would be was contemporary with an early phase of the Roman important in providing a terminus ante quem for the ditch. settlement. Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the three 2007), on stratigraphic grounds it was expected that the measurements from this burial (GrA-33707, SUERC-12228, burial would be dated to the late Iron Age or early Roman and GrA-33713) are not statistically consistent (T′=18.0; period. The calibrated date of 400–190 cal BC (Reimer et al T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and therefore 2004) seems early but, taken in tandem with the charcoal represent material of different ages. The two charcoal sample from the burial (165), which produced a later date of

90 Latton Lands: metalworking pits, Wiltshire samples (GrA-33707 and SUERC-12228) are statistically relatively complete articulated skeleton that was above most consistent (T′=2.9; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson of the charcoal, including the remains of a charred plank; 1978). The measurement on the cremated bone may this is thought to represent the remains of the pyre. The therefore simply represent one of the one in twenty cases cremated bone was recovered from the charcoal deposit where a radiocarbon result lies outside the ′true age′ of the (1104), directly below the main body. The cremated bone is sample (Bowman 1990). thought to comprise fragments from the lower arms, hands and sternum. The cut for the burial was larger than those References: Bowman 1990 associated with standard cremation burials. It was also Ward and Wilson 1978 shallow and the skeleton survived close to the surface. The soil surrounding the burial contained fragments of cremated GrA–33708 2075 ±40 BP bone, especially vertebrae and teeth. Grave 1095 was cut δ13C: -22.4‰ into the western enclosure ditch. The sides of the cut had been burnt, indicating the body had been burned in situ. Sample: LALA01-1700-159B, submitted on 17 October 2006 by R Nicholson Objectives: as GrA-33707 σ Material: grain: Triticum dicoccum, carbonised, single grain Calibrated date: 1 : 390–200 cal BC σ (M Robinson 2006) 2 : 400–190 cal BC Initial comment: this sample derives from the lower fill Final comment: see GrA-33707 (context (1700) – a dense layer of charred plant material Laboratory comment: see GrA-33707 below fill 1290 and above 1701 (primary fill). Objectives: the identified emmer wheat sample in 159 SUERC–12226 2100 ±35 BP suggestsan earlier date than the other Iron Age features in δ13C: -23.1‰ the LALA01 excavation. Emmer wheat is the common cereal grain until the middle Bronze Age but in the Iron Age spelt Sample: LALA01-1700-159A, submitted on 18 September wheat dominated the diet of settlement in the Upper Thames 2006 by R Nicholson Valley. It is of great importance that this pit feature [1289] is Material: grain: Triticum dicoccum, carbonised, single grain dated. (D Challinor 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 170–40 cal BC Initial comment: as GrA-33708 2σ: 200 cal BC–cal AD 20 Objectives: as GrA-33708 Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September 2006), the two determinations made on samples of emmer Calibrated date: 1σ: 180–50 cal BC wheat (SUERC-12226 and GrA-33708) from pit 1289 2σ: 340–40 cal BC confirm a late Iron Age date for the presence of emmer Final comment: see GrA-33708 wheat at the site. The presence of emmer wheat in an Iron Age context from north Wiltshire would be unusual Laboratory comment: see GrA-33708 though not unprecedented. The subspecies is generally regarded as a contaminant rather than a cultivar at this time. SUERC–12228 2105 ±35 BP This is likely to represent regional variations in farming practice and might be taken as further evidence to suggest δ13C: -27.2‰ agriculture at the site in the Iron Age which is atypical Sample: LALA01-1104-157, submitted on 18 September and/or specialised for the region and the period. The 2006 by R Nicholson anticipated date of the pit was Iron Age on morphological, stratigraphic, and artefact evidence. Material: charcoal: Hedera sp., single fragment (D Challinor 2006) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two determinations made on samples of emmer wheat (SUERC- Initial comment: as GrA-33707 12226 and GrA-33708) from pit 1289 are statistically Objectives: as GrA-33707 consistent (T′=0.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). Calibrated date: 1σ: 190–50 cal BC 2σ: 350–40 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: see GrA-33707 GrA–33713 2230 ±35 BP Laboratory comment: see GrA-33707 Sample: LALA01-1104-SK1100, submitted on 18 September 2006 by R Nicholson Latton Lands: Material: cremated human bone (shaft fragments from lower limb bones) (S Coulgh and J Geber 2006) metalworking pits, Wiltshire Initial comment: the bone sample was part of a part Location: SU 094953 cremation, part inhumation, and in situ burial of a mature Lat. 51.39.21 N; Long. 01.51.51 W male age 40–44 years. Generally the lower and some of the Project manager: R Nicholson (Oxford Archaeology), upper limbs were fully cremated, with areas of charring also 2001–4 evident on the torso and skull. The burial (1100) contained a

91 Nene Valley, Northamptonshire

Archival body: Wiltshire Museum (Devizes) Objectives: as GrA-33510 Description: two pits associated with metalworking, one has a Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–360 cal BC neonate skeleton interred within it. 2σ: 410–200 cal BC Objectives: to provide a precise date for the potentially early Final comment: see GrA-33510 Iron Age metalworking activity. Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September 2007), two fragments of charcoal from two metalworking Nene Valley, Northamptonshire pits produced statistically consistent results (SUERC-12227 Location: SP 72235815to TL 1981 9793 and GrA-33510) (T′=1.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Lat. 52.12.59 N; Long. 00.56.34 W, to Wilson 1978) and therefore could be of the same age. The Lat. 52.33.56N; Long. 00.13.56W results indicate a middle Iron Age date for the metalworking. Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), References: Philpott 1991 1987–2006 Ward and Wilson 1978 Description: the aim of the project is to complete a survey of GrA–33510 2215 ±35 BP the published, partially published (grey literature), and where possible entirely unpublished environmental data on δ13 C: -26.5‰ the Nene Valley in order to identify both common trends and Sample: LALA04-3672-218, submitted on 18 September also gaps in the coverage and to place the environmental 2006 by R Nicholson information in context with the known settlement and artefactual data for the Nene Valley. This will be used to Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment identify, if any, environmental trends within a spatial context (D Challinor 2006) throughout the valley and also highlight gaps in the coverage. Initial comment: the sample was recovered from context Objectives: to construct a chronology for periods of (3672), fill of pit [3674], and comprised a dark upper fill geomorphic activity and to integrate the palaoeo- containing lots of metalworking debris, charcoal, burnt environmental and archaeological records. limestone, middle Iron Age pot, and bone. It overlies primary fill 3673. There is some possibility of intrusion. Final comment: P Marshall (9 November 2007), the results of the radiocarbon programme are very disappointing, as the Objectives: the aim was to obtain a more precise date within measurements obtained on the sediment fractions and the Iron Age for the metalworking activity and for the associated macrofossils are not in agreement. chronological sequence of this activity within the Iron Age settlement and field enclosures. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the results of the radiocarbon programme clearly show the σ Calibrated date: 1 : 380–200 cal BC lack of consistency amongst the measurements obtained on σ 2 : 390–170 cal BC both the sediment fractions and the closely associated Final comment: L Brown and S Griffiths (14 September macrofossils. In every case the humic acid fraction is younger 2007), the middle Iron Age date obtained provides a position than the humin fraction, and where there was a macrofossil within the sequence of Iron Age activity in the northern part that date is still younger. A chi-square test on any of the site which was absent from the artefact evidence. combination of the matched results fails in all cases (Ward It had been anticipated that the metalworking activity may and Wilson 1978).This raises a few possible and non- have been slightly earlier in the Iron Age but is useful in exclusive explanations regarding the material from these four providing evidence of metalworking activity within the monoliths: 1) the humin fractions are contaminated/contain middle Iron Age field system. reworked mineral carbon, 2) the humic acid fractions reflect a small, but significant, component from older mineral carbon, or contain humic acid from the breakdown of older SUERC–12227 2280 ±35 BP plant material, 3) the macrofossil material is intrusive. We δ13C: -26.0‰ can discount the possibility of modern contamination through the possible effects of long-term storage, as Beta- Sample: LALA04-3872-225, submitted on 18 September 87442 was made shortly after monolith WS1013 was 2006 by R Nicholson removed and yet still follows the same pattern as all of the Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment other measurements. The individual sets of measurements (D Challinor 2006) might suggest a systematic offset of the results. However, even if this were the case, the inability to draw any Initial comment: the sample was recovered from pit 3869 and conclusions as to the correct date for any given set of comprised an upper fill in a largely silted-up pit containing a samples makes it impossible to both corroborate this and dump of burnt material. This fill also contained a neonate calculate an offset value. For all of these reasons these four skeleton and metal finds as well as metalworking debris, monoliths must remain ′undated′, with the radiocarbon burnt stone, middle Iron Age pot, and bone. There is some measurements providing no means to correlate the changes possibility of intrusion. Rootlet penetration and the position in land-use evident in the pollen record to the existing of the watertable are not known, but the sample did not archaeological record from the area. contain much rooty material and the deposit did not appear to have been waterlogged. Snail shells were well preserved, References: Allen et al 2007 indicating a calcareous sediment. Ward and Wilson 1978

92 Nene Valley: Irthlingborough Island, Northamptonshire

Nene Valley: Irthlingborough Island, SUERC-10038) are not statistically consistent (T′=40.7; ′ ν Northamptonshire T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson 1978). References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Location: SP 945705 Lat. 52.19.27 N; Long. 00.36.48 W SUERC–10038 8575 ±35 BP Project manager: P Allen (University of Exeter), 1987–2006 δ13C: -29.3‰ Archival body: Department of Geography, University of Sample: RAP E NV005, submitted on 31 January 2006 Exeter by P Allen Description: a long section across the floodplain. At the Material: sediment (4.10g) (humin fraction, bulk sample; southern end this showed a domed gravel surface with a c +49.55m OD) palaeochannel containing an organic fill. The northern end of the section showed the scar of a palaeochannel. This series Initial comment: as SUERC-10037 consists of two bulk sediment samples removed from Objectives: as SUERC-10037 organic-rich horizons. The organic material is too degraded for identification. Calibrated date: 1σ: 7600–7580 cal BC 2σ: 7610–7570 cal BC Objectives: to determine if radiocarbon dates can be gained from a monolith that has been in uniform storage Final comment: see SUERC-10037 conditions for over 10 years. These dates will complement Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10037 a high-resolution palynological study (5mm resolution) of the same monolith. The monoliths are thought to cover the late Glacial to early Roman periods. Dating these SUERC–10042 4745 ±35 BP changes in vegetation composition and land-use will δ13C: -29.4‰ complement the existing environmental and archaeological record from the area. Sample: RAP E NV006, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen References: Allen et al 2007 Material: sediment (7.30g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample; c +49.83m OD) SUERC–10037 8445 ±40 BP Initial comment: as SUERC-10037 δ13C: -28.8‰ Objectives: as SUERC-10037 Sample: RAP E NV005, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Calibrated date: 1σ: 3640–3380 cal BC 2σ: 3640–3370 cal BC Material: sediment (4.10g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample; c +49.55m OD) Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the early Mesolithic date is in agreement with the pollen, which is Initial comment: the monolith was removed from a shallow dominated by open ground grasses and herbs. It is also not gravel-bottomed palaeochannel with a sandy in-fill significantly later than the humin fraction date (SUERC- containing wood fragments. It is thought that the 10043) which suggests a minimal reservoir effect. palaeochannel dates to the late Glacial. The monolith was taken within 2.26m (below the surface) from the channel Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), infill section. The channel infill consisted of clay and crudely the two measurements from this level (SUERC-10042 and bedded sand, with occasional cobbles present. SUERC-10043) are not statistically consistent (T′=33.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: the dates are to support previous low-resolution pollen analysis (undertaken in the 1980s) and more recent References: Ward and Wilson 1978 additional pollen assessments from RAP E(b). The pollen data may be used to provide landscape and vegetation SUERC–10043 5030 ±35 BP composition histories that predate the detailed archaeological record from the West Cotton sites, and surrounding area. δ13C: -29.0‰ The palaeocecological data will allow an enhanced Sample: RAP E NV006, submitted on 31 January 2006 understanding of the local/regional vegetation history with by P Allen specific relevance to the post-glacial and pre-human settlement environment. Material: sediment (7.30g) (bulk sample, humin fraction; c +49.83m OD) Calibrated date: 1σ: 7550–7500 cal BC 2σ: 7590–7470 cal BC Initial comment: as SUERC-10042 Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the early Objectives: as SUERC-10042 Mesolithic date is in agreement with the pollen, which is Calibrated date: 1σ: 3940–3770 cal BC dominated by open ground grasses and herbs. It is also not 2σ: 3960–3700 cal BC significantly later than the humin fraction date (SUERC- 10038) which suggests a minimal reservoir effect. Final comment: see SUERC-10042 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10042 the two measurements from this level (SUERC-10037 and

93 Nene Valley: near West Cotton, Northamptonshire

SUERC–10044 6760 ±35 BP Objectives: to determine if radiocarbon dates can be gained from a monolith that has been in uniform storage conditions δ13C: -28.8‰ for over 10 years. These dates will complement a high- Sample: RAP E NV007, submitted on 31 January 2006 resolution palynological study (5 mm resolution) of the same by P Allen monolith. The monolith is thought to cover the Bronze Age to early Roman periods, where a change in land-use Material: sediment (4.90g) (humic acid fraction, bulk occurred. Dating these changes in land-use will complement sample; c +49.71m OD – +49.69m OD) the existing archaeological record from the area. Initial comment: as SUERC-10037 References: Allen et al 2007 Objectives: as SUERC-10037 Calibrated date: 1σ: 5710–5630 cal BC SUERC–10056 4185 ±45 BP 2σ: 5730–5620 cal BC δ13C: -26.3‰ Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the mid Sample: RAP C NV001A, submitted on 31 January 2006 Mesolithic date is in agreement with the pollen, which is by P Allen dominated by open ground grasses and herbs but with pine as the only tree present. It is also significantly later than the Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified twig; humin fraction date (SUERC-10045) which suggests a small +33.66m OD – +33.64m OD) (R Gale) reservoir effect. Initial comment: the monolith was removed from a section of Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), a palaeochannel and is thought to cover the time period that the two measurements from this level (SUERC-10044 and includes the Neolithic to medieval periods. The monolith SUERC-10045) are not statistically consistent (T′=40.5; was extracted from a deposit overlying the basal sands and T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). gravels at c 2m depth. The section consisted of intercalated sands, gravels, silts, and clays. References: Allen et al 2007 Ward and Wilson 1978 Objectives: the dates are to support 5mm fine resolution pollen analysis (FRPA) from RAP C that may be used to support the very detailed archaeological record from the SUERC–10045 7075 ±35 BP West Cotton sites, and surrounding area (Raunds Area δ13C: -28.7‰ Project). The palaeoecological data will allow an enhanced understanding of the local/regional vegetation history, with Sample: RAP E NV007, submitted on 31 January 2006 specific relevance to land-use changes from the Neolithic to by P Allen medieval periods. Material: sediment (4.90g) (humin fraction, bulk sample; Calibrated date: 1σ: 2890–2670 cal BC c +49.71m OD – +49.69m OD) 2σ: 2900–2620 cal BC Initial comment: as SUERC-10044 Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the late Neolithic Objectives: as SUERC-10044 age of this sample is in broad agreement with the pollen data, which reveal a partially wooded environment but with σ Calibrated date: 1 : 6010–5910 cal BC clearings. The systematic offsets of the macrofossil, humic σ 2 : 6020–5880 cal BC acid, and humin fraction dates suggest a significant reservoir Final comment: see SUERC-10044 effect, with the macrofossil date most closely approximating the true age of the sample. Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10044 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the three measurements from this level (SUERC-10056, Nene Valley: near West Cotton, SUERC-10057, and SUERC-10058) are not statistically consistent (T′=74.6 T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson Northamptonshire 1978). Location: SP 973724 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Lat. 52.20.26 N; Long. 00.34.18 W Project manager: P Allen (University of Exeter), 1987–2006 SUERC–10057 4645 ±35 BP δ13 Archival body: Department of Geography, University of C: -28.7‰ Exeter Sample: RAP C NV001B, submitted on 31 January 2006 Description: a long section across the floodplain. At the by P Allen southern end this showed a domed gravel surface with a Material: sediment (3.30g) (humic acid fraction, bulk palaeochannel containing an organic fill. The northern end sample; +33.66m OD – +33.64m OD) of the section showed the scar of a palaeochannel. Three macrofossil samples were removed from the same monolith, Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 from different levels. There are also three bulk samples that Objectives: as SUERC-10056 were removed from organic rich horizons. The organic material is too degraded for identification. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3500–3360 cal BC 2σ: 3520–3350 cal BC

94 Nene Valley: near West Cotton, Northamptonshire

Final comment: see SUERC-10056 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3500–3360 cal BC 2σ: 3520–3340 cal BC Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10056 Final comment: see SUERC-10062 References: Allen et al 2007 Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10062 SUERC–10058 5380 ±35 BP SUERC–10064 5325 ±35 BP δ13C: -28.4‰ δ13C: -27.2‰ Sample: RAP C NV001B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Sample: RAP C NV002B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Material: sediment (3.30g) (humin fraction, bulk sample; +33.66m OD – +33.64m OD) Material: sediment (4.40g) (bulk sample, humin fraction; +33.76m OD – +33.73m OD) Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Calibrated date: 1σ: 4330–4170 cal BC 2σ: 4340–4060 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 4240–4050 cal BC 2σ: 4320–4040 cal BC Final comment: see SUERC-10056 Final comment: see SUERC-10062 Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10056 Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10062 SUERC–10062 4180 ±35 BP SUERC–10065 4225 ±35 BP δ13C: -27.5‰ δ13C: -26.4‰ Sample: RAP C NV002A, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Sample: RAP C NV008A, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (+33.76m OD – +33.73m OD): cf Salicaceae, roundwood, 240–270mm Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified (R Gale) roundwood; +33.56m OD – +33.54m OD) (R Gale) Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2690 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 2900–2870 cal BC 2σ: 2890–2630 cal BC 2σ: 2910–2690 cal BC Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the late Neolithic Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the late Neolithic age of this sample is in broad agreement with the pollen age of this sample is in broad agreement with the pollen data, which reveal a partially wooded environment but with data, which reveal a partially wooded environment but with clearings. The systematic offsets of the macrofossil, humic clearings. The systematic offsets of the macrofossil, humic acid, and humin dates suggest a significant reservoir effect, acid, and humin dates suggest a significant reservoir effect, with the macrofossil date most closely approximating the with the macrofossil date most closely approximating the true age of the sample. true age of the sample. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the three measurements from this level (SUERC-10062, the three measurements from this level (SUERC-10065, SUERC-10063, and SUERC-10064) are not statistically SUERC-10066, and SUERC-10067) are not statistically consistent (T′=549.8; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2;Ward and Wilson consistent (T′=288.1; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978). 1978). References: Allen et al 2007 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Ward and Wilson 1978 SUERC–10066 4625 ±35 BP SUERC–10063 4625 ±35 BP δ13C: -27.5‰ δ13C: -28.4‰ Sample: RAP C NV008B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by Sample: RAP C NV002B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen P Allen Material: sediment (5.20g) (humic acid fraction, bulk Material: sediment (4.40g) (bulk sample, humic acid sample; +33.56m OD – +33.54m OD) fraction; +33.76m OD – +33.73m OD) Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Objectives: as SUERC-10056 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3500–3360 cal BC 2σ: 3520–3340 cal BC

95 Nene Valley: south-west of West Cotton, Northamptonshire

Final comment: see SUERC-10065 West Cotton sites, and surrounding area. The palaeoecological data will allow an enhanced understanding Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10065 of the local/regional vegetation history with specific relevance to land-use changes during the Roman period periods. SUERC–10067 5055 ±35 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 990–1040 δ13C: -27.7‰ 2σ: cal AD 980–1160 Sample: RAP C NV008B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the date is P Allen younger than expected on the basis of the pollen, as the Material: sediment (5.20g) (humin fraction, bulk sample; environment is open (cleared) but there is still some alder on +33.56m OD – +33.54m OD) the valley floor. On the pollen data a Romano-British period date would be expected. The date is also far younger than Initial comment: as SUERC-10056 the humic acid and humin fraction dates. It is suggested that Objectives: as SUERC-10056 there may have been post-depositional mixing of intrusive bark into the palaeochannel fill. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3950–3790 cal BC 2σ: 3960–3710 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the three measurements from this level (SUERC-10046, Final comment: see SUERC-10065 SUERC-10047, and SUERC-10048) are not statistically ′ ′ ν Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10065 consistent (T =1288.1; T (5%)=6.0; =2; Ward and Wilson 1978) References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Nene Valley: south-west of West Cotton, Northamptonshire SUERC–10047 1680 ±35 BP δ13C: -29.3‰ Location: SP 973724 Lat. 52.20.26 N; Long. 00.34.18 W Sample: RAP D NV003B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen Project manager: P Allen (University of Exeter), 1987–2006 Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample; c Archival body: Department of Geography, University of +33.45m OD – +33.3m OD) Exeter Initial comment: as SUERC-10046 Description: this series consists of two macrofossil samples, removed from the same monolith, from different levels. Two Objectives: as SUERC-10046 bulk samples removed from organic-rich horizons. The Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 260–420 organic material is too degraded for identification. 2σ: cal AD 250–430 Objectives: to determine if radiocarbon dates can be gained Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the date is from a monolith that has been in uniform storage conditions consistent with what would be expected on the basis of the for over ten years. These dates will compliment a high- pollen, as the environment is open (cleared), but there is still resolution palynological study (5mm resolution) of the same some alder on the valley floor. Based on the pollen data, a monolith. The monoliths are thought to cover the late Romano-British period date was expected. The date is also Roman period. Dating these changes in vegetation far older than the macrofossil date (SUERC-10046) and composition and land-use will complement the existing younger than the humin fraction date. It is suggested that environmental and archaeological record from the area. there may have been post-depositional mixing of intrusive References: Allen et al 2007 bark into the palaeochannel fill and that the sediment also had a significant reservoir effect. SUERC–10046 1005 ±35 BP Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10046 δ13C: -28.8‰ SUERC–10048 2755 ±35 BP Sample: RAP D NV003A, submitted on 31 January 2006 by P Allen δ13C: -28.3‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified bark; c Sample: RAP D NV 003B, submitted on 31 January 2006 by +33.45m OD – +33.3m OD) (R Gale) P Allen Initial comment: the monolith was removed from underlying Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample; c +33.45m sands and fine gravel from a palaeochannel and is thought to OD – +33.3m OD) cover the time period that includes the Roman period. The Initial comment: as SUERC-10046 monolith was taken within 2.2m of the surface, from the channel infill section. The channel infill consisted of clay and Objectives: as SUERC-10046 crudely bedded sand, with occasional cobbles present. Calibrated date: 1σ: 930–840 cal BC Objectives: the dates are to support previous low-resolution 2σ: 1000–810 cal BC pollen analysis and more recent additional pollen Final comment: see SUERC-10046 assessments from RAP D. The pollen data may be used to support the very detailed archaeological record from the Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10046

96 Nene Valley:Wollaston, Northamptonshire

SUERC–10052 1355 ±35 BP pastinatio. Over six km (four miles) of trench were dug. One bulk organic sediment was dated to explore the possible δ13C: -31.3‰ problems of ‘storage effect’. Sample: RAP D NV004, submitted on 31 January 2006 Objectives: to determine if radiocarbon dates can be gained by P Allen from a monolith that has been in uniformed storage Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample; conditions for over ten years. c +33.63m OD – +33.62m OD) Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the significant Initial comment: as SUERC-10046 difference between the macrofossil, humic acid, and humin fraction dates suggests there is a reservoir effect present. Objectives: as SUERC-10046 References: Allen et al 2007 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 650–680 Meadows 1996 2σ: cal AD 630–770

Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the date is consistent SUERC–10054 5445 ±35 BP with what would be expected on the basis of the pollen, as the δ13 environment is open (cleared), but there is still some alder on the C: -28.7‰ valley floor. However, based on the pollen data a Romano-British Sample: WS1013 NV009, submitted on 31 January 2006 period date was expected.The date is also significantly younger by P Allen than the humin fraction date, suggesting that the sediment also had a significant reservoir effect. Material: sediment (9.20g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample; +43.92m OD) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the two measurements from this level (SUERC-10052 and Initial comment: the monolith was removed from vertical SUERC-10053) are not statistically consistent (T′=60.4; exposures of poorly consolidated deposits from the river T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Nene floodplain. The location of the sampled section was close to a multi-period archaeological site with evidence References: Ward and Wilson 1978 from the Mesolithic to the Saxon periods. The monolith S1013 (M3) was taken from a palaeochannel deposit that is SUERC–10053 1740 ±35 BP thought to include the Neolithic period. The monolith was taken 3m from the surface, from the channel infill section. δ13C: -30.3‰ This channel infill consisted of black organic silts. Sample: RAP D NV004, submitted on 31 January 2006 Objectives: the sample from S1013 M 3 has been previously by P Allen dated (Beta-87442; 5000 ±70 BP; 3970–3640 cal BC; Material: sediment (bulk sample, humin fraction; c +33.63m Reimer et al 2004). The duplicate sample was submitted in OD – +33.62m OD) order to determine if there is a ‘storage effect’ on the organic material that may influence new dates. Initial comment: as SUERC-10046 Calibrated date: 1σ: 4340–4260 cal BC Objectives: as SUERC-10046 2σ: 4360–4230 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 240–350 Final comment: P Allen (15 October 2007), the very late 2σ: cal AD 220–400 Mesolithic/early Neolithic date is broadly compatible with Final comment: see SUERC-10052 the pollen data, which are of still a largely wooded environment (alder, oak, and hazel) but some with open Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10052 areas or clearings. The slight presence of cereal type pollen References: Allen et al 2007 would support an early Neolithic date closer to the macrofossil date. The significant difference between the macrofossil, humic acid, and humin fraction dates suggests Nene Valley: that there is a reservoir effect present. Wollaston, Northamptonshire Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the three measurements from this level (SUERC-10054, Location: SP 900629 SUERC-10055, and Beta-87442) are not statistically Lat. 52.15.23 N; Long. 00.40.53 W consistent (T′=96.4; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978). Project manager: P Allen (University of Exeter), 1987–2006 References: Reimer et al 2004 Archival body: Department of Geography, University of Ward and Wilson 1978 Exeter

Description: 35 hectares of the valley bottom were SUERC–10055 5740 ±35 BP investigated and excavated. A Roman villa is close by and δ13 visible on aerial photographs. The ditches are 0.85m wide, C: -28.9‰ 0.3m deep, flat with sharp vertical sides. The postholes are Sample: WS1013 NV009, submitted on 31 January 2006 each about 0.15m in diameter and up to 0.15m deep on the by P Allen outside of the ditches. Root balls were found in the centre of the ditches, which were laid out in parallel rows 5m apart. Material: sediment (9.20g) (humin fraction, bulk sample; The trenches were a system for the cultivation of vines, or +43.92m OD)

97 North Park Farm, Bletchingley, Surrey

Initial comment: as SUERC-10054 Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November 2007), the probable hearth [160] was unlike any of the Objectives: as SUERC-10054 others found on-site, because the seat of burning seemed to Calibrated date: 1σ: 4670–4530 cal BC have been at the base of its 0.38m deep pit, at least from the 2σ: 4690–4490 cal BC evidence of the fire-reddened hardening of the otherwise ′clean′ sand below it. The only alternative explanation would Final comment: see SUERC-10054 be that the small area of primary fill [203], which was Laboratory comment: see SUERC-10054 comprised of burnt flints and hearthstone fragments, had been secondarily-deposited in the pit when still hot, although there are Dutch parallels for such deep-seated hearths North Park Farm, (Groenendijk 1987, 98). The rest of the fill was predominantly of black sand, but with some burnt flints and Bletchingley, Surrey uncommon struck flints. Hearths [161] and [122] also produced dates which confirm that these features were the Location: TQ 329203 focus of early Mesolithic activity. The single result from Lat. 50.58.00 N; Long. 00.06.31 W hearth [126] is on a fragment of charcoal which must be Project manager: N Branch (Royal Holloway College), intrusive. 2005–7 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 December 2007), Archival body: Surrey County Archaeological Unit the five measurements from hearth [160] are not statistically consistent (T′=50.3; T′(5%)=9.5; v=4; Ward and Wilson Description: North Park Farm is a sand quarry located on the 1978). Further radiocarbon dates from this site are reported Folkestone beds, between the chalk escarpment of the North by Bayliss et al (2007a, 42–3). Luminesence dating is Downs and the lower Greensand escarpment. The discussed by Toms (2005) and Bailey et al (2007). archaeological site occupies a wide, shallow depression within a low-lying valley. Excavation in 2005 uncovered a References: Bailey et al 2007 unique sequence of natural and archaeological deposits, Bayliss et al 2007a including high concentrations of flint artefacts, burnt flint Branch et al 2003 unpubl and charcoal of Mesolithic age. In situ evidence of flint Branch and Green 2004 working was revealed in several of the excavated areas, an Groenendiijk 1987 evidence of fire sand/or cooking activities was found in the Toms 2005 form of numerous hearth features. Radiocarbon dates have Ward and Wilson 1978 been obtained from four of these hearths, [160], [161], [122], and [126]. OxA–16904 7762 ±40 BP

Objectives: it is hoped dating will help to determine: the δ13C: -23.9‰ timing and duration of on-site activity. Dating hearth [122] will provide a date for its use and also establish its temporal Sample: 319.CH/368, submitted on 5 January 2007 by relationship with other hearth features present on the site, N Branch particularly hearth [160], which is in a similar stratigraphic Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment position. Hearth function; evidence from the excavation (L Farr 2006) shows that [122] was a shallow surface feature, with associated hearth stones, and had a different construction to Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from hearth hearth [160], which was deeply cut into the underlying feature [122] in Area 9, excavated spit I5-99-6. Hearth [122] deposits; this suggests that the hearths may have had lies at a depth of c 1m from the modern surface, prior to different functions and dating the feature may help to machining, between contexts [18] and [121]. There is a explain the relationship between hearth function and other small chance of environmental contamination from earlier contemporaneous activity represented by the lithic [121] and later deposits [18], owing to the fact that the assemblage. Bioarchaeological modelling: dating the hearth hearth appears to be an exposed surface feature and not an will also contribute to building a robust temporal framework immediately sealed context. This is, however, unlikely due to for the bioarchaeological data from North Park Farm, eg the very low concentrations of charcoal found in these charcoal analysis. This will permit chronologically defined deposits. Prior to machine stripping the surface deposit vegetation reconstructions and resource-exploitation models consisted of a compacted dark greyish brown plough layer to be developed. This aspect of the dating programme is (c 0.3m). This overlay c 0.5m of reddish brown compacted particularly important in relation to feature [122], where gritty fine sand with scattered pieces of chalk and flint and a stratigraphically the hearth appears to be one of the latest variety of post-Mesolithic archaeological matter. This features on-site. Preliminary assessment of the charcoal horizon is underlain by a similar but slightly darker and samples from the feature [122] has provided evidence for the greyer horizon, up to 0.2m in thickness [18]. Below this level exploitation of oak and hazel for firewood. In comparison, the sand is much less compacted and often free-running and pollen records from Elstead Bog (Branch and Green 2004), predominantly light grey or white, with very variable and which is located on the lower Greensand, record relatively localised patterns of dark greyish or reddish brown staining low amounts of these species until the later Mesolithic. [121]. The thickness of this horizon is variable and it passes Radiocarbon dating is therefore very important to provide down into unweathered lower Greensand. synchronous collaborative evidence of local vegetation Objectives: the large hearth in Area 9 is a very important during the Mesolithic period. feature and dating [122] is essential to understanding when the feature was in use, and a sequence of dates through the

98 North Park Farm, Bletchingley, Surrey hearth is necessary to determine whether the hearth OxA–16933 1510 ±27 BP represents one or more periods of activity. δ13C: -26.3‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 6650–6530 cal BC Sample: 597.CH/701, submitted on 5 January 2007 by 2σ: 6660–6470 cal BC N Branch Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November Material: charcoal: Acer sp., single fragment (L Farr 2006) 2007), the result confirms the Mesolithic date of the hearth as suggested by a series of OSL measurements (Bailey et al Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from hearth 2007) from above and below the feature. feature [126] in Area 10, excavated spit I4-56-5. Hearth [126] lies at a depth of c 1m from the modern surface, prior Laboratory comment: English Heritage, the two results (OxA- to machining, between contexts [159] and [121]. There is a 16904 and SUERC-12922) from hearth [122] excavated spit small chance of environmental contamination from earlier I5-99-6 are not statistically consistent (T′=6.8; T′(5%)=3.8; [121] and later deposits [159] into the hearth feature [126], v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). owing to the fact that the hearth appears to be an exposed References: Bailey et al 2007 surface and not an immediately sealed context. Prior to Ward and Wilson 1978 machine stripping, the surface deposit consisted of a compacted dark greyish brown plough layer (c 0.3m). This OxA–16905 8275 ±40 BP overlay c 0.5m of reddish brown compacted gritty fine sand with scattered pieces of chalk and flint and a variety of post- δ13C: -25.9‰ Mesolithic archaeological matter. This horizon is underlain Sample: 436.CH/382, submitted on 5 January 2007 by by a similar but slightly darker and greyer horizon, up to N Branch 0.2m in thickness [159]. Below this level the sand is much less compacted and often free-running and predominantly Material: charcoal (unidentified twig) (L Farr 2006) light grey or white with very variable and localised patterns Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from hearth of dark greyish or reddish brown staining [121]. The feature [161] in Area 6, excavated spit F5-58-3. Hearth thickness of this horizon is variable and it passes down into [161] lies at a depth of c 0.9m from the modern surface, un-weathered lower Greensand. prior to machining, between contexts [18] and [106]. The Objectives: the hearth in Area 10 is a very important feature hearth feature is characterised by a very dark charcoal-rich and dating is essential to understanding when the feature deposit with a thinner grey spread [157] surrounding it. was in use, and a sequence of dates through the hearth is There is a small chance of environmental contamination necessary to determine whether the hearth represents one or from earlier [106] and later deposits [18], owing to the fact more periods of activity. that the hearth appears to be an exposed surface feature and σ not an immediately sealed context. Prior to machine Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 540–600 σ stripping, the surface deposit consisted of a compacted dark 2 : cal AD 440–620 greyish brown plough layer (c 0.3m). This overlay c 0.5m of Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November reddish brown compacted gritty fine sand with scattered 2007), the dated charcoal clearly represents intrusive pieces of chalk and flint and a variety of post-Mesolithic material that is not associated with the Mesolithic flintwork. archaeological matter. This horizon is underlain by a similar It suggests that the flint assemblage from Area 10 might also but slightly darker and greyer horizon, up to 0.2m in represent a palimpsest of material from different periods that thickness [18]. Below this level the sand is much less has accumulated at the bottom of the valley, given the compacted and often free-running and predominantly light occurrence of at least three different microlith assemblages. grey or white, with very variable and localised patterns of dark greyish or reddish brown staining [106]. The thickness Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a second of this horizon is variable and it passes down into un- sample from this feature failed. weathered lower Greensand. SUERC–12922 7940 ±40 BP Objectives: the large hearth in Area 6 is a very important feature and dating [161] is essential to understanding when δ13C: -25.8‰ the feature was in use, and a sequence of dates through the Sample: 319.CH/370, submitted on 5 January 2007 by hearth is necessary to determine whether the hearth N Branch represents one or more periods of activity. Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment Calibrated date: 1σ: 7450–7190 cal BC (L Farr 2006) 2σ: 7480–7170 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-16904 Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November 2007), the result confirms the impression from the lithic Objectives: as OxA-16904 assemblage that the hearth was the focus of early Mesolithic Calibrated date: 1σ: 7030–6690 cal BC activity. 2σ: 7050–6650 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two Final comment: see OxA-16904 measurements (OxA-16905 and SUERC-13955) from hearth [161] are statistically consistent (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; Laboratory comment: see OxA-16904 ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). References: Ward and Wilson 1978

99 North Park Farm, Bletchingley: Area 11, hearth [160], Surrey

SUERC–13955 8275 ±40 BP OxA–16921 8005 ±39 BP

δ13C: -25.4‰ δ13C: -28.4‰ Sample: 436.CH/815, submitted on 5 January 2007 by Sample: 658.CH/378, submitted on 5 January 2007 by N Branch N Branch Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment (L Farr 2006) (L Farr 2006) Initial comment: as OxA-16905 Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from the bottom spit of hearth feature [160] in Area 11, excavated spit J6-46- Objectives: as OxA-16905 14. The hearth was deeply buried under c 0.5m of overlying Calibrated date: 1σ: 7450–7190 cal BC deposits. Some rabbit-burrowing disturbance in the 2σ: 7480–7170 cal BC excavation area was noted, but this did not affect the integrity of the hearth feature and no contamination from Final comment: see OxA-16905 this later activity is anticipated. Prior to machine stripping, Laboratory comment: see OxA-16905 the surface deposit consisted of a compacted dark greyish brown plough layer (c 0.3m). This overlay c 0.5m of reddish brown compacted gritty fine sand with scattered pieces of North Park Farm, Bletchingley: chalk and flint and a variety of post-Mesolithic archaeological matter. This horizon is underlain by a similar area 11, hearth [160], Surrey but slightly darker and greyer horizon, up to 0.2m in thickness [18]. Below this level the sand is much less Location: TQ 32965204 compacted and often free-running and predominantly light Lat. 51.15.05 N; Long. 00.05.41 W grey or white with very variable and localised patterns of Project manager: N Branch (Royal Holloway College), dark greyish or reddish brown staining [121]. The thickness 2005–6 of this horizon is variable and it passes down into un- weathered lower Greensand. Archival body: Surrey County Archaeological Unit Objectives: the large hearth in Area 11 is a very important Description: The hearth feature [160] was excavated by trowel feature and dating [160] is essential to understanding when in 50mm spits and a 100% sample taken and transferred to the feature was in use, and a sequence of dates through the plastic bulk-sample tubs. NPF05/Area 11/160 is a series of hearth is necessary to determine whether the hearth charcoal samples from three of these spits. J6 refers to the represents one or more periods of activity. 10x10m area of the site; number 46 (for example) is the metre square that was excavated and number 14 (for example) is the Calibrated date: 1σ: 7050–6820 cal BC spit level from the excavated surface.629.CH/761 – uppermost 2σ: 7070–6760 cal BC spit of feature [160] in excavated area J6-45-8; 629.CH/375 – Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November uppermost spit of feature [160] in excavated area J6-45-8; 2007), the result confirms the Mesolithic date of the feature 655.CH/380 – middle spit of feature [160] in excavated area as suggested by the assemblage of microliths (very narrow J6-46-11; 658.CH/297 – bottom spit of feature [160] in straight backed bladelets and rods). excavated area J6-46-14; 658.CH/297 – bottom spit of feature [160] in excavated area J6-46-14 Laboratory comment: see SUERC-12927 Objectives: the large hearth [160] in Area 11 is a very Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results important feature and a vertical sequence of dates through from the bottom spit, J6-46-14 (OxA-16921 and SUERC- the deposit is necessary to determine whether the hearth 12927) are not statistically consistent (T′=25.5; T′(5%)=3.8; represents one or more periods of activity. v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2007), the probable hearth [160] was unlike any of the others found on site because the seat of burning seemed to OxA–16934 7990 ±39 BP have been at the base of its 0.38m deep pit, at least from the evidence of the fire-reddened hardening of the otherwise δ13C: -27.7‰ ′ ′ clean sand below it. The only alternative explanation would Sample: 629.CH/375, submitted on 5 January 2007 by be that the small area of primary fill [203] which was N Branch comprised of burnt flints and hearthstone fragments, had been secondarily-deposited in the pit when still hot, although Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment there are Dutch parallels for such deep-seated hearths (L Farr 2006) (Groenendijk 1987, 98). The rest of the fill was Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from the predominantly of black sand, but with some burnt flints and uppermost spit of hearth feature [160] in Area 11, excavated uncommon struck flints. spit J6-45-8. Hearth was deeply buried under c 0.5m of Laboratory comment: English Heritage (29 January 2008), the five overlying deposits. Some rabbit-burrowing disturbance in the measurements from hearth [160] are not statistically consistent excavation area was noted, but this did not affect the (T′=50.3; v=4;T′(5%)=9.5;Ward and Wilson 1978). integrity of the hearth feature and no contamination from this later activity is anticipated. Prior to machine stripping, References: Groenendiijk 1987 the surface deposit consisted of a compacted dark greyish Ward and Wilson 1978 brown plough layer (c 0.3m). This overlay c 0.5m of reddish

100 Ribble Valley, Lancashire and North Yorkshire brown compacted gritty fine sand with scattered pieces of Material: charcoal (Maloideae sp., single fragment) chalk and flint and a variety of post-Mesolithic (L Farr 2006) archaeological matter. This horizon is underlain by a similar Initial comment: as OxA-16921 but slightly darker and greyer horizon, up to 0.2m in thickness [18]. Below this level the sand is much less Objectives: as OxA-16921 compacted and often free-running and predominantly light Calibrated date: 1σ: 7450–7190 cal BC grey or white with very variable and localised patterns of 2σ: 7470–7170 cal BC dark greyish or reddish brown staining [121]. The thickness of this horizon is variable and it passes down into un- Final comment: see OxA-16934 weathered lower Greensand. Laboratory comment: see OxA-16921 Objectives: as OxA-16921 Calibrated date: 1σ: 7050–6820 cal BC SUERC–13207 8235 ±35 BP σ 2 : 7060–6690 cal BC δ13C: -27.1‰ Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November Sample: 629.CH/761, submitted on 5 January 2007 by 2007), the result confirms the Mesolithic date of the feature, N Branch as suggested by the assemblage of microliths (very narrow straight backed bladelets and rods). Material: charcoal (Maloideae sp., single fragment) (L Farr 2006) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results from the uppermost spit; J6-45-8 (OxA-16934 and SUERC- Initial comment: as OxA-16934 ′ ′ 13207) are not statistically consistent (T =21.8; T (5%)=3.8; Objectives: as OxA-16934 v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Calibrated date: 1σ: 7340–7170 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2σ: 7450–7080 cal BC

SUERC–12926 8205 ±35 BP Final comment: N Branch and P Marshall (16 November 2007), the result confirms the Mesolithic date of the feature δ13C: -27.0‰ as suggested by the assemblage of microliths (very narrow straight backed bladelets and rods). Sample: 655.CH/380, submitted on 5 January 2007 by N Branch Laboratory comment: see OxA-16934 Material: charcoal (Maloideae sp., single fragment) (L Farr 2006) Ribble Valley, Lancashire Initial comment: the charcoal sample comes from the middle spit of hearth feature [160] in Area 11, excavated spit J6-46- and North Yorkshire 11. The hearth was deeply buried under c 0.5m of overlying Location: SD 81516527; SD 8748 5431; SD 7774 deposits. Some rabbit-burrowing disturbance in the 4717; SD 4589 2794 excavation area was noted, but this did not affect the Lat. 54.04.58 N; Long. 02.16.58 W, : Lat. integrity of the hearth feature and no contamination from 53.59.04 N; Long. 02.11.28 W: Lat. this later activity is anticipated. Prior to machine stripping, 53.55.12 N; Long. 02.20.20 W: Lat. the surface deposit consisted of a compacted dark greyish 53.44.41 N; Long. 02.49.14 W brown plough layer (c 0.3m). This overlay c 0.5m of reddish brown compacted gritty fine sand with scattered pieces of Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, chalk and flint and a variety of post-Mesolithic University of Liverpool), 2005–6 archaeological matter. This horizon is underlain by a similar Description: the Ribble is the largest river system in but slightly darker and greyer horizon, up to 0.2m in Lancashire, covering some 1320km2. The catchment extends thickness [18]. Below this level the sand is much less from the headwaters of the Hodder in the Forest of Bowland compacted and often free-running and predominantly light to the headwaters of the Ribble in the western Yorkshire grey or white with very variable and localised patterns of Dales. The current drainage network reflects the region’s dark greyish or reddish brown staining [121]. The thickness glacial legacy, with agressive erosion perhaps accentuated by of this horizon is variable and it passes down into un- glacial meltwaters capturing the Hodder headwaters at the weathered lower Greensand. expense of the formerly westward-draining Loud Valley. The Objectives: as OxA-16921 study area was selected so as to concentrate on areas of greatest soft aggregate (sand and gravel) mineral potential, to Calibrated date: 1σ: 7320–7080 cal BC follow on from the Lancashire Minerals and Waste Local 2σ: 7350–7070 cal BC Plan (LCC 2006), which targeted the post-Glacial river Final comment: see OxA-16934 terraces of the Ribble as a principal area of study. In order to understand fully the sequence of fluvial landform SUERC–12927 8270 ±35 BP development, detailed mapping and sediment studies were carried out at four study reaches within the lower Ribble, δ13C: -27.3‰ Calder, upper Ribble, and the Hodder sub-catchments. Sample: 658.CH/297, submitted on 5 January 2007 by Within each study reach, the strategy was to characterise the N Branch geomorphology of all river terraces and to ascertain the timing of channel abandonment at one or more

101 Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial fan 5, North Yorkshire palaeochannel site on each river terrace. For the lower Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Ribble, a multi-site approach was adopted, thus allowing the investigation of within-reach differences in fluvial Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial development. Additional hillslope alluvial fan studies were fan 5, North Yorkshire also carried out in the upper Ribble headwaters, with the aim of improving understanding of the timing of hillslope Location: SD 841822 erosion in the catchment and characterising the coupling Lat. 54.14.06 N; Long. 02.14.38 W relationship between hillslope and fluvial-system response. Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, Objectives: to undertake a comprehensive GIS-based survey University of Liverpool), 2005–6 of the late Quaternary and Holocene geomorphology, using Archival body: University of Liverpool a combination of field survey and LiDAR elevation data, and, expanding on previous work, thereby to identify and Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf clarify the fluvial and glaciofluvial landform sequence within headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at the Ribble. The project aimed to characterise the late-Glacial the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the and post-Glacial fluvial evolution of the Ribble river system, axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw identifying and constraining the phases of aggradation and (Wharfdale) Beck. incision, significant switches in the sediment supply and Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased transfer regime within the catchment, and linkages between gullying and alluvial fan progradation. the major components of the system. Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam 2007), the chronological model for the sequence in the Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the Ribble, including evidence from the reaches in the Calder most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which and Hodder systems shows broadly consistent timings of corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other valley incision and aggradation activity that fit the areas for example, the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell anticipated evolutionary model of river-floodplain et al 2007a). development consisting of: a) late-Glacial to early Holocene aggradation (Calder Terrace T1; no dated lower Ribble References: Chiverrell et al 2007a equivalent, but probably T1) related to the reworking of abundant glacigenic sediments under a cold climatic regime OxA–16354 198 ±27 BP and a sparsely vegetated landscape; b) prolonged valley floor δ13C: -28.6‰ stability from the early to mid-Holocene, a time of climatic improvement and forest invasion; c) heightened rates of Sample: OB 5 at the Alluvial Fan 5 confluence, submitted in vertical and lateral instability during the late Holocene July 2006 by R Chiverrell period of cultural expansion. However, the geochronological Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) data also provide evidence for subtle between-reach (R Chiverrell 2006) differences in the timing of valley geomorphic responses. For example, there appears to have been a significant lag in the Initial comment: the material is a 0.2m thick Molinea timing of incision into T2 deposits and the ending of (?)/Bryophyte peat deposit that is buried beneath 0.5m of aggradation between reaches. This evidence appears to show alluvial fan fluvial medium-coarse gravel. The buried peat is lag times that reflect early aggradation in downstream entirely separated from surface peat and soils, with no reaches and a possible upstream transmission of this early evidence of roots penetrating the fan gravels, and so the plant post-Glacial switch from an incising to aggrading regime. macrofossils in the buried peat can be regarded as entirely in Sediment supply is not the only factor driving the system, situ regardless of whether they are root, leaf, or stem. and the periods of Ribble aggradation leading to the development of Terraces T3 and T4 were also, however, Objectives: this location is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf synchronous with hydro-climatic deterioration in north-west headwaters. This is one of ten alluvial fans that have England and it therefore seems likely that the late Holocene accumulated at the confluences between valley-sided gully fluvial system was also highly responsive to the combination networks and the axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and of climatic and anthropogenic environmental change Oughtershaw (Wharfdale) Beck. Episodes of increased (Coulthard et al 2005). Significantly, this apparent in-phase gullying and alluvial fan progradation often coincide or pre- relationship between climatic forcing and sediment response date alluviation further downstream reflecting a response to is only apparent during the last 3000 years. It is thus the greater availability of sediment. Understanding the possible that human activity, by increasing the connectivity sequence of geomorphic change on the upland hillslopes of between the catchment slopes and channel systems, has different parts of river catchments is crucial, because of the heightened the sensitivity of the Ribble fluvial system to importance of anthropogenic activity (changes in farming centennial scale hydro-climatic variability. intensity and woodland clearance) to hillslope stability. The main phases of hillslope instability are likely to be associated References: Chiverrell et al 2007a with Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and medieval Chiverrell et al 2007b expansions in rural population and agricultural activity in Coulthard et al 2005 northwest England. Any spatial differences in the pattern Lancashire County Council (LCC) 2006 and timing of increased delivery of sediment from upland hillslopes between the Hodder and upper Ribble would be important for understanding the evolution of the system.

102 Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial fan 7, North Yorkshire

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* OxA–16353 3170 ±31 BP 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* δ13C: -27.3‰ Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Sample: OB 6/1 at the Alluvial Fan 6 confluence, submitted 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which corresponds to Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) the most recent phase identified in other areas such as, the (R Chiverrell 2006) Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Initial comment: the datable material is from a 10m thick Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two woody organic-rich peat deposit that is buried beneath radiocarbon measurements on this sample (OxA-16354 and 0.45m of alluvial fan fluvial medium-coarse gravel. The OxA-16355 are statistically consistent (T′=0.4; T′(5%)=3.8; buried peat is entirely separated from surface peat and soils, ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean is 210 ±19 with no evidence of roots penetrating the fan gravels, and so BP (cal AD 1640–1955*; Reimer et al 2004). the plant macrofossils in the buried peat can be regarded as entirely in situ and to have died during the progradation of References: Chiverrell et al 2007a alluvial fan gravels. Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Objectives: this location is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf headwaters. This is one of ten alluvial fans that have OxA–16355 221 ±26 BP accumulated at the confluence between valley-sided gully networks and the axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and δ13 C: -28.1‰ Oughtershaw (Wharfdale) Beck. The episodes of increased Sample: OB 5 at the Alluvial Fan 5 confluence, submitted in gullying and alluvial fan progradation often coincide or pre- July 2006 by R Chiverrell date alluviation further downstream, reflecting a response to the greater availability of sediment. Understanding the Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) sequence of geomorphic change on the upland hillslopes of (R Chiverrell 2006) different parts of river catchments is crucial, because of the Initial comment: replicate of OxA-16354 importance of anthropogenic activity (changes in farming intensity and woodland clearance) to hillslope stability. The Objectives: as OxA-16354 main phases of hillslope instability are likely to be associated Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1650–1955* with Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and medieval 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* expansions in rural population and agricultural activity in northwest England. Any spatial differences in the pattern Final comment: see OxA-16354 and timing of increased delivery of sediment from upland Laboratory comment: see OxA-16354 hillslopes between the Hodder and upper Ribble would be important for understanding the evolution of the system. Calibrated date: 1σ: 1500–1410 cal BC Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and 2σ: 1510–1390 cal BC Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November fan 6, North Yorkshire 2007), although only providing a terminus post quem for increased gullying and alluvial fan progadation, the date Location: SD 839822 broadly coincides with phases of hillslope instability in the Lat. 54.14.06 N; Long. 02.14.49 W wider North West during the Iron Age and into the Romano- British period (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, University of Liverpool), 2005–6 References: Chiverrell et al 2007a Archival body: University of Liverpool Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw fan 7, North Yorkshire (Wharfdale) Beck. Location: SD 838822 Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased Lat. 54.14.06 N; Long. 02.14.55 W gullying and alluvial fan progradation. Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November University of Liverpool), 2005–6 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most part Archival body: University of Liverpool very recent, during the last 500 years, which corresponds to Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf the most recent phase identified in other areas for example, headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et al 2007a). the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the References: Chiverrell et al 2007a axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw (Wharfdale) Beck.

103 Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial fan 8, North Yorkshire

Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and gullying and alluvial fan progradation. Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, alluvial Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November fan 8, North Yorkshire 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the Location: SD 837822 most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which Lat. 54.14.06 N; Long. 02.15.00 W corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other areas for example, the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), et al 2007a). 2005–6 References: Chiverrell et al 2007a Archival body: University of Liverpool Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf OxA–16373 398 ±29 BP headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the δ13C: -29.7‰ axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw Sample: OB 7/1 at the Alluvial Fan 7 confluence, submitted (Wharfdale) Beck. in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) gullying and alluvial fan progradation. (R Chiverrell 2006) Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Initial comment: the material is from a 0.3m thick organic- 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam rich peat deposit that is buried beneath 0.6m of alluvial fan Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most fluvial medium-coarse gravel. The buried peat is entirely part very recent, during the last 500 years, which corresponds separated from surface peat and soils, with no evidence of to the most recent phase identified in other areas for example, roots penetrating the fan gravels, and so the plant the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Two of macrofossils in the buried peat can be regarded as entirely in the sites, Oughtershaw Beck alluvial fans 8 and 6, provide situ and to have died during the progradation of alluvial fan evidence for earlier instability with alluvial fan progradation gravels. and coincident gully incision constrained to after cal AD 780–990 (OxA-16372) and after 1500–1390 cal BC (OxA- Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for the deposition 16353) respectively.Whilst these only provide termini post quem of alluvial fan 7. for increased gullying and alluvial fan progradation the timings Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1440–1610 broadly coincide with phases of hillslope instability in the wider 2σ: cal AD 1430–1620 North West during the Iron Age and into the Romano-British period at 800 cal BC–cal AD 250 and during the period cal Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November AD 700–1250 (Chiverrell et al 2007a). 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the References: Chiverrell et al 2007a most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other OxA–16372 1138 ±30 BP areas, such as the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell δ13 et al 2007a). C: -28.1‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two Sample: OB 8/2 at the Alluvial Fan 8 confluence, submitted measurements from this sample (OxA-16373 and OxA- in July 2006 by R Chiverrell 16560) are not statistically consistent (T′=24.8; T′(5%)=6.0; Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (sedge) ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). (R Chiverrell 2006) References: Chiverrell et al 2007a Initial comment: the material is from the top 50mm of a 0.75m Ward and Wilson 1978 thick monocotyledonous peat deposit that is buried beneath 0.4m of alluvial fluvial medium-coarse gravel.The buried peat is OxA–16560 201 ±27 BP entirely separated from surface peat and soils, with no evidence of roots penetrating the fan gravels, and so the plant macrofossils δ13C: -30.0‰ in the buried peat can be regarded as entirely in situ and to have Sample: OB 7/1 at the Alluvial Fan 7 confluence, submitted died during the progradation of alluvial fan gravels. in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for the deposition Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot, leaves of Alluvial fan 8. and ?stems) (R Chiverrell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 880–970 Initial comment: as OxA-16373 2σ: cal AD 780–990 Objectives: as OxA-16373 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), although only providing a terminus post quem for σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 1660–1955* increased gullying and alluvial fan progadation the date σ 2 : cal AD 1640–1955* broadly coincides with phases of hillslope instability in the Final comment: see OxA-16373 wider North West during the early Medieval period (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Laboratory comment: see OxA-16373 References: Chiverrell et al 2007a

104 Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Hazelbank Gill confluence, North Yorkshire

Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Description: geomorphic mapping of the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve identified ten coupled alluvial Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Cold fan and gully settings where exposures showed organic Keld confluence, North Yorkshire deposits (peat and soils) underlying alluvial fan gravels. This series of alluvial fans offers an opportunity for characterising Location: SD 834822 headwater hillslope instability in upper Ribblesdale and Lat. 54.14.06 N; Long. 02.15.17 W Wharfdale, and as such would be a wider barometer of Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), hillslope erosion and sediment flux to both river systems. 2005–6 This in an area with a stronger record of Roman influence (Cam High Road) and Anglo-Saxon woodland clearances Archival body: University of Liverpool than in other parts of the catchment. Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf Objectives: in order to understand the timing of alluvial fan headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at development at the end of gully networks incised into the the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the hillslopes of the Upper Ribble, samples were submitted from axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw nine alluvial fan sites at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw (Wharfdale) Beck. Beck interfluve. As the samples all come from organic-rich Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased peat deposits buried beneath alluvial fan gravels, they only gullying and alluvial fan progradation. provide termini post quem for increased gullying and alluvial fan progradation. Generating a chronology for this reach Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November would also give an overview of hillslope instability phases 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam and increased sediment transfer to the fluvial system for both Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the the upper Ribble and upper Wharf, and highlight whether most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which there are discrepancies in anthropogenic forcing of hillslope corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other destabilisation between regions. areas, such as the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), the results suggest that hillslope instability at the Cam References: Chiverrell et al 2007a Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which OxA–16352 147 ±26 BP corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other areas, such as the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et δ13C: -27.6‰ al 2007a). Two of the sites, Oughtershaw Beck alluvial fans 8 Sample: OB 9/2 at the Cold Keld confluence, submitted in and 6, provide evidence for earlier instability, with alluvial July 2006 by R Chiverrell fan progradation and coincident gully incision constrained to after cal AD 780–990 (OxA-16372) and after 1500–1390 cal Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) (R BC (OxA-16353) respectively.Whilst these only provide Chiverrell 2006) termini post quem for increased gullying and alluvial fan Initial comment: the material is from a 0.1m thick peat progradation, the timings broadly coincide with phases of deposit that is buried beneath 0.5m of alluvial fan fluvial hillslope instability in the wider North West during the Iron medium-coarse gravel. The buried peat is entirely separated Age and into the Romano-British period at 800 cal BC–cal from surface peat and soils, with no evidence of roots AD 250 and during the period cal AD 700–1250 (Chiverrell penetrating the fan gravels, and so the plant macrofossils in et al 2007a). the buried peat can be regarded as entirely in situ and to References: Chiverrell et al 2007a have died during the progradation of alluvial fan gravels.

Objectives: as OxA-16560 OxA–16600 348 ±27 BP

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* δ13C: -26.0‰ 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* Sample: OB1 at the Hazelbank Gill confluence, submitted in Final comment: see OxA-16560 July 2006 by R Chiverrell Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified twig) Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and (R Chiverrell 2006) Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Initial comment: the material is from an organic-rich peat deposit that is buried beneath alluvial fan fluvial medium- Hazelbank Gill confluence, North coarse gravel. The buried peat is entirely separated from Yorkshire surface peat and soils, with no evidence of roots penetrating the fan gravels, and so the plant macrofossils in the buried Location: SD 864820 peat can be regarded as entirely in situ. Lat. 54.14.00 N; Long. 02.12.31 W Objectives: this location is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), headwaters. This is one of ten alluvial fans that have 2005–6 accumulated at the confluences between valley-side gully networks and the axial streams of Cam and Oughtershaw Archival body: University of Liverpool Becks. The inception of alluvial fans at the end of gully networks incised into the drift-mantled hillslopes of upland

105 Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Mireing Gill confluence, North Yorkshire north-west Britain have long been attributed to human Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and activity. The episodes of increased gullying and alluvial fan progradation often coincide or pre-date alluviation further Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Pot downstream, reflecting a response to the greater availability Close Gill, North Yorkshire of sediment. Understanding the sequence of geomorphic change on the upland hillslopes of different parts of river Location: SD 831821 catchments is crucial, because of the importance of Lat. 54.14.03 N; Long. 02.15.34 W anthropogenic activity (changes in farming and woodland Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), clearance) to hillslope stability. The main phase of hillslope 2005–6 instability are likely to be associated with Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and medieval expansions in rural Archival body: University of Liverpool population and agricultural activity in north-west England. Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf Any spatial differences in the pattern and timing of increased headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at delivery of sediment from upland hillslopes between the the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the Hodder and upper Ribble would be important for axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw understanding the evolution of the system. (Wharfdale) Becks. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1470–1640 Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased 2σ: cal AD 1450–1650 gullying and alluvial fan progradation. In order to Final comment: see OxA-16560 understand the timing of alluvial fan development at the end of gully networks incised into the hillslopes of the Upper Ribble, samples were submitted from nine alluvial fan sites at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve. As the Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and samples all come from organic-rich peat deposits buried Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, beneath alluvial fan gravels, they only provide termini post Mireing Gill confluence, North quem for increased gullying and alluvial fan progradation. Generating a chronology for this reach would also give an Yorkshire overview of hillslope instability phases and increased sediment transfer to the fluvial system for both the upper Location: SD 860820 Ribble and upper Wharf, and highlight whether there are Lat. 54.14.00 N; Long. 02.12.53 W discrepancies in anthropogenic forcing of hillslope Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), destabilisation between regions. 2005–6 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Archival body: University of Liverpool 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the areas, such as the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell axial streams of Cam and Oughtershaw Becks. et al 2007a). Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased References: Chiverrell et al 2007a gullying and alluvial fan progradation.

Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November OxA–16351 620 ±28 BP 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most part δ13C: -28.0‰ very recent, during the last 500 years, which corresponds to Sample: OB 10/1 at the Pot Close Gill confluence, submitted the most recent phase identified in other areas, such as the in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell et al 2007a). Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) References: Chiverrell et al 2007a (R Chiverrell 2006) Initial comment: the materials from the top 50mm of a 0.75m OxA–16559 357 ±27 BP thick monocotyledonous peat deposit that is buried beneath δ13C: -24.7‰ 0.25m of alluvial fan fluvial medium-coarse gravel. The buried peat is entirely separated from surface peat and soils, Sample: OB 2/2 at the Mireing Gill confluence, submitted in with no evidence of roots penetrating the fan gravels. Thus July 2006 by R Chiverrell the plant macrofossils in the buried peat can be regarded as Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (moss) in situ, and as dying during the progradation of alluvial fan (R Chiverrell 2006) gravels. Initial comment: as OxA-16600 Objectives: in order to understand the timing of alluvial fan development at the end of gully networks incised into the Objectives: as OxA-16600 hillslopes of the Upper Ribble, samples were submitted from Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1460–1640 nine alluvial fan sites at the Cam Beck and Oughtershaw 2σ: cal AD 1450–1640 Beck interfluve. As the samples all come from organic-rich peat deposits buried beneath alluvial fan gravels, they only Final comment: see OxA-16560 provide termini post quem for increased gullying and alluvial

106 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 1, core 5, Lancashire fan progradation. Generating a chronology for this reach Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 1, would also give an overview of hillslope instability phases and increased sediment transfer to the fluvial system for both core 5, Lancashire the upper Ribble and upper Wharf, and highlight whether Location: SD 728367 there are discrepancies in anthropogenic forcing of hillslope Lat. 53.49.32 N; Long. 02.24.48 W destabilisation between regions. Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 1290–1400 2005–6 2σ: cal AD 1280–1410 Archival body: University of Liverpool Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), although only providing a terminus post quem for Description: the Lancashire Calder rising in the Pennines is increased gullying and alluvial fan progadation, the date one of the three substantial headwater tributaries of the broadly coincides with phases of hillslope instability in the Ribble. The Calder meander loop at Whalley provided the wider North West during the early medieval period opportunity to secure data on the rates of change within (Chiverrell et al 2007a). terraces 1 to 4. Core CAL/C5 from terrace 1 allowed the submission of a series of samples from a sequence through a References: Chiverrell et al 2007a palaeochannel. The sediments underlying terrace T1 (core CAL/C5) are a basal grey minerogenic clay rhythmite, interpreted as a deglaciation-stage glaciolacustrine deltaic Ribble Valley: Cam Beck and bottom-set style deposit. The rhythmite gives way to a peaty Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Swarth alluvium, the upper part of which contains two discrete layers formed of sandy flood beds, in turn buried by Gill confluence, North Yorkshire bioturbated laminated silty clays, indicative of low-energy flood deposition. Location: SD 846823 Lat. 54.14.10 N; Long. 02.14.11 W Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for reconstruction of the fluvial history of the lower Calder. Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), 2005–6 Final comment: R Chiverell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), a late Devensian surface which aggraded to 7m above Archival body: University of Liverpool modern base level after incision into glaciolacustrine bottom- Description: the site is an upland alluvial fan in the Wharf set deposits. The fluvial setting is likely to have been a cold- headwaters, one of ten alluvial fans that have accumulated at stage braided system. Post-T1 incision is estimated to have the confluence between valley-side gully networks and the occurred in 8580–3720 cal BC (Event 1/2; fig 94; Chiverrell et axial streams of Cam (Ribblesdale) and Oughtershaw al 2007b). Terrace T1 appears to be a correlative of lower (Wharfdale) Beck. Ribble Terrace T1. Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased References: Chiverrell et al 2007b gullying and alluvial fan progradation. Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November OxA–15709 9955 ±50 BP 2007), the result suggests that hillslope instability at the Cam δ13C: -26.8‰ Beck (Ribble) and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve is for the most part very recent, during the last 500 years, which Sample: CAL/C5 25.0–2.45m (A), submitted in February corresponds to the most recent phase identified in other 2006 by R Chiverrell areas, such as the Bowland and Howgill Fells (Chiverrell Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified twigs) et al 2007a). (E Huckerby and R Chiverrell 2006) References: Chiverrell et al 2007a Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from peaty sand-rich alluvium overlying a 0.75m thick peat deposit. The OxA–16371 90 ±27 BP sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C5) on Calder Terrace 1. The surface geomorphology suggests the setting is δ13C: -27.9‰ a palaeochannel. The sedimentary sequence comprises a Sample: OB 4 at the Swarth Gill confluence, submitted in thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites, which are July 2006 by R Chiverrell buried by 0.75m of woody peat. Overlying the peat are 0.45m of sandy organic-rich flood laminations, which in turn Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) are buried by finer grained overbank-style flood-laminated (R Chiverrell 2006) alluvium. The sample is taken from the basal peat deposits at Initial comment: as OxA-16600 2.50–2.45m. The peat deposit overlies a thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites and is buried by a further 1.75m Objectives: to provide a terminus post quem for increased of flood-laminated sands, silts, and clays. Downwards root gullying and alluvial fan progradation. penetration is possibly within woody peat deposits of this Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1690–1955* nature, as is the migration of different organic fractions, 2σ: cal AD 1680–1955* particularly fulvic acids. At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.5m beneath the surface, and based on iron Final comment: see OxA-16600 and manganese discolouration probable oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. Materials are locally derived and equivalent in age to the deposit.

107 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 1, core 5, Lancashire

Objectives: the datable material was sampled from core is in situ, locally derived and equivalent in age to the deposit. CAL/C5 of Clader Terrace 1. The materials are peat deposit Objectives: the datable material was sampled from core that underlies a sequence of flood-laminated sands. The CAL/C5 of Calder Terrace 1. The materials are peat deposit samples are in situ organic materials from the base of the that underlies a sequence of flood-laminated sands. The peat sequence. The age estimate is a range-finder date to samples are in situ organic materials from the top of the peat secure the age of the base of the peat sequence. sequence. The age estimate is a range-finder date to secure Calibrated date: 1σ: 9460–9310 cal BC the age of the top of the peat sequence. 2σ: 9740–9290 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 8800–8650 cal BC Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2σ: 9110–8620 cal BC 2007), the result provides an estimate for the date of the Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November base of the peat sequence. 2007), the result provides a date for the top of the peat Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the three sequence. measurements from this sample (OxA-15709, OxA-15710, and SUERC-10645) are statistically consistent (T′=0.6; ν=2; OxA–15883 7685 ±50 BP T′(5%)=6.0; Ward and Wilson 1978). δ13C: -28.2‰ References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: CAL/C5 1.12–1.17m, submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell OxA–15710 9935 ±50 BP Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample) δ13C: -27.1‰ (E Huckerby 2006) Sample: CAL/C5 2.50–2.45m, submitted in February 2006 Initial comment: the materials are a thin palaeosoil from sand- by R Chiverrell rich alluvium overlying a 0.75m thick peat deposit. The Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified twigs) sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C5) on Calder (E Huckerby and R Chiverrell 2006) Terrace 1. The surface geomorphology suggests the setting is a palaeochannel. The sedimentary sequence comprises a Initial comment: replicate of OxA-15709 thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites, which are Objectives: as OxA-15709 buried by 0.75m of woody peat. Overlying the peat are 0.45m of sandy organic-rich flood laminations, which in turn Calibrated date: 1σ: 9450–9300 cal BC are buried by finer overbank-style flood-laminated alluvium. 2σ: 9660–9280 cal BC The sample is taken from a soil overlying the uppermost Final comment: see OxA-15709 sand flood layer at 1.12–1.17m. The materials are in situ, and so are locally derived and are likely to be similar in age to Laboratory comment: see OxA-15709 the flood deposit. The overlying fine-grained flood laminations are intact, which denotes little or no downwards OxA–15749 9450 ±45 BP penetration of organic materials. The datable material comes δ13C: -26.9‰ from the uppermost flood layer of a sequence of floods, which is buried by 0.75m of flood laminated silts and clays. Sample: CAL/C5 1.7–1.75m (A), submitted in February At the time of sampling the water table was 0.50m beneath 2006 by R Chiverrell the surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration Material: waterlogged wood: Salix/Populus sp., single probably oscillates around 0.50–0.75m below the surface. fragment (R Gale 2006) Objectives: at this location the setting, a river terrace, and the Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from peaty sediments reveal a sequence of flooding probably related to sand-rich alluvium overlying a 0.75m thick peat deposit. The active channel flow.The sequence of flood laminations sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C5) on Calder overlies a peat deposit, which reflects an episode of stability. Terrace 1. The surface geomorphology suggests the setting is The dated horizon provides the latest age estimate for active a palaeochannel. The sedimentary sequence comprises a channel sediment transport to affect this fluvial surface. The thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites, which are samples are a buried soil immediately overlying the buried by 0.75m of woody peat. Overlying the peat are uppermost sandy flood layers of the first terrace of the 0.45m of sandy organic-rich flood-laminations, which in Calder river terrace sequence at Whalley, prior to the switch turn are buried by finer grained overbank style flood to finer-grained alluvial overbank-style flooding. The laminated alluvium. The sample is taken from the uppermost radiocarbon date will secure flood activity immediately prior peat deposits at 1.75–1.70m, which was sealed beneath to terrace abandonment and so provides a latest age estimate 0.45m of flood laminated sands. The peat deposit overlies a for terrace abandonment. thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites and is buried Calibrated date: 1σ: 6600–6460 cal BC by a further 1.75m of flood-laminated sands, silts and clays. 2σ: 6640–6440 cal BC Downwards root penetration is possible within woody peat deposits of this nature, as is the migration of different Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November organic fractions, particularly fulvic acids. At the time of 2007), the result, from the upper dated horizon from the sampling the water table was at 0.50m beneath the surface, base of the silty-clays, provides a constraint for the end of and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably peat accumulation and date for the the last flood inundation oscillates around 0.50–0.75m below the surface. The sample of c 6640–6440 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004).

108 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 2, core 6, Lancashire

Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two grained alluvial overbank-style flooding. The radiocarbon measurements (OxA-15883 and OxA-15884) are not date will secure flood activity immediately prior to terrace statistically consistent (T′=33.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and abandonment and so provides a minimum age estimate for Wilson 1978). terrace abandonment. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Calibrated date: 1σ: 8710–8570 cal BC 2σ: 8750–8540 cal BC OxA–15884 7315 ±40 BP Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November δ13C: -27.5‰ 2007), the result provides a date for flood activity immediately prior to terrace abandonment and so also gives Sample: CAL/C5 1.12–1.17m, submitted in February 2006 a minimum age estimate for terrace abandonment. by R Chiverrell Laboratory comment: English Heritage, a second sample from Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) this level failed to produce a sufficient carbon for dating. (E Huckerby 2006) Initial comment: as OxA-15883 SUERC–10645 9985 ±40 BP Objectives: as OxA-15883 δ13C: -27.0‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 6230–6090 cal BC Sample: CAL/C5 2.5–2.45m (B), submitted in February 2σ: 6250–6060 cal BC 2006 by R Chiverrell Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (seeds): 2007), the result, from the upper dated horizon from the Potamogeton sp.; Carex sp.; Eleocharis sp.; Ranunculus base of the silty-clays provides a constraint for the end of flammula (E Huckerby and R Chiverrell 2006) peat accumulation and adate for the the last flood Initial comment: as OxA-15709 inundation of c 6250–6060 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). Objectives: as OxA-15709 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15883 Calibrated date: 1σ: 9660–9360 cal BC References: Reimer et al 2004 2σ: 9750–9310 cal BC

SUERC–10644 9365 ±40 BP Final comment: see OxA-15709

δ13C: -26.9‰ Laboratory comment: see OxA-15709 Sample: CAL/C5 1.61–1.56m (B), submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 2, Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (bud scales) core 6, Lancashire (E Huckerby 2006) Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from peaty Location: SD 728366 sand-rich alluvium overlying a 0.75m thick peat deposit. The Lat. 53.49.29 N; Long. 02.24.48 W sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C5) on Calder Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), Terrace 1. The surface geomorphology suggests the setting is 2005–6 a palaeochannel. The sedimentary sequence comprises a thick sequence of glacio-lacustrine rhythmites, which are Archival body: University of Liverpool buried by 0.75m of woody peat. Overlying the peat are Description: a back-terrace palaeochannel on terrace T2, and 0.35m of sandy organic-rich flood laminations, which in turn probably one of the earliest to be both abandoned as the are buried by finer grained overbank style flood laminated active channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. alluvium. The sample is taken from the basal sand flood layer at 1.61–1.56m above the peat deposit. The materials Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for are in situ, and so are locally derived and are likely to be reconstruction of the fluvial history of the lower Calder. similar in age to the flood deposit. The overlying flood Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November laminations are intact, which denotes little or no downwards 2007), a cycle of cut and fill (depth c 3m) is responsible for penetration of organic materials. At the time of sampling the the formation of Terrace T2 (height relative to the current water table was at 0.5m beneath the surface, and based on river c 5.5m). Its development involved meandering iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates channels, and post-T2 incision is estimated at c 3660–1030 around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. cal BC (Event 2/3; fig 94; Chiverrell et al 2007b). Objectives: at this location, the setting, a river terrace (Calder References: Chiverrell et al 2007b 1), and the sediments reveal a sequence of flooding probably related to active channel flow.The sequence of flood OxA–15745 4965 ±34 BP laminations overlies a peat deposit which reflects an episode of stability. The dated horizon provides an early age estimate δ13C: -27.8‰ for active channel sediment transport to affect this fluvial Sample: CAL/C6 1.03–1.09m (A), submitted in February surface. The samples are organic detritus from within the 2006 by R Chiverrell basal flood layers (core CAL/C5) on terrace 1 of the Calder river terrace sequence at Whalley, prior to the switch to finer- Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (alder catkins/seeds) (E Huckerby 2006)

109 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 2, core 6, Lancashire

Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from an material comes from the basal flood layer which overlies organic-rich silty clay palaeosoil towards the top of a (erosive contact) a thick sequence of glaciolacustrine sequence of laminated coarse to medium sand flood rhythmites. At the time of sampling the water table was at deposits. The sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C6) 0.4m beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below expression on Calder Terrace 2. The surface geomorphology the surface. reveals the setting is a palaeochannel. The sample is taken Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace from towards the top of the palaeochannel fill, targeting a palaeochannel, and probably one of the earliest to be both flood layer at 1.03–1.09m. The materials are detrital rather abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by than in situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from locally derived, and are likely to be similar in age to the flood within the basal flood layers (core CAL/C6) of a deposit. The dateable material comes from a sandy flood palaeochannel fill on the terrace 2 of the Calder river terrace layer buried by further finer-grained flood laminations. sequence at Whalley. The radiocarbon date will secure Downwards root penetration is unlikely given the deposits channel activity immediately prior to abandonment and are sealed beneath intact flood laminations. At the time of provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. sampling the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably Calibrated date: 1σ: 3710–3650 cal BC oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. 2σ: 3770–3630 cal BC Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November palaeochannel, probably one of the earliest to be both 2007), the result provides a date for channel activity abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by immediately prior to its abandonment and a minimum age flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from estimate for terrace abandonment. towards the top of the flood sequence of a palaeochannel fill Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two (core CAL/C6) on the second terrace of the Calder river measurements (OxA-15746 and SUERC-10647) from terrace sequence at Whalley. The underlying deposits are a organic detritus within the basal flood layer that overlies series of flood-laminated alternations from coarse to medium (with an erosive contact) a thick sequence of glaciolacustrine grain-sized sands, and so the radiocarbon date will secure rhythmites are statistically consistent (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; the last major flood to affect this former channel and provide ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) and could therefore be of the a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. same age. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3790–3700 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2σ: 3900–3650 cal BC

Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November SUERC–10646 4925 ±35 BP 2007), given the nature of the underlying deposits, a series of flood-laminated alternations from coarse to medium grain- δ13C: -29.4‰ sized sands, the radiocarbon result secures the date of the Sample: CAL/C6 1.03–1.09m (B), submitted in February last major flood to affect this former channel and also 2006 by R Chiverrell provides a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. Material: waterlogged wood: Corylus sp., twigs Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two (E Huckerby 2006) measurements from this level (OxA-15745 and SUERC- 10646) are statistically consistent (T′=0.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Initial comment: as OxA-15745 Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: as OxA-15745 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3710–3650 cal BC 2σ: 3790–3640 cal BC OxA–15746 4909 ±35 BP Final comment: see OxA-15745 δ13C: -26.0‰ Laboratory comment: see OxA-15745 Sample: CAL/C6 3.12–3.17m (A), submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell SUERC–10647 4900 ±35 BP

Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (alder catkins) δ13C: -27.3‰ (E Huckerby 2006) Sample: CAL/C6 3.12–3.07m (B), submitted in February Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from the 2006 by R Chiverrell base of a sequence of coarse sand flood deposits. The sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C6) located in the Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (hazelnut shells) centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression on Calder (E Huckerby 2006) Terrace 2. The surface geomorphology reveals the setting is a Initial comment: as OxA-15746 palaeochannel. The sample is taken from the base of the palaeochannel fill, targeting the basal sand flood layer at Objectives: as OxA-15746 3.12–3.17m. The materials are detrital rather than in situ, Calibrated date: 1σ: 3710–3640 cal BC but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally derived, 2σ: 3760–3630 cal BC and are likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. The flood laminations are intact, which denotes little or no Final comment: see OxA-15746 downwards penetration of organic materials. The dateable Laboratory comment: see OxA-15746

110 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 3, core 4, Lancashire

Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 3, Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably one of the earliest to be both core 4, Lancashire abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by Location: SD 725360 flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from Lat. 53.49.10 N; Long. 02.25.04 W towards the top of the flood sequence of a palaeochannel fill (core CAL/C4) on terrace 3 of the Calder river terrace Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, sequence at Whalley. The underlying deposits are a series of University of Liverpool), 2005–6 flood-laminated alternations between flood sands and slack Archival body: University of Liverpool water silts and clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the last major flood to affect this former channel and provide Description: a back-terrace palaeochannel, which was a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. probably one of the earliest to be both abandoned and σ affected by flood inundation on terrace T3. Core CAL/C4 Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 710–810 σ shows a transition from basal cohesive glacial diamict to 2 : cal AD 680–890 coarse channel gravel, and an upward transition to laminated Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November clayey silts, reflecting a change from in-channel to 2007), as the underlying deposits are a series of flood- backwater-style sedimentation. laminated alternations between flood sands and slack water Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for silts and clays, the radiocarbon date allows an estimate of the reconstruction of the fluvial history of the lower Calder. age of the last major flood to affect this former channel and provides a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), a further cut and fill (depth c 2.5m) cycle led to the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two formation of Terrace T3 (height relative to the current river measurements (SUERC-10664 and OxA-15744) from c 4m), with the deposits composed of fine-grained alluvium. (0.93-0.8m) near the top of the flood sequence of the ′ The terrace surface displays meandering channels, fills palaeochannel fill are statistically consistent (T =3.1; ′ ν having been dated between 970 cal BC and cal AD 490 T (5%)=3.8; =1;Ward and Wilson 1978). (Event 3/4; Chiverrell et al 2007b, fig 7), with flood- References: Ward and Wilson 1978 generated sedimentation continuing in Terrace T3 palaeochannels until at least cal AD 650–890. SUERC–10664 1315 ±35 BP References: Chiverrell et al 2007b δ13C: -26.8‰

OxA–15744 1237 ±27 BP Sample: CAL/C4 0.93–0.80m (B), submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell δ13C: -28.9‰ Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment Sample: CAL/C4 0.93–0.80m (A), submitted in February (R Gale 2006) 2006 by R Chiverrell Initial comment: as OxA-15744 Material: waterlogged wood: Salix sp., single fragment (E Huckerby 2006) Objectives: as OxA-15744 σ Initial comment: the dated material is organic detritus from Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 660–770 σ an organic-rich silty clay palaeosoil towards the top of a 2 : cal AD 650–780 sequence of laminated coarse sand to silt and clay flood Final comment: see OxA-15744 deposits. The sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C4) located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface Laboratory comment: see OxA-15744 expression on Calder terrace 3. The surface geomorphology reveals the setting is a palaeochannel. The sample is taken SUERC–10665 2840 ±35 BP from towards the top of the palaeochannel fill, targeting a δ13C: -27.0‰ flood layer at 0.92m. The materials are in situ soil and plant matter, probably locally derived, and are likely to be similar Sample: CAL/C4 2.33–2.45m (B), submitted in February in age to the flood deposit. The flood-laminations are intact, 2006 by R Chiverrell which denotes little or no downwards penetration of organic Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (bark, single materials, and are buried and sealed towards the top of a 2m fragment) (R Gale 2006) thick sequence of flood-laminated sand, silt, and clay. The datable material come from a palaeosoil buried by further Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from the base fine-grained flood-laminations. Downwards root penetration of a sequence of coarse sand to gravel flood deposits. The is unlikely, given the deposits are sealed beneath intact flood sequence was sampled from a core (CAL/C4) located in the laminations. At the time of sampling the water table was at centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression on the 0.25m beneath the surface, and based on iron and third Calder terrace. The surface geomorphology reveals the manganese discolouration probably oscillates around setting is a palaeochannel. The sample is taken from the base 0.5–0.75m below the surface. Neither sample is definitively of the palaeochannel fill targeting the basal gravels at in situ, but organic flood trash of this type, where the 2.45–2.33m. The material is detrital rather than in situ, but it character of plant remains (cell and tissue structure) is still comprises soft plant matter, probably locally derived and is discernible, is unlikely to predate the flood by more than likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. The flood 10–20 years. laminations are intact, which denotes little or no downwards

111 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 4, bank and peat, Lancashire penetration of organic materials. The datable material comes References: Chiverrell et al 2007b from the basal flood layer, and is buried by a further 2m of flood-laminated sands, silts, and clays. At the time of OxA–15684 1398 ±27 BP sampling the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably δ13C: -30.5‰ oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. Organic Sample: CALD peat section 00–20mm (A), submitted in flood trash of this type, where the character of plant remains February 2006 by R Chiverrell (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, is unlikely to pre-date the flood by more than 10–20 years. Material: waterlogged wood (twig) (E Huckerby 2006) Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace Initial comment: the peat sequence was sampled from cut palaeochannel, and probably one of the earliest to be both exposures in the banks of the Calder near Whalley. The bank abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by section peat profile targeted a 0.26m thick peat than overlies flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from bar form gravels. This sample is taken from the base within the basal flood layers (core CAL/C4) of a (00–20mm) of this 0.26m thick peat sequence overlying palaeochannel fill on the third terrace of the Calder river coarse river gravels, which in turn are buried by a sequence terrace sequence at Whalley. The samples are organic of flood silts and clays. The peat has formed over the bar materials from the base of the flood sequence. The gravels, probably encouraged by the saturated conditions, radiocarbon date will secure channel activity immediately and is composed of in situ plant remains and so the organic prior to abandonment and provide an age estimate for materials are in situ rather than detrital. The peat deposit terrace abandonment. overlies fluvial gravels and is buried by a further 1m of flood- laminated silts and clays. Downwards root penetration is σ Calibrated date: 1 : 1050–930 cal BC possible within woody peat deposits of this nature, as is the σ 2 : 1130–900 cal BC migration of different organic fractions, particularly fulvic Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November acids. 2007), as the sample was organic detritus from within the Objectives: the datable material was sampled from exposures basal flood layers of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of the in the banks of the Calder near Whalley. The peat bed was Calder river terrace sequence, the radiocarbon result gives a exposed over some 50m and graded from a full back-channel date that secures channel activity immediately prior to aban- setting, where inorganic floods were interbedded with the donment and provides an age estimate for terrace abandonment. peat, to a bar-top peat-bed rich with wood remains. This sequence is sampled away from the channel in a bar top dry land environment. The samples are in situ organic materials Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 4, from the base of the peat sequence. The age estimate is a bank and peat, Lancashire range-finder date to secure the age of the base of the peat sequence, which is being subjected to pollen analysis. Location: SD 721362 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 640–660 Lat. 53.49.16 N; Long. 02.25.26 W 2σ: cal AD 600–670 Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2005–6 2007), the measurement dates the start of peat accumulation Archival body: University of Liverpool to the early medieval period as had been expected. Description: at river bank exposures of terrace T4, two sites Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results were sampled from 25–50m of laterally continuous river bank on samples (OxA-16356 and OxA-15684) are statistically exposure. The base of the sequence consists of cohesive consistent (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson glacial diamict, giving way to c 0.5m of peaty alluvium, 1978). A second sample from 00–20mm failed to produce overlain by c 1m of organic-rich, sandy flood layers, and sufficient carbon for dating. capped by a unit of finer-grained, clay/silt flood laminations. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 The two sampled sections recorded slightly different depositional sequences; at CAL/BS there was an organic-rich flood laminated alluvium, while at CAL/PEAT, the equivalent OxA–15688 1506 ±27 BP unit, there was a floodplain/backchannel peat deposit. δ13C: -27.9‰ Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for Sample: CALD T4 bank section 1.73–1.84m (A), submitted reconstructing the fluvial and environmental history of the in February 2006 by R Chiverrell lower Calder. Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November (E Huckerby 2006) 2007), a further cut and fill (depth c 2m) cycle led to the formation of Terrace T4 (height relative to the current river Initial comment: the exposed sediment sequence Calder T4 c 2.5m), with deposits composed of fine-grained alluvium. Bank Section was sampled using stream-cut exposures in the The terrace displays meandering palaeochannels, fills banks of the Calder near Whalley. The Bank Section profile spanning c cal AD 430–1270. The chronology reflects a shows a basal diamict (a stiff clay matric supporting angular, pre-T4 incision before c cal AD 430–620, with flood shattered and lithologically diverse rock fragments) overlain aggradation until at least cal AD 1150–1270, and probable by 0.20–0.25m of coarse fluvial gravels, probably lain down subsequent incision and abandonment of Terrace T4 after in a channel setting. These are overlain by 1m of laminated cal AD 1460–1610. organic-rich layers of sand, silt, and clay. The sequence

112 Ribble Valley: the Calder, terrace 4, bank and peat, Lancashire represents a sequence of floods inundating an abandoned OxA–16356 1399 ±28 BP channel. The sample is taken from the base of the δ13C: -28.0‰ palaeochannel fill targeting the basal flood layer at 1.84–1.73m, directly overlying coarse river gravels. The flood Sample: CALD peat section 00–40mm, submitted in layers comprise substantial quantities of plant remains, some February 2006 by R Chiverrell of which are in situ. The flood laminations are intact, which Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (leaf fragments) denotes little or no downwards penetration of organic (R Chiverrell 2006) materials. Neither of the samples are in situ, but they are locally derived and are equivalent in age to the flood deposit. Initial comment: peat sampled from cut exposures in the Organic flood trash of this type, where the character of plant banks of the Calder near Whalley. In the bank section the remains (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, is peat profile targeted a 0.26m thick peat that overlies bar- unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 years. form gravels. This sample is taken from the base (00–40mm) of this 0.26m thick peat sequence, overlying coarse river Objectives: the dateable material was sampled from bank gravels, which in turn are buried by a sequence of flood silts exposures. An organic bed is exposed over some 50m of the and clays. The peat has formed over the bar gravels, probably west bank of the Calder near Whalley in the deposits of encouraged by the saturated conditions, and is composed of Calder Terrace 4. The bed grades from a palaeochannel fill in situ plant remains, and so the organic materials are in situ with inorganic floods interbedded with organic-rich layers to rather than detrital. The peat deposit overlies fluvial gravels a bar-top peat-bed rich with wood remains. This sequence is and is buried by a further 1m of flood-laminated silts and sampled from the thicker channel sequence. The samples are clays. Downwards root penetration is possible within woody in situ organic materials from the base of the flood sequence peat deposits of this nature, as is the migration of different overlying channel gravels. The radiocarbon date will secure organic fractions, particularly fulvic acid. the onset of channel abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. Objectives: the datable material was sampled from exposures. The peat bed was exposed over some 50m and graded from Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 540–600 a full back-channel setting where inorganic floods were 2σ: cal AD 460–620 interbedded with the peat to a bar-top peat-bed rich with Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November wood remains. This sequence is sampled away from the 2007), the radiocarbon result provides a date for the onset of channel in a bar top dry-land environment. The samples are channel abandonment and allows an age estimate for terrace in situ organic materials from the base of the peat sequence. abandonment to be postulated. The age estimate is a range-finder date to secure the age of the base of the peat sequence, which is being subjected to Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), two samples pollen analysis. were submitted from the basal flood layer overlying channel gravels; the results (SUERC-10663 and OxA-15688) are Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 630–660 statistically consistent (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and 2σ: cal AD 600–670 Wilson 1978). Final comment: see OxA-15684 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15684

OxA–15711 1283 ±30 BP SUERC–10643 1315 ±35 BP δ13C: -28.2‰ δ13C: -28.6‰ Sample: CALD peat section 0.24–0.26m (A), submitted in Sample: CALD peat section 0.24–0.26m (B), submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell February 2006 by R Chiverrell Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., twig Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (leaf fragments) (E Huckerby 2006) (E Huckerby 2006) Initial comment: as SUERC-10643 Initial comment: the Calder Bank peat section was sampled Objectives: as SUERC-10643 from cut exposures in the banks of the Calder near Whalley. This profile targeted a 0.26m thick peat that overlies bar- Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 670–780 form gravels. This sample is taken from the top 2σ: cal AD 660–780 (0.24–0.26m) of this 0.26m thick peat sequence, overlying Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November coarse river gravels, which in turn are buried by a sequence 2007), although the two measurements from the top of the of flood silts and clays. The peat has formed over the bar peat are statistically consistent they are not in agreement gravels, probably encouraged by the saturated conditions, with the results from the base of the peat sequence. and is composed of in situ plant remains and so the organic materials are in situ rather than detrital. Downwards root Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two penetration is possible within woody peat deposits of this samples from the top of the peat (OxA-15711 and SUERC- nature, as is the migration of different organic fractions, 10643) are statistically consistent (T′=0.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; particularly fulvic acid. Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: the datable material was sampled from exposures. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 The peat bed was exposed over some 50m and graded from a full back-channel setting where inorganic floods were interbedded with the peat to a bar-top peat bed rich with

113 Ribble Valley: the Hodder River terraces, Burholme Farm, terrace 3, core 3/2, Lancashire wood remains. This sequence is sampled away from the SUERC–10663 1520 ±35 BP channel in a bar-top dryland environment. The samples are δ13C: -28.1‰ in situ organic materials from the top of the peat sequence. The age estimate is a range-finder date to secure the age of Sample: CALD T4 bank section 1.73–1.84m (B), submitted the top of the peat sequence, which is being subjected to in February 2006 by R Chiverrell pollen analysis. Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 660–770 (E Huckerby 2006) 2σ: cal AD 650–780 Initial comment: as OxA-15688 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Objectives: as OxA-15688 2007), although the two measurements from the top of the peat are statistically consistent, they are not in agreement Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 530–600 with the results from the base of the peat sequence. 2σ: cal AD 430–620 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15711 Final comment: see OxA-15688 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15688 SUERC–10662 830 ±35 BP

δ13C: -26.6‰ Sample: CALD T4 bank section 0.90–1m (B), submitted in Ribble Valley: the Hodder river February 2006 by R Chiverrell terraces, Burholme Farm, terrace 3, Material: waterlogged wood: Corylus/Alnus sp., single core 3/2, Lancashire fragment (R Gale 2006) Location: SD 659479 Initial comment: the exposed sediment sequence Calder T4 Lat. 53.55.33 N; Long. 02.31.10 W Bank section was sampled using stream-cut exposures in the Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), banks of the Calder near Whalley. The profile shows a basal 2005–6 diamict (a stiff matrix supporting angular, shattered, and lithologically diverse rock fragments) overlain by 0.2–0.25m Archival body: University of Liverpool of coarse fluvial gravels, probably lain down in a channel setting. These are overlain by 1m of laminated organic-rich Description: the Hodder river system in the Bowland Fells layers of sand, silt, and clay. The sequence represents a provides a well-defined record of geomorphic activity during sequence of floods inundating an abandoned channel. The the Holocene. A core was obtained from Terrace T3, which sample is taken from towards the top of the palaeochannel targeted a palaeochannel 1–2km downstream from the fill, targeting a flood layer at 1–0.9m. The flood layers Harvey and Renwick (1987) site. They identified their comprise substantial quantities of plant remains, some of palaeochannel as Terrace T3, but in the light of the present which are in situ. The flood laminations are intact, which work this was revised to a palaeochannel associated with denotes little or no downwards penetration of organic Terrace T2. Core BUR 3/2, taken from a palaeochannel materials. None of the samples are in situ, but they are located on Terrace T3, consists of basal channel gravels and locally derived and are equivalent in age to the flood deposit. a fining-up sequence of fluvial flood deposits, and c 1m thick Wood and seed materials in flood trash of this type, where accumulation of well-humified peat. Three samples were the character of plant remains (cell and tissue structure) is submitted from core BUR 3/2, a back-terrace palaeochannel still discernible, is unlikely to predate the flood by more than that was thought to be the earliest that was both abandoned 10–20 years. as the active channel and ceased being affected by flood inundation. Objectives: the datable material was sampled from bank exposures. An organic bed is exposed over some 50m of the Objectives: to construct a chronological framework for the west bank of the Calder near Whalley in the deposits of glacial, fluvial, and hillslope geomorphology, and to provide Calder Terrace 4. The bed grades from a palaeochannel fill preliminary chronological control for potential with inorganic floods interbedded with organic-rich layers to palaeoecological sites within the Ribble catchment. a bar-top peat-bed rich with wood remains. This sequence is Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November sampled from the thicker channel sequence. The samples are 2007), the dates obtained for Terrace T3 are difficult to in situ organic materials from towards the top of the flood interpret. The lack of agreement between the radiocarbon sequence. The underlying deposits are a series of flood- age of samples and their stratigraphic position suggests that laminated alternations between flood sands and slack-water some of the dated material is either too old or too young for silts and clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the its context (ie residual or intrusive). The monocotyledonous last major flood to affect this former channel and provide a leaves from the base of the peat (OxA-16370) are probably latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. the most taphonomically secure of the three samples as they Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1170–1260 probably represent in situ plant material. The onset of 2σ: cal AD 1150–1270 channel abandonment of Terrace T3 is therefore estimated to have occurred in cal AD 250–1150 (Event 3/4; Ffg 102; Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Chiverrell et al 2007b). 2007), the result provides a date for the last major flood to affect this former channel and also gives a minimum age References: Chiverrell et al 2007b estimate for terrace abandonment. Harvey and Renwick 1987

114 Ribble Valley: the Hodder River terraces, Burholme Farm, terrace 3, core 3/2, Lancashire

OxA–16349 1255 ±28 BP for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling δ13C: -27.5‰ the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based Sample: Bur 3/2 top flood and top peat, 1.02–1.07m, on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates submitted in July 2006 by R Chiverrell around 0.25–0.5m below the surface. Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified roundwood Objectives: as OxA-16349 fragments) (R Chiverrell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 640–660 Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from 2σ: cal AD 600–670 within a sequence of flood-laminated silts and clays. The Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November sequence of flood-laminations was sampled from a core 2007), the result provides a date for for the top of the peat located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface layer and the uppermost flood-laminated silts and clays. expression from Hodder terrace 3 core 3/2. The organic materials were incorporated within the uppermost sequence of fine-grained flood-laminations and overly 1m of peat OxA–16370 1779 ±30 BP deposits. The materials are detrital rather than in situ,but δ13C: -28.2‰ they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally derived and are likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. The Sample: Bur 3/2 base peat 2.04–1.99m, submitted in deposit overlies channel gravels and is buried by 0.75m of February 2006 by R Chiverrell flood-laminated silts and clays, and surface soil. There is no Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot leaves) evidence for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, (R Chiverrell 2006) because the flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.25m beneath the Initial comment: the material is from a 1m thick in situ peat surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration deposit above a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood probably oscillates around 0.25–0.5m below the surface. laminations, buried by fine-grained flood deposits. The Organic flood trash of this type, where the character of plant materials were sampled from a core sequence located in the remains (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, is centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 years. Hodder terrace 2 core 3/2. The organic materials were in situ peat deposits, providing a rare floodplain locality for Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace palaeoenvironmental investigation, and so were sampled at palaeochannel, and probably the earliest to be both 50mm intervals for pollen analysis. At the time of sampling abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates within the basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace around 0.25–0.5m below the surface. The materials are in 3 of the Hodder river terrace sequence at Burholme Bridge. situ plant remains derived from a peat deposit and are likely The dateable material was sampled from core Bur T3 C2. to be contemporaneous with formation of the peat. The underlying deposits are channel gravels, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the onset of channel Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace palaeochannel, and probably the earliest to be both abandonment. abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. The sample was from the base of a 1m σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 680–780 thick peat in a palaeochannel fill on the third terrace of the σ 2 : cal AD 670–870 Hodder river terrace sequence at Burholme Bridge. The Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November dateable material was sampled from core Bur T3 C2.The 2007), the result provides a date for the top of the peat layer underlying deposits are channel gravels, and so the and the uppermost flood-laminated silts and clays. radiocarbon date will constrain a rare floodplain locality for palaeoenvironmental investigation in the Hodder and has been sampled at 50mm intervals for pollen analysis in OxA–16350 1395 ±28 BP subsequent work. δ13C: -27.5‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 220–320 Sample: Bur 3/2 basal flood, 2.62–2.66m, submitted in July 2σ: cal AD 130–340 2006 by R Chiverrell Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified roundwood 2007), the lack of agreement between radiocarbon dates and fragments) (R Chiverrell 2006) their stratigraphic positions suggests that some of the dated material has been reworked. The monocot leaves from the Initial comment: the sample is organic detritus from within a base of the peat which formed this sample are probably the sequence of flood-laminated silts and clays. The sequence of most taphonomically secure as they probably represent in flood laminations was sampled from a core located in the situ plant material. They thus provide a terminus ante quem centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from for the onset of channel abandonement on terrace 3 of cal Hodder terrace 3 core 3/2. The organic materials were AD 130–340 (Reimer et al 2004). incorporated within the uppermost sequence of fine-grained flood laminations and overlay 1m of peat deposits. The References: Reimer et al 2004 materials are detrital rather than in situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally derived and are likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. There is no evidence

115 Ribble Valley: the Hodder River terraces, Burholme Farm, terrace 4, core 4/1, Lancashire

Ribble Valley: the Hodder river remains (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, is terraces, Burholme Farm, terrace 4, unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 years. core 4/1, Lancashire Objectives: as OxA-16349 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1050–1210 Location: SD 659483 2σ: cal AD 1030–1220 Lat. 53.55.46 N; Long. 02.31.10 W Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), 2007), the result provides a date for this palaeochannel fill 2005–6 and secures the onset of channel abandonment at Terrace Archival body: University of Liverpool T4b of cal AD 1030–1220 (Reimer et al 2004). Description: the Hodder river system in the Bowland Fells References: Reimer et al 2004 provides a well-defined record of geomorphic activity during the Holocene. The only datable organic materials, other than those from core Bur 3/2, were obtained from terrace T4 and Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, were from the base of a rather thin (ie < 2m) fining-up lower House Farm, terrace 3, core 2, palaeochannel fill. The core on terrace segment T4(c), a large palaeomeander, yielded sufficient material for Lancashire radiocarbon dating. Location: SD 605327 Objectives: to construct a chronological framework for the Lat. 53.47.20 N; Long. 02.35.59 W glacial, fluvial, and hillslope geomorphology, and to provide preliminary chronological control for potential Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), palaeoecological sites within the Ribble catchment. 2005–6 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Archival body: University of Liverpool 2007), Harvey and Renwick’s (1987) two-stage (low terrace Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology and floodplain) sequence has also been revised into four comprises a series of cut and fill sequences that have phases, of which the earliest yielded no datable material. formed four river terraces and modern deposits. In order Phases 4b and 4c form an extensive terrace surface, on to provide a chronology for this sequence, samples for which a large palaeomeander loop was either the latest phase radiocarbon dating were submitted from two meander of T4b or a discrete terrace in its own right. The result loops at Osbaldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At the provides a date for this palaeochannel fill and secures the lower House Farm meander, palaeochannels provided onset of channel abandonment at Terrace T4b of cal AD the opportunity to secure data on the rates of change 1030–1220 (Reimer et al 2004). within terraces 3 and 4. This core is from a back-terrace References: Harvey and Renwick 1987 palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned Reimer et al 2004 as the active channel and cease being affected by flood inundation.

OxA–16369 888 ±29 BP Objectives: to secure absolute dates on the rates of change within terrace T3 at lower House Farm. δ13C: -28.3‰ Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Sample: Bur 4/1 basal flood, 0.79–0.75m, submitted in July 2007), for terrace T3 the radiocarbon dating framework is a 2006 by R Chiverrell little contradictory, but it appears that older channels were Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (R Chiverrell 2006) being abandoned from 2440–2140 cal BC (OxA-15743; 3814 ±34BP; Reimer et al 2004), prior to eventual Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from abandonment by incision in 310 cal BC–cal AD 280 (Event within a sequence of flood-laminated silts and clays. The 3/4(1); 95% probability; fig 82) or 2100-640 cal BC (Event sequence of flood laminations was sampled from a core 3/4(2); 95% probability; fig 82) (Chiverrell et al 2007b). sequence located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface laminations from Hodder terrace 4 core 4/1. The References: Chiverrell et al 2007b organic materials were incorporated within the uppermost Reimer et al 2004 sequence of fine-grained flood laminations and overlay 1m of peat deposits. The materials are detrital rather than in situ, OxA–15687 2232 ±28 BP but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally derived δ13 and are likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. C: -27.7‰ 0.79–0.75m from the surface, buried and sealed within a Sample: LH T2 C2 2–2.10m (A), submitted in February flood laminated sequence of coarse to medium silt clay. The 2006 by R Chiverrell deposit overlies channel gravels and is buried by 0.75m of flood-laminated silts and clays, and surface soil. There is no Material: waterlogged wood (alder, single fragment) evidence for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, (E Huckerby 2006) because the flood-laminations are undisturbed. At the time Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from the base of sampling the water table was at 0.25m beneath the of a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood-laminations, surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel probably oscillates around 0.25–0.5m below the surface. from lower Ribble terrace 2. The material is detrital rather Organic flood trash of this type, where the character of plant than in situ, but comprises soft plant matter, probably locally

116 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Lower House Farm, terrace 3, core 3, Lancashire derived and likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards root 2007), as the later result from this horizon, OxA-16513 penetration, because the flood-laminations are undisturbed. provides the best estimate for the date of the last major flood At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.50m to affect this channel and terrace abandonment. beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below measurements (OxA-16513 and SUERC-10667) from 0.9- the surface. Organic flood trash of this type, where the 1m within the uppermost sandy flood deposits just below the character of plant remains (cell and tissue structure) is still switch to silt and clay laminations (ie the last major flood discernible, is unlikely to predate the flood by more than event to affect the channel) are statistically inconsistent 10–20 years. (T′=777.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace References: Ward and Wilson 1978 palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the SUERC–10648 1480 ±35 BP uppermost flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of δ13C: -27.7‰ the Ribble river terrace sequence at lower House Farm. The underlying deposits are a series of flood-laminated Sample: LH T2 C2 2–2.1m (B), submitted in February 2006 alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and by R Chiverrell clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the last major Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (root fragment) flood to affect this former channel and provide a latest age (E Huckerby 2006) estimate for terrace abandonment. Initial comment: as OxA-15687 Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC 2σ: 390–200 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-15687 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 550–620 2007), the result suggests that the material submitted was 2σ: cal AD 530–650 reworked and therefore does not secure a date for the last Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November major flood to affect this former channel and thus provide a 2007), as the latest result from this horizon, SUERC-10648 latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. provides the best estimate for the start of coarse to medium Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results sand laminations in this channel. (OxA-15687 and SUERC-10648) from the base of the Laboratory comment: see OxA-15687 sequence of coarse to medium sand flood laminations overlying channel gravels gave statistically inconsistent SUERC–10667 2280 ±35 BP results (T′=274.8; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) and thus this deposits contains material of vastly different δ13C: -28.3‰ ages. Sample: LH T2 C2 0.90–1m (B), submitted in February References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2006 by R Chiverrell Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment OxA–16513 982 ±31 BP (R Gale 2006) δ13 C: -26.6‰ Initial comment: as OxA-16513 Sample: LH T2 0.90–1m, submitted in February 2006 by Objectives: as OxA-16513 R Chiverrell Calibrated date: 1σ: 400–360 cal BC Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot stems 2σ: 410–200 cal BC and root) (E Huckerby 2006) Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from the 2007), the result suggests that the material submitted was uppermost level of a sequence of coarse to medium sand reworked and therefore does not secure a date for the last flood laminations within the back palaeochannel on terrace major flood to affect this former channel, and only provides 3. The core was taken from the centre of the palaeochannel. a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. The organic materials were incorporated within the uppermost sandy flood lamination, below the switch to silt Laboratory comment: see OxA-16513 and clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather than in situ. They are probably locally derived and are likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. There is no evidence for Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. Organic flood trash of lower House Farm, terrace 3, core 3, this type is unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 Lancashire years. Location: SD 605327 Objectives: as OxA-15687 Lat. 53.47.20 N; Long. 02.35.59 W Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1020–1120 Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), 2σ: cal AD 990–1160 2005–6 Archival body: University of Liverpool 117 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Lower House Farm, terrace 3, core 4, Lancashire

Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, comprises a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed four river terraces and modern deposits. In order to lower House Farm, terrace 3, core 4, provide a chronology for this sequence, samples for Lancashire radiocarbon dating were submitted from two meander loops at Osbaldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At the Location: SD 604327 lower House Farm meander, palaeochannels provided Lat. 53.47.20 N; Long. 02.36.04 W the opportunity to secure data on the rates of change Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), within terraces 3 and 4. This core is from a back-terrace 2005–6 palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and cease to being Archival body: University of Liverpool affected by flood inundation. Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology Objectives: to secure absolute dates on the rates of change comprises a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed within terrace T3 at lower House Farm. four river terraces and modern deposits. In order to provide a chronology for this sequence, samples for radiocarbon Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November dating were submitted from two meander loops at 2007), for terrace T3 the radiocarbon dating framework Osbldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At the lower House is a little contradictory, but it appears that older channels Farm, meander palaeochannels provided the opportunity to were being abandoned from 2440–2140 cal BC secure data on the rates of change within terraces 3 and 4. (OxA-15743; 3814 ±34BP; (Reimer et al 2004), prior to This core is from a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably the eventual abandonment by incision in 310 cal BC – cal AD earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to 280 (Event 3/4(1); 95% probability; fig 82) or 2100-640 cease being affected by flood inundation. cal BC (Event 3/4(2); 95% probability; fig 82) (Chiverrell et al 2007b). Objectives: to secure absolute dates on the rates of change within terrace T3 and lower House Farm. References: Chiverrell et al 2007b Reimer et al 2004 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), for terrace T3 the radiocarbon dating framework is a little contradictory, but it appears that older channels were OxA–16357 2462 ±31 BP being abandoned from 2440–2140 cal BC (OxA-15743; δ13C: -28.1‰ 3814 ±34BP; Reimer et al 2004), prior to eventual abandonment by incision in 310 cal BC–cal AD 280 (Event Sample: LH T2 C3 1.34–1.51m, submitted in February 3/4(1); 95% probability; fig 82) or 2100–640 cal BC (Event 2006 by R Chiverrell 3/4(2); 95% probability; fig 82) (Chiverrell et al 2007b). Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified wood, References: Chiverrell et al 2007b and monocot stem and roots) (E Huckerby 2006) Reimer et al 2004 Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from the uppermost of a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood OxA–15743 3814 ±34 BP laminations within the back palaeochannel on terrace 3. δ13 The core was taken from the centre of a palaeochannel. C: -25.4‰ The organic materials were incorporated within the Sample: LH T3 C4 2.62–2.61m (A), submitted in February uppermost sandy flood lamination below the switch to silt 2006 by R Chiverrell and clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather than in situ. They are probably locally derived and are likely Material: waterlogged wood (Alnus/Betula sp., single to be similar in age to the flood deposit. There is no fragment) (E Huckerby 2006) evidence for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, Initial comment: the sample was organic detritus from a thick because the flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time sandy gravel flood layer towards the base of a sequence of of sampling the water table was at 0.5m beneath the flood-laminated palaeochannel fill. The sequence of flood surface and, based on iron and manganese discolouration, laminations was sampled from a core located in the centre of probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble Organic flood trash of this type is unlikely to predate the terrace 3. The organic materials were incorporated within a flood by more than 10–20 years. thick sandy gravel flood lamination 0.4m above the Objectives: as OxA-16513 underlying channel gravels. The materials are detrital rather than in situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably Calibrated date: 1σ: 760–420 cal BC locally derived, and are likely to be similar in age to the flood 2σ: 770–400 cal BC deposit. There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November root penetration, because the flood laminations are 2007), the result provides the best estimate for the date of undisturbed. At the time of sampling the water table was at the last major flood to affect this channel and a minimum 0.25m beneath the surface, and based on iron and age for terrace abandonment. manganese discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. The sample was not in situ, however it is locally derived and equivalent in age to the flood deposit. Organic flood trash of this type, where the character of plant remains (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, is unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 years.

118 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Lower House Farm, terrace 4, channel 5/6, Lancashire

Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 710–860 palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as 2σ: cal AD 680–890 the active channel and to cease being affected by flood Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the 2007), provides a date for the later stages of a major flood basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of the inundation and an estimated minimum age at which terrace Ribble terrace sequence at lower House Farm. The 3 was abandoned. underlying deposits are channel gravels, and so the radio- carbon date will secure the onset of channel abandonment References: Reimer et al 2004 and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2300–2200 cal BC OxA–16410 1197 ±30 BP σ 2 : 2440–2140 cal BC δ13C: -29.0‰ Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Sample: LH T3 C4 1.61–1.59m, submitted in February 2006 2007), the result provides a date for the onset of channel by R Chiverrell abandonment. Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified, single fragment) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), from core LH (E Huckerby 2006) T3 C4 two measurements (OxA-15743 and SUERC-10652) obtained on samples from the organic detritus within a thick Initial comment: as OxA-16358 sandy gravel floor layer 0.4m above the underlying channel Objectives: as OxA-16358 gravels are statistically consistent (T′=3.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 770–890 2σ: cal AD 710–940 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), provides a date for the later stages of a major flood OxA–16358 1229 ±29 BP inundation and an estimated minimum age at which terrace δ13C: -28.5‰ 3 was abandoned. Sample: LH T3 C4 1.70–1.62m, submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell SUERC–10652 3725 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified, single fragment) δ13C: -25.4‰ (E Huckerby 2006) Sample: LH T3 C4 2.62–2.61m (B), submitted in February Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from 2006 by R Chiverrell towards the top of a sequence of coarse to medium sand Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Prunus?, fruitstone) flood laminations. The sequence of flood laminations was (E Huckerby 2006) sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from the lower Ribble terrace 3. Initial comment: as OxA-15743 The organic materials were incorporated within the Objectives: as OxA-15743 uppermost sandy flood lamination, below the switch to silt and clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather than in Calibrated date: 1σ: 2200–2030 cal BC situ, and probably locally derived and likely to be similar in 2σ: 2280–2020 cal BC age to the flood deposit. There is no evidence for Final comment: see OxA-15743 bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling Laboratory comment: see OxA-15743 the water table was at 0.5m beneath the surface and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. Organic flood trash of Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, this type is unlikely to predate by more than 10–20 years. lower House Farm, terrace 4, channel Objectives: at this location the setting is back-terrace 5/6, Lancashire palaeochannel, and probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected Location: SD 606331 by flood inundation. This sample is organic detritus from Lat. 53.47.33 N; Long. 02.35.53 W within the upper flood layers of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of the Ribble river terrace sequence at lower Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), Farm House. The dateable material was sampled from core 2005–6 LH T3 C4.The underlying deposits are a series of flood- Archival body: University of Liverpool laminated alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology comprises later stages of major flood inundations to affect the former a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed four river channel and provide a latest age estimate for terrace terraces and modern deposits. In order to provide a abandonment. The basal dates of 3814 ±34 BP (2440–2140 chronology for this sequence, samples for radiocarbon dating cal BC) and 3725 ±35 BP (2280–2020 cal BC) (Reimer were submitted from two meander loops at Osbaldeston Hall et al 2004) show the earliest abandonment of this and lower House Farm. At the lower House Farm meander, palaeochannel, which appears older than the adjacent T2 palaeochannels provided the opportunity to secure data on C2/C3 palaeochannel on terrace 3 surface. the rate of change within terraces 3 and 4. The core was

119 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Lower House Farm, terrace 4, core 7/8, Lancashire taken from a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably the Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to Initial comment: the material is organic-rich soil (finer than cease being affected by flood inundation. 200µm fraction) from towards the top of a sequence of Objectives: to secure absolute dates on the rates of change coarse to medium sand flood laminations. The sequence of within terrace T4 at lower House Farm. flood laminations was sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Ribble terrace 4. The soil overlies a sandy flood lamination 2007), following abandonment of terrace 3 by incision in below the switch to silt and clay laminations. The material is either 310 cal BC–cal AD 280 (Event 3/4(1); 95% probability; an embryonic soil and so is in situ, and is likely to be similar fig 82) or 2100–640 cal BC (Event 3/4(2); 95% probability; in age to the flood deposit. fig 82) (Chiverrell et al 2007b), there followed incision and subsequent aggradation, culminating in the formation of Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace terrace T4, which in turn was being abandoned after cal AD palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned 230–390 (OxA-15689; 1739 ±27BP) (Reimer et al 2004). as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within References: Chiverrell et al 2007b the uppermost flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on the Reimer et al 2004 terrace 4 of the Ribble terrace sequence at lower House Farm. The datable material was sampled from core LH T4 OxA–15689 1739 ±27 BP C5/6. The underlying deposits are a series of flood-laminated δ13C: -25.7‰ alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and clays and soils, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the Sample: LH T4 C5/6 4.43–4.33m (A), submitted in last major flood to affect the former channel and provide a February 2006 by R Chiverrell latest age estimate for terrace abandonment. Material: waterlogged wood: Prunus spinosa, single fragment Calibrated date: 1σ: 7310–7070 cal BC (R Gale 2006) 2σ: 7340–7060 cal BC Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from a sandy Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November flood layer towards the base of a sequence of a 4.2m thick 2007), the date is much too early and the sample has clearly flood laminated palaeochannel fill. The sequence of flood been contaminated. laminations was sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble Laboratory comment: English Heritage (12 November 2007), terrace 4. The organic materials were incorporated within a this measurement is clearly far too early and once again thick sandy gravel flood lamination, 0.25m above the under- highlights the problematic nature of dating AMS-sized bulk lying channel gravels. The materials are detrital rather than in samples. The humin fraction of this sample produced situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally insufficient carbon for dating. derived and likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. SUERC–10666 1770 ±35 BP Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as δ13C: -29.8‰ the active channel and to cease being affected by flood Sample: LH T4 C5/6 4.43–4.33m (B), submitted in inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the February 2006 by R Chiverrell basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill in the fourth terrace of the Ribble at lower House Farm. The datable material was Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment sampled from core LH T4 C5/6.The underlying deposits are (R Gale 2006) channel gravels, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the Initial comment: as OxA-15689 onset of channel abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. Objectives: as OxA-15689 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 240–350 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 230–330 2σ: cal AD 230–390 2σ: cal AD 130–390 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Final comment: see OxA-15689 2007), the result provides a date for the basal flood layer Laboratory comment: see OxA-15689 above the underlying channel gravels. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two basal samples from T4 C5/6 (OxA-15689 and SUERC-10666) are Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, statistically consistent (T′=0.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and thus provide a date for the basal flood lower House Farm, terrace 4, core layer above the underlying channel gravels. 7/8, Lancashire

References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Location: SD 609333 Lat. 53.47.40 N; Long. 02.35.37 W OxA–15882 8185 ±45 BP Project manager: R Chiverrell (Department of Geography, δ13C: -25.1‰ University of Liverpool), 2005–6 Sample: LH T44 C5/6 0.88–0.93m (A), submitted in Archival body: University of Liverpool February 2006 by R Chiverrell

120 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 2, core 1, Lancashire

Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology comprises Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed four river terraces and modern deposits. In order to provide a Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 2, core 1, chronology for this sequence, samples for radiocarbon dating Lancashire were submitted from two meander loops at Osbaldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At the lower House Farm meander, Location: SD 638340 palaeochannels provided the opportunity to secure data on Lat. 53.48.03 N; Long. 02.32.59 W the rate of change within terraces 3 and 4. The core was Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), taken from a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably the 2005–6 earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood inundation. Archival body: University of Liverpool Objectives: to secure absolute dates on the rate of change Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology within terrace T4 at lower House Farm. comprises a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed four river terraces and modern deposits. In order to provide Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November a chronology for this sequence, samples for radiocarbon 2007), following abandonment of terrace 3 by incision in dating were submitted from two meander loops at either 310 cal BC–cal AD 280 (Event 3/4(1); 95% probability; Osbaldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At Osbaldeston fig 82) or 2100–640 cal BC (Event 3/4(2); 95% probability; Hall the samples came from palaeochannels of three of the fig 82) (Chiverrell et al 2007b), there followed incision and four identified terraces (2–4). The Flashers Wood palaeo- subsequent aggradation, culminating in the formation of meander bend, terrace 2, yielded a basal cohesive diamict, terrace T4, which in turn was being abandoned after cal AD (a stiff clay matrix supporting angular, shattered, and 230–390 (OxA-15689; 1739 ±27BP) (Reimer et al 2004). lithologically diverse rock fragments, interpreted as References: Chiverrell et al 2007b lodgement till deposited under the base of an ice sheet Reimer et al 2004 during the last (Devensian) glacial episode). This was overlain by a c 2m thick unit of sandy flood bed deposits, in turn buried by a c 1.5m thick accumulation of well-humified OxA–16359 2477 ±31 BP peat; clast-supported gravels, regarded as diagnostic of δ13C: -29.8‰ channel lag deposits, were not present, and it appears the channel bed was locally sand-dominated. Sample: LH T4 C7/8 4.40–4.30m, submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell Objectives: to provide a geochronological framework for terrace development in the lower Ribble. Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified roundwood, single fragment) (R Gale 2006) Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), the chronological control for the second terrace is Initial comment: the material is from a sandy flood layer young compared to other sites in the lower Ribble valley and towards the base of a sequence of a 4.2m thick flood an alternative interpretation is that the samples from the laminated palaeochannel fill. The core was taken from the deepest contexts in core OS T1 C1 are in fact 1.75m above centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower the basal sand-dominated channel fill, rather than from Ribble terrace 4. The wood remains were incorporated towards the top of the active channel-bedded sands, as within thick basal sandy gravel flood laminations 0.25m suggested above. This alternative interpretation would thus above the underlying channel gravels. The materials are mean that OxA-15686 and SUERC-10656 only provide detrital rather than in situ, but they comprise wood remains, termini ante quem for abandonment of the OS T1 C1 channel probably locally derived, and are likely to be similar in age to and before cal AD 240–390. It is not considered likely that the flood deposit. There is no evidence for bioturbation or the surface-laminated silty clays in this palaeochannel reflect downwards root penetration, because the flood laminations active channel flooding; they are more likely to reflect are undisturbed. At the time of sampling the water table was localised inundation from the hillslope gullies that drain the at 0.25m beneath the surface and based on iron and adjacent Flashers Wood slopes. For the third terrace the manganese discolouration probably oscillates around currently available data suggest abandonment by incision 0.5–0.75m below the surface. around cal AD 630–1460 (Event 3/4; fig 86; Chiverrell et al Objectives: this sample is organic detritus from within the 2007b). There followed incision and subsequent aggradation, basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on the terrace 4 of culminating in the formation of terrace 4, which in turn was the Ribble terrace sequence at the lower House Farm. The being abandoned here in cal AD 1460–1610 (Event 4/5; fig datable material was sampled from core LH T4 C7.The 86; Chiverrell et al 2007b). underlying deposits are channel gravels, and so the radio- References: Chiverrell et al 2007b carbon date will secure the onset of channel abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. OxA–15686 1690 ±26 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 760–510 cal BC δ13 2σ: 780–410 cal BC C: -28.3‰ Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Sample: OS T1 C1 3.60–3.42m (A), submitted in July 2006 2007), as OxA-16359 is a single measurement from core by R Chiverrell C7/8, it is not possible to confirm its reliability with respect Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment to other results from this sequence and the statistically (E Huckerby 2006) inconsistent dates from the base of T2/C2 highlight the problems of the reworking of organic material in this area.

121 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 2, core 1, Lancashire

Initial comment: the sequence OS T1 C1 was sampled from a materials are in situ rather than detrital. The peat deposit core taken from the centre of a large palaeochannel with overlies a thick sequence of probable fluvial sands and are surface expression from the lower Ribble second terrace. The buried by a further 1.25m of flood-laminated silts and clays. basal sequence comprises a cohesive diamict (a stiff clay Downwards root penetration is possible within woody peat matrix supporting angular, shattered, and lithologically deposits of this nature, as is the migration of different diverse rock fragments) overlain by 4m of cold-stage out- organic fractions, particularly fulvic acids. At the time of wash style fluvial sands. Much of the sands are devoid of sampling the water table was at 0.20m beneath the surface, organic materials, but towards the top of these sands there is and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably organic detritus present within coarse to medium sand beds. oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. The organic materials were incorporated within a bedded Objectives: the sample is from a large peat-filled back sand 0.25m below the top of this sand unit. Overlying these channel, which was probably the earliest to be both reddish (Triassic-derived) sands, there is a sequence of abandoned as the active channel and cease being affected by organic-rich sand and coarse sand, which are more clearly flood inundation. The sample is in situ organic material from flood layers within a palaeochannel fill sequence. The the base of the peat sequence within the palaeochannel fill organic materials are detrital rather than in situ, but they on terrace 2 of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston comprise soft plant matter, probably locally derived and are Hall. The age estimate is a range-finder date to secure the likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. age of the base of the peat sequence. Objectives: this location is a large back channel, and is Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–540 probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active 2σ: cal AD 400–550 channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus from within the uppermost Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November layers of sand-dominated active channel sedimentation 2007), the result provides a date for the change from coarse before the earliest organic-rich flood layers within the sand flood layers to peat. palaeochannel fill on terrace 2 of the Ribble. The sample is Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two from towards the top of active channel-bedded sands, and so measurements (SUERC-10654 and OxA-15690) from the the radiocarbon date will secure the later stages of channel base of a 1.5m thick peat sequence overlying organic rich sedimentation and provide an age estimate for the later sand and coarse sand flood layers are statistically consistent stages of aggradation of the fluvial deposits associated with (T′=1.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) and terrace 2. could therefore be of the same actual age. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 260–410 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2σ: cal AD 250–420

Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November OxA–15712 875 ±31 BP 2007), the date from a sample towards the top of active channel-bedded sands provided a terminus post quem for the δ13C: -28.5‰ later stages of channel sedimentation and aggradation of the Sample: OS T1 C1 1.18–1.2m (A), submitted in July 2006 fluvial deposits associated with terrace 2. by R Chiverrell Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), duplicate Material: waterlogged wood (thin twiggy material, very samples (OxA-15686 and SUERC-10656) from towards the degraded) (R Chiverrell 2006) top of active channel bedded sands, providing termini post quem for the later stages of channel sedimentation and aggradation Initial comment: the sequence OS T1 C1 was sampled from a of the fluvial deposits associated with terrace 2, are statistically core from the centre of a large palaeochannel with surface consistent (T′=0.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) expression from lower Ribble terrace 2. This sample is taken and could therefore be of the same actual age. from the base of a 1.5m thick peat sequence overlying organic-rich sand and coarse sand flood layers which in turn References: Ward and Wilson 1978 overlay a 4.5m thick sequence of reddish (Triassic-derived) fluvial sands. The peat has formed in the palaeochannel, OxA–15690 1596 ±27 BP probably encouraged by the saturated conditions, and is composed of in situ plant remains and so the organic δ13C: -28.4‰ materials are in situ rather than detrital. The peat deposit Sample: OC T1 C1 2.66–2.68m (A), submitted in July 2006 overlies a thick sequence of probable fluvial sands and is by R Chiverrell buried by a further 1.25m of flood-laminated silts and clays. Downwards root penetration is possible within woody peat Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment deposits of this nature, as is the migration of different (R Gale 2005) organic fractions, particularly fulvic acids. At the time of Initial comment: the sequence OS T1 C1 was sampled from a sampling the water table was at 0.2m beneath the surface, core from the centre of a large palaeochannel with surface and based on iron and manganese discolouration probably expression from lower Ribble second terrace. This sample is oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. taken from the base of a 1.5m thick peat sequence overlying Objectives: the dateable material was sampled from core OS organic-rich sand and coarse sand flood layers, which in turn T1 C1. This location is a large peat-filled back channel, and overlie a 4.5m thick sequence of reddish (Triassic-derived) is probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active fluvial sands. The peat has formed in the palaeochannel, channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. The probably encouraged by the saturated conditions, and is sample is in situ organic material from the base of the peat composed of in situ plant remains and so the organic sequence within the palaeochannel fill on terrace 2 of the

122 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3, channel 2, Lancashire

Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. The age sequence of reddish (Triassic-derived) fluvial sands. The estimate is a range-finder date to secure the age of the top of organic materials are in situ rather than detrital and are likely the peat sequence. to be similar in age to the flood deposit. There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1150–1220 flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling 2σ: cal AD 1040–1230 the water table was at 0.2m beneath the surface, and based Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates 2007), the date provides a date for the change from peat around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. development to flood-laminated silts and clays. Objectives: this location is a large back channel, and is Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active measurements (SUERC-10653 and OxA-15712) from the channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. The top of the same peat deposit, below flood laminated silts and sample is in situ organic materials from within the earliest clays, are statistically consistent (T′=0.4; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; organic-rich flood layers within the palaeochannel fill on Ward and Wilson 1978). terrace 2 of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. The underlying deposits are channel sands, and so the References: Ward and Wilson 1978 radiocarbon date will secure the onset of channel abandon- ment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. SUERC–10653 905 ±35 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 390–440 δ13C: -27.2‰ 2σ: cal AD 340–540 Sample: OS T1 C1 1.18–1.2m (B), submitted in July 2006 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November by R Chiverrell 2007), the sample came from the lowermost flood deposits Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (leaf fragments) within a sequence of organic sand and coarse sand flood (R Chiverrell 2005) layers. It potentially provides a date for channel and terrace abandonment, although these horizons may not be the base Initial comment: as OxA-15712 of the fluvial sequence. Objectives: as OxA-15712 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a second Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1040–1180 sample from this horizon failed. 2σ: cal AD 1020–1220 SUERC–10656 1720 ±35 BP Final comment: see OxA-15712 δ13C: -28.7‰ Laboratory comment: see OxA-15712 Sample: OS T1 C1 3.6–3.42m, submitted in July 2006 by SUERC–10654 1550 ±35 BP R Chiverrell

δ13C: -29.4‰ Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified, single fragment) Sample: OS T1 C1 2.66–2.68m (B), submitted in July 2006 Initial comment: as OxA-15686 by R Chiverrell Objectives: as OxA-15686 Material: waterlogged wood (twig, single fragment) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 250–390 (E Huckerby 2006) 2σ: cal AD 230–420 Initial comment: as OxA-15690 Final comment: see OxA-15686 Objectives: as OxA-15690 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15686 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–560 2σ: cal AD 420–600 Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, Final comment: see OxA-15690 Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3, channel Laboratory comment: see OxA-15690 2, Lancashire

SUERC–10655 1630 ±35 BP Location: SD 638343 δ13C: -27.1‰ Lat. 53.48.13 N; Long. 02.32.59 W Sample: OS T1 C1 2.96–2.94m, submitted in July 2006 by Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), R Chiverrell 2005–6 Material: waterlogged wood: Sambucus sp., and Rubus sp., Archival body: University of Liverpool twigs (E Huckerby 2006) Description: the lower Ribble fluvial geomorphology Initial comment: the sequence OS T1 C1 was sampled from a comprises a series of cut and fill sequences that have formed core from the centre of a large palaeochannel with surface four river terraces and modern deposits. In order to provide expression from lower Ribble second terrace. This sample is a chronology for this sequence, samples for radiocarbon taken from lowermost flood within a sequence of organic- dating were submitted from two meander loops at rich sand and coarse sand flood layers overlying a 4.5m thick Osbaldeston Hall and lower House Farm. At Osbaldeston

123 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3, channel 2, Lancashire

Hall the samples came from palaeochannels of three of the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two four identified terraces (2–4). The Flashers Wood palaeo- measurements (OxA-15708 and SUERC-10657) are meander bend, terrace 2, yielded a basal cohesive diamict, (a statistically consistent (T′=1.4; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and stiff clay matrix supporting angular, shattered, and Wilson 1978). lithologically diverse rock fragments, interpreted as Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit lodgement till deposited under the base of an ice sheet (2007), this sample had an offset between the δ13C value during the last (Devensian) glacial episode). This was measured on the mass spectrometer and that measured in overlain by a c 2m thick unit of sandy flood bed deposits, in the accelerator. The standard error has therefore been turn buried by a c 1.5m thick accumulation of well-humified increased for this result. peat; clast-supported gravels, regarded as diagnostic of channel lag deposits, were not present and it appears the References: Ward and Wilson 1978 channel bed was locally sand-dominated. The core is from a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably one of the earliest to OxA–16362 2049 ±30 BP be both abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood inundation on the third terrace. δ13C: -27.0‰ Objectives: to provide a geochronological framework for Sample: OS T2 C2 0.85–0.8m, submitted in July 2006 terrace development in the lower Ribble. by R Chiverrell Final comment: R Chiverell and P Marshall (12 November Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified buds 2007), for the third terrace the currently available data and twigs) (R Chiverrell 2006) suggest abandonment by incision around cal AD 630–1460 Initial comment: the materials are from a sandy soil horizon (Event 3/4; fig 86; Chiverrell et al 2007b). There followed from the upper part of a sequence of sand and silt flood incision and subsequent aggradation, culminating in the laminations. The sequence of flood laminations was sampled formation of the fourth terrace, which in turn was being from a core sequence located in the centre of a abandoned here in cal AD 1460–1610 (Event 4/5; fig 86; palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble Chiverrell et al 2007b). Terrace 3. The organic materials were incorporated within References: Chiverrell et al 2007b the uppermost sandy flood lamination below the switch to silt and clay laminations. The organic material, from a thin in situ soil, likely to be similar in age to the surrounding flood OxA–15708 1497 ±38 BP deposit. 0.8–0.85m from the surface, buried and sealed δ13C: -25.5‰ within a flood-laminated sequence of coarse to medium sands and soil. The deposit overlies channel gravels and is Sample: OS T1 C1 3.43–3.33m (A), submitted in July 2006 buried by a further 0.5m of flood laminated soils, silts, and by R Chiverrell clays. There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Alnus sp., scales and root penetration, because the flood laminations are seeds (E Huckerby 2006) undisturbed. At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.5m beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from the discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below base of a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood the surface. The material, none of it in situ, was sealed within laminations. The sequence of flood laminations was sampled intact sequence of flood laminations, which ruled out from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with downwards root penetration. surface expression from lower Ribble terrace 3. The organic materials were incorporated within a basal flood lamination Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace just overlying channel gravels. The materials are detrital palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned rather than in situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, as the active channel and cease being affected by flood probably locally derived and likely to be similar in age to the inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the flood deposit. uppermost flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of the Ribble river terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace The datable material was sampled from core OS T2 C2. palaeochannel, probably one of the earliest to be both The underlying deposits are a series of flood-laminated abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and by flood inundation. The samples are organic detritus clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the last major from within the basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on flood to affect this former channel and provide a latest age terrace 3 of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston estimate for terrace abandonment. The basal flood has been Hall. The datable material was sampled from core OS T2 dated to cal AD 560–660 (OxA-15708; 1497 ±38 BP) and C2. The underlying deposits are channel gravels, and so cal AD 430–650 (SUERC-10657; 1435 ±35 BP) (Reimer the radiocarbon date will secure the onset of channel et al 2004). abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. Calibrated date: 1σ: 100–1 cal BC 2σ: 170 cal BC–cal AD 30 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 540–610 2σ: cal AD 430–650 Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), the date is too old for its stratigraphic position and Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November thus the sample must represent reworked material. 2007), the result suggests a date for abandonment by incision of the palaeochannel. References: Reimer et al 2004

124 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3, channel 4, Lancashire

SUERC–10657 1435 ±35 BP derived and is likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. The deposit overlies channel gravels and is buried by a δ13C: -27.4‰ further 1.20m of flood-laminated sands. There is no evidence Sample: OS T2 C2 3.43–3.33m (B), submitted in July 2006 for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the by R Chiverrell flood laminations are undisturbed. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified buds Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace and twigs) (E Huckerby 2006) palaeochannel, which is the earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood Initial comment: as OxA-15708 inundation. The sample is organic detritus from within the Objectives: as OxA-15708 basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 3 of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. The datable Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 590–650 material was sampled from core OS T2 C4.The underlying 2σ: cal AD 560–660 deposits are channel gravels, and so the radiocarbon date will Final comment: see OxA-15708 secure the onset of channel abandonment and provide an age estimate for terrace abandonment. Laboratory comment: see OxA-15708 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1400–1440 2σ: cal AD 1330–1450 Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3, channel 2007), the result provides a date for the onset of channel 4, Lancashire abandonment.

Location: SD 635344 OxA–16361 1436 ±29 BP Lat. 53.48.16 N; Long. 02.33.16 W δ13C: -28.0‰ Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), Sample: OS T2 C4 1.5–1.45m, submitted in July 2006 2005–6 by R Chiverrell Archival body: University of Liverpool Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified buds Description: at the lower House Farm meander, and twigs) (R Chiverrell 2006) palaeochannels provided the opportunity to secure data on Initial comment: the material is from a flood horizon towards the rates of change within terraces 3 and 4. At Osbaldeston the top of the flood sequence of T2 C4.The sequence of Hall the samples came from palaeochannels of three of the flood laminations was sampled from a core sequence located four identified terraces (2–4). A back-terrace palaeochannel, in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression and probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active from lower Ribble terrace 3. The organic materials were channel and cease being affected by flood inundation. incorporated within the uppermost sand flood lamination Objectives: to provide a geochronological framework for 1.5–1.45m below the switch to silt and clay laminations. The terrace development in the lower Ribble. organic materials are flood trash organic materials, and are likely to be similar in age to the surrounding flood deposit. Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November The deposit overlies channel gravels and is buried by a 2007), the data currently available for the third terrace further 0.75m of flood laminated sands, silts, and clays. suggest abandonment by incision around cal AD 630–1460 There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards root (Event 3/4; fig 86; Chiverrell et al 2007b). There followed penetration, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. incision and subsequent aggradation, culminating in the At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.5m beneath formation of the fourth terrace, which in turn was being the surface, and based on iron and manganese discolouration abandoned here in cal AD 1460–1610 (Event 4/5; fig 86; probably oscillates around 0.5–0.75m below the surface. Chiverrell et al 2007b). Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace References: Chiverrell et al 2007b palaeochannel, which is probably the earliest to be both abandoned as the active channel and to cease being affected OxA–16360 515 ±29 BP by flood inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the uppermost flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on δ13C: -26.8‰ terrace 3 of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. Sample: OS T2 C4 1.9–1.85m, submitted in February 2006 The underlying deposits are a series of flood-laminated by R Chiverrell alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the last major Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot) flood to affect this former channel and provide a latest age (R Chiverrell 2006) estimate for terrace abandonment. Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from the base Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 600–650 of a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood laminations. 2σ: cal AD 560–660 The core was taken from the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble terrace 3. The organic Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November material was incorporated within a basal flood lamination 2007), the result provides a date for the upper flood layers in just overlying channel gravels. The material is detrital rather the palaeochannel just before the switch to silt and clay lamin- than in situ, but comprises soft plant matter, probably locally ations and suggests that the flooding recorded in the channelfill was short-lived but intense, resulting in c 2m of deposition.

125 Ribble Valley: the Lower Ribble, Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 4, channel 3, Lancashire

Ribble Valley: the lower Ribble, Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 4, channel the active channel and to cease being affected by flood 3, Lancashire inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within the basal flood layer of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 4 of the Location: SD 635345 Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. The underlying Lat. 53.48.16 N; Long. 02.33.16 W deposits are channel gravels, and so the radiocarbon date will Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), secure the onset of channel abandonment and provide an 2005–6 age estimate for terrace abandonment. Archival body: University of Liverpool Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1440–1490 2σ: cal AD 1440–1620 Description: at the lower House Farm meander, palaeochannels provided the opportunity to secure data on Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November the rates of change within terraces 3 and 4. At Osbaldeston 2007), the result provides a date for the basal flood layers in Hall the samples same from palaeochannels of three of the the palaeochannel just before the switch to silt and clay four identified terraces (2–4). The site is a back-terrace laminations and suggests that the flooding recorded in the palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as channel-fill was short-lived but intense, resulting in c 2m of the active channel and to cease being affected by flood deposition. inundation. The sequence of flood laminations was sampled Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two from a core sequence located in the centre of a palaeo- measurements (SUERC-10668 and OxA-15685) on samples channel with surface expression from lower Ribble terrace 3. from organic detritus within a sandy gravel floor layer Objectives: to provide a geochronological framework for towards the base of flood laminated deposits and the terrace development in the lower Ribble. underlying channel gravels are statistically consistent (T′=0.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2007), the data currently available for the third terrace References: Ward and Wilson 1978 suggest abandonment by incision around cal AD 630–1460 (Event 3/4; fig 86; Chiverrell et al 2007b). There followed OxA–15707 422 ±29 BP incision and subsequent aggradation, culminating in the δ13C: -27.5‰ formation of the fourth terrace, which in turn was being abandoned here in cal AD 1460–1610 (Event 4/5; fig 86; Sample: OS T3 C3 0.81–0.76m (A), submitted in February Chiverrell et al 2007b). 2006 by E Huckerby References: Chiverrell et al 2007b Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (leaf fragments) (E Huckerby 2006) OxA–15685 397 ±25 BP Initial comment: the materials are organic detritus from δ13C: -30.3‰ towards the top of a sequence of coarse to medium sand flood laminations. The sequence of flood laminations was Sample: OS T3 C3 2.5–2.4m (A), submitted in February sampled from a core sequence located in the centre of a 2006 by R Chiverrell palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (bark) terrace 4. The organic materials were incorporated within (E Huckerby 2006) the uppermost sandy flood-lamination, below the switch to silt and clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from a thick than in situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably sandy gravel flood layer towards the base of a sequence of locally derived, and are likely to be similar in age to the flood flood laminated palaeochannel fill. The sequence of flood deposit. The deposit is towards the top of a sequence of laminations was sampled from a core located in the centre of coarsely-bedded coarse sands and is buried by a further a palaeochannel with surface expression from lower Ribble 0.4m of flood-laminated sand and silt. There is no evidence terrace 4. The organic materials were incorporated within a for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the thick sandy flood lamination just above the underlying flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling channel gravels. The material is detrital rather than in situ, the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based but it comprises soft plant matter, probably locally derived on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates and likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. The around 0.5m below the surface. deposit overlies channel gravels and is buried by a further 2.3m of flood-laminated sands. There is no evidence for Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling as the active channel and to cease being affected by flood the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates the upper flood layers of a palaeochannel fill on terrace 4 around 0.5m below the surface. The sample is not in situ,but of the Ribble terrace sequence at Osbaldeston Hall. The it is locally derived and equivalent in age to the flood underlying deposits are a series of flood-laminated deposit. Organic flood trash of this type, where the character alternations between flood sands and slack-water silts and of plant remains (cell and tissue structure) is still discernible, clays, and so the radiocarbon date will secure the last major is unlikely to predate the flood by more than 10–20 years. flood to affect the former channel and provide a latest age estimate for terrace abandonment.

126 Ribble Valley: Upper Ribble floodbasin, Littlebank Barn, terrace 2, core 2, Lancashire

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1440–1470 the gravels and the flood deposits, while some of the other 2σ: cal AD 1430–1610 coarser deposits may represent archaeological detritus from the remains of farming settlements. At a single site, coring Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November was able to penetrate through the basal gravels, revealing an 2007), the result provides a date for the upper flood layers in underlying unit of grey minerogenic clay rhythmite, the palaeochannel just before the switch to silt and clay interpreted as representing deposition in a pro-glacial lake laminations, and suggests that the flooding recorded in the environment. The coarse nature of the channel gravels tends channel-fill was short-lived but intense, resulting in c 2m of to support the idea that the palaeochannel morphology on deposition. the second terrace was inherited from a high-energy (ie Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two braided) rather than low-energy (ie anastomosing) fluvial measurements (SUERC-10658 and OxA-15707) are setting. The relationship with the underlying lake deposit statistically consistent (T′=3.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and suggests that this braided river system or sandur developed Wilson 1978). during a cold climate glacially-fed or nival (snowmelt) regime during the Devensian deglaciation. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Objectives: to construct a chronological framework for the SUERC–10658 340 ±35 BP glacial, fluvial, and hillslope geomorphology, and to provide preliminary chronological control for potential δ13C: -29.0‰ palaeoecological sites within the Ribble catchment. Sample: OS T3 C3 0.81–0.76m (B), submitted in February Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November 2006 by E Huckerby 2007), the present work at best represents a preliminary Material: waterlogged wood (twigs) (E Huckerby 2006) assessment of a rare fluvial environment. Tightly meandering and anastomosing flood-basin fluvial settings of this nature Initial comment: as OxA-15707 are unusual in upland Britain, hence the site’s listing as an Objectives: as OxA-15707 SSSI. It has been beyond the scope of the current study to undertake a comprehensive assessment of the basin, but a Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1470–1640 limited chronological constraint for the second terrace has 2σ: cal AD 1450–1650 been provided. Final comment: see OxA-15707 References: Chiverrell et al 2007b Laboratory comment: see OxA015707 OxA–15878 3780 ±34 BP

SUERC–10668 375 ±35 BP δ13C: -28.3‰ δ13C: -26.6‰ Sample: LB T2 C2 0.95–0.98m, submitted in July 2006 Sample: OS T3 C3 2.5–2.4m, submitted in February 2006 by R Chiverrell by R Chiverrell Material: sediment (humic acid fraction) (R Chiverrell 2006) Material: waterlogged wood: Salix/Populus sp., single Initial comment: the material is compacted well-humified peat fragment (R Gale 2006) that overlies coarse channel gravels. The sequence was Initial comment: as OxA-15685 sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from upper Ribble terrace 2. The Objectives: as OxA-15685 peat layer is 0.15–0.2m in thickness and buried by laminated Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1450–1620 flood silts. The organic materials are in situ, and comprise 2σ: cal AD 1440–1640 soft plant matter and humic acid compounds. The deposit is buried by a further 0.2m of flood-laminated silt. There is no Final comment: see OxA-15685 evidence of bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. Downwards Laboratory comment: see OxA-15685 root penetration within the peat is possible given the nature of peat deposits, as is the migration of different organic, particularly fulvic acids. Roots appear not to have penetrated Ribble Valley: Upper Ribble the overlying flood-laminated silts. At the time of sampling floodbasin, Littlebank Barn, terrace the water table was at 0.25m beneath the surface, and based 2, core 2, Lancashire on iron and manganese discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5m below the surface. Location: SD 803622 Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace Lat. 54.03.19 N; Long. 02.18.09 W palaeochannel, probably the earliest to be both abandoned as Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), the active channel and to cease being affected by flood 2005–6 inundation. This sample is a compacted well-humified peat layer overlying channel gravels within a palaeochannel fill on Archival body: University of Liverpool the terrace 2 of the upper Ribble flood-basin terrace Description: several of the cores taken from the second sequence at Littlebank Barn. The sample was taken from the terrace yielded a basal unit of coarse channel gravels that are top of the peat, which inter-digitates with the overlying buried by a thin (<1m) unit of laminated, low-energy flood laminated flood silts, and so the radiocarbon date will secure deposits. Locally, a thin organic peat has developed between the latter stages of flood inundation of the second terrace.

127 Ribble Valley: Upper Ribble floodbasin, New Hall Farm, terrace 3, core 6, Lancashire

Calibrated date: 1σ: 2280–2140 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the humic acid 2σ: 2300–2050 cal BC fraction (OxA-15880) and humin fraction (OxA-15881) measurements from the upper layers of the same compacted Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November peat layer (0.83–0.86m) underlying flood-laminated silts 2007), humic acids are homogenous, as they are alkali soluble, from the latter stages of flood inundation of terrace 2 are not and therefore can usually be more reliably dated by AMS. statistically consistent (T′=179.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), measurements and Wilson 1978). on the humic acid (OxA-15878) and humin fractions (OxA- References: Ward and Wilson 1978 15879) of the peat are not statistically consistent (T′=54.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). OxA–15881 4158 ±34 BP References: Ward and Wilson 1978 δ13C: -28.3‰ OxA–15879 4149 ±36 BP Sample: LB T2 C2, 0.83–0.86m, submitted in July 2006 by R Chiverrell δ13C: -28.0‰ Material: sediment (humin fraction) (R Chiverrell 2006) Sample: LB T2 C2 0.95–0.98m, submitted in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Initial comment: as OxA-15880 Material: sediment (peaty buried soil, humin fraction) Objectives: as OxA-15878 (R Chiverrell 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2630 cal BC Initial comment: as OxA-15878 2σ: 2890–2580 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-15878 Final comment: see OxA-15880 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2630 cal BC Laboratory comment: see OxA-15880 2σ: 2890–2570 cal BC Final comment: see OxA-15878 Ribble Valley: Upper Ribble Laboratory comment: see OxA-15878 floodbasin, New Hall Farm, terrace 3, OxA–15880 3524 ±33 BP core 6, Lancashire

δ13C: -27.7‰ Location: SD 806614 Lat. 54.02.53 N; Long. 02.17.47 W Sample: LB T2 C2, 0.83–0.86m, submitted in July 2006 by R Chiverrell Project manager: R Chiverrell (University of Liverpool), 2005–6 Material: sediment (humic acid fraction) (R Chiverrell 2006) Archival body: University of Liverpool Initial comment: the materials are from the upper layers of a compacted well-humified peat that overlies coarse channel Description: a mid-terrace palaoechannel on the third terrace gravels. The sequence was sampled from a core located in of the upper Ribble flood-basin terrace sequence at New the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from Hall Farm. upper Ribble terrace 2. The peat layer is 0.15–0.2m in Objectives: to construct a chronological framework for the thickness and buried by laminated flood silts. The organic glacial, fluvial, and hillslope geomorphology, and to provide materials are in situ and comprised soft plant matter and preliminary chronological control for potential humic acid compounds. The deposit is buried by a further palaeoecological sites within the Ribble catchment. 0.2m of flood laminated silt. There is no evidence for bioturbation or downwards root penetration from above the Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November peat, because the flood laminations are undisturbed. 2007), the present work at best represents a preliminary Downwards root penetration within the peat is possible assessment of a rare fluvial environment. Tightly meandering given the nature of peat deposits, as is the migration of and anastomosing flood-basin fluvial settings of this nature different organic fractions, particularly fulvic acids. Roots are unusual in upland Britain, hence the site’s listing as an appear not to have penetrated the overlying flood laminated SSSI, Long Preston Deeps SSSI. It has been beyond the silts. At the time of sampling the water table was at 0.25m scope of the current study to undertake a comprehensive beneath the surface, and based on iron and manganese assessment of the basin, but a limited chronological discolouration probably oscillates around 0.5m below the constraint for terrace T3 has been provided. surface. References: Chiverrell et al 2007b Objectives: as OxA-15878 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1900–1770 cal BC SUERC–10672 670 ±35 BP σ 2 : 1950–1740 cal BC δ13C: -28.8‰ Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November Sample: NH T3 C6 1.86–1.91m (B), submitted in July 2006 2007), humic acids are homogenous, as they are alkali soluble, by R Chiverrell and therefore can usually be more reliably dated by AMS. Material: waterlogged wood: Salix/Populus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2006)

128 Ripon Cathedral, North Yorkshire

Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from towards sequence of sandy silt and clay reflective of more passive the top of a 1m thick sequence of coarse to medium sand flood inundation. The deposit is towards the top of a flood-laminations. The sequence of flood-laminations was sequence of sand flood layers and is buried by a further sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel 0.5m of flood-laminated sand and silt. There is no evidence with surface expression from upper Ribble terrace 3. The for bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the organic materials were incorporated within the uppermost flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling sandy flood-lamination below the switch to sandy silt and the water table was at the surface, and based on iron and clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather than in manganese discolouration probably oscillates down to situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally around 0.5m below the surface. derived, and are likely to be similar in age to the flood Objectives: at this location, the setting is a back-terrace deposit. This sample is 1.91–1.86m from the, surface with palaeochannel, one of the earliest to be both abandoned as flood-laminated coarse to medium sands reflecting channel the active channel and cease being affected by flood inundation, and buried and sealed beneath a flood-laminated inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within a sequence of sandy silt and clay reflective more passive flood flood layer, towards the top of a palaeochannel fill on terrace inundation. The deposit is towards the top of a sequence of 3 of the upper Ribble flood-basin terrace sequence at New sand flood layers and is buried by a further 0.6m of flood- Hall Farm. The underlying deposits are laminated stiff laminated sand and silt. There is no evidence for glaciolacustrine clays and silts, in turn buried by 1.6m of bioturbation or downwards root penetration, because the fluvial flood sand layers. The radiocarbon dating will secure flood laminations are undisturbed. At the time of sampling the onset of channel abandonment and provide an age the water table was at the surface, and based on iron and estimate for terrace abandonment. manganese discolouration probably oscillates down to around 0.5m below the surface. Calibrated date: 1σ: 4850–4770 cal BC 2σ: 4910–4710 cal BC Objectives: at this location the setting is a back-terrace palaeochannel, and one of the earliest to be both abandoned Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November as the active channel and cease being affected by flood 2007), the result suggests, that the date of channel inundation. This sample is organic detritus from within a abandonment (NH T3 C6) and the abandonment of the flood layer towards the top of a palaeochannel fill on terrace third terrace was some time after 4910–4710 cal BC. 3 of the upper Ribble flood-basin terrace sequence at New Hall Farm. The underlying deposits are laminated stiff glaciolacustrine clays and silts, in turn buried by 1.6m of Ripon Cathedral, North Yorkshire fluvial flood sand layers. The radiocarbon dating will secure the onset of channel abandonment and provide an age Location: SE 31447112 estimate for terrace abandonment. Lat. 54.08.05 N; Long. 01.31.08 W Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1280–1390 Project manager: A Bayliss (English Heritage), 2005 2σ: cal AD 1270–1400 Description: the first church on the site of Ripon Cathedral Final comment: R Chiverrell and P Marshall (12 November was originally part of a Celtic monastery. This was 2007), the result provides a date for the switch to sandy silt reorganised by St Wilfrid in AD 660. Between then and AD and clay laminations from coarse to medium sand flood 1050 it was refounded as a College of secular canons under laminations. the patronage of the Archbishop of York. It remained as a parish church even after the dissolution of the College in AD Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), a second 1547. In AD 1604 the college was refounded under James I, sample from this level failed. dissolved during the Commonwealth, but founded yet again in AD 1660. It was elevated to Cathedral status in AD 1836. SUERC–10673 5935 ±35 BP The nave roof consists of 15 ′truncated′ trusses, consisting δ13C: -27.9‰ alternately of single larger principal rafters (trusses 1, 3, 5, etc, numbering from west to east) or of two very slightly Sample: NH T3 C6 2.79–2.75m (B), submitted in July 2006 smaller principal rafters in close-set pairs (trusses 2, 4, 6, by R Chiverrell etc). All such principal rafters are of oak. The apex of each Material: waterlogged wood: Ulmus sp., single fragment truss seems to have been cut off (if indeed the original ever (R Gale 2006) went to the ridge) and replaced in softwood. Set to the underside of the principal roof timbers are the beams of the Initial comment: the material is organic detritus from towards ceiling vault. These consist of ridge and vault ribs, from the top of a 1m thick sequence of coarse to medium sand which spring diagonal and intermediate ribs. All these flood laminations. The sequence of flood laminations was timbers are of oak. sampled from a core located in the centre of a palaeochannel with surface expression from upper Ribble terrace 3. The Objectives: the tree-ring analysis of Ripon Cathedral (Arnold organic materials were incorporated within the uppermost et al 2005) was unusual in producing two, well-replicated but sandy flood-lamination, below the switch to sandy silt and undated, site chronologies, each containing more than 100 clay laminations. The materials are detrital rather than in rings. This provided the opportunity to test the accuracy of situ, but they comprise soft plant matter, probably locally the radiocarbon dating produced for the ALSF research derived and likely to be similar in age to the flood deposit. programme, using samples whose relative age was known by The sample is from 2.79–2.75m from the surface with flood- dendrochronology. The submission of related, and replicate, laminated coarse to medium sands reflecting channel samples to the laboratories collaborating on the ALSF inundation, and buried and sealed beneath a flood-laminated programme tested the comparability of results produced by

129 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ01, North Yorkshire different laboratories. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry has SUERC–8963 100 ±35 BP only recently achieved the precision needed for wiggle- δ13C: -24.0‰ matching, and so a subsidiary aim was to field test the technique to determine whether it can offer, on a routine Sample: RIP-C08 <1>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by basis, the accuracy required for applications relating to D Hamilton historic buildings. Further samples from this site were dated Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) as part of the wider English Heritage radiocarbon dating programme, and as part of the internal quality control Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 217–226 of procedures of the Scottish Universities Environmental floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from Research Centre. core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal rafter of truss 3. Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), of the 20 groups of replicate measurements from Ripon Cathedral, Objectives: to demonstrate the accuracy and inter-laboratory 16 are statistically consistent at two standard deviations comparability of radiocarbon samples dated under the ALSF (Ward and Wilson 1978; see below). In two other cases the research programme, and to provide calendar dating for the results are consistent at three standard deviations, although undated tree-ring master sequence, RIPCSQ01, from the in the other two cases they are not. Bayesian wiggle- nave roof of Ripon Cathedral. matching suggests that the timbers in site sequence Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1680–1955* RIPCSQ01 were felled in cal AD 1855–1870 (95% probability; 2σ: cal AD 1670–1955* RIPCSQ01 bark edge; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10), and the timbers in site sequence RIPCSQ02 were felled in Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is cal AD 1850–1870 (95% probability; RIPCSQ02 bark edge; statistically consistent with two other measurements available Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). This suggests that the for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11434 (140 ±35 BP) entire roof structure of the nave was reconstructed as part and GrA-30753 (150 ±30 BP) (T′=1.2; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; of the works designed by Sir Gilbert Scott and undertaken Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three between AD 1862 and AD 1872. These date estimates are measurements, 132 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD compatible with tentative tree-ring matches, which would 1675–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of date the final ring of both master sequences to AD 1868 RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD (Bayliss et al forthcoming). 1850–1865 (95% probability; rings 217–226; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10). References: Arnold et al 2005 Bayliss et al forthcoming References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Ward and Wilson 1978 Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978

Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ01, SUERC–8964 135 ±35 BP North Yorkshire δ13C: -23.6‰ Location: SE 31447112 Sample: RIP-C08 <2>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Lat. 54.08.05 N; Long. 01.31.08 W D Hamilton Project manager: A Bayliss (English Heritage), 2005 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Archival body: Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 207–216 of Laboratory, English Heritage floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal Description: the undated 226-ring tree-ring master rafter of truss 3. sequence, RIPCSQ01, is made up of series from six principal rafters from the nave roof (Arnold et al 2005). Objectives: as SUERC-8963 Five of these timbers are complete to bark edge, including Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* both cores from which radiocarbon samples were dated 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* (RIP-C08 and RIP-C11). Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), the wiggle- statistically consistent with two other measurements available matching of site sequence RIPCSQ01 suggests that the last for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11435 (160 ±35 BP) ring of the tree-ring chronology was formed in cal AD and GrA-30755 (115 ±30 BP)(T′=1.0; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; 1855–1870 (95% probability; RIPCSQ01 bark edge; Bayliss Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three et al forthcoming, fig 10), or cal AD 1860–1865 (68% measurements, 135 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD probability). This model has good overall agreement 1670–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of (Aoverall = 166.3%, An= 22.4%; Bronk Ramsey 1995). RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD These date estimates are compatible with a tentative 1840–1855 (95% probability; rings 207–216; Bayliss et al tree-ring match, which would date the final ring of this forthcoming, fig 10). sequence to AD 1868. References: Bayliss et al forthcoming References: Arnold et al 2005 Reimer et al 2004 Bayliss et al forthcoming Ward and Wilson 1978 Bronk Ramsey 1995

130 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ01, North Yorkshire

SUERC–8965 145 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005)

δ13C: -23.4‰ Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 177–186 of floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from Sample: RIP-C08 <3>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal D Hamilton rafter of truss 3. Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Objectives: as SUERC-8963 Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 197–206 of Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal rafter of truss 3. Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is statistically consistent with two other measurements available Objectives: as SUERC-8963 for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11441 (85 ±35 BP) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* and GrA-30635 (95 ±30 BP) (T′=2.4; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three measurements, 110 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1680–1955* Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ01 statistically consistent with two other measurements available suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1810–1825 (95% for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11439 (135 ±35 BP) probability; rings 177–186; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10). and GrA-30756 (115 ±30 BP) (T′=0.5; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three References: Bayliss et al forthcoming measurements, 130 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD Reimer et al 2004 1675–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of Ward and Wilson 1978 RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1830–1845 (95% probability; rings 197–206; Bayliss et al SUERC–8971 240 ±35 BP forthcoming, fig 10). δ13C: -23.7‰ References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Reimer et al 2004 Sample: RIP-C08 <6>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Ward and Wilson 1978 D Hamilton Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) SUERC–8969 150 ±35 BP Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 167–176 of δ13C: -23.5‰ floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal Sample: RIP-C08 <4>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by rafter of truss 3. D Hamilton Objectives: as SUERC-8963 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1640–1950 Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 187–196 of 2σ: cal AD 1520–1955* floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is rafter of truss 3. not statistically consistent with two other measurements available for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11442 Objectives: as SUERC-8963 (140 ±35 BP) and GrA-30761 (75 ±30 BP) (T′=12.9; Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978), and may be 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* slightly older than expected. The weighted mean of these three measurements, 144 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1665–1955* Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ01 statistically consistent with two other measurements available suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1800–1815 (95% for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11440 (110 ±35 BP) probability; rings 167–176; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10). and GrA-30757 (65 ±30 BP) (T′=3.4; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three References: Bayliss et al forthcoming measurements, 104 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD Reimer et al 2004 1680–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of Ward and Wilson 1978 RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1820–1835 (95% probability; rings 187–196; Bayliss et al SUERC–8972 270 ±35 BP forthcoming, fig 10). δ13C: -23.4‰ References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Reimer et al 2004 Sample: RIP-C08 <7>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Ward and Wilson 1978 D Hamilton Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) SUERC–8970 155 ±35 BP Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 157–166 of δ13C: -23.5‰ floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal Sample: RIP-C08 <5>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by rafter of truss 3. D Hamilton

131 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ02, North Yorkshire

Objectives: as SUERC-8963 Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is statistically consistent with two other measurements available Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1530–1660 for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11445 (140 ±35 BP) 2σ: cal AD 1510–1955* and GrA-30765 (165 ±30 BP) (T′=5.0; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three not statistically consistent with two other measurements measurements, 182 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD available for this decade of RIPCSQ01 at 95% confidence 1660–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of (SUERC-11443, 145 ±35 BP and GrA-30762, 165 ±30 BP; RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD T′=7.6; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978), although 1770–1785 (95% probability; rings 137–146; Bayliss et al it is at 99% confidence. The weighted mean of these three forthcoming, fig 10). measurements, 191 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD References: Bayliss et al forthcoming 1655–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of Reimer et al 2004 RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD Ward and Wilson 1978 1790–1805 (95% probability; rings 157–166; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10). SUERC–8975 275 ±35 BP References: Bayliss et al forthcoming δ13 Reimer et al 2004 C: -23.3‰ Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: RIP-C08 <10>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton SUERC–8973 275 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) δ13C: -23.3‰ Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 127–136 of Sample: RIP-C08 <8>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from D Hamilton core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal rafter of truss 3. Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Objectives: as SUERC-8963 Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 147–156 of floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1520–1660 core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal 2σ: cal AD 1510–1955* rafter of truss 3. Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is Objectives: as SUERC-8963 not statistically consistent with two other measurements available for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11449 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1520–1660 (160 ±35 BP) and GrA-30766 (120 ±30 BP) (T′=11.7; 2σ: cal AD 1510–1955* T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978), and may be Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is slightly older than expected. The weighted mean of these statistically consistent with two other measurements available three measurements, 179 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD for this decade of RIPCSQ01, SUERC-11444 (230 ±35 BP) 1660–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of and GrA-30763 (210 ±30 BP)(T′=2.0; T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; RIPCSQ01 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these three 1760–1775 (95% probability; rings 127–136; Bayliss et al measurements, 235 ±19 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1640–1950 forthcoming, fig 10). (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ01 References: Bayliss et al forthcoming suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1780–1795 (95% Reimer et al 2004 probability; rings 147–156; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 10). Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ02, North Yorkshire SUERC–8974 245 ±35 BP

δ13C: -23.2‰ Location: SE 31447112 Lat. 54.08.05 N; Long. 01.31.08 W Sample: RIP-C08 <9>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton Project manager: A Bayliss (English Heritage), 2005 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Archival body: Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory, English Heritage Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 137–146 of floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ01. The sample is from Description: the undated 117-ring tree-ring master sequence, core RIP-C08, which was taken from the north principal RIPCSQ02, is made up of series from nine timbers, ′ ′ rafter of truss 3. including five double rafters and two ceiling ribs from each end of the nave (Arnold et al 2005, fig 5). Six of these Objectives: as SUERC-8963 timbers are complete to bark edge, including both cores Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1640–1950 from which radiocarbon samples were dated (RIP-C14 and 2σ: cal AD 1520–1955* RIP-C29).

132 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ02, North Yorkshire

Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), the wiggle- T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted matching of site sequence RIPCSQ02 suggests that the last mean of these measurements, 123 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal ring of the tree-ring chronology was formed in cal AD AD 1680–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching 1850–1870 (95% probability; RIPCSQ02 bark edge; Bayliss et of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD al forthcoming, fig 11), or cal AD 1855–1865 (68% 1825–1845 (95% probability; rings 88–97; Bayliss et al probability). This model has good overall agreement (Aoverall = forthcoming, fig 11). 69.7%, An= 22.4%; Bronk Ramsey 1995). These date References: Bayliss et al forthcoming estimates are compatible with a tentative tree-ring match, Reimer et al 2004 which would date the final ring of this sequence to AD 1868. Ward and Wilson 1978 References: Arnold et al 2005 Bayliss et al forthcoming OxA–15408 141 ±25 BP Bronk Ramsey 1995 δ13C: -23.1‰ OxA–15406 132 ±25 BP Sample: RIP-C29 <4>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton δ13C: -23.8‰ Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Sample: RIP-C29<1>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 78–87 of floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 108–117 of 11 and 12. floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from Objectives: as OxA-15406 core RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays 11 and 12. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1680–1955* 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* Objectives: to demonstrate the accuracy and inter-laboratory comparability of radiocarbon samples dated under the ALSF Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is research programme, and to provide calendar dating for the not statistically consistent with another measurement for this undated tree-ring master sequence, RIPCSQ02, from the decade of RIPCSQ02 at 95% confidence, although it is at nave roof of Ripon Cathedral. 99% confidence (GrA-30772, 60 ±30 BP; T′=4.3; T′(5%)= 3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1680–1955* measurements, 109 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1680–1955* 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ02 Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1815–1835 (95% statistically consistent with another measurement for this probability; rings 78–87; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30767 (115 ±30 BP) (T′=0.2; References: Bayliss et al forthcoming T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted Reimer et al 2004 mean of these measurements, 126 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal Ward and Wilson 1978 AD 1675–1955* (Reimet et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1845–1865 (95% probability; rings 108–117; Bayliss et al OxA–15409 147 ±26 BP forthcoming, fig 11). δ13C: -23.2‰ References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Sample: RIP-C29 <5>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Reimer et al 2004 D Hamilton Ward and Wilson 1978 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) OxA–15407 143 ±26 BP Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 68–77 of floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core δ13C: -22.8‰ RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays Sample: RIP-C29 <3>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by 11 and 12. D Hamilton Objectives: as OxA-15406 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 88–97 of floating 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays statistically consistent with another measurement for this 11 and 12. decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30773 (85 ±30 BP)(T′=2.4; Objectives: as OxA-15406 T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these measurements, 121 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* AD 1680–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is 1805–1825 (95% probability; rings 68–77; Bayliss et al statistically consistent with another measurement for this forthcoming, fig 11). decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30770 (95 ±30 BP)(T′=1.5;

133 Ripon Cathedral: RIPCSQ02, North Yorkshire

References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Reimer et al 2004 Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 38–47 of floating Ward and Wilson 1978 tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays OxA–15410 171 ±25 BP 11 and 12. δ13 C: -23.1‰ Objectives: as OxA-15406 Sample: RIP-C29 <6>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1650–1955* D Hamilton 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 58–67 of floating statistically consistent with another measurement for this tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30777 (150 ±30 BP)(T′=3.3; RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted 11 and 12. mean of these measurements, 192 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1655–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching Objectives: OxA-15406 of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* 1775–1795 (95% probability; rings 38–47; Bayliss et al 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* forthcoming, fig 11). Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is References: Bayliss et al forthcoming statistically consistent with another measurement for this decade Reimer et al 2004 of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30775 (155 ±35 BP)(T′=0.1;T′(5%)=3.8; Ward and Wilson 1978 ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these measurements, 166 ±21 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1665–1955* OxA–15413 188 ±25 BP (Reimer et al 2004).The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ02 δ13C: -23.2‰ suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1795–1815 (95% probability; rings 58–67; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). Sample: RIP-C29 <9>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton References: Bayliss et al forthcoming Reimer et al 2004 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: as OxA-15406

OxA–15411 208 ±26 BP Objectives: decadal sample from rings 28–37 of floating tree- ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core RIP- δ13 C: -22.3‰ C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays 11 Sample: RIP-C29 <7>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by and 12. D Hamilton Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) 2σ: cal AD 1650–1955* Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 48–57 of floating Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core statistically consistent with another measurement for this RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30779 (190 ±30 BP)(T′=0.0; 11 and 12. T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these measurements, 189 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal Objectives: as OxA-15406 AD 1660–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1650–1955* of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* 1765–1785 (95% probability; rings 28–37; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is statistically consistent with another measurement for this decade References: Bayliss et al forthcoming of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30776 (170 ±30 BP)(T′=0.9;T′(5%)=3.8; Reimer et al 2004 ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these Ward and Wilson 1978 measurements, 192 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal AD 1655–1955* (Reimer et al 2004).The wiggle-matching of RIPCSQ02 OxA–15414 211 ±25 BP suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1785–1805 (95% δ13C: -23.7‰ probability; rings 48–57; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). Sample: RIP-C29 <10>, submitted on 13 December 2005 References: Bayliss et al forthcoming by D Hamilton Reimer et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 18–27 of floating OxA–15412 221 ±25 BP tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from core δ13C: -22.6‰ RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning bays 11 and 12. Sample: RIP-C29 <8>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by D Hamilton Objectives: as OxA-15406

134 Seabed Prehistory: Great Yarmouth, English Coastal Waters

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1650–1955* freshwater sands and silts, littoral sand, estuarine alluvium 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* and a shallow marine lag gravel. Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is Objectives: to enable judgement to be made upon potential statistically consistent with another measurement for this archaeological impact of aggregate dredging in the area. The decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30780 (220 ±30 BP)(T′=0.1; results will show whether the gravels, sands, silts and clays T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted are related to the Devensian and early Holocene offshore mean of these measurements, 215 ±20 BP, calibrates to cal extension of the Yare river. AD 1645–1955* (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching References: Bellamy 1995 of RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD 1755–1775 (95% probability; rings 18–27; Bayliss et al forthcoming, fig 11). OxA–16466 39820 ±390 BP References: Bayliss et al forthcoming δ13C: -5.7‰ Reimer et al 2004 Sample: 57422 VC-GY1 1.92B, submitted on 25 August Ward and Wilson 1978 2006 by M Allen Material: shell (Hinia reticulata) (J Russell 2006) OxA–15497 155 ±23 BP Initial comment: the marine shell is in a discrete littoral deposit δ13C: -24.0‰ of marine shell overlying freshwater sediments. None of the Sample: RIP-C29 <2>, submitted on 13 December 2005 by shells are particularly worn or abraded (ie obviously long-term D Hamilton residual).This layer overlying freshwater sediment is potentially a sea-level index point. The sample is from a vibrocore at a Material: waterlogged wood: Quercus sp. (R Howard 2005) depth of 1.92m below the seabed (-29.53m OD). Initial comment: decadal sample from rings 98–107 of Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for the floating tree-ring sequence RIPCSQ02. The sample is from sedimentary units and palaeoenvironmental (pollen, core RIP-C29, which was taken from a ceiling rib spanning ostracods, foraminifera, and diatom) data, and to relate this bays 11 and 12. data to other known and dated or comparable sequences. Objectives: as OxA-15406 Final comment: J Russell (8 November 2007), this date would Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1670–1955* indicate deposition during the Devensian (OIS3) when sea 2σ: cal AD 1665–1955* level is thought to have been at least c 80m below OD (Siddall et al 2003). The presence of a marine shell at - Final comment: A Bayliss (13 November 2007), this result is 29.53m OD is therefore enigmatic. Subsequent OSL dating, statistically consistent with another measurement for this molluscs, pollen, and plant macrofossils recovered from decade of RIPCSQ02, GrA-30768 (100 ±30 BP)(T′=2.1; these sediments suggest an Ipswichian date is more likely. T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The weighted mean of these measurements, 135 ±18 BP, calibrates to cal Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit AD 1675–1940 (Reimer et al 2004). The wiggle-matching of (2006), this sample was stained with Fiegl’s solution prior to RIPCSQ02 suggests that this sample dates to cal AD dating as a check on whether the shell was predominantly 1835–1855 (95% probability; rings 98–107; Bayliss et al aragonitic or calcitic. The shell turned black in solution, forthcoming, fig 11). which is an indicator of a predominantly aragonitic mineralogy. Since recrystallisation of carbonate occurs References: Bayliss et al forthcoming always as a calcite polymorph, there is a lower likelihood of Reimer et al 2004 substantial contamination in this radiocarbon determination. Ward and Wilson 1978 Further analysis is possible, for example using XRD or cathodoluminescence or a similar method, but this is not routinely implemented here. Seabed Prehistory: Great Yarmouth, Laboratory comment: English Heritage (17 January 2008), the English Coastal Waters result is beyond current limits of the internationally agreed calibration range (Reimer et al 2004). Location: Lat. 52.34.53 N; Long. 01.53.28 E References: Reimer et al 2004 Project manager: M Allen and S Leather (Wessex Siddall et al 2003 Archaeology), July 2006

Archival body: Wessex Archaeology SUERC–11979 >50000 BP

Description: the 800x800m survey area was located 12km δ13C: -27.9‰ east of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk submerged under 25 to 30m of water. Survey included geophysics (sidescan sonar, Sample: 57422 VC-GY1 2.25, submitted on 15 August 2006 echosounder, shallow seismic) and vibrocores (5m length). by M Allen One core (VC-GY1) sampled the main sequence and was Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (<5g) (herbaceous selected for subsampling for palaeoenvironmental data stem) (C Chisham 2006) (pollen, diatoms, ostracods, foraminifera, molluscs, and radiocarbon dating). Samples were taken from vibrocore VC Initial comment: the plant stem was horizontal sealed in situ GY1. The main sequence recorded was shallow marine within a very organic black clayey silt with frequent freshwater sands and gravels overlain by glacio-fluvial sands then molluscs.The plant (unidentified) is considered to have been

135 Seabed Prehistory: palaeo-Arun, English Coastal Waters associated with this shallow freshwater deposit.The sample is samples contained blocks of peat. One grab sample, which from a vibrocore 2.25m below the seabed (-29.86m OD). contained peat at 32.5m below OD, also included a freshly broken fragment of oak charcoal, found within the peat, that Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for the could be anthropogenic. Reed stems (Phragmites sp.) at the sedimentary units and palaeoenvironmental (pollen, ostracods, same level were selected for radiocarbon dating. foraminifera, diatom, and mollusc) data, and to relate this data to other known and dated or comparable sequences. Objectives: to enable judgement to be made upon potential archaeological impact of aggregate dredging in the area and Final comment: J Russell (7 November 2007), the result to aid in evaluating the usefulness of screening grab samples indicates the sample to be older than originally suspected. in understanding the archaeological and environmental Further dating (OSL) and environmental remains suggest significance of submerged land surfaces adjacent to and that the deposit is likely to be Ipswichian in date. within aggregate extraction areas. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (17 January 2008), the References: Bellamy 1995 result is beyond current limits of the internationally agreed calibration range (Reimer et al 2004). SUERC–12007 8815 ±40 BP References: Reimer et al 2004 δ13C: -26.6‰ SUERC–11983 43800 ±400 BP Sample: 57421 H54, submitted on 28 July 2006 by M Allen

δ13C: -6.8‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Phragmites) (C Chisham 2006) Sample: 57422 VC-GY1 1.92A, submitted on 25 August 2006 by M Allen Initial comment: reed stem (Phragmites sp.) stratified horizontally in peat from the same sample and depth as Material: shell (Hinia reticulata) (J Russell 2006) charcoal (sample H54).The Phragmites sp. is considered to Initial comment: the marine shell is in a discrete littoral deposit be a component of the peat.The sample is from peat at - of marine shell overlying freshwater sediments. None of the 32.5m OD (recovered in a grab sample), which is presently shells are particularly worn or abraded (ie obviously long-term exposed on the seabed. residual). This layer overlies the freshwater sediment and is Objectives: to date the peat from which the charcoal was potentially a sea-level index point. The sample is from a recovered. To relate this to the dated peats already studied in vibrocore at a depth of 1.92m below the seabed (-29.53m OD). this area. Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for the Calibrated date: 1σ: 8170–7780 cal BC sedimentary units and palaeoenvironmental (pollen, 2σ: 8210–7730 cal BC ostracods, foraminifera and diatom) data, and to relate this data to other known and dated or comparable sequences. Final comment: J Russell (7 November 2007), this date forms part of a consistent series of dates from the palaeo-Arun Final comment: J Russell (7 November 2007), this date area. It is both the shallowest and therefore expectedly the indicates deposition during the Devensian (OIS3) when sea youngest sample dated from the survey area. The elevation level is thought to have been c 80m below OD (Siddall et al and dates of these Holocene saltmarsh peats are consistent 2003). The presence of a marine shell at -29.53m OD is with sea-level rise in the area during the Mesolithic period. therefore enigmatic. OSL dating, molluscs, pollen, and plant macrofossils recovered from these sediments suggest an Ipswichian date is more likely. Suffolk Rivers, Suffolk Laboratory comment: English Heritage (17 January 2008), the result is beyond current limits of the internationally agreed Location: TM 64232919: TM 6423 2920: calibration range (Reimer et al 2004). TL 8295 6918: TL 5938 2797 Lat. 51.53.53 N; Long. 01.50.28 E, : References: Reimer et al 2004 Lat. 51.53.53 N; Long. 01.50.28E: Siddall et al 2003 Lat. 52.17.23 N; Long. 00.40.58 E: Lat. 51.55.37 N; Long. 00.19.06 E Seabed Prehistory: palaeo-Arun, Project manager: T Hill (University of Birmingham), English Coastal Waters July 2006 Description: the Suffolk river valleys project was developed to Location: Lat. 50.39.24 N; Long. 00.24.01 W address themes identified through discussion with curatorial Project manager: M Allen and S Leather (Wessex and academic archaeologists working in Suffolk. This Archaeology), July 2006 ongoing project is developing a historic environment research and management framework for all the mineral Archival body: Wessex Archaeology resource areas primarily through SMR/HER enhancement and analysis of aerial photographs. Heritage managers in Description: the 5km2 survey area was located 18km south of Suffolk County Council are fully aware of the threats to the Littlehampton, Sussex, presently submerged under c 25 to historic archaeological resource within their region. Whilst 35m of water. Geophysical survey had identified the area to other parts of the Suffolk archaeological landscape have contain sediments relating to the offshore extension of the been the focus of intensive research investigation, such river Arun (Bellamy 1995). Further investigations have as the Palaeolithic record (eg Wymer 1999) and development included grab sampling at 100m intervals. Many of the grab

136 Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 1, Suffolk of the agricultural landscape (eg Williamson 1987; Martin (Beccles, Hengrave, and Ixworth) provided highly and Satchel forthcoming), the palaeoenvironmental record anomalous AMS radiocarbon results, where inverted dates and archaeological resource of these Holocene valley floors were common, in addition to modern age estimates being have been largely ignored. Furthermore, generic models of encountered deep within the stratigraphic sequences alluvial development of such low-gradient fluvial systems (Hill et al 2007). It is beyond the scope of this proposal to suggest that the build-up of fine-grained sediment through consider the precise reasons for these anomalies, but the overbank sedimentation has probably resulted in the burial evidence from the environmental assessments support the of significant archaeological remains within such valley stratigraphic integrity of the sampled sequences. A floor environments (Howard and Macklin 1999). The desk- subsequent meeting with an English Heritage dating based assessment and pilot fieldwork undertaken in Phase 1 specialist established that sampling protocols applied successfully identified a number of regions within the county during both fieldwork and laboratory analysis did not with the potential to yield palaeoenvironmental information, appear to be responsible for providing the erroneous which could be dovetailed with cultural records. Through the radiocarbon results. This was further supported by the assessment of available resources, including HER data, aerial apparent clear conformable biostratigraphy encountered photographs, and LiDAR, a total of five sites were identified within the Hengrave and Ixworth pollen sequences; the for further consideration: Beccles, Brandon, Hengrave, pollen curves from both diagrams make ecological sense, Hoxne, and Ixworth. Of these, Beccles, Hengrave, and with no evidence for any form of significant disturbance to Ixworth were found to have sedimentary archives suitable for the sequences of sediment deposition. Indeed, despite the applying palaeoenvironmental assessments (pollen, beetles, poorer preservation of pollen at Beccles, the biostratigraphy and diatoms) and radiocarbon dating. at this site is also apparently conformable, with the diatom spectra from both Beccles core 1 and core 2 also Objectives: this proposal aims to elucidate the geoarchaeo- supporting this conclusion. It was therefore agreed that logical development of the Waveney, Little Ouse, Lark, other factors may have been influential in providing such Gipping, and Black Bourne. Study of these valleys is erroneous results. Discussion of this issue with a number of considered important because of the direct impact of past, colleagues suggests that chronological problems with present, and future aggregate extraction on their cultural radiocarbon dating are not restricted to the Suffolk River heritage and landscape. Recent ALSF-funded research in Valleys Project, but are quite commonplace. It is therefore Suffolk has addressed in detail issues regarding the essential to investigate the reasons behind such identification and quantification of the archaeological record inconsistencies on both a spatial and temporal scale. in the mineral resource areas, but no provision was made From the curatorial perspective of Suffolk County within the project for the characterisation and investigation Council, it is deemed essential to understand the reasons of the palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological resource. behind such chronological problems within the East Anglian Subsequently, Suffolk County Council Archaeological region. Phase 1 of the Suffolk river Valleys Project Service has identified this as a major gap in knowledge, highlighted the abundance of valuable palaeoenvironmental and a future funding priority. Overall, the study will records within valley lowlands susceptible to aggregate contribute information to inform strategic management of extraction. If a clear understanding of the causes behind this the combined archaeological and geoarchaeological dating problem is not gained, subsequent palaeoenviron- resource in the valleys and enhance understanding of the mental assessments within the region may experience similar evolution of these rivers and the implications of this for problems, and the management of deposits of palaeoenviron- human activity and the archaeological record. mental potential at risk through aggregate extraction could The Suffolk river valley’s project proposal was developed be problematic. This proposed project would provide a with the following primary aims: to assess and characterise methodological framework, which could be applied to future the geoarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental resource of studies in the region. the major river valleys of Suffolk affected by mineral extraction; to investigate how the evolution of different river References: Hill et al 2007 catchments relates to the preservation and character of Howard and Macklin 1999 archaeological sequences in these areas; and to assess the Martin and Satchell forthcoming potential for investigating the role that factors such as Williamson 1987 human activity and climate change have played in the Wymer 1999 evolution of the different river valleys; the use of the information to create a research agenda for Cultural Resource Management for the Suffolk rivers and thus aid in Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 1, Suffolk the design and development of future prospection and mitigation strategies in areas susceptible to or affected by Location: TM 64232919 aggregate extraction; to enhance the Historic Environmental Lat. 51.53.53 N; Long. 01.50.28 E Record (SMR/HER) held by Suffolk County Council to Project manager: T Hill (University of Birmingham), inform future Cultural Resource Management; and to July 2006 disseminate the results of the research to the stakeholder community, including the general public. Archival body: University of Birmingham Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), whilst multi- Description: analysis of aerial photographs, LiDAR, and grey proxy assessments of the valley archives have revealed literature as part of this project resulted in the identification promising palaeoenvironmental results, the radiocarbon of a thick peat sequence within the valley floodplain of the dating programme has indicated significant problems with river Waveney, proximal to the town of Beccles. During flood the age estimates for each site. The three sites that alleviation works along the river Waveney, the excavation of a underwent subsequent chronostratigraphic assessments drainage ditch identified an abundance of vertical timber

137 Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 1, Suffolk posts preserved within the peat archive. These were Material: waterlogged wood (-1.42m OD): Alnus glutinosa, subsequently identified as the remnants of a prehistoric single fragment, -0.415m OD (R Gale 2006) trackway. Coring proximal to the trackway confirmed the Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a presence of up to 6m of fen peat overlying basal sands and dark grey-brown very well-humified silty peat. The gravels. Approximately 0.85m of well-humified herbaceous underlying geology of this part of the Waveney Valley silty peat is present, which is underlain by 0.15m of grey- comprises glaciofluvial drift and chalk till. The stratigraphy brown organic-rich silt. A thin 0.15m layer of silty peat is and sedimentology of the deposits suggests the area has found below the organic-rich silt unit. This, in turn, is infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. underlain by a further 4.2m of herbaceous humified peat A thin silt horizon is located at c 0.85–1m depth, which is with colour variations from red-brown to dark brown/black. believed to be of estuarine origin, and is indicative of a Sands and gravels were encountered at the base of the core. period of temporary inundation before a return to terrestrial Objectives: to determine the timing of the onset of biogenic sedimentation. Estuarine sediments become present in (in situ) organic accumulation at the site; to identify increasing thickness within the valley’s sedimentary archive variations in the rate of organic accumulation within the with distance north from the Beccles Core 1 site. The floodplain during its depositional history; and to determine sediments were extracted using a Russian corer to a depth of the timing of the onset and cessation of minerogenic 4m, whilst a gauge corer was used to extract sediments from sedimentation. 4m to 5.45m. The natural water table was located c 0.5m from the surface, although an archaeological dig proximal to Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), the application the site resulted in the temporary artificial lowering of the of pollen, coleopteran, and diatom analysis to the water table. Rootlet penetration was not evident within the stratigraphic archives present within the river Waveney core upon extraction. floodplain proximal to Beccles yielded contrasting results. The very low pollen counts for the sequence preclude any Objectives: to determine the timing of organic sedimentation detailed discussion, with the lack of a robust chronology also across the Holocene floodplain; to identify the timing of the hindering interpretation. In addition, coleopteran removal of estuarine conditions from the valley setting; to assemblages were almost wholly absent from the archive determine the duration of biogenic sedimentation and under assessment. It is therefore likely that either a) such variations in the rates of sedimentation during the proxy records were never incorporated into the sedimentary depositional history. archive during in situ organic accumulation or, b) post- Calibrated date: 1σ: 180–40 cal BC depositional decomposition of the sedimentary archive has 2σ: 350 cal BC–cal AD 50 resulted in the removal of the proxy records from the sequence. Comparisons made between the Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), the sample was palaeoenvironmental assessments undertaken for this project taken from the silt-rich peat unit immediately overlying a and those undertaken during the trackway archaeological layer of silt known to be estuarine in origin. This broadly excavation could prove useful when attempting to explain correlates with the period of estuarine sedimentation the absence of proxy assemblages. encountered at Adelby, proximal to Beccles, between c 500 The radiocarbon dating of samples from Beccles core 1 cal BC and c 300 cal BC (Alderton 1983). Therefore, whilst did not provide a robust chronological framework. Whilst questions remain regarding the reliability of the radiocarbon palaeoenvironmental assessments suggested a broadly sequence of Beccles Core 1, the upper sample(s) may be chronostratigraphical sequence was present, dating interpreted as being chronostratigraphically significant. inversions were evident within the sequence to suggest that Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), the radiocarbon dating of the sequence had been a second macrofossil from this level produced insufficient unsuccessful. The basal date 10,040–9220 cal BC (GrA- carbon for dating. 33477; 9960 ±130BP; Reimer et al 2004), however, correlates with the pollen evidence in showing that the onset References: Alderton 1983 of organic accumulation started in the early Holocene. In addition, the deposition of the estuarine silt towards the top GrA–33472 2090 ±70 BP of the stratigraphic archive is dated to c 50 cal BC (GrA- 33472; 2090 ±70BP and GrA-33471; 2080 ±50BP; Reimer δ13C: -27.3‰ et al 2004), which could be correlated with a positive sea- Sample: Beccles#1 0.99m, submitted in October 2006 level tendency commonly encountered within coastal by B Gearey lowland archives, termed the Romano-British transgression. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (-1.55m OD): Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), Alnus glutinosa, nutlets (R Gale 2006) two further samples, plant macrofossils from 0.84m and 4.92m, failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Initial comment: as GrA-33471 References: Hill et al 2007 Objectives: as GrA-33471 Martin et al 1981 Calibrated date: 1σ: 200–1 cal BC Reimer et al 2004 2σ: 360 cal BC–cal AD 70

GrA–33471 2080 ±50 BP Final comment: see GrA-33471

δ13C: -27.3‰ Laboratory comment: Rijksuniversitat Groningen (AMS) (2006), the graphite quality was poor, which explains the Sample: Beccles#1 0.84m B, submitted in October 2006 by large error term quoted. B Gearey

138 Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 1, Suffolk

GrA–33473 2215 ±40 BP GrA–33477 9960 ±130 BP

δ13C: -28.3‰ δ13C: -27.2‰ Sample: Beccles#1 1.18m B, submitted in October 2006 by Sample: Beccles#1 5.34m, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey B Gearey Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae, fragments Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified plant and internode; -1.74m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) remains, bulk sample; -5.9m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Initial comment: as GrA-33472 Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a Objectives: to determine the timing of organic sedimentation dark brown herbaceous very well-humified peat. across the Holocene floodplain; and to determine the duration of in situ biogenic sedimentation and variations in the rates of Objectives: to determine the onset of organic sedimentation sedimentation during the site’s depositional history. onto the underlying sands and gravels across the Holocene floodplain; and to determine the duration of in situ biogenic Calibrated date: 1σ: 380–200 cal BC sedimentation and variations in the rates of sedimentation 2σ: 400–170 cal BC during the site’s depositional history. Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), when taking into Calibrated date: 1σ: 9770–9280 cal BC account the results of the radiocarbon dating of Beccles core 1, 2σ: 10040–9220 cal BC this sample does not contribute to a robust chronological framework.The radiocarbon results from the centre of the unit Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), this sample was are all relatively similar (spanning c 1300–100 cal BC), with a taken from the basal peat unit overlying gravels on the river number of date inversions also present. Considering the Waveney floodplain. The date suggests an early Holocene thickness of the sedimentary sequence, combined with the timescale for the onset of peat deposition within the valley, basal date of 10040–9220 cal BC (GrA-33477; 9960 ±130BP; which correlates well with the palaeoenvironmental evidence Reimer et al 2004), the radiocarbon results are therefore not undertaken on the core (Hill et al 2007) as well as previous deemed chronostratigraphically reliable. studies in the Waveney Valley (Alderton 1983). Laboratory comment: (2007), this result is significantly Laboratory comment: Rijksuniversitat Groningen (AMS) different from that on a second, bulk, sample of waterlogged (2006), the graphite quality was poor, which explains the plant macrofossils from this level (GrA-33473; T′=20.5; large error term quoted. T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). References: Alderton 1983 References: Reimer et al 2004 Hill et al 2007

GrA–33475 2695 ±40 BP SUERC–12035 1595 ±35 BP

δ13C: -27.6‰ δ13C: -24.2‰ Sample: Beccles#1 1.99m, submitted in October 2006 by Sample: Beccles#1 1.15m B, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey B Gearey Material: waterlogged wood (-2.55m OD): Alnus glutinosa, Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Poaceae fragments; single fragment (R Gale 2006) -1.71m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Initial comment: as GrA-33472 Initial comment: as GrA-33471 Objectives: as GrA-33473 Objectives: as GrA-33471 Calibrated date: 1σ: 900–800 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 410–540 2σ: 920–790 cal BC 2σ: cal AD 390–550 Final comment: see GrA-33473 Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), this sample provided a radiocarbon date younger than that of the GrA–33476 2785 ±40 BP overlying radiocarbon sample (GrA-33472). This therefore indicates inverted dates are present within the sequence, δ13C: -28.1‰ suggesting a robust chronological framework is not present. Sample: Beccles#1 3.5m, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey SUERC–12036 1975 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged wood (-4.06m OD): Alnus glutinosa, δ13C: -28.1‰ single fragment (R Gale 2006) Sample: Beccles#1 1.18m A, submitted in October 2006 by Initial comment: this sample was taken from the centre of a B Gearey dark red-brown herbaceous very well humified peat. Material: waterlogged wood (-1.74m OD): Alnus sp., single Objectives: as GrA-33473 fragment (R Gale 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1000–890 cal BC Initial comment: as GrA-33471 2σ: 1030–830 cal BC Objectives: as GrA-33473 Final comment: see GrA-33473

139 Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 2, Suffolk

Calibrated date: 1σ: 40 cal BC–cal AD 70 Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), the application 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 120 of diatom analysis to the sedimentary archive confirmed the presence of estuarine conditions as far inland as Beccles. Final comment: see GrA-33473 Positive and negative sea-level tendencies have been inferred Laboratory comment: see GrA-33473 through the diatom assemblages preserved within each of the nine minerogenic units. Whilst the palaeoenvironmental SUERC–12037 2835 ±35 BP evidence suggested a conformable sequence was present, radiocarbon dating of five samples taken from Beccles core 2 δ13C: -27.5‰ suggested that an intact sedimentary sequence was not Sample: Beccles#1 2.02m, submitted in October 2006 present. Due to the absence of a reliable chronology, it was by B Gearey not possible to confirm whether such sea-level tendencies are indicators of marine transgressions or regressions resulting Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified bark, single from changes in relative sea level within the Waveney valley. fragment; -2.58m OD) (R Gale 2006) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), Initial comment: as GrA-33471 four samples of waterlogged plant material from 1.55m, Objectives: as GrA-33473 1.73m, 2.57m, and 2.75m, failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. The results suggest that an intact Calibrated date: 1σ: 1050–920 cal BC sequence does not survive here, although the two modern 2σ: 1120–900 cal BC results might be explained by the use of an Eijkalcamp corer Final comment: see GrA-33473 in the minerogenic sediments. References: Alderton 1983 Brew 1990 Suffolk Rivers: Beccles core 2, Suffolk Hill et al 2007

Location: TM 64232920 GrA–33479 1.05 ±0.011 fM Lat. 51.53.53 N; Long. 01.50.28 E δ13C: -29.7‰ Project manager: T Hill (University of Birmingham), July 2006 Sample: Beccles#2 2.54m, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey Archival body: University of Birmingham Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot stem; - Description: analysis of aerial photographs, LiDAR, and grey 3.03m OD) (R Gale 2006) literature as part of this project resulted in the identification of a thick peat sequence within the valley floodplain of the Initial comment: analysis of the minerogenic sediments within river Waveney, proximal to the town of Beccles. During flood the valley floodplain of the river Waveney has indicated alleviation works along the river Waveney, the excavation of a deposition in an intertidal coastal lowland environment. This drainage ditch identified an abundance of vertical timber sample was taken from the base of a blue-grey clayey silt, posts preserved within the peat archive. These were believed to have been deposited in an inter-tidal estuarine subsequently identified as the remnants of a prehistoric environment. The underlying geology of this part of the trackway. Coring proximal to the trackway confirmed the Waveney valley comprises glaciofluvial drift and chalk till. presence of up to 6m of fen peat overlying basal sands and The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits suggest gravels. With distance north from the archaeological the area has infilled naturally through biogenic in situ excavation, the sedimentary sequence changes, with blue- sedimentation. A shift from freshwater to estuarine grey clayey silts overlying the peat. The thickness of the conditions then occurred, resulting in the deposition of minerogenic unit was also shown to increase northwards. minerogenic sediments within a lowland coastal setting. The Beccles core 2 was taken to the north of Beccles core 1, thickness of the estuarine sedimentary unit increases with where the stratigraphy had been found to change from distance north from the Beccles core 2 site. To the south, the floodplain peat deposits into a sequence of c 2.8m blue-grey thickness of the unit reduces until the stratigraphic archive is clays and silts overlying the fen peat. A distinct shift in composed primarily of freshwater peat deposits. The natural environmental conditions was therefore inferred as having water table was located c 0.5m from the surface. Rootlet occurred, the timing of which was not known. The penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. stratigraphic assessment suggested estuarine conditions had Objectives: to determine the timing of minerogenic once prevailed in the area. Diatom analysis of the sedimentation across the Holocene coastal lowland and to minerogenic sequence confirmed this. Radiocarbon dating of determine the duration of minerogenic sedimentation and plant macrofossils from within the estuarine deposits was variations in the rates of sedimentation in relation to relative undertaken in order to provide a chronostratigraphic sea-level change during the depositional history. framework for the site. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1956–1958 Objectives: to determine the onset of the minerogenic 2σ: cal AD 1955–1958 sedimentation onto the underlying peat at the site; to identify variations in the rate of minerogenic accumulation within the Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), when taking coastal lowland environment during its depositional history; into account the complete sequence of radiocarbon dates and to provide a chronological understanding of the variations taken from Beccles Core 2, it has been concluded that the in sedimentology within the minerogenic unit, which are dates are not stratigraphically reliable and hence believed to be related to changes in relative sea level. palaeoenvironmental interpretations of the stratigraphic archive are limited.

140 Suffolk Rivers: Hengrave, Suffolk

Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), Objectives: as GrA-33479 this result shows the influence of 14C produced by atmospheric Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 230–330 nuclear weapons testing and dates to after AD 1950. It has 2σ: cal AD 130–390 been calibrated using data from Kueppers et al (2004). Final comment: see GrA-33479 References: Kueppers et al 2004

GrA–35050 225 ±40 BP Suffolk Rivers: Hengrave, Suffolk δ13C: -27.7‰ Location: TL 82956918 Sample: Beccles#2 2.12m B, submitted in October 2006 by Lat. 52.17.23 N; Long. 00.40.58 E B Gearey Project manager: T Hill (University of Birmingham), Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified plant July 2006 fragments, -0.083m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Archival body: University of Birmingham Initial comment: as GrA-33479 Description: analysis of aerial photographs, LiDAR, and grey Objectives: as GrA-33479 literature as part of this project resulted in the identification Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1640–1955* of a possible palaeochannel within the floodplain of the river 2σ: cal AD 1530–1955* Lark, proximal to Hengrave. The lack of palaeoenvironmental research undertaken within the region Final comment: see GrA-33479 resulted in the site being chosen for further analysis. Coring was undertaken along a transect running across the western GrA–35067 1445 ±40 BP floodplain of the river Lark. A core that was representative of the typical sedimentary archive of the Hengrave floodplain δ13C: -26.4‰ was extracted and stored for palaeoenvironmental analysis. Sample: Beccles#2 2.83m A, submitted in October 2006 by Dark brown herbaceous well-humified peat typifies the B Gearey stratigraphy to a depth of 3.m. Within the peat sequence variations in silt and sand content were encountered. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified plant remains; -3.32m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Objectives: to determine the timing of the onset of in situ organic sedimentation at the site; to identify variations in the Initial comment: as GrA-33479 rate of sedimentary accumulation within the floodplain Objectives: as GrA-33479 environment during its depositional history; and to provide an understanding of the timing of enhanced minerogenic Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 570–650 sedimentation within the peat depositional archive. 2σ: cal AD 540–660 Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), the radiocarbon Final comment: see GrA-33479 results obtained from the Hengrave core did not provide a chronological framework for the palaeoenvironmental study. SUERC–12038 915 ±35 BP Whilst the majority of the results could be interpreted as δ13C: -27.9‰ broadly conformable, inverse dates restricted subsequent assessments of the archive. The timing of the onset and Sample: Beccles#2 1.34m, submitted in October 2006 by cessation of phases of minerogenic and biogenic B Gearey sedimentation could therefore not be established. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae, References: Hunt and Lewis 1991 fragments; -1.83m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Initial comment: as GrA-33479 GrA–33481 1965 ±40 BP Objectives: as GrA-33479 δ13C: -27.4‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1030–1170 Sample: Hengrave 1.5m A, submitted in October 2006 2σ: cal AD 1020–1220 by B Gearey Final comment: see GrA-33479 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae stems and internode; +19.11m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) SUERC–12039 1770 ±35 BP Initial comment: from the base of a unit of dark-brown/grey- δ13C: -24.2‰ brown herbaceous well-humified silty peat. Sample: Beccles#2 2.5m, submitted in October 2006 by Objectives: to determine the timescale for in situ organic B Gearey sedimentation in the valley floodplain of the river Lark; and to determine the duration of sedimentation and variations in Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (herbaceous stems, - the rates of sedimentation during the depositional history. 0.083m OD) (R Gale 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 20 cal BC–cal AD 80 Initial comment: as GrA-33479 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 130

141 Suffolk Rivers: Hengrave, Suffolk

Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), due to the herbaceaous well-humified silty peat. The underlying geology presence of inverted dates within the Hengrave dating series, of this part of the river Lark catchment is comprised chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental interpretations predominantly of glaciofluvial drift. The stratigraphy and were restricted. sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. The GrA–33482 1620 ±35 BP variation in minerogenic content within the peat units suggests changing environmental conditions during the δ13C: -27.3‰ development of the stratigraphic archive. The natural water Sample: Hengrave 2.56m A, submitted in October 2006 table was located c 0.8m from the surface. Rootlet by B Gearey penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae fragments; Objectives: as GrA-33481 +18.05m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1680–1955* σ Initial comment: as SUERC-12030 2 : cal AD 1660–1955* Objectives: as SUERC-12027 Final comment: see GrA-33481 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 400–530 SUERC–12028 955 ±35 BP 2σ: cal AD 340–540 δ13C: -25.9‰ Final comment: see SUERC-12027 Sample: Hengrave 0.99m, submitted in October 2006 by GrA–35051 1025 ±45 BP B Gearey

δ13C: -28.0‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae fragments; +19.62m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Sample: Hengrave 0.59m B, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a herbaceaous humified peat. The underlying geology of this Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae stems; part of the river Lark catchment is comprised predominantly +20.02m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) of glaciofluvial drift. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of Initial comment: from the base of a unit of grey-brown the deposits suggest the area infilled naturally through herbaceous very well-humified silty peat. biogenic in situ sedimentation. The variation in minerogenic content within the peat units suggests changing Objectives: as GrA-33481 environmental conditions during the development of the Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 980–1030 stratigraphic archive. The natural water table was located c 2σ: cal AD 890–1160 0.8m from the surface. Rootlet penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. Final comment: see GrA-33481 Objectives: as GrA-33481 GrA–35054 1740 ±45 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1020–1160 2σ: cal AD 1010–1170 δ13C: -27.0‰ Final comment: see GrA-33481 Sample: Hengrave 1.99m B, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey SUERC–12029 1750 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae stems; δ13 +18.62m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) C: -27.4‰ Initial comment: from the base of a dark grey-brown Sample: Hengrave 1.63m A, submitted in October 2006 herbaceous well-humified sandy peat with occasional sand by B Gearey horizons. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified plant Objectives: as GrA-33481 remains cf. seed/flower head; +18.98m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 240–390 2σ: cal AD 130–420 Initial comment: from the base of a unit of dark grey-brown herbaceous very well-humified slightly sandy peat. Final comment: see GrA-33481 Objectives: as GrA-33481 SUERC–12027 125 ±35 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 240–340 2σ: cal AD 210–400 δ13C: -27.8‰ Final comment: see GrA-33481 Sample: Hengrave 0.26m, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey SUERC–12030 1000 ±35 BP Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae stems; δ13 +20.35m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) C: -26.1‰ Initial comment: this sample was taken from the top of a Sample: Hengrave 2.32m A, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey

142 Suffolk Rivers: Ixworth, Suffolk

Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae fragments; unit is underlain by grey silty sands, which, in turn, is +18.29m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) underlain by sand and gravels. Initial comment: this sample was taken from within a Objectives: to determine the timing of the onset of in situ herbaceous well-humified slightly silty peat. The underlying organic sedimentation at the site; to identify variations in the geology of this part of the river Lark catchment is comprised rate of sedimentary accumulation within the floodplain predominantly of glaciofluvial drift. The stratigraphy and environment during its depositional history; and to provide sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area infilled an understanding of the timing of enhanced minerogenic naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. The sedimentation within the peat depositional archive. variation in minerogenic content within the peat units Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), of the seven suggests changing environmental conditions during the samples submitted for radiocarbon dating, only the basal development of the stratigraphic archive. The natural water date could be considered as stratigraphically reliable, table was located c 0.8m from the surface. Rootlet supporting the palaeoenvironmental evidence provided penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. through pollen analysis. The basal date (GrA-33483) Objectives: as GrA-33481 correlates with the pollen evidence in suggesting that organic sedimentation commenced in the early Holocene. The other Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1010–1040 dates, however, do not support the seemingly conformable 2σ: cal AD 980–1160 pollen evidence that suggests an intact palaeoenvironmental Final comment: see GrA-33481 sequence. A chronological framework therefore cannot be provided for the upper part of the sequence. SUERC–12031 1720 ±35 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 November 2007), δ13C: -27.3‰ a sample of bulk waterlogged plant remains from 0.56m failed when the combustion tube cracked in the furnace. Sample: Hengrave 2.99m, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey References: Murphy and Wiltshire 1989 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (unidentified plant GrA–33483 9900 ±60 BP stems; +17.62m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) δ13C: -27.7‰ Initial comment: from the base of a herbaceous well-humified slightly silty peat. Sample: Ixworth 3.44m A, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey Objectives: as GrA-33481 Material: waterlogged wood (+23.69m OD): Alnus glutinosa, Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 250–390 single fragment (R Gale 2006) 2σ: cal AD 230–420 Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a Final comment: see GrA-33481 well-humified peat unit, which is underlain by silty sands. The underlying geology of the area surrounding Mickle Mere comprises predominantly chalk, chalk till, and Suffolk Rivers: Ixworth, Suffolk glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially Location: TL 59382797 infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. Lat. 51.55.37 N; Long. 00.19.06 E Thin minerogenic horizons are present within the peat Project manager: T Hill (University of Birmingham), July deposits, which may have accumulated during periods of 2006 temporary catchment instability and floodplain flooding. The peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have Archival body: University of Birmingham accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural Description: analysis of aerial photographs, LiDAR, and grey water table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet literature as part of this project resulted in the identification penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. of possible organic deposits preserved within palaeochannel Objectives: to determine the onset of the first phase of in situ features within Mickle Mere, Ixworth. An abundance of organic sedimentation across the valley floodplain, to archaeological sites, especially relating to the Roman period, determine the duration of sedimentation and variations in have been found in and around Ixworth. Due to this the rates of sedimentation during the depositional history. abundance of local archaeology, combined with the lack of palaeoenvironmental research undertaken within the region, Calibrated date: 1σ: 9390–9280 cal BC Mickle Mere was chosen as a site suitable for further 2σ: 9660–9250 cal BC analysis. Coring was undertaken along a transect running Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), radiocarbon across the western floodplain of the river Black Bourn. dating of this sample provided the only reliable date from the A core that was representative of the typical sedimentary Mickle Mere core. The date supports the palaeoenviron- archive of Mickle Mere was extracted and stored for further mental evidence provided through pollen analysis to suggest palaeoenvironmental analysis. Light grey slightly gravely silts the onset of biogenic sedimentation at the site occurred in from 0–0.57m are underlain by predominantly dark brown the early Holocene. well-humified peat with varying silt content to 3.45m. Within the peat sequence are thin minerogenic horizons. An organic-rich sand horizon is located at 1.38–1.41m and a GrA–33485 6265 ±45 BP slightly gravelly organic silt is located at 2.5–2.64m. The peat δ13C: -29.0‰

143 Suffolk Rivers: Ixworth, Suffolk

Sample: Ixworth 2.49m, submitted in October 2006 by GrA–35056 1465 ±45 BP B Gearey δ13C: -25.4‰ Material: waterlogged wood (+24.64m OD): Alnus glutinosa, Sample: Ixworth 1.4m B, submitted in October 2006 by single fragment (R Gale 2006) B Gearey Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Poaceae fragments; herbaceous well-humified peat unit, which is underlain by an +25.73m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) organic silt unit. The underlying geology of the area surrounding Mickle Mere comprises predominantly chalk, Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a light chalk till, and glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy and grey-brown organic sand unit, which is underlain by dark sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially brown well humified peat. The underlying geology of the area infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. Thin surrounding Mickle Mere comprises predominantly of chalk, minerogenic horizons are present within the peat deposits, chalk till, and glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy and which may have been accumulated during periods of sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially infilled temporary catchment instability and floodplain flooding. The naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. Thin peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have minerogenic horizons are present within the peat deposits, accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural which may have been accumulated during periods of water table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet temporary catchment instability and floodplain flodding. The penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural Objectives: to determine the timing of in situ organic water table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet sedimentation across the valley floodplain, and to determine penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. the duration of sedimentation and variations in the rates of sedimentation during the depositional history. Objectives: to determine the onset of minerogenic sedimentation on the underlying peat unit across the valley Calibrated date: 1σ: 5310–5210 cal BC floodplain, and to determine the duration of sedimentation 2σ: 5330–5070 cal BC and variations in the rates of sedimentation during the Final comment: T Hill (19 September 2007), radiocarbon depositional history. dating of the Mickle Mere core does not provide a reliable Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 550–650 chronostratigraphic framework for the palaeoenvironmental 2σ: cal AD 530–660 development of the site. Except for the basal date, the remaining dates were commonly inverted, restricting any Final comment: see GrA-35485 robust interpretations from being achieved. SUERC–12021 1560 ±35 BP GrA–35055 1935 ±40 BP δ13C: -27.0‰ δ13C: -26.8‰ Sample: Ixworth 1.37m B, submitted in October 2006 Sample: Ixworth 0.86m A, submitted in October 2006 by B Gearey by B Gearey Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (Poaceae fragments; Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified seed; +25.76m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) +26.27m OD) (Birmingham Archaeology 2006) Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a dark brown very well-humified silty peat unit, which is dark brown very well-humified unit, which is underlain by a underlain by an organic-rich sand horizon. The underlying silty peat. The underlying geology of the area surrounding geology of the area surrounding Mickle Mere comprises Mickle Mere comprises predominantly chalk, chalk till, and predominantly chalk, chalk till, and glaciofluvial drift and glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy and till. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially suggest the area initially infilled naturally through biogenic infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. in situ sedimentation. Thin minerogenic horizons are present Thin minerogenic horizons are present within the peat within the peat deposits, which may have been accumulated deposits, which may have been accumulated during periods during periods of temporary catchment instability and of temporary catchment instability and floodplain flooding. floodplain flooding. The peat is capped by a layer of silt The peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have which is likely to have accumulated through floodplain accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural deposition. The natural water table was located c 0.4m from water table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet the surface. Rootlet penetration was not evident within the penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. core upon extraction. Objectives: to determine the timing of in situ organic Objectives: to determine the onset of in situ organic sedimentation across the valley floodplain, and to determine sedimentation on the underlying sand horizon across the the duration of sedimentation and variations in the rates of valley floodplain, and to determine the duration of sedimentation during depositional history. sedimentation and variations in the rates of sedimentation during the depositional history. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 20–130 2σ: 40 cal BC–cal AD 140 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–550 2σ: cal AD 410–590 Final comment: see GrA-33485 Final comment: see GrA-33485

144 Swale-Ure Washlands: Ings Plantation (core 12A), North Yorkshire

SUERC–12025 2905 ±35 BP Archival body: Durham University

δ13C: -27.4‰ Description: core 12A contains the deepest peat section from a transect of cores taken across Ings Planation at Snape Mires. Sample: Ixworth 1.49m A, submitted in October 2006 by The stratigraphic record shows approximately 0.5m of peat B Gearey overlying shell marl, underneath which Limus is recorded Material: waterlogged wood (unidentified fragments; before coring reached stiff blue clay and gravel +25.64m OD) (R Gale 2006) Objectives: to provide a chronology for organic sedimentation Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of a well- since the last glaciation and to help interpret humified slightly silt peat unit, which is underlain by geomorphological changes in landscape history. herbaceous well-humified peat. The underlying geology of the Final comment: P Marshall (28 January 2008), the radiocarbon area surrounding Mickle Mere comprises predominantly of results show that the base of the core dates to the early post- chalk, chalk till, and glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy Glacial 9870–9400 cal BC; (SUERC-8574), and the maximum and sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially Betula frequencies recorded in the pollen record to 9190–8720 infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. Thin cal BC (SUERC-8573). The two measurements from SN8 minerogenic horizons are present within the peat deposits, (0.79–0.81m) are statistically consistent (T′=1.1; T′(5%)=3.8; which may have been accumulated during periods of ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and date the Corylus rise in the temporary catchment instability and floodplain flooding. The pollen record to the mid-ninth millennium cal BC. peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural water References: Bridgland et al forthcoming table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet penetration Ward and Wilson 1978 was not evident within the core upon extraction. Objectives: as GrA-33485 SUERC–8568 9270 ±40 BP δ13 Calibrated date: 1σ: 1190–1010 cal BC C: -28.4‰ 2σ: 1260–990 cal BC Sample: SNM8 (0.79–0.81m), submitted on 1 November Final comment: see GrA-33485 2005 by D Bridgland Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Menyanthes trifoliata, SUERC–12026 5980 ±40 BP seeds; Cyperaceae spp., nutlets; Betula sp., fruits (C O’Brien 2005) δ13C: -26.6‰ Initial comment: core 12A contains the deepest peat section Sample: Ixworth 2.63m, submitted in October 2006 by from a transect of cores taken across Ings Plantation at Snape B Gearey Mires. The stratigraphy shows approximately 0.50m peat Material: waterlogged wood (+24.50m OD): Alnus glutinosa, overlying shell marl, underneath which limus is recorded single fragment (R Gale 2006) before the core ends in stiff blue clay and gravel. This sample is taken from the middle of the shell marl. The core is from a Initial comment: this sample was taken from the base of an shallow peat basin on the edge of woodland and on land organic silt unit, which is underlain by well-humified peat. farmed for cattle. The sample is from the subsurface, is The underlying geology of the area surrounding Mickle undisturbed and was sampled with a Russian corer. The Mere comprises predominantly chalk, chalk till, and section is underlain by rocks of carboniferous age. glaciofluvial drift and till. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the deposits suggest the area initially Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Ings Plantation is infilled naturally through biogenic in situ sedimentation. to provide good chronological control over vegetational Thin minerogenic horizons are present within the peat history to aid palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. This date deposits, which may have been accumulated during periods from core 12A is from the middle of the shelly marl and is of temporary catchment instability and floodplain flooding. coincident with the rise in Corylus. The peat is capped by a layer of silt which is likely to have Calibrated date: 1σ: 8570–8450 cal BC accumulated through floodplain deposition. The natural 2σ: 8630–8330 cal BC water table was located c 0.4m from the surface. Rootlet penetration was not evident within the core upon extraction. Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an age for the start of the rise of the Corylus curve and is compatible Objectives: as GrA-33485 with most dates on this pollen stratigraphic feature at other sites Calibrated date: 1σ: 4940–4790 cal BC in the region. The date is therefore acceptable. 2σ: 4990–4770 cal BC Laboratory comment: (2007), two measurements on macrofossils Final comment: see GrA-33485 from this level are statistically consistent (SUERC-8569 and SUERC-8968) (T′=1.1;T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Swale-Ure Washlands: Ings Plantation (core 12A), North Yorkshire SUERC–8569 9330 ±40 BP

Location: SE 27878475 δ13C: -29.6‰ Lat. 54.15.27 N; Long. 01.34.20 W Sample: SNM8 (0.79–0.81m) B, submitted on 1 November Project manager: A Long (Durham University) 2005 by D Bridgland

145 Swale-Ure Washlands: Newby Wiske, North Yorkshire

Material: waterlogged wood (twigs) (C O’Brien 2005) Project manager: A Long (Durham University), 2003 Initial comment: as SUERC-8568 Archival body: Durham University Objectives: as SUERC-8568 Description: the site is located three miles south of Northallerton and one mile south of the village of Newby Calibrated date: 1σ: 8640–8550 cal BC Wiske, in the valley of the Sprudling Dike, a tributary of the 2σ: 8710–8470 cal BC river Wiske. More than 4m of clay, marl, and peat were Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date is from the proven in the centre of the valley. There are eight samples in same level as SUERC-8568 and, although different, is of the the series, all from the same core. same order of age. It is acceptable for the timing of the start Objectives: dating eight samples from Newby Wiske will of the Corylus rise in this region. provide a chronology for late Glacial and Holocene peat and Laboratory comment: see SUERC-8568 marl accumulation, and for major vegetation changes and pollen zone boundaries. SUERC–8573 9545 ±55 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), δ13C: -28.4‰ this sample was submitted in December 2003, and was omitted in error from Bayliss et al (2007a, 91–3). Sample: SNM9 (1.25m), submitted on 1 January 2005 by D Bridgland References: Bayliss et al 2007a Bridgland et al forthcoming Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Cyperaceae spp., nutlets; Betula sp., fruits (C O’Brien 2005) OxA–13226 8265 ±45 BP Initial comment: as SUERC-8568 δ13C: -25.8‰ Objectives: as SUERC-8568 Sample: NW-2 (0.2–0.45m), submitted on 9 December 2003 Calibrated date: 1σ: 9130–8770 cal BC by A Long 2σ: 9190–8720 cal BC Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Nymphaea alba, Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an nutlets; Eupatorium cannabinum achenes; Sparganium subgen age for the culmination of the early Holocene Betula pollen Xanthosparganium, nutlets; Carex sp., nutlet; Betula sp., fruits rise and the fall in local grass pollen frequencies. Although (C O’Brien 2003) acceptable the date is rather late and the dominance of Initial comment: the core is taken from the area of deepest Betula pollen at this site may have been delayed by persistent sediment thickness in the centre of a drainage channel at high frequencies of grass pollen from local wetland sources. Newby Wiske, near Northallerton. This sample is taken from 2.04m depth in peat, where the continuous Alnus pollen SUERC–8574 10060 ±40 BP curve begins, its empirical limit, and where the Pinus and δ13C: -26.5‰ Quercus curves rise. Sample: SNM10 (1.42m), submitted on 1 November 2005 Objectives: the dating strategy for this site is to establish a by D Bridgland chronology for the accumulation of the peat sediments for major pollen zone boundaries, and to establish and evaluate Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Cyperaceae spp., human impact on the landscape. nutlets; Menyanthes sp.seeds (C O’Brien 2005) Calibrated date: 1σ: 7450–7180 cal BC Initial comment: as SUERC-8568 2σ: 7480–7090 cal BC Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Ings Plantation Final comment: A Long (14 September 2004), this date was is to provide good chronological control over vegetational intended to provide an age for the rise of Pinus (pine) and history to aid palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. This date Quercus (oak) pollen percentages and the start of the pollen marks the onset of organic lacustrine sedimentation at the curve for Alnus (alder). The date is not incompatible with the site and would provide control for palaeoenvironmental as pollen data and compares with the range of dates for such a well as geomorphological interpretation. pollen assemblage elsewhere in lowland northern England. Calibrated date: 1σ: 9810–9450 cal BC The date can be considered to be broadly acceptable. 2σ: 9870–9400 cal BC Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an Swale-Ure Washlands: Sharow Mires, age for organic sedimentation at the base of the profile. It agrees with the pollen data in suggesting a time around the Sharow, North Yorkshire transition from the late-Glacial to the Holocene periods. Location: SE 235715 Lat. 54.08.19 N; Long. 01.38.25 W Swale-Ure Washlands: Project manager: A Long (Durham University), 2003–6 Newby Wiske, North Yorkshire Archival body: Durham University

Location: SE 368866 Description: the site is a palaeochannel of the Ure and may Lat. 54.16.25 N; Long. 01.26.05 W also have formed as a result of dissolution of the underlying gypsum beds. The site contains a 9m-deep record of organic-

146 Swale-Ure Washlands: Snape Mill, Tufa site, North Yorkshire rich sediments of late Holocene age. These may provide a Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Alnus sp., single high-resolution database of vegetational history and human fragment (C O’Brien 2005) land use of middle-late Holocene age. Initial comment: this sample at 8.93m is from dark grey Objectives: to establish a detailed chronology for human organic silts. impact on the landscape and changes in vegetation history. Objectives: this sample is intended to date a low level in this Final comment: A Long (14 September 2004), this dating alluvial sequence to extend the dating framework beyond the series has achieved its objectives in providing a detailed dates of the first phase of sampling (Bayliss et al 2007a, chronology for the alluvial sediments in this channel. The 95–7). It is well above the level of SNM-13, which was dates form a consistent chronological series and provide an nearer the base of the channel fill. age range for human agricultural activity and changes in Calibrated date: 1σ: 1890–1740 cal BC alluvial history from Bronze Age to late medieval times. 2σ: 1910–1690 cal BC Laboratory comment: English Heritage (18 December 2007), Final comment: P Marshall (16 April 2006), this result is in eight measurements from this sequence were published by good agreement with the stratigraphic sequence from this Bayliss et al (2007a, 95–7). palaeochannel. References: Bayliss et al 2007a References: Bayliss et al 2007a Bridgland et al forthcoming

SUERC–8881 3905 ±35 BP Swale-Ure Washlands: Snape Mill, δ13C: -26.4‰ Tufa site, North Yorkshire Sample: SNM13A (9.54m), submitted on 5 December 2005 by D Bridgland Location: SE 286854 Lat. 54.15.49 N; Long. 01.33.45 W Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (hazelnut fragment) (C O’Brien 2005) Project manager: D Bridgland (Durham University), 2005–6 Initial comment: this sample is from the deepest level in the palaeochannel from which plant macrofossils were recovered Archival body: Durham University and is from dark grey organic silts. Description: the Snape Mills tufa site at Snape Mires is a low Objectives: to date the lowest level in the palaeochannel from lying former lakebed underlain by pockets of peat-rich which terrestrial plant macrofossils have been recovered. sediments as well as clays, sands, gravels, and tufa deposits. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2300 cal BC Objectives: to provide a chronology for organic sedimentation 2σ: 2480–2280 cal BC since the last glaciation and to help interpret geomorphological changes in landscape history. Final comment: P Marshall (16 April 2006), the two results from plant macrofossils from this level are not statistically Final comment: P Marshall (28 January 2008), the results consistent (T′=4.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson show that sedimentation was taking place from the late- 1978) although they only just fail a chi-squared test. These Glacial into the early Holocene. dates demonstrate that the sequence provides a detailed References: Bayliss et al 2007a record from the early Bronze Age to the medieval period. Innes 2002 References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Powell et al 1992

SUERC–8885 3805 ±35 BP SUERC–8566 11310 ±45 BP δ13 δ13C: -30.5‰ C: -28.1‰ Sample: SNM13B (9.54m), submitted on 5 December 2005 Sample: SNM3 (1.03m), submitted on 1 November 2005 by by D Bridgland D Bridgland Material: waterlogged wood (four twigs) (C O’Brien 2005) Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Carex sp.; Betula sp., fruits, nutlets, and twigs (C O’Brien 2005) Initial comment: as SUERC-8881 Initial comment: part of the section is exposed in a Objectives: as SUERC-8881 stream/ditch cutting. Cores were taken using a piston corer Calibrated date: 1σ: 2300–2150 cal BC beneath the surface to 3m+ depth. This sample is taken from 2σ: 2400–2130 cal BC the subsurface. The sample is from a peat-rich lithology. The peat-rich material is in a thin layer on either side of which Final comment: see SUERC-8881 brown clay with gravel/pebbles occurs. The section is underlain by rocks of carboniferous age. SUERC–8886 3485 ±35 BP Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Snape Mills δ13C: -29.9‰ (the “tufa” site) is to establish a chronology for organic sedimentation at this location. An important focus is to Sample: SNM14 (8.93m), submitted on 5 December 2005 establish the duration of lacustrine environments at Snape by D Bridgland Mills. Dating this particular sample will provide part

147 Swale-Ure Washlands:The Gallop, North Yorkshire of the dating control within which the palaeoenvironments organic bands in the section. Its base forms the ground may be interpreted. This peat layer is particularly surface and site datum, hence the positive depth for this interesting as it occurs between two clastic intervals with sample. The sample is from the base of the lower of two pebbles/gravel, suggesting a period of relative quiet organic-rich peat-clay layers that underlie the tufa sedimentation between more unstable events. This date capping to this site. The section is underlain by rocks of could be critical to our understanding of geomorphological carboniferous age. history at this site. Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Snape Mires Calibrated date: 1σ: 11300–11190 cal BC (the “tufa” site) is to establish a chronology for organic 2σ: 11330–11150 cal BC sedimentation at this location. An important focus is to establish the duration of lacustrine environments at the Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an Snape Mires. Dating this particular sample will provide part age for a switch from birch woodland to much more open of the dating control within which the palaeoenvironments tundra-type environments, presumably under severe cold may be interpreted. climate. Although rather early, the date corresponds with such a switch at the start of the late Glacial (Loch Lomond) Calibrated date: 1σ: 9140–8810 cal BC stadial and is therefore broadly acceptable. 2σ: 9190–8770 cal BC Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an SUERC–8567 12330 ±45 BP age for the highest pollen level at this profile and is in series δ13C: -27.1‰ with the preceding date. Rising birch frequencies suggest the succession towards birch woodland in the early Holocene, Sample: SNM5 (2.94m), submitted on 1 November 2005 by although high local sedge percentages suppress the birch D Bridgland rise. The date is therefore acceptable. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Eleocharis sp., nutlets and unidentified twigs (C O’Brien 2005) SUERC–8880 10040 ±45 BP Initial comment: cores were taken using a piston corer δ13C: -25.1‰ beneath the surface to 3m+ depth. The sample is from the Sample: SNM12 (+10mm), submitted on 1 November 2005 lowest organic clay/limus cored in the stream section. The by D Bridgland section is underlain by rocks of carboniferous age. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Sonchus sp., achene; Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Snape Mills Betula sp., twigs (C O’Brien 2005) (the “tufa” site) is to establish a chronology for organic sedimentation at this location. An important focus is to Initial comment: part of the section is exposed in a establish the duration of lacustrine environments at stream/ditch cutting. Cores were taken using a piston corer Snape Mills. Dating this sample would provide an earliest beneath the surface to 3m+ depth. This sample is taken date for the onset of organic sedimentation since from an upper organic band. Datum for the section is the glacial conditions prevailed. This date is essential to ground surface, level with the base of a lower organic band, understanding and interpretation of post-Glacial lacustrine hence the positive depth for this sample. The sample is sedimentation at this site. from the upper of two organic rich peat-clay layers that underlies the tufa capping to this site. The section is Calibrated date: 1σ: 12310–12170 cal BC underlain by rocks of carboniferous age. 2σ: 12650–12110 cal BC Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at Snape Mires Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an (the “tufa” site) is to establish a chronology for organic age for a phase near the base of the diagram that the sedimentation at this location. An important focus is to sedge and grass pollen data suggest was a time of very establish the duration of lacustrine environments at the severe cold climate. The age corresponds with such a cold Snape Mires. Dating this particular sample will provide period in the middle of the late-Glacial interstadial that part of the dating control within which the palaeoenviron- has been dated elsewhere in northern England to a little ments may be interpreted. before 12 ka BP, and so is acceptable. Calibrated date: 1σ: 9760–9440 cal BC SUERC–8879 9580 ±40 BP 2σ: 9820–9360 cal BC

δ13C: -24.5‰ Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an age for the return of the pollen record after a period Sample: SNM11 (+0.14m), submitted on 1 November 2005 during which pollen was not preserved in the profile. The by D Bridgland pollen data suggest a time at the transition from the Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Carex sp.; Betula sp., late-Gacial to the Holocene period. This date is similar to fruits and bracts (C O’Brien 2005) several dates for this change regionally and beyond, and so is acceptable. Initial comment: part of the section is exposed in a stream/ditch cutting. Cores were taken using a piston corer beneath the surface to 3m+ depth and monolith tins were used to collect material from the above ground surface Swale-Ure Washlands: section. The stratigraphic log, showing details of the the Gallop, North Yorkshire profile, was attached with previous sample SNM1 in this series. This sample is taken from the lower of the two Location: SE 28358425 Lat. 54.15.11 N; Long. 01.33.53 W

148 Till-Tweed: Galewood, Northumberland

Project manager: A Long (Durham University) Initial comment: as SUERC-8887 Archival body: Durham University Objectives: as SUERC-8887 Description: the Gallop lies at the centre of the Snape Mires Calibrated date: 1σ: 8810–8730 cal BC basin where a thin peat survives overlying shell marl, limus, 2σ: 9120–8630 cal BC and blue clay. Final comment: see SUERC-8887 Objectives: to provide a chronology for organic sedimentation Laboratory comment: see SUERC-8887 since the last glaciation and to help interpret geomorphological changes in landscape history. Final comment: P Marshall (29 January 2008), the results Till-Tweed Project, show that peat started to accumulate at The Gallop in the late tenth to early ninth millennium cal BC. Northumberland References: Bridgland et al forthcoming Location: NU 020165to NU 001 524 Lat. 55.26.32 N; Long. 01.58.06 W, to SUERC–8887 9515 ±40 BP Lat. 55.45.17 N; Long. 03.35.31 W

δ13C: -25.0‰ Project manager: D Passmore and C Waddington (University of Newcastle upon Tyne and Sample: SNM16 (0.77m) A, submitted on 5 December 2005 Archaeological Research Services Ltd), by D Bridgland 2003–5 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Menyanthes Description: the Till-Tweed Project (also encompassing the trifoliata, seed; Lycopus europaeus, nutlets; Carex sp., nutlets Milfield Basin Geoarchaeology Project) is a large-scale (C O’Brien 2005) geoarchaeological investigation of the late Quaternary Initial comment: the site of the Gallop lies in the centre of landscape and its archaeological associations in the valleys of Snape Mires and contains thin peat overlying shell marl, the Breamish, Till, and lower Tweed, a continuous valley limus and blue clay. This sample is taken from the base of the reach in Northumberland, north-east England, that extends peat where it overlies the shell marl. The core is from the from the uplands of the Cheviot massif to the North Sea centre of the Snape basin where only shallow peat has coast at Berwick. survived. The area is farmed for livestock. The sample is Objectives: to establish the spatial extent and character of from a section exposed in a drainage ditch. The section is landscapes associated with glaciation and deglaciation underlain by rocks of carboniferous age. (including ice-contact meltwater deposits and glaciofluvial Objectives: the dating strategy for this site at The Gallop sand and gravel terraces) in the valley floor of the Till-Tweed is to provide good chronological control over vegetational study area; to establish the spatial extent, character, and history to aid palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. This (where possible) the chronology of Holocene landforms and date from The Gallop is from the base of the peat overlying sedimentary sequences within the study area; to identify and shelly marl and is coincident with the change from Betula evaluate the extent and preservation of deposits of pollen dominance to open conditions with abundant palaeoenvironmental and archaeological value developed on Poaceae. There may be an hiatus in depositions between the glacial and post-glacial landscapes within the study area; to peat and the marl. enhance the understanding of past human land-use and settlement in the study area through analysis of aerial Calibrated date: 1σ: 9120–8760 cal BC photographs and a programme of archaeological 2σ: 9130–8720 cal BC fieldwalking, limited excavation, and test-pitting; and to Final comment: J Innes (9 July 2007), this date provides an develop an archaeological evaluation and management age for the start of the pollen curve for Corylus after birch guidance framework for the Till-Tweed study area. frequencies have fallen from dominance. The date in the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (9 December 2007), mid-first millennium of the Holocene is earlier than further radiocarbon dates from this project are reported by elsewhere at Snape but similar to several dates for this Bayliss et al (2007a, 11–25). feature in northern England and so is acceptable. References: Bayliss et al 2007a Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the replicate Passmore and Waddington forthcoming measurements on bulk plant macrofossils from this level are statistically consistent (T′=1.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Till-Tweed: Galewood, References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Northumberland

SUERC–8888 9475 ±40 BP Location: NT 954323 Lat. 55.35.04 N; Long. 02.04.23 W δ13C: -25.9‰ Project manager: D Passmore (University of Newcastle Sample: SNM16 (0.77m) B, submitted on 5 December 2005 upon Tyne) C Waddington by D Bridgland (Archaeological Research Services Ltd), Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Menyanthes trifoliata, 2005 seeds; Lycopus europaeus, nutlets; Carex sp., nutlets (C Archival body: University of Newcastle upon Tyne O’Brien 2005)

149 Till-Tweed: Norham Castle, Northumberland

Description: a poorly drained boggy depression at Galewood, sand and gravels (Passmore et al 1998; 2002) and, although near Thirlings, in the Milfield Basin, river Till, there is little prospect for conducting palaeoecological Northumberland. The depression is part of a late-Glacial analysis of Holocene environments at this site, it is of palaeochannel cut into glaciodeltaic sand and gravels considerable interest as one of the few radiocarbon-dated (Passmore et al 1998; 2002); this low-lying area has locally late Glacial sites in north-east England. infilled with up to 1.3m of Holocene peaty silts and fine References: Passmore et al 1998 sand, silt, and clay. Sediment core Galewood 1 is Passmore et al 2002 representative of the sedimentary sequence infilling the depression. The upper part of the core comprises 0.87m of fine sandy silt with occasional laminations of fine sand, SUERC–9081 12280 ±40 BP occasional plant macrofossils, and some limited root δ13C: -27.4‰ penetration. These relatively inorganic sediments overlie dark brown humified peaty silt between 0.87–1.15m, which in Sample: GW-115, submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore turn seals coarse sand and gravel forming the late-Glacial Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment channel bed. Sample GW-90 was taken from the upper levels (D Passmore 2005) of the peaty unit between 0.9–0.95m and, in conjunction with sample GW-115, was intended to bracket the period of Initial comment: sample GW-115 is taken from a humified peaty accumulation in this part of the palaeochannel. peaty silt unit between 1–1.15m in the upper part of the peaty silt unit. Objectives: the site was recored in November 2005 to support the Cheviot Quarry excavations. Core Galewood 1 was Objectives: sample GW-115 is one of two range-filling extracted from sediments infilling a palaeochannel of late- samples from core Galewood 1 that are submitted for dating. Glacial origin that is proximal to several important Calibrated date: 1σ: 12250–12120 cal BC prehistoric and early historic sediment sites, including the 2σ: 12310–12070 cal BC Anglo-Saxon site at Thirlings and the Neolithic settlement site at the recently excavated Cheviot Quarry (less than Final comment: see SUERC-9080 300m to the north of the core site). Peaty silts between 0.87–1.15m at Galewood are assumed to be of Holocene age and may therefore contain a palaeoenvironmental record Till-Tweed: Norham Castle, with the potential to elucidate the landscape context and land-use activities contemporary with these nearby sites or Northumberland other archaeological periods. This dating programme is Location: NT 90654655 intended to establish the age span of the peaty unit and Lat. 55.42.44 N; Long. 02.08.56 W thereby determine whether a more detailed assessment of the deposit is warranted. Sample GW-90 is taken from the upper Project manager: C Waddington (Archaeological Research levels of the peaty unit between 0.9–0.95m and, in Services Ltd), 2005 conjunction with sample GW-115, will bracket the period of Archival body: Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon peaty accumulation in this part of the palaeochannel. Tyne References: Passmore et al 1998 Description: a substantial earthen bank extending across a Passmore et al 2002 natural promontory on the south bank of the river Tweed. An English Heritage survey suggested that this bank pre- SUERC–9080 11490 ±35 BP dated the medieval castle and could be the remnants of an Iron Age promontory fort. A test pit was excavated to test δ13C: -26.9‰ this interpretation. This series consists of a single piece of Sample: GW-90, submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore wood from a thin branch found in the primary dump of the earthen bank. Material: waterlogged wood: Alnus sp., single fragment (D Passmore 2005) Objectives: the sample will provide a date for the construction of the earthen bank. If the date is late (eg medieval) it means Initial comment: sample GW-90 is taken from a humified that an Iron Age date can de discounted. peaty silt between 0.9–0.95m in the upper part of the peaty silt unit. Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), only one dating sample was submitted. Objectives: sample GW-90 is one of two range-finding samples from core Galewood 1 that are submitted for dating. References: Passmore and Waddington forthcoming Calibrated date: 1σ: 11430–11330 cal BC 2σ: 11470–11300 cal BC SUERC–6782 1.03 ±0.0047 fM Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), both this δ13C: -28.2‰ date (SUERC-9080) and SUERC-9081 gave older dates Sample: NOR 1, submitted in April 2005 by C Waddington than anticipated and indicate that the phase of organic-rich sediment accumulation at Galewood occurred in the late Material: waterlogged wood (0.65g) (Castanea sp., probably Glacial (Windermere) Interstadial. Given the age of the roundwood, single fragment) (R Gale 2005) samples, it is considered that the sample material is unlikely Initial comment: the sample comes from a slender branch to be alder, and this material was probably mis-identified. of wood found within the primary ′rampart′ dump of the These dates are consistent, however, with the location of the bank at Norham Castle, suggested by the English Heritage core site in a late Glacial palaeochannel cut into glaciodeltaic survey team to be of Iron Age date. The bank must be later

150 Till-Tweed: River Beamish at Powburn, Northumberland than the date of the timber and as such the date of the and is characterised by a low-sinuosity channel, which is timber would provide a date for the primary bank dump. upstream of the A697 bridge at Powburn divided by The sample was found 0.65m below the surface within the unstable active gravel bars. Historic maps indicate that the primary bank dump that comprised a distinctive blue-grey channel in this reach has been characterised by episodic gravel. The geology comprises old red sandstone with channel division and lateral migration since the mid- overlying fill in places. The primary dump lay on a thin nineteenth century. The selected study site in the valley floor band of fill (measuring just several cm thick, and this near Powburn is representative for the first reach. Recent overlay the sandstone bedrock). There was no root work and previous publications at the Powburn Quarry penetration into this deposit. (Tipping 1992; 1994) have demonstrated the valley floor to be locally infilled by at least 7m of late Glacial and Holocene Objectives: the sample can provide a terminus ante quem on gravels. Lateral mobility increased after c 2500 BP (c 550 cal this large feature. It has been postulated as forming a BC) (Tipping 1994) and successive fluvial incision and promontory fort belonging to the Iron Age by an English narrowing of the valley floor presumably took place since Heritage surveying team. If it is Iron Age it would be the late medieval times. The single requested date is additional largest fort of this period in Northumberland. However, it to a series of eight samples submitted during the first phase could form part of the medieval castle outworks and so of the Till-Tweed project (Bayliss et al 2007a, 117–22). Over dating of this currently unscheduled feature remains this reach the floodplain gradient changes from 0.0083m/m important. If the date from the wood is medieval it would to 0.0044m/m and the gravel bed river transforms from an demonstrate that the bank cannot be prehistoric. anabranching to a single meandering channel. It is the first Therefore an indicator date is important for both the dating series intended to establish the valley floor evolution characterisation and future conservation of this site. and the age of the organic-rich deposits over different parts Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1956–1957 of the study reach. The sample of the series came from 2σ: cal AD 1955–1958 organic-rich deposits and tree trunks incorporated within and below the fluvial sequence. Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), the radiocarbon date reveals that the piece of wood dates to Objectives: this series comprises a single sample from the post-medieval to Victorian period and suggests that this sediment core B12; phase 1 of the project obtained a date of bank was constructed as part of the remodelling of this area cal AD 1410–1620 (SUERC-1156; 430 ±40 BP; Reimer et of the site, possibly as part of its use as a market garden. al 2004) between 0.9–0.96m (sample Bcd-6). This new The bank’s regular form, its lack of evidence for any kind of sample is taken from a depth of 0.8m and will provide age breastwork and its uniform composition support the control for the upper levels of a silty peat channel fill deposit radiocarbon date that indicates the bank is a relatively that has been analysed for plant macrofossil, insect, and modern feature. The suggestion that it could have belonged pollen content. It will also serve to confirm the chronology to a prehistoric hillfort circuit seems no longer to be valid. established by the earlier date. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 December 2007), References: Bayliss et al 2007a this measurement shows the influence of carbon from Passmore and Waddington forthcoming modern atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and has been Reimer et al 2004 calibrated using data from Keuppers et al (2004). Tipping 1992 Tipping 1994 References: Kueppers et al 2004

OxA–15085 105 ±24 BP Till-Tweed: river Beamish at δ13C: -28.9‰ Powburn, Northumberland Sample: Bdc-6 (2), submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore

Location: NU 030165to NU 075 185 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Eleocharis sp. Lat. 55.26.32 N; Long. 01.57.09 E, to (J Cotton 2005) Lat. 55.27.37 N; Long. 01.52.53 W Initial comment: sample Bcd-6(2) is taken from the central Project manager: D Passmore (University of Newcastle part of a fine-grained palaeochannel fill on the T2 terrace upon Tyne), 2005 level at location B12 in the valley floor. The depth of the fine-grained channel fill is 1.41m and the sample is taken at Archival body: University of Newcastle upon Tyne 0.8m. The sediment cores shows a succession of 0.84m of Description: the study area of the Till-Tweed project sandy to clayey silt on top of 0.32m of peaty silt – silt peat encompasses the valley floor of the river Till (called the river with abundant macros, followed by 0.25m of clayey silt to Breamish in its upper reaches) down-valley from Ingram silty sand and is grounded on gravel at a depth of 1.41m. (NU 020 165) to the Tweed confluence at Tweedmill (NT The relatively thick fine-grained organic palaeochannel fill 870 430), and thence downstream through the lower Tweed shows the same succession in cores B13 and section B11. corridor to Berwick (NT 001 524). Preliminary analysis of The stratified sediments on top of the peat layer and the this area indicates that valley floors may be classified into lateral continuation of the later in several sediment five broad geomorphological settings that present contrasting observations argues against the possibility of post- scenarios for the preservation and evaluation of depositional disturbance of the basal peaty silt. There is no archaeological and palaeoenvironmental resources. The first contamination with younger organic material. The sample of these reaches, between Ingram and New Berwick Bridge, was extracted from a matrix of silty peat, which formed in a is the piedmont reach of the Breamish as it leaves the steep deep palaeochannel that is expressed in the surface and deeply incised valley upstream of Ingram. Here the morphology of terrace level T2. gravel-bed Breamish occupies a valley floor up to 1km wide 151 Till-Tweed: River Beamish-Till at Saw Mill, Northumberland

Objectives: this sample is taken from a depth of 0.8m and will OxA–15049 229 ±28 BP provide age control for the upper levels of a silty peat δ13C: -25.9‰ channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant macro fossil, insect, and pollen content. Sample: BTcd-1 (2), submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1690–1955* Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Carex spp., seeds) 2σ: cal AD 1680–1955* (J Cotton 2005) Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new Initial comment: sample BTcd-1(2) is taken from the central sample dates the upper part of the organic-rich channel fill part of a fine-grained palaeochannel fill on the T2 terrace deposit in core B12 to sometime during or after the late- level at location BT2 in the valley floor at Saw Mill. The seventeenth century AD; it is stratigraphically consistent with depth of the fine-grained channel fill is 2.66m and the the earlier date of c cal AD 1420–1620 (SUERC-1156) sample is taken from 0.97m. The sediment core shows a between 0.9–0.96m. succession of 0.93m of clayey silt on top of 1.21m of peaty silt and silty peat with abundant macros, followed by 0.52m of clayey silt to silty sand (with abundant macros), and is Till-Tweed: river Beamish-Till grounded on gravel at 2.66m. The relatively thick fine- grained organic palaeochannel fill shows the same succession at Saw Mill, Northumberland in adjacent cores. The stratified sediments on top of the peat Location: NU 075191 layer and the lateral continuation of the latter in several Lat. 55.27.56 N; Long. 01.52.53 W sediment sequences argue against post-depositional disturbance of the basal peaty silt. There is no contamination Project manager: D Passmore (University of Newcastle with younger organic material. The sample was extracted upon Tyne), 2003–6 from a matrix of alluvial silty peat (pH 6.45, LOI 48%) and is deposited in an abandoned channel (oxbow lake Archival body: University of Newcastle upon Tyne sedimentation). The upstream catchment area of the Description: the study areas of the Till-Tweed project Breamish-Till river consists mainly of metamorphic and encompasses the valley floor of the river Till (called the river igneous rocks of the Cheviot massif, and additionally of Breamish in its upper reaches) down-valley from Ingram some local sandstone. (NU 020 165) to the Tweed confluence at Tweedmill (NT Objectives: sample BTcd-1(2) is the second level to be dated 870 430), and thence downstream through the lower Tweed from this sediment core; an earlier phase of the project corridor to Berwick (NT 001 524). Preliminary analysis of obtained a date of cal AD 900–1160 (SUERC-1158; 1015 this area indicates that valley floors may be classified into ±40 BP, Reimer et al 2004) between 2–2.14m (sample five broad geomorphological settings that present contrasting BTcd-1). The new sample is taken from a depth of 0.97m scenarios for the preservation and evaluation of and will provide age control for the upper levels of a silty archaeological and palaeoenvironmental resources. The peat channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant second of these reaches, between New Berwick Bridge and macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. It will also serve to Weetwood, is characterised by high sinuosity meandering confirm the chronology established by the earlier date. channels that occupy a till-mantled valley consisting of several wider alluvial basins connected by confined Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1640–1955* corridors. The alluvial valley floor reaches a maximum width 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* of 0.5km. The reach is narrowly confined by a Fell sandstone ridge immediately upstream of Weetwood. The selected study Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new site in the valley floor near Saw Mill is one of two sample dates the upper part of the organic-rich channel fill representative stretches of the second reach. There have been deposit in core BT2 to the period during or after the late no previous studies of the Holocene valley floor development seventeenth century AD; the date is later than anticipated and sediments in this part of the valley floor. This series but is stratigraphically consistent with the earlier date of c cal comprises three dates that are additional to a series of six AD 900–1150 (SUERC-1158) between 2–2.14m. The date samples submitted during the first phase of the Till-Tweed is also consistent with pollen evidence of a largely deforested project (Bayliss et al 2007a, 122–5). The first dating series and cultivated landscape. was intended to establish (i) the age of the associated terrace References: Reimer et al 2004 units and (ii) the age of preserved deposits of palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological significance by OxA–15050 171 ±28 BP dating organic-rich deposits in palaeochannels. This new series of dates is from the upper levels of organic-rich fills in δ13C: -25.9‰ sequences BT2, 5, and 10; each sequence is representative of Sample: BTcd-2 (2), submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore a separate palaeochannel. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Carex spp., seeds) Objectives: this new series will provide the age control for the (J Cotton 2005) upper levels of organic-rich channel fill deposits in sequences BT2, 5, and 10 that have been analysed for plant Initial comment: sample BTcd-2(2) is taken from the central macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. The new series will part of a fine-grained palaeochannel fill on the T2 terrace also serve to confirm the chronology established by these level at location BT5 in the valley floor at Saw Mill. The earlier dates. depth of the fine-grained channel fill is 1.8m and the sample is taken from 0.43m. The sediment core shows a succession References: Bayliss et al 2007a of 1.7m peaty silt and silty peat with abundant macros, Passmore and Waddington forthcoming

152 Till-Tweed: River Tweed at Coldstream, Northumberland followed by 0.1m of sand and is grounded on gravel at 1.8m. channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant The relatively thick fine-grained organic palaeochannel fill macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. It will also serve to shows the same succession in adjacent cores. The stratified confirm the chronology established by the earlier date. sediments on top of the peat layer and the lateral Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* continuation of the latter in several sediment sequences 2σ: cal AD 1650–1955* argue against post-depositional disturbance of the basal peaty silt. There is no contamination with younger organic Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new material. The sample was extracted from a matrix of silty sample dates the upper part of the organic-rich channel fill peat (pH 6.57, LOI 68%) and is deposited in an abandoned deposit in core BT10 to the period during or after the late channel (oxbow lake sedimentation). seventeenth century AD; the date is later than anticipated but is stratigraphically consistent with the earlier date of c cal Objectives: sample BTcd-2(2) is the second level to be dated AD 680–940 (SUERC-1160) between 0.95–1.1m. The date from this sediment core; an earlier phase of the project is also consistent with pollen evidence of a largely deforested obtained a date of cal AD 390–570 (SUERC-1159; 1585 and intensively grazed and cultivated landscape. ±40 BP, Reimer et al 2004) between 1.6–1.7m (sample BTcd-2). The new sample is taken from a depth of 0.43m References: Reimer et al 2004 and will provide age control for the upper levels of a silty peat channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. It will also serve to Till-Tweed: river Tweed at confirm the chronology established by the earlier date. Coldstream, Northumberland Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1660–1955* 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* Location: NT 845390 Lat. 55.38.40 N; Long. 02.14.47 W Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new sample dates the upper part of the organic-rich channel fill Project manager: D Passmore (University of Newcastle deposit in core BT5 to the period during or after the late upon Tyne), 2003–6 seventeenth century AD; the date is younger than anticipated Archival body: University of Newcastle upon Tyne but is stratigraphically consistent with the earlier date of c cal AD 390–600 (SUERC-1159) between 1.6–1.7m. A relatively Description: the study areas of the Till-Tweed project young date for this level of the sediment sequence (0.43m encompasses the valley floor of the river Till (called the river depth) is also consistent with pollen evidence of an Breamish in its upper reaches) down-valley from Ingram (NU expansion in Pinus above 0.2m; this trend most probably 020 165) to the Tweed confluence at Tweedmill (NT 870 reflects the marked expansion of pine plantations that has 430), and thence downstream through the lower Tweed occurred in the area over the last 100 years or so. corridor to Berwick (NT 001 524). Preliminary analysis of this area indicates that valley floors may be classified into five References: Reimer et al 2004 broad geomorphological settings that present contrasting scenarios for the preservation and evaluation of archaeo- OxA–15051 182 ±27 BP logical and palaeoenvironmental resources. The lower Tweed δ13C: -27.1‰ reach (TW) is located between Coldstream and Berwick upon Tweed and is characterised by low sinuosity meandering Sample: BTcd-3 (2), submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore channels that are inset into cementstone (limestone), Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Carex spp., seeds) sandstone, and till deposits. The valley features several wide (J Cotton 2005) alluvial basins that are connected by narrow, drift, and bedrock-confined reaches with little alluvial storage; the widest Initial comment: sample BTcd-3(2) is taken from the central alluvial basin (1.5km) is at Coldstream and displays the most part of a fine-grained palaeochannel fill on the T2 terrace level complete terrace sequence of lower Tweed. Its terrace at location BT10 in the valley floor at Saw Mill. The depth of sequence can be correlated to the downstream alluvial basins the fine-grained channel fill is 1.1m and the sample was taken in the lower Tweed area. There have been no previous studies from 0.65m. The sediment core shows a succession of 1.1m of of the Holocene valley floor development and sediments in peat and silty peat with abundant macros and is grounded on this part of the valley floor. This series comprises two dates gravel at 1.1m. The relatively thick fine-grained organic that are additional to a series of six samples submitted during palaeochannel fill shows the same succession in adjacent the first phase of the Till-Tweed project (Bayliss et al 2007a, cores. The stratified sediments on top of the peat layer and the 115–17). All samples are from organic-rich sedimentary lateral continuation of the latter in several sediment sequences sequences infilling palaeochannels of the lower Tweed. The argue against post-depositional disturbance of the basal peaty first dating series was intended to establish (i) the age of the silt. There is no contamination with younger organic material. various terrace units and (ii) the age of preserved deposits of The sample was extracted from a matrix of peat (pH 6.48, palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological significance by LOI 85%) and was deposited in an abandoned channel dating organic-rich deposits in palaeochannels. This new series (oxbow lake sedimentation). of dates is from the upper levels of organic-rich fills in Objectives: sample BTcd-3(2) is the second level to be dated sequences CDS1 and TW11; these cores were extracted from from this sediment core; an earlier phase of the project different locations in the same palaeochannel. obtained a date of cal AD 670–940 (SUERC-1160; 1220 Objectives: this new series will provide the age control for the ±40 BP, Reimer et al 2004) between 0.95–1.1m (sample upper levels of organic-rich channel fill deposits in sequences BTcd-3). This new sample is taken from a depth of 0.65m CDS1 and TW11 that have been analysed for plant and will provide age control for the upper levels of a peaty macrofossil, insect, and pollen content.

153 Till-Tweed: St Cuthbert’s Farm, Field 33, Northumberland

References: Bayliss et al 2007a rich fine sandy silt and silty sand with frequent macrofossils. Passmore et al 2006 The relatively thick fine-grained organic palaeochannel fill Passmore and Waddington forthcoming shows the same succession in adjacent cores. The stratified sediments on top of the proposed sample and the similar OxA–15037 335 ±24 BP sediment sequence in adjacent cores argues against post- depositional disturbance of the sampled organic-rich layer. δ13C: -26.8‰ There is no contamination with younger organic material. Sample: TWcd-2(2), submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore Objectives: sample TWcd-3(2) is the second level to be dated Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil: Alnus sp. from this sediment core; an earlier phase of the project (J Cotton 2005) obtained duplicate dates on wood from a depth of 2.40–2.55m, giving dates of cal AD 1020–1170 (OxA- Initial comment: sample TWcd-2(2) was taken from a fine- 12682; 943 ±25 BP; Reimer et al 2004) and cal AD grained palaeochannel fill at the southern edge of the valley 990–1150 (OxA-12683; 996 ±25 BP; Reimer et al 2004), floor on the central T3 terrace level at location CDS1 in the respectively. This new sample is taken from a depth of 2.12m Coldstream study area. The depth of the fine-grained channel and will provide age control for the upper levels of the fill is 2.7m (over gravel) and the sample is from 1.05m. The channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant sediment core shows a succession of bedded organic-rich fine macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. It will also serve to sandy silt and silty sand with frequent macros and wood confirm the chronology established by the earlier dates. fragments. The relatively thick fine-grained organic σ palaeochannel fill shows the same successions in adjacent Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 1020–1150 σ cores. The stratified sediments on top of the proposed sample 2 : cal AD 1010–1160 and the similar sediment sequence in adjacent cores argue Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new against post-depositional disturbance of the sampled organic- sample, from a core depth of 2.12m, has a near-identical rich layer. There is no contamination with younger organic calibrated 2σ age-range to the duplicated dates obtained material. The sample consists of alder macrofossils extracted between 2.4-2.55m (OxA-12682 and OxA-12683). The from organic-rich fine sandy silts infilling an abandoned overlap of calibrated age-spans may reflect relatively rapid channel (oxbow lake sedimentation). The upstream accumulation rates, but this is considered unlikely given the catchment area of the lower Tweed river consists of a variety organic-rich context of the sediment body; rather, the new of metamorphic and igneous rocks; and additionally of some sample is considered more likely to reflect the deposition of local sandstone, till, and limestone with coal. reworked organic matter, possibly from localised scouring of Objectives: sample TWcd-2(2) is the second level to be dated previously placed channel fill sediments. from this sediment core; an earlier phase of the project References: Reimer et al 2004 obtained duplicate dates on wood from a depth of 1.9–2m, giving consistent dates of cal AD 1010–1160 (OxA-12601; 969 ±26 BP) and cal AD 1015–1155 (OxA-12681, 980 ±24 BP, Reimer et al 2004). This new sample is taken from a Till-Tweed: St Cuthbert’s Farm, depth of 1.05m and will provide age control for the upper field 33, Northumberland levels of the channel fill deposit that has been analysed for plant macrofossil, insect, and pollen content. It will also serve Location: NT 866222 to confirm the chronology established by the earlier dates. Lat. 55.29.36 N; Long. 02.12.44 W Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1485–1635 Project manager: C Waddington (Archaeological Research 2σ: cal AD 1465–1645 Services Ltd), 2003–6 Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), this new Archival body: University of Newcastle upon Tyne sample dates the upper part of the organic-rich channel fill Description: from a test-pit programme conducted in the deposit in core CDS1 to the late medieval – early post- lower Tweed valley near Coldstream. Test pit 10 in Field 33 medieval period; it is stratigraphically consistent with the at St Cuthbert’s farm revealed a ditch of a rectilinear crop- earlier dates (OxA-12601 and OxA-12681) from 1.90-2m. mark enclosure lying beneath the plough soil and a dense References: Passmore et al 2006 lithics scatter. Objectives: to date the rectilinear crop-mark enclosure. OxA–15048 964 ±29 BP References: Passmore and Waddington forthcoming δ13C: -27.9‰ Sample: TWcd-3 (2), submitted in April 2005 by SUERC–9078 1960 ±35 BP D Passmore δ13C: -24.3‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (alder fragments and Sample: TIT-1, submitted in April 2005 by D Passmore Carex spp., seeds) (J Cotton 2005) Material: charcoal: Quercus sp., sapwood, single fragment Initial comment: sample TWcd-3(2) was taken from a fine- (R Gale 2005) grained palaeochannel fill at the southern edge of the valley floor on the central T3 terrace level at location TW11 in the Initial comment: samples TIT-1 and two were recovered from Coldstream study area. The depth of the fine-grained a test pit in Field 33 at St Cuthbert’s Farm; this field channel fill is 2.6m and the sample is taken from 2.12m. produced a lithic density scatter of 198.9 lithics per hectare – Sediment core TW11 shows a succession of bedded organic- the highest density ever recorded in north-eastern England.

154 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: modern floodplain, Core 1, Leicestershire

All diagnostic material was Mesolithic in age, and the scatter Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), is thought to be indicative of a Mesolithic settlement site 2005–7 (Passmore and Wadddington forthcoming). Both samples are Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is from a depth of 0.5m in Test pit 10 and were extracted from the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a the ditch fill of a rectilinear crop-mark enclosure lying dynamic riverine environment, with a series of beneath the plough soil and lithic scatter. The samples are palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also fragments of charcoal. The oak sapwood provides the most has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is reliable wood for dating. It was not possible to assess the a clear relationship in the study area between the likely age of the ash but as it consists of heartwood, it may archaeological resource and geomorphology. These dates will already comprise some decades or so in age. The sample was provide a chronological framework through dating a series of extracted from a matrix of sandy silty clay at a depth of palaeochannels within the study area. The samples consist of 0.5m. The feature is cut into fill overlying carboniferous organic sediments from channel fills. limestone, while the geology of the catchment upstream of the site, is dominated by Silurian and Ordovician Objectives: to create a chronostratigraphic model for the greywackes, slates, and shales in the west and a mixture of confluence zone of the rivers Trent and Soar in Devonian sandstone and Carboniferous limestone to the Leicestershire. east. The subsoil is free-draining and there is no natural Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), every effort contamination anticipated. made to integrate the radiocarbon dates with the Objectives: the sample will date the infill of the ditch cut and luminescence dating (Toms et al 2008b) and provide a minimum age for the cutting of the feature. It is dendrochronology (Arnold et al 2007) into a single provisionally assumed that this is of Mesolithic age, and the chronostratigrapic model failed. There are multiple possible dating of this feature is intended to provide valuable explanations for the discrepancy between the radiocarbon comparative information for contemporary activities and luminescence dates, with incomplete bleaching of the elsewhere in the Till-Tweed basin and also at Howick. OSL samples and the reworking of the organic material sent for radiocarbon dating the two most plausible. A general Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1–80 time-scale for the evolution of the river confluence is, 2σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 130 however, clear. The transition between terrace 1 and terrace Final comment: D Passmore (24 October 2007), the 2 took place after the last glaciation, but probably prior to radiocarbon date indicates a likely date of the first century the Neolithic period. The first major river avulsion took AD in the years either immediately before or immediately place in the early Iron Age, and the two subsequent dated after the Roman invasion of the north. The dated feature avulsions occured in the early medieval period. would appear to form part of the late prehistoric enclosure Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), complex known in this field from the crop mark evidence. these results highlight two important lessons, firstly that the References: Passmore and Waddington forthcoming use of gouge augers can cause modern material to be taken down a core, and secondly AMS size bulk sediment samples SUERC–9079 2020 ±35 BP frequently produce inaccurate dates.

δ13C: -23.5‰ References: Arnold et al 2007 Brown et al 2007 Sample: TIT-2, submitted in December 2005 by D Passmore Toms et al 2008b Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, heartwood, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: as SUERC-9078 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: modern floodplain, core 1, Leicestershire Objectives: as SUERC-9078 Calibrated date: 1σ: 50 cal BC–cal AD 30 Location: SK 48623106 2σ: 160 cal BC–cal AD 70 Lat. 52.52.28 N; Long. 01.16.39 W Final comment: see SUERC-9078 Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), 2005–7 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (20 December 2007), the two results from this context are statistically consistent Archival body: Southampton University (SUERC-9079 and SUERC-9078) (T′=1.5; T′(5%)=3.8; Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) which suggests that the sample the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is of ash heartwood did not have a significant age-at-death offset. a dynamic riverine environment with a series of References: Ward and Wilson 1978 palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will Trent/Soar rivers confluence, provide a chronological framework through dating a series of Leicestershire palaeochannels within the study area. The core is from the Trent/Soar confluence floodplain. Location: SK 44873030 Lat. 52.52.05 N; Long. 01.20.00 W, Objectives: to establish the basal dates for a series of (centre) palaeochannels and also to provide a series of dates on specific palaeoenvironmental samples.

155 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: modern floodplain, Core 2, Leicestershire

Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), part of the Initial comment: from 1m down a core located in a construction of the chronological model of the evolution of palaeochannel on the modern floodplain. The core also has the confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is References: Brown et al 2007 Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. OxA–15894 368 ±28 BP Objectives: to provide a chronology for the δ13C: -28.2‰ palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Sample: MF C1 1.53m, submitted in April 2006 by Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1998–2001 A G Brown 2σ: cal AD 1957–2001 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (unidentified) Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date (A G Brown 2006) indicates that there has been modern contamination in this Initial comment: from the base of a core from a palaeochannel probably very young palaeochannel. located on the modern floodplain. The local geology is Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two results Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time from this level (GrA-31989 and OxA-15974) are not of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. statistically consistent (T′=3534.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. and Wilson 1978). Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1450–1620 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), 2σ: cal AD 1440–1640 this result shows the influence of carbon derived from modern atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and has been Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is calibrated using data from Kueppers et al (2004). consistent with a post-medieval date of abandonment of this palaeochannel close to the modern river. References: Brown et al 2007 Kueppers et al 2004 Ward and Wilson 1978 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: modern OxA–15974 4168 ±31 BP floodplain, core 2, Leicestershire δ13C: -26.6‰ Location: SK 48623099 Sample: MF C2 1m (a), submitted in April 2006 by Lat. 52.52.26 N; Long. 01.16.39 W A G Brown Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) 2005–7 (A G Brown 2006) Archival body: Southampton University Initial comment: from 1m down a core located in a Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is palaeochannel on the modern floodplain. The core also has the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological Objectives: to provide a chronology for the resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts provide a chronological framework through dating a series of were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm palaeochannels within the study area. The core is from the samples, to evaluate the preservation of the Trent/Soar confluence floodplain. palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. Objectives: to establish the basal dates for a series of Calibrated date: 1σ: 2880–2670 cal BC palaechannels and also to provide a series of dates on 2σ: 2890–2620 cal BC specific palaeoenvironmental samples. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), part of the considerably older than expected but may be due to an construction of the chronological model of the evolution of older core of floodplain re-exposed by the river as with the confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. OxA-16161. References: Brown et al 2007 Laboratory comment: see GrA-31989

GrA–31989 1.09 ±0.008 fM Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (19 September 2006), the humin fraction of this sample δ13 C: -29.6‰ failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Sample: MF C2 1m (b), submitted in April 2006 by Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), A G Brown the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, measured by AMS) means that a small amount of some possible rootlets)) (A G Brown 2006) contamination could have a disproportionately large effect

156 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: TFGC, Leicestershire on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon Trent/Soar rivers confluence: date must therefore be treated with caution. TFGC, Leicestershire References: Brown et al 2007 Location: SK 48102967 Lat. 52.51.43 N; Long. 01.17.08 W OxA–16161 2509 ±32 BP Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), δ13C: -27.7‰ 2005–7 Sample: MF C2 1.69m, submitted in April 2006 by Archival body: Southampton University A G Brown Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is the Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar.The area is a dynamic (A G Brown 2006) riverine environment, with a series of palaeochannels and Initial comment: from 1.7m down a core located in a associated terraces.The study area also has an extremely palaeochannel on the modern floodplain. The core also has significant archaeological resource.There is a clear relationship had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, in the area between the archaeological resource and geomorph- from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is ology.This series of dates will provide a chronological Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time framework through dating a series of palaeochannels within the of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. study area.The samples from this series are taken from cores from the Trent/Soar confluence floodplain.The core from Objectives: to provide a chronology for the TFGC is an extremely significant 4m gouge core, with palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts excellent preservation of environmental materials. were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation of the Objectives: to establish a series of dates along the core palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. This sequence. sample will also provide the basal date of the channel. Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result has Calibrated date: 1σ: 780–540 cal BC provided a robust chronological framework for interpreting 2σ: 800–510 cal BC the palaeoenvironmental sequence. The four radiocarbon dates are consistent with their relative order in the core. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is older than expected but may be due to a palaeochannel on a Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), core of older floodplain. a fifth sample, sediment from 1m depth in this core, failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (19 September 2007), the humin fraction of this sample References: Brown et al 2007 failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), GrA–31456 3880 ±35 BP the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was δ13C: -29.9‰ measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a disproportionately large effect Sample: TFGC14 3.5m, submitted in April 2006 by A G on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon Brown date must therefore be treated with caution. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (0.02g) (monocot References: Brown et al 2007 fragments, some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Initial comment: the sample is from a depth of 3.5m in a core SUERC–13206 445 ±35 BP located in a palaeochannel between terrace 1 and terrace 2. The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at δ13C: -27.0‰ 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local Sample: MF C2 1.78–1.79m, submitted in April 2006 by A geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged G Brown at the time of collection and the water table was 1m below the surface. Material: waterlogged wood: Pomoideae (A G Brown 2006) Objectives: as GrA-31771 Initial comment: the sample was 1.78–1.79m below the surface, in a palaeochannel. Based on geomorphology Calibrated date: 1σ: 2470–2290 cal BC this is a young piece of floodplain. The sample was collected 2σ: 2480–2200 cal BC from well below the watertable in a grey/brown coarse Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date sand matrix. broadly confirms a basal (minimum) age for the late Objectives: this basal date will provide the date of Neolithic/early Bronze Age abandonment of the abandonment of the channel. palaeochannel and is not in conflict with the date of the higher sample (GrA-31771) or lower sample (GrA-31948 ). Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1430–1460 2σ: cal AD 1410–1490 GrA–31771 3300 ±40 BP Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is consistent with a post-medieval date of abandonment of this δ13C: -29.9‰ palaeochannel scar very close to the modern river. Sample: TFGC14 2.5m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown

157 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 10, Leicestershire

Material: waterlogged wood (twig, single fragment) Sample: TFGC14 3m, submitted in April 2006 by (A G Brown 2006) A G Brown Initial comment: the sample is from a depth of 2.5m in a core Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments) located in a palaeochannel between terrace 1 and terrace 2. (A G Brown 2006) The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at Initial comment: from 3m depth in a core located in a 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local palaeochannel between terrace 1 and terrace 2. geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection and the watertable was 1m below Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel, and to the surface. provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, Objectives: to provide a chronology for the from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation of the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1770–1620 cal BC palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. 2σ: 1890–1530 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1630–1510 cal BC Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), along with 2σ: 1690–1490 cal BC other dates from this palaeochannel it suggests that the channel was abandoned, at the latest, in the late Bronze Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the sample Age/early Iron Age and subsequently infilled slowly. provided a date for infilling of the previously abandoned palaeochannel in this reach – in this case Iron Age which is Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit not in conflict with the archaeology of the lower sample (2006), the sample produced less than 0.5mg carbon, which (GrA-31456). explains the large error.

GrA–31948 4725 ±40 BP

δ13C: -29.1‰ Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent terrace 1, core 10, Leicestershire Sample: TFGC14 3.8m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown Location: SK 48362994 Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) Lat. 52.51.52 N; Long. 01.16.54 W (A G Brown 2006) Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), Initial comment: the sample is from a depth of 3.8m in a core 2005–7 located in a palaeochannel between terrace 1 and terrace 2. Archival body: Southampton University The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged is the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study at the time of collection and the water table was 1m below area is a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of the surface. palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also has an extremely significant archaeological resource. Objectives: to provide a chronology for the There is a clear relationship in the area between the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts archaeological resource and geomorphology. These series were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm of dates will provide a chronological framework through samples, to evaluate the preservation of the dating a series of palaeochannels from Terrace 1. Twenty palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. To also samples were submitted across nine cores from provide the basal date of the channel. palaechannels that form series T1. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3630–3370 cal BC Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core 2σ: 3640–3370 cal BC C10 from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development of Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date the chronostratigraphic model for the Trent/Soar confluence. provides a basal (minimum) age for the Neolithic Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), three results abandonment of the palaeochannel and is not in conflict were produced on sediment from three levels in core C10. with the date of the three higher samples (GrA-31771, GrA- While the lower two results (GrA-31998 and OxA-15931) 31456, and OxA-15886). are consistent with their relative stratigraphic order, the Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), uppermost result is over 3500 years older (OxA-15972). This the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was discrepancy is likely the result of reworked organic material measured by AMS) means that a small amount of being inwashed and breaking down in situ. contamination could have a disproportionately large effect References: Brown et al 2007 on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon measurement must therefore be treated with caution. GrA–31998 3920 ±35 BP References: Brown et al 2007 δ13C: -26.6‰

OxA–15886 3410 ±60 BP Sample: T1C10 1.45m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown δ13C: -27.9‰

158 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 12, Leicestershire

Material: sediment (>3g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) measured by AMS) means that a small amount of (A G Brown 2006) contamination could have a disproportionately large effect on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon Initial comment: the sample is from 1.45m down a core from measurement must therefore be treated with caution. a palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The palaeochannel bisects part of terrace 1. The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm OxA–15972 7300 ±40 BP contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian δ13C: -27.6‰ mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Sample: T1C10 1m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown Objectives: to provide a chronology for the Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts (A G Brown 2006) were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm Initial comment: from 1m down a core from a palaeochannel samples, to evaluate the preservation of the associated with terrace 1. The palaeochannel bisects part of palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. terrace 1. The core also has had pollen evaluation counts Calibrated date: 1σ: 2480–2340 cal BC carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous 2σ: 2550–2290 cal BC sampling. The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The water Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), a possible date table was than 1m below the surface. for early infilling after abandonment of the terrace palaeochannel in the Neolithic as shown in Warren Farm Objectives: to provide a chronology for the Quarry. palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), samples, to evaluate the preservation of the the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a disproportionately large effect Calibrated date: 1σ: 6230–6070 cal BC on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon 2σ: 6240–6060 cal BC date must therefore be treated with caution. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date References: Brown et al 2007 is in conflict with the lower dates from this palaeochannel which suggest that the channel was abandoned and started to infill during the Neolithic. The cause would OxA–15931 4334 ±30 BP appear to be contamination of the humic acid fraction by δ13C: -28.2‰ older humic acids. Sample: T1C10 1.8m, submitted in April 2006 by Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit A G Brown (19 September 2007), the humin fraction of this sample failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) (A G Brown 2006) Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was Initial comment: the sample is from 1.8m depth in a core measured by AMS) means that a small amount of from a palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The core contamination could have a disproportionately large effect also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local measurement must therefore be treated with caution. geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel and to provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence terrace 1, core 12, Leicestershire from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, Location: SK 48862990 from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation Lat. 52.51.51 N; Long. 01.16.27 W of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), σ Calibrated date: 1 : 3000–2900 cal BC 2005–7 2σ: 3030–2890 cal BC Archival body: Southampton University Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date suggests that the palaeochannel was abandoned in the Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is Neolithic which is in agreement with the archaeology and the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a the lower date from this core (GrA-31998) but not the upper dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeo- date which is regarded as too old. channels and associated terraces. The study area also has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is a Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit clear relationship in the area between the archaeological (19 September 2007), the humin fraction of this sample resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. provide a chronological framework through dating a series Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), of palaeochannels within the study area. the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was

159 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 12, Leicestershire

Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. To C12 from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence of the chronostratigraphic model for the confluence of the from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, rivers Trent and Soar. from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), four samples of monocotyledonous plant remains were dated from this Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 980–1030 core. The results are not in agreement with their relative 2σ: cal AD 890–1120 stratigraphic order. This is probably the result of sampling Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is contamination given that the result from C12 0.5m (GrA- consistent with a medieval date of abandonment of this 31987) is modern in date. palaeochannel. Laboratory comment: (19 September 2007), the humin fraction of this sample failed to produce sufficient carbon for OxA–15890 1174 ±35 BP dating. δ13C: -27.5‰ References: Brown et al 2007 Sample: T1C12 1.93m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown GrA–31987 1.09 ±0.004 fM Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, δ13C: -29.4‰ some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Sample: T1C12 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 by Initial comment: the sample is from a depth of 1.93m in a A G Brown core from a palaeochannel located between terraces 1 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, and 2. The core also had pollen evaluation counts carried some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was Initial comment: the sample is from 0.5m down a core waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was from a palaeochannel located between terrace 1 and terrace 1m below the surface. 2. The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was mental sequence from the core. Pollen counts were made waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm samples, to 1m below the surface. evaluate the preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 770–900 were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm 2σ: cal AD 730–980 samples, to evaluate the preservation of the Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), along with the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. three other dates on this palaeochannel, the age suggests that Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1999–2001 the palaeochannel was abandoned in the early medieval 2σ: cal AD 1998–2001 period and subsequently underwent very rapid infilling. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date would appear to be too young due to the incorporation of SUERC–13204 1275 ±35 BP modern organic material. δ13C: -28.1‰ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), Sample: T1C12 2.04–6m, submitted in January 2007 this result shows the influence of carbon derived from by A G Brown modern atmospheric nuclear weapons teasting, and has been calibrated using data from Kueppers et al (2004). Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments) (A G Brown 2006) References: Kueppers et al 2004 Initial comment: the sample came from near the base of core T1C12. The sample was 2.04–6m below surface, in a GrA–31988 1030 ±40 BP palaeochannel, cutting an area of terrace 1. The sample was δ13C: -29.5‰ well below the watertable, in a silty clay matrix. Sample: T1C12 2.14m, submitted in April 2006 by Objectives: this basal date will provide the date of A G Brown abandonment of this channel. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 670–780 some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) 2σ: cal AD 660–860 Initial comment: the sample is from the base of a core from a Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the sample is palaeochannel located between terrace 1 and terrace 2. The consistent with a medieval date of abandonment of this core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at palaeochannel. 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian mudstone.The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection.The water table was 1m below the surface.

160 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 2, Leicestershire

Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Initial comment: from 0.45m in a core from a palaeochannel located on terrace 1. The core also has had pollen evaluation terrace 1, core 14, Leicestershire counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm Location: SK 48322920 contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian Lat. 52.51.28 N; Long. 01.16.56 W mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), 2005–7 Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts Archival body: Southampton University were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm Description: two samples were dated from core C14, a samples, to evaluate the preservation of the proposed late Devensian/early Holocene sequence. palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. σ Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 660–770 σ C14 from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development of 2 : cal AD 650–780 the chronostratigraphic model for the river Trent/Soar Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this result confluence. provides a minimum date for the abandonment of this lower Final comment: A G Brown (31 October 2007), two samples palaeochannel. A medieval date is not at variance with the were dated from core C14, a proposed late Devensian/early archaeology or the chronostratigraphic model. Holocene sequence. The two results are consistent with their Laboratory comment: English Heritage (19 September 2006), relative stratigraphic order, although they suggest that the the humin fraction of this sample failed to produce sufficient sequence spans the Bronze Age to Anglo-Saxon periods. carbon for dating. References: Brown et al 2007 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was GrA–31492 3005 ±35 BP measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a disproportionately large effect δ13 C: -27.6‰ on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon Sample: T1C14 0.90m, submitted in April 2006 by measurement must therefore be treated with caution. A G Brown Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) (A G Brown 2006) Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Initial comment: this sample is from the base of a core from a terrace 1, core 2, Leicestershire palaeochannel located on terrace 1. The core also has had Location: SK 48062998 pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from Lat. 52.51.53 N; Long. 01.17.10 W 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. 2005–7 Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel, and to Archival body: Southampton University provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also Calibrated date: 1σ: 1320–1210 cal BC has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is 2σ: 1390–1120 cal BC a clear relationship in the study area between the archaeological resource and geomorphology. These dates will Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this result is provide a chronological framework through dating a series of consistent with an abandonment date in the late Bronze Age palaeochannels from terrace 1. Twenty samples were for this channel associated with terrace 1. submitted across nine cores from palaeochannels that form Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), series T1. the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was Objectives: to establish the basal date for core C2 from measured by AMS) means that a small amount of Terrace 1 and contribute to the development of the contamination could have a disproportionately large effect chronostratigraphic model for the river Trent/Soar on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon confluence. measurement must therefore be treated with caution. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date forms part of the testing and further development of the OxA–15973 1309 ±28 BP chronostratigraphic model of the confluence reach of the δ13C: -28.6‰ rivers Trent and Soar. Sample: T1C14 0.45m, submitted in April 2006 by References: Brown et al 2007 A G Brown Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) (A G Brown 2006)

161 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 3, Leicestershire

OxA–15887 1430 ±80 BP Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date would appear to be far too recent for the abandonment of a δ13C: -25.9‰ palaeochannel on the terrace and suggests reworking in the Sample: T1C2 1.24m, submitted in April 2006 by early medieval period. A G Brown Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Initial comment: from the base of core 2 from a terrace 1, core 4, Leicestershire palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. Location: SK 48653042 Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. Lat. 52.52.07 N; Long. 01.16.38 W Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 560–670 Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), 2σ: cal AD 430–770 2005–7 Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date from Archival body: Southampton University the palaeochannel would appear to be too young to date the Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is abandonment of the palaeochannel which on archaeological the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a grounds should be prior to the Bronze Age. It is most likely dynamic riverine environment, with a series of that it dates minor reworking of organics into the fill of the palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also palaeochannel by later stream activity. has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent provide a chronological framework through dating a series of terrace 1, core 3, Leicestershire palaeochannels within the study area. Objectives: to provide a basal date for core C4 from terrace 1, Location: SK 48182955 and to contribute to the development of the Lat. 52.51.39 N; Long. 01.17.03 W chronostratigraphic model for the confluence of the river Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), Trent and Soar. 2005–7 References: Brown et al 2007 Archival body: Southampton University Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is OxA–15971 2561 ±30 BP the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a δ13C: -26.9‰ dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also Sample: T1C4 0.98m, submitted in April 2006 by has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is A G Brown a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will (A G Brown 2006) provide a chronological framework through dating a series of palaeochannels within the study area. Initial comment: from the base of a core from a palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The palaeochannel marks the Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core C3 boundary between terrace 1 and the current floodplain. The from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development of the local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was chronostratigraphic model for the confluence of the rivers waterlogged at the time of collection. The water table was Trent and Soar. 1m below the surface. References: Brown et al 2007 Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. Calibrated date: 1σ: 800–670 cal BC GrA–31774 1370 ±35 BP 2σ: 810–590 cal BC δ13C: -28.7‰ Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is Sample: T1C3 1.6m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown probably too young for the initial abandonment and formation of the palaeochannel but does date fluvial Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, reworking of the infill of the channel incorporating organic some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) matter. Initial comment: the sample is from the base of a core from a Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The local geology is (19 September 2006), the humin fraction of this sample Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time failed to produce sufficient carbon for dating. of collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 640–670 measured by AMS) means that a small amount of 2σ: cal AD 610–690 contamination could have a dispaportionately large effect on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon measurment must therefore be treated with caution.

162 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 7, Leicestershire

Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Description: seven samples were submitted from six levels down core C7, a proposed early Holocene sequence with terrace 1, core 6, Leicestershire excellent preservation for palaeoenvironmental analysis, from Location: SK 48803036 terrace 1. Lat. 52.52.05 N; Long. 01.16.30 W Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core C7 Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), from terrace 1; and to contribute to the development of the 2005–7 chronostratigraphic model for the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. Archival body: Southampton University Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), the result on Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is monocotyledonous plant fragments from the base of the the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a sequence (OxA-15889) calibrates to the modern period and dynamic riverine environment, with a series of is likely to be the result of contamination through the use of palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also the gouge corer. The two results from 1.51m (OxA-16159 has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is and OxA-16160) are not consistent and are significantly a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological older than the dates on plant macrofossils from almost half a resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will metre below (GrA-31951 and SUERC-13205). It should provide a chronological framework through dating a series of also be pointed out that the bulk sediment date from 0.95m palaeochannels within the study area. is also older than GrA-31951. The lack of consistency within Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core C6 and between the two sample types (bulk sediment and from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development of the macrofossil) means that this core must remain “undated” chronostratigraphic model for the river Trent/Soar with the radiocarbon measurements providing no means to confluence. correlate the changes in land-use evident in the pollen record to the existing archaeological record from the area. References: Brown et al 2007 References: Brown et al 2007 GrA–31949 1.1 ±0.004 fM GrA–31950 1020 ±35 BP δ13C: -28.7‰ δ13C: -29.5‰ Sample: T1C6 1.61m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown Sample: T1C7 0.95m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown Material: waterlogged wood (fragment of twig) (A G Brown 2006) Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) (A G Brown 2006) Initial comment: the sample is from the base of a core from a palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The palaeochannel Initial comment: the sample is from 0.95m down a core in a marks the boundary between terrace 1 and the current palaeochannel located between terrace 1 and the current floodplain. The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The lower floodplain. The core also has had pollen evaluation sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The water counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm table was 1m below the surface. contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1957–1999 Objectives: to provide a chronology for the 2σ: cal AD 1956–2000 palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this is almost were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm certainly modern reworking of the upper 1m or more of samples, to evaluate the preservation of the sediment within the borehole. palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. σ Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 990–1030 σ the modern material at this depth is probably the result of a 2 : cal AD 900–1120 gouge corer being used to sample the sediment. This result Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), again has been calibrated using data from Kueppers et al (2004). surprisingly young for the palaeochannel, suggesting some References: Kueppers et al 2004 contamination with younger carbon (see GrA-31949). Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a disproportionately large effect terrace 1, core 7, Leicestershire on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon Location: SK 48903028 date must therefore be treated with caution. Lat. 52.52.03 N; Long. 01.16.25 W GrA–31951 590 ±35 BP Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), 2005–7 δ13C: -28.4‰ Archival body: Southampton University Sample: T1C7 2m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown

163 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent Terrace 1, Core 7, Leicestershire

Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel, and to some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, Initial comment: the sample is from 2m down a core in a from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation palaeochannel located between terrace 1 and the current of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. lower floodplain. The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1960–1985 contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian 2σ: cal AD 1959–1986 mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. would appear to be too young for the abandonment of this Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeochannel and is most likely the result of later palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts penetration by plant rootlets. were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit samples, to evaluate the preservation of the (19 September 2006), this sample produced less than 0.5mg palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. of carbon and so the result must be treated with caution. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1300–1410 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), 2σ: cal AD 1290–1420 this result shows the influence of carbon derived from Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), not an modern atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and has been impossible date for the abandonment of the palaeochannel calibrated using data from Kueppers et al (2004). (medieval) but the result clearly conflicts with the humin References: Kueppers et al 2004 and humic acid fractions dates above it.

OxA–16159 2638 ±31 BP OxA–15888 129 ±31 BP δ13C: -30.4‰ δ13C: -27.4‰ Sample: T1C17 1.5m, submitted in April 2006 by Sample: T1C7 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown A G Brown Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample) some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) (A G Brown 2006) Initial comment: from 0.5m down a core in a palaeochannel Initial comment: from 1.5m down a core from a located between terrace 1 and the current lower floodplain. palaeochannel located between terrace 1 and the current The core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at lower floodplain. The core also has had pollen evaluation 0.14m intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local counts carried out at 0.14m intervals, from 50mm geology is Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged contiguous sampling. The local geology is Mercian at the time of collection. The water table was 1m below the mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of surface. collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Objectives: to provide a chronology for the Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts palaeoenvironmental sequence from the core. Pollen counts were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm were made at 0.14m intervals, from contiguous 50mm samples, to evaluate the preservation of the samples, to evaluate the preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1680–1955* Calibrated date: 1σ: 820–790 cal BC 2σ: cal AD 1660–1955* 2σ: 840–780 cal BC Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this sample would appear to be too young for the abandonment of this provides an older humin fraction date for the minimum date palaeochannel and is most likely the result of later of the abandonment of this lower palaeochannel. A Roman penetration by plant rootlets. to medieval date is not at variance with the archaeology or the chronostratigraphic model. OxA–15889 1.22 ±0.009 fM Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), δ13 C: -28.2‰ the measurements on the humin (OxA-16159) and humic Sample: T1C7 2.25m, submitted in April 2006 by acid (OxA-16160) fractions of this bulk sediment sample are A G Brown not statistically consistent (T′=811.7; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). Furthermore, both of these dates Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, are significantly older than the resulting dates on some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) monocotyledon fragments from almost a half metre below Initial comment: from the base of a core from a palaeochannel (GrA-31951 and SUERC-13205). The small size of the bulk located between terrace 1 and the current lower floodplain. The samples (they were measured by AMS) means that a small core also has had pollen evaluation counts carried out at 0.14m amount of contamination will have a disproportionately large intervals, from 50mm contiguous sampling. The local geology is effect on the radiocarbon age. Mercian mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of References: Ward and Wilson 1978 collection. The water table was 1m below the surface.

164 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: WQF, monolith CH1, Leicestershire

OxA–16160 1406 ±30 BP chronostratigraphic model for the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. δ13C: -28.6‰ References: Brown et al 2007 Sample: T1C17 1.5m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown GrA–31986 1820 ±30 BP Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) δ13 (A G Brown 2006) C: -28.6‰ Initial comment: as OxA-16159 Sample: T1C8, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown Objectives: as OxA-16159 Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot fragments, some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 620–660 2σ: cal AD 590–670 Initial comment: the sample is from the base of a core from a palaeochannel associated with terrace 1. The palaeochannel Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this provides a bisects part of terrace 1. The local geology is Mercian minimum date for the abandonment of this lower mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of palaeochannel. A medieval date is not at variance with the collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. archaeology or the chronostratigraphic model. Objectives: to give a basal date for this palaeochannel. Laboratory comment: see OxA-16159 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 130–240 2σ: cal AD 90–320 SUERC–13205 210 ±35 BP Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the date is too δ13C: -27.1‰ young for the initial abandonment of the terrace channel but Sample: T1C7 2.10–2m, submitted in January 2007 by may date a later period of infilling. A G Brown Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments) (A G Brown 2006) Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Initial comment: the sample is from near the base of WQF, monolith CH1, Leicestershire palaeocore T1C7.The sample was 2.1–2m below the Location: SK 47783002 surface, in a palaeochannel bisecting part of terrace 1. The Lat. 52.51.55 N; Long. 01.17.25 W sample was well below the water table, in a silty clay matrix. Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), Objectives: the basal date will provide a date of abandonment 2005–7 of the palaeochannel. Archival body: Southampton University Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1650–1955* 2σ: cal AD 1640–1955* Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this is a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of younger than the date stratigraphically above it and other palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also dates in the sequence suggests some incorporation of has an extremely significant archaeological resource. There is younger organic material. a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological resource and geomorphology. This series of dates will provide a chronological framework through dating a series of Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Trent palaeochannels within the study area. Samples were terrace 1, core 8, Leicestershire extracted from monolith tins taken from exposed sections of the working quarry at Sawley in the study area. Location: SK 48213008 Objectives: to establish dates for a series of channels seen in Lat. 52.51.57 N; Long. 01.17.02 W section on the quarry faces, with associated environmental Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), sequences. 2005–7 Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this series of Archival body: Southampton University dates has helped construct a chronological model of the confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The area is a References: Brown et al 2007 dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeo- channels and associated terraces. The study area also has an GrA–31953 2580 ±35 BP extremely significant archaeological resource. There is a clear δ13 relationship in the area between the archaeological resource C: -28.1‰ and geomorphology. This series of dates will provide a Sample: WQF CH1 +0.5m, submitted in April 2006 by chronological framework through dating a series of A G Brown palaeochannels within the study area. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for core C8 fragments, some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) from terrace 1, and to contribute to the development of the

165 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: WQF, monolith CH2, Leicestershire

Initial comment: this sample was taken from a section of a Calibrated date: 1σ: 1900–1770 cal BC palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian 2σ: 1940–1740 cal BC mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), along with the collection. The watertable was 1m below the surface. other dates this result suggests channel abandonment in the Objectives: to provide a chronology for the early to mid Bronze Age and infilling in the later Bronze palaeoenvironmental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen Age, but this measurement is considerably older than the counts were made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the humic acid and macrofossil dates on the same channel. preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), palaeochannel. these two results from 0.24m (OxA-16128–9) were made on Calibrated date: 1σ: 800–770 cal BC the humin and humic acid fractions, respectively, of a bulk 2σ: 810–600 cal BC sediment sample. These results are not statistically consistent (T′=166.0; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1;Ward and Wilson 1978).The Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), along with the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was measured other dates this result suggests channel abandonment in the by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could early to mid Bronze Age. have a dispaportionately large effect on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon measurement must OxA–15891 2730 ±160 BP therefore be treated with caution. δ13C: -28.8‰ References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: WQF CH1 0.68m, submitted in April 2006 by A G Brown OxA–16129 2989 ±28 BP Material: waterlogged plant macrofossils (monocot δ13C: -29.3‰ fragments, some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Sample: WQF CH1 0.24m, submitted in April 2006 Initial comment: the sample was taken from the section of a by A G Brown palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian Material: sediment (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of (A G Brown 2006) collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. Initial comment: as OxA-16128 Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenvironmental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen Objectives: as OxA-16129 counts were made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the Calibrated date: 1σ: 1300–1130 cal BC preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this 2σ: 1380–1120 cal BC palaeochannel. Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), along with Calibrated date: 1σ: 1060–780 cal BC the other dates this result suggests channel abandonment 2σ: 1380–410 cal BC in the early to mid Bronze Age and infilling in the later Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the date is Bronze Age. consistent with a Bronze Age abandonment of this Laboratory comment: see OxA-16128 palaeochannel. Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (8 October 2007), this sample had a low target current, Trent/Soar rivers confluence: hence the reason for the poor precision. WQF, monolith CH2, Leicestershire

OxA–16128 3517 ±30 BP Location: SK 47583006 δ13C: -29.1‰ Lat. 52.51.56 N; Long. 01.17.35 W Sample: WQF CH1 0.24m, submitted in April 2006 Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), by A G Brown 2005–7 Material: sediment (humin fraction, bulk sample) Archival body: Southampton University (A G Brown 2006) Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is Initial comment: the sample was taken from the section of a the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeo- mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of channels and associated terraces. The study area also has an collection. The water table was 1m below the surface. extremely significant archaeological resource. There is a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological resource Objectives: to provide a chronology for the and geomorphology. This series of dates will provide a palaeoenvironmental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen chronological framework through dating a series of palaeo- counts were made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the channels within the study area. Samples were extracted from preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resource in this a monolith tin taken from exposed sections of the working palaeochannel. quarry at Sawley in the study area.

166 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: WQF, monolith CH3, Leicestershire

Objectives: to establish dates for a series of channels seen in Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the date is section on the quarry faces, with associated environmental consistent with a Bronze Age abandonment of this sequences. palaeochannel. Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), these results Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), have helped construct a chronological model of the this result shows the influence of carbon derived from confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. modern atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and has been calibrated using data from Kuepper et al (2004). References: Brown et al 2007 References: Kueppers et al 2004 GrA–31940 2500 ±35 BP

δ13 C: -27.2‰ Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Sample: WQF CH2 M2 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 WQF, monolith CH3, Leicestershire by A G Brown Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, Location: SK 47863011 some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Lat. 52.51.58 N; Long. 01.17.20 W Initial comment: this sample was taken from a section of a Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian 2005–7 mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of Archival body: Southampton University collection. The watertable was 1m below the surface. Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is the Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeo- confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar.The study area is a environmental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeochannels counts were made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the and associated terraces.The study area also has an extremely preservation of the palaeoenvironmental resources in this significant archaeological resource.There is a clear relationship in palaeochannel. the area between the archaeological resource and geomorph- Calibrated date: 1σ: 770–540 cal BC ology.This series of dates will provide a chronological framework 2σ: 790–410 cal BC through dating a series of palaeochannels within the study area. Samples were extracted from monolith tins taken from exposed Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the date sections of the working quarry at Sawley in the study area. suggests along with the other dates on this channel that channel abandonment occurred in the late Bronze Age or Objectives: to establish dates for a series of channels seen in early Iron Age – rather later than channel 1. section on the quarry faces, with associated environmental sequences. GrA–31999 2820 ±35 BP Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), these results have helped to construct a chronological model of the δ13 C: -30.8‰ confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. Sample: WQF CH2 M3 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 References: Brown et al 2007 by A G Brown Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, GrA–31941 3075 ±35 BP some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) δ13C: -29.1‰ Initial comment: as GrA-31940 Sample: WQF CH3 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 by Objectives: as GrA-31940 A G Brown Calibrated date: 1σ: 1020–910 cal BC Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, 2σ: 1060–890 cal BC some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Final comment: see GrA-31940 Initial comment: this sample was taken from a section of a palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian OxA–15892 1.04 ±0.004 fM mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The watertable was 1m below the surface. δ13C: -26.1‰ Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- Sample: WQF CH2 M1 0.5m, submitted in April 2006 mental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen counts were by A G Brown made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the preservation of the Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) Calibrated date: 1σ: 1410–1300 cal BC Initial comment: as GrA-31940 2σ: 1430–1260 cal BC Objectives: as GrA-31940 Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), the date indicates that the channel was abandoned in the Bronze Age. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 1956–1957 2σ: cal AD 1955–1958

167 Trent/Soar rivers confluence: WQF, monolith CH5, Leicestershire

Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), Final comment: P Marshall (31 October 2007), these results the humin fraction of this sample failed to produce sufficient have helped construct a chronological model of the carbon for dating. confluence zone of the river Trent and river Soar. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), References: Brown et al 2007 the two measurements are not statistically consistent (T′=461.6; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).The GrA–31943 13870 ±60 BP earlier result (OxA-15932) is from the humic acid fraction of sediment, while the later result (GrA-31941) is on δ13C: -28.2‰ monocotyledon fragments. The later result provides a better Sample: WQF CH5 0.36m, submitted in April 2006 by estimate for the age at this depth. The small size of the bulk A G Brown sample of sediment (it was measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) disproportionately large effect on the radiocarbon age. The (A G Brown 2006) accuracy of the radiocarbon date must therefore be treated Initial comment: this sample was taken from a section of a with caution. palaeochannel in a quarry. The local geology is Mercian References: Ward and Wilson 1978 mudstone. The sample was waterlogged at the time of collection. The watertable was 1m below the surface. OxA–15932 4078 ±30 BP Objectives: to provide a chronology for the palaeoenviron- mental sequence from the monolith tin. Pollen counts were δ13C: -28.2‰ made at 0.14m intervals, to evaluate the preservation of the Sample: WQF CH3 0.5m (a), submitted in April 2006 palaeoenvironmental resource in this palaeochannel. by A G Brown Calibrated date: 1σ: 14790–14350 cal BC Material: sediment (>5g) (bulk sample, humic acid fraction) 2σ: 14980–14180 cal BC (A G Brown 2006) Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date Initial comment: as GrA-31941 confirms a late Glacial palaeochannel representing infill of a channel probably abandoned at the end of the older Dryas. Objectives: as GrA-31941 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), Calibrated date: 1σ: 2840–2570 cal BC the small size of the bulk sample of sediment (it was 2σ: 2860–2490 cal BC measured by AMS) means that a small amount of Final comment: A G Brown (8 October 2007), this date is contamination could have a disproportionately large effect consistent with a late Neolithic abandonment of this on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radiocarbon palaeochannel. date must therefore be treated with caution. Laboratory comment: see GrA-31941 GrA–32001 12060 ±50 BP

δ13C: -29.4‰ Trent/Soar rivers confluence: Sample: WQF CH5 0m (b), submitted in April 2006 WQF, monolith CH5, Leicestershire by A G Brown

Location: SK 47512994 Material: sediment (>5g) (humic acid fraction, bulk sample) Lat. 52.51.52 N; Long. 01.16.15 E (A G Brown 2006) Project manager: A G Brown (University of Exeter), Initial comment: as GrA-31943 2005–7 Objectives: as GrA-31943 Archival body: Southampton University Calibrated date: 1σ: 12040–11880 cal BC Description: the site is a study area of 2km by 4km, which is 2σ: 12100–11830 cal BC the confluence of the rivers Trent and Soar. The study area is Final comment: see OxA-15893 a dynamic riverine environment, with a series of palaeochannels and associated terraces. The study area also Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 October 2007), the has an extremely significant archaeological resource.There is two measurements on samples from 0m depth in the monolith a clear relationship in the area between the archaeological are not statistically consistent (T′=55.3; T′(5%)=3.8; v=1; resource and geomorphology. These series of dates will Ward and Wilson 1978).The earliest result (GrA-32001) came provide a chronological framework through dating a series of from bulk sediment while the later result (OxA-15893) was palaeochannels within the study area. Samples were from monocotyledon plant fragments.The later result provides extracted from monolith tins taken from exposed sections of a better estimate for this depth. The small size of the bulk the working quarry at Sawley in the study area. sample of sediment (it was measured by AMS) means that a small amount of contamination could have a dispaportionately Objectives: to establish dates for a series of channels seen in large effect on the radiocarbon age. The accuracy of the radio- section on the quarry faces, with associated environmental carbon measurment must therefore be treated with caution. sequences. References: Ward and Wilson 1978

168 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: cremations, Warwickshire

OxA–15893 11505 ±55 BP cremations; fig 4/22), or more likely cal AD 260–370 (68% probability; fig 4/22). They ceased in cal AD 470–590 (95% δ13C: -27.5‰ probability; end cremations; fig 4/22), or more likely in cal AD Sample: WQF CH5 0m (a), submitted in April 2006 510–560 (68% probability; fig 4/22; Hamilton et al in press). by A G Brown Cr12 (GrA-32241; 2370 ±30 BP) is anomalously old, being Iron Age in date. Since the cremation was found within a Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (monocot fragments, clearly identified Anglo-Saxon vessel, this anomalous date is some possible rootlets) (A G Brown 2006) more likely the result of recognised, but insufficiently Initial comment: as GrA-32001 understood, problems that can arise when radiocarbon dating cremated bone. The model would suggest that both Objectives: as GrA-32001 inhumation and cremation activity began at approximately Calibrated date: 1σ: 11460–11330 cal BC the same time and were concurrent at the Wasperton 2σ: 11510–11290 cal BC cemetery.While it is possible that inhumation activity slightly pre- and post-dates cremation activity, the lower number of Final comment: see GrA-31943 samples (33% fewer inhumations than cremations dated) Laboratory comment: see GrA-32001 results in reduced precision for both the start and end dates. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 January 2008), the amino acid profile (although hydroxyproline was not run) Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery, suggests that the protein in this sample was moderately well- Warwickshire preserved. The skeleton, however, was poorly preserved, and the second sample from the pilot series, which failed to Location: SP 265585 produce sufficient protein for analysis, was from a skeleton Lat. 52.13.25 N; Long. 01.36.43 W that was well-preserved. This shows that skeletal preservation does not necessarily have a simple relationship with protein Project manager: C Spall (Field Archaeology Specialists reservation in the surviving bone. Ltd,York), 1980–5 and 2005–7 References: Carver et al in press Description: the village of Wasperton is situated five miles Hamilton et al in press south of Warwick on the eastern bank of the river Avon. Scheschkewitz 2006 A large area to the immediate south-west of the village was Wise 1991 stripped and excavated in advance of gravel quarrying between 1980 and 1985. Several phases of prehistoric and Roman occupation were encountered. A field enclosure was reused in the late Roman to early Anglo-Saxon period as a Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: cemetery. A total of 215 inhumations and 26 cremations were cremations, Warwickshire excavated, being the entire cemetery.The burials are dated by grave goods to the late Roman to early Anglo-Saxon period. Location: SP 265585 There were 21 cremations with material suitable for Lat. 52.13.25 N; Long. 01.36.43 W radiocarbon dating. Based upon computer simulations using Project manager: C Spall (Field Archaeology Specialists OxCal (v3.10), a total of nine cremations had material Ltd,York), 1980–5 and 2005–7 submitted with the results being used to either confirm the postulated chronology or identify early/late cremation activity. Archival body: Warwick Museum Objectives: to provide a model for understanding the Description: 24 cremated bone assemblages were identified; transition from late Roman to Anglo-Saxon burial; to these are concentrated in the central area of the cemetery provide a chronological framework for understanding the (Group 7), but some are more scattered. Most cannot be longevity and date of cremation burial; to provide a phased on the basis of grave goods. chronological model to test the initial archaeological phasing Objectives: to determine the age range of this burial practice of burials and the spatial groupings; and to provide a at Wasperton. comparative mathematical means to examine the chronology of the inhumations and cremations. Final comment: see final comment under project (Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery). Final comment: M Carver (18 October 2007), the series proved extremely valuable as a factor in the argument for References: Carver et al in press chronology and spatial analysis. Results showed that burial Wise 1991 activity began within the enclosure in cal AD 125–330 (95% probability; start), or most probably cal AD 200–310 (68% GrA–32135 1570 ±35 BP probability). Burial activity within the enclosure ends in cal AD 490–700 (95% probability; end; fig 4/22), or more likely Sample: CR 1a F51/1000/2, submitted on 12 May 2006 by cal AD 540–640 (68% probability). Activity within the C Spall enclosure persisted for 180–420 years (95% probability), or Material: cremated human bone (mixed long bone shaft perhaps 240–360 years (68% probability). Inhumations within fragments) (C Spall 2006) the enclosure began in cal AD 180–340 (95% probability; start inhumations). Inhumations are likely to have ceased in cal AD Initial comment: cremation 1a (F51/1000/2) consisted of two 450–640 (95% probability; end inhumations), or more likely cal heavily truncated pots found standing next to each other. AD 540–610 (68% probability). Cremations within the The fill of both vessels were recovered. 1a was the larger of enclosure began in cal AD 230–400 (95% probability; start

169 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: cremations, Warwickshire the two pots. The burials of the Wasperton cemetery were GrA–32242 1550 ±30 BP cut into a gravel terrace beside the Warwickshire Avon. The Sample: Cr 14 F1506/3031, submitted on 12 May 2006 by cemetery was discovered and excavated after it had been C Spall truncated by a box grader removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. Material: cremated human bone (mixed long bone shaft fragments) (C Spall 2006) Objectives: the Wasperton cemetery is suspected, from its grave goods, to span the late Roman, early Saxon, and Initial comment: cremation 14 (F1506/3031) was a cemetery middle Saxon phases of the settlement. It is one of the very urn in a circular pit. Burnt bone fragments were recovered few Anglo-Saxon cemeteries to be completely excavated and from the fill of the pot. The burials of the Wasperton this represents a good population sample. It is also one of cemetery were cut into a gravel terrace beside the the most interesting Anglo-Saxon cemeteries to have been Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and excavated. The cemetery contained 215 inhumations, of excavated after it had been truncated by a box grader which 13 were suitable for radiocarbon dating, and 26 removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. cremations, of which 21 are suitable for radiocarbon dating. Objectives: as GrA-32135 The cremations therefore offer the best chance of mapping the development of the cemetery. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–560 2σ: cal AD 420–600 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–550 2σ: cal AD 410–580 Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. OxA–15962 1609 ±32 BP GrA–32136 1595 ±35 BP Sample: Cr 3 F76=F1511/3209, submitted on 12 May 2006 by C Spall Sample: Cr 6 F371/1311, submitted on 12 May 2006 by C Spall Material: cremated human bone (mixed long bone shaft fragments) (C Spall 2006) Material: cremated human bone (mixed unidentified fragments) (C Spall 2006) Initial comment: cremation 3 (F76=1511/3209) consisted of a sub-rectangular shallow pit with a cluster of sherds of a pot. Initial comment: cremation 6 (F371/1311) took the form of The burials of the Wasperton cemetery were cut into a gravel the lower part of a cremation urn in the top of a ditch, F244. terrace beside the Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was A small amount of burnt bone fragments were recovered. discovered and excavated after it had been truncated by a The burials of the Wasperton cemetery were cut into a gravel box grader removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. terrace beside the Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and excavated after it had been truncated by a Objectives: as GrA-32135 box grader removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 410–540 Objectives: as GrA-32135 2σ: cal AD 380–550 Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 410–540 Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- 2σ: cal AD 390–550 Saxon cemetery. Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. OxA–15963 1565 ±29 BP Sample: Cr 10 F1502/3004, submitted on 12 May 2006 by GrA–32241 2370 ±30 BP C Spall Sample: Cr 12 F1504/3008, submitted on 12 May 2006 by Material: cremated human bone (mixed unidentified C Spall fragments) (C Spall 2006) Material: cremated human bone (mixed unidentified Initial comment: cremation 10 (F1502/3004) was an irregular, fragments) (C Spall 2006) elongated pit with steep and regular sides. A pot (lower part only survived) had been placed at the north end. Burnt bone Initial comment: cremation 12 (F1504/3008) was an irregular and charcoal was recovered from the pot. The burials of the ovoid pit with a cremation urn placed centrally (only the Wasperton cemetery were cut into a gravel terrace beside the lower part of the urn survived). The bone fragments were in Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and the fill of the pot. excavated after it had been truncated by a box grader Objectives: as GrA-32135 removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. Calibrated date: 1σ: 410–390 cal BC Objectives: as GrA-32135 2σ: 520–390 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 430–550 Final comment: M Carver (16 October 2007), this result is 2σ: cal AD 410–570 anomalously old, being Iron Age in date. Since the Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- cremation was found within a clearly identified Anglo-Saxon Saxon cemetery. vessel, this anomalous date is more likely the result of recognised, but insufficiently understood, problems that can arise when radiocarbon dating cremated bone.

170 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: inhumations, Warwickshire

OxA–15964 1735 ±55 BP Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. Sample: Cr 20 F3006/3307, submitted on 12 May 2006 by C Spall Material: cremated human bone (mixed unidentified Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: fragments) (C Spall 2006) inhumations, Warwickshire Initial comment: cremation 20 (F3006/3007) was an almost circular pit with a pot placed upright slightly off-centre. The Location: SP 265585 fill of the pot contained burnt bone fragments. The burials of Lat. 52.13.27 N; Long. 01.36.48 W the Wasperton cemetery were cut into a gravel terrace beside Project manager: C Spall (Field Archaeology Specialists the Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and Ltd,York), 1980–5 and 2005–7 excavated after it had been truncated by a box grader removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. Archival body: Warwick Museum Objectives: as GrA-32135 Description: 215 graves were excavated in the cemetery but only 58 contained human remains; of these, 13 had viable σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 230–390 amounts of bone for radiocarbon dating, but only 6 of these σ 2 : cal AD 130–430 apparently contained sufficient collagen. Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Objectives: to determine the date range of inhumation burial Saxon cemetery. at Wasperton. Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- (2006), the low target current in the AMS of 6.2 mA Saxon cemetery. resulted in the higher than usual standard deviation. Laboratory comment: English Heritage (21 December 2007), OxA–15965 1566 ±30 BP before dating sub-samples of the thirteen skeletons which, superficially, appeared to have sufficient bone for radiocarbon Sample: Cr 22 F3021/3307 HUB 027, submitted on 12 May analysis, they were sent to the Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory 2006 by C Spall for carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis (Beavan- Material: cremated human bone (mixed long bone shaft Athfield et al 2001).The six individuals with C:N ratios within fragments) (C Spall 2006) the optimum range of 2.9–3.6, suggested by DeNiro (1985), were subsequently submitted for dating. Initial comment: cremation 22 (F3021/3307) was an incomplete pit, containing a pot with a fill which contained Laboratory comment: SUERC Radiocarbon Dating burnt bone fragments. The burials of the Wasperton Laboratory (AMS) (24 October 2006), another sample, from cemetery were cut into a gravel terrace beside the inhumation 16 (F271/C1270), failed to produce sufficient Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and collagen for dating. excavated after it had been truncated by a box grader References: Beavan-Athfield et al 2001 removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. DeNiro 1985 Objectives: as GrA-32135 Wise 1991 σ Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 420–550 GrA–32671 1670 ±30 BP 2σ: cal AD 410–570 δ13C: -20.0‰ Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. Sample: inhumation 34 F346/C1265, submitted on 25 July 2006 by C Spall OxA–15985 1687 ±28 BP Material: human bone (right femur shaft) (C Spall 2006) Sample: Cr 26 F1589/3279 HUB 027, submitted on 12 May Initial comment: inhumation 34 (F346/C1265) identified as a 2006 by C Spall narrow, shallow rectangular grave which had cut earlier Material: cremated human bone (mixed long bone shaft inhumation 35 and truncated an earlier boundary ditch fragments) (C Spall 2006) (F259). The bone was relatively well-preserved and parts of the skull, left humerus and radius, and both femora and tibia Initial comment: cremation 26 (F1589/3279) consisted of were represented. It was cut predominantly into the fills of sherds of a cremation urn and burnt bone fragments two earlier features, but also into the well-drained gravel scattered in the fill of inhumation 117 (that had disturbed subsoil at the site. The feature was identified following the it). A burnt equal armed brooch was also present. The removal of topsoil and upper layer of natural gravel subsoil burials of the Wasperton cemetery were cut into a gravel by box grader. terrace beside the Warwickshire Avon. The cemetery was discovered and excavated after it had been truncated by a Objectives: the Wasperton cemetery is dated by grave goods to box grader removing the topsoil and part of the subsoil. the mid-fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD (ie late Roman and early Anglo-Saxon to middle Anglo-Saxon period).The Objectives: as GrA-32135 cemetery is one of the most interesting Anglo-Saxon Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 260–410 cemeteries and was also excavated in its entirety. A total of nine 2σ: cal AD 250–430 cremations have also been submitted for dating and together these dates will test the date range for burial at the site.

171 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery: inhumations, Warwickshire

Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 340–420 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 January 2008), 2σ: cal AD 260–430 replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried out at Reading University and the measurements for WASP- Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- 169 were as follows: δ13C was -20.2 ±0.2‰; δ15N was +10.9 Saxon cemetery. ±0.2‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.5. The two δ13C Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the stable measurements on this skeleton (WASP-169 and R-29292- isotope measurements were carried out at the Rafter Radio- 12) are statistically consistent (T′=0.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; carbon Laboratory and, for this sample (R-29292-4), are as Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be follows: δ13C: -20.0 ±0.3; δ15N:+8.6 ±0.3; C/N ratio: 3.4. calculated (-20.1 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N measurements on the same skeleton are, however, not ′ ′ ν GrA–32672 1740 ±30 BP statistically consistent (T =11.1; T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson 1978). For more information on the Reading δ13C: -19.9‰ University stable isotope analysis of the human bone Sample: Inhumation 46, submitted on 25 July 2006 by collagen from the Wasperton cemetery please see Carver et al C Spall (in press). Material: human bone (?tibia/long bone shaft fragment) Laboratory comment: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory (29 (C Spall 2006) January 2008), see laboratory comment by SHES, University of Reading. Initial comment: inhumation 46 was identified as a long, narrow, sub-rectangular grave, which had been truncated Laboratory comment: SHES, University of Reading (29 δ15 slightly to the north of inhumation 25. The bone January 2008), while the N in the two lab comparison preservation was relatively good with teeth, jaw, and some samples are not in statistical agreement, the actual difference axial and long bones surviving. It was cut into the natural of 0.9‰ and 1.2‰ does not affect the interpretation of diet. gravel subsoil at the site. There were no known References: Carver et al in press contaminants, although the feature was truncated by a box Reimer et al 2004 grader during removal of the top soils and uppermost level Ward and Wilson 1978 of natural subsoil. Objectives: as GrA-32671 OxA–14459 1806 ±31 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 240–350 δ13C: -19.8 ±0.3‰ 2σ: cal AD 230–400 δ15N (diet): +11.9 ±0.3‰ C/N ratio: 3.3 %C: 2.7 %N: 0.6 Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Saxon cemetery. Amino Acid class: 3 (Stafford et al 1988) Hydroxyproline Aspartic Glutamic Proline Glycine Alanine Arginine Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the stable – 51.0 91.0 121.0 363.0 138.0 58.0 isotope measurements were carried out at the Rafter Sample: WN82/F3235/C1294, submitted on 25 January 2005 Radiocarbon Laboratory and, for this sample (R-29292-9), are by C Spall as follows: δ13C: -19.8 ±0.3; δ15N:+12.0 ±0.3; C/N ratio: 3.6. Material: human bone (distal femur) (M Houst 2005) GrA–32674 1580 ±25 BP Initial comment: grave F325 was identified as a large δ13C: -19.7‰ rectangular steep-sided, flat-bottomed feature cut directly into subsoil with no other stratigraphic relationships. The Sample: Inhumation 169 F3110/C3614, submitted on 25 skeleton was very poorly preserved, but apparently fully July 2006 by C Spall articulated. Only the skull, a fragment of the right humerus Material: human bone (femur shaft) (C Spall 2006) and femur survived. The grave was cut into the gravel and sand subsoil which is believed to be acidic. Initial comment: inhumation 169 was identified as a long sub- rectangular grave cut into earlier gullies F3116 and F3117 Objectives: the sample represents one of two bone samples and cut by later inhumation 165. The bone preservation was selected for a pilot-study for radiocarbon suitability.Within good with all but some axial bones represented. It was cut the overall project design a well-preserved skeleton and a into natural grave subsoil. There were no known poorly-preserved skeleton were selected to test for collagen contaminants, although the feature was identified following presentation in bones within the assemblage. This sample removal of topsoil and the upper level of natural subsoil with represents a poorly preserved skeleton. If dating proves to be a box grader. successful, the date itself is of intrinsic interest, but it will also serve to establish radiocarbon recommendations for the Objectives: as GrA-32671 assemblage for the future. Indeed, should the sample prove Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 420–540 insufficient, this will also be used to inform the next stage of 2σ: cal AD 410–550 the project design. σ Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Calibrated date: 1 : cal AD 130–250 σ Saxon cemetery. 2 : cal AD 120–330 Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the stable Final comment: M Carver (18 October 2007), of the 13 isotope measurements were carried out at the Rafter Radio- inhumation burials with enough material available for both carbon Laboratory and, for this sample (R-29292-12), are as stable isotope and radiocarbon dating, only six had C:N ratios that were optimal, and of those, one failed, due to follows: δ13C: -19.9 ±0.3; δ15N:+9.7 ±0.3; C/N ratio: 3.4. insufficient preserved collagen.

172 Willington Quarry, Derbyshire

References: Stafford et al 1988 The feature was identified following removal of topsoil and of the upper level of the natural subsoil by box grader. SUERC–11973 1700 ±35 BP Objectives: as GrA-32671 δ13 C: -20.0‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 570–650 Sample: Inhumation 27 F309/C1259, submitted on 25 July 2σ: cal AD 540–660 2006 by C Spall Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- Material: human bone (skull fragments) (C Spall 2006) Saxon cemetery. Initial comment: inhumation 27 consisted of a long, narrow Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2008), the stable grave cut into subsoil and was found to contain a body and isotope measurements were carried out at Rafter Radio- fragmentary unburnt bones identified as femora and a tibia. carbon Laboratory and, for this sample (R-29292-13), are as The skeleton was partly preserved, although identifiable follows: δ13C: -19.9 ±0.3; δ15N:+10.2 ±0.3; C/N ratio: 3.3. bones appeared undisturbed. The inhumation was cut Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 January 2008), directly into well-drained natural gravel subsoil of the first replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried gravel terrace of the river Avon, Warwickshire.There were no out at Reading University and the measurements for WASP- known contaminants, although the feature was defined 174 were as follows: δ13C was -20.5 ±0.2‰; δ15N was +10.8 following box grading at the site. ±0.2‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.5. The two δ13C Objectives: as GrA-32671 measurements on this skeleton (WASP-174 and R-29292- 13) are statistically consistent (T′=2.8; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Calibrated date: 1σ: cal AD 260–410 Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be σ 2 : cal AD 240–430 calculated (-20.3 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). The two δ15N Final comment: see final comment under Wasperton Anglo- measurements on the same skeleton are also statistically ′ ′ ν Saxon cemetery. consistent (T =2.8; T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be calculated (+10.6 Laboratory comment: English Heritage, the stable isotope ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). For more information on the measurements were carried out at the Rafter Radiocarbon Reading University stable isotope analysis of the human Laboratory and, for this sample (R-29292-3), are as follows: bone collagen from the Wasperton cemetery please see δ13C: -19.7 ±0.3; δ15N:+11.4 ±0.3; C/N ratio: 3.3. Carver et al (in press). Laboratory comment: English Heritage (8 January 2008), References: Carver et al in press replicate measurements on the stable isotopes were carried Reimer et al 2004 out at Reading University and the measurements for WASP- Ward and Wilson 1978 27 were as follows: δ13C was -19.5 ±0.2‰; δ15N was +12.3 ±0.2‰; and the C/N ratio was 3.2. The two δ13C measurements on this skeleton (R-29292-3 and WASP-27) are statistically consistent (T′=0.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward Willington Quarry, Derbyshire and Wilson 1978) and allow a weighted mean to be Location: SK 294285 δ15 calculated (-19.6 ±0.2‰; Reimer et al 2004). The two N Lat. 52.51.10 N; Long. 01.33.48 W measurements on the same skeleton are, however, not statistically consistent (T′=6.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Project manager: M G Beamish (ULAS, University of Wilson 1978). For more information on the Reading Leicester), 1998–9 University stable isotope analysis of the human bone Description: excavations prior to the extension of a sand and collagen from the Wasperton cemetery please see Carver et al gravel quarry at Willington, south Derbyshire have produced (in press). remarkable evidence of prehistoric activity on the floodplain Laboratory comment: Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory (29 of the river Trent. Areas of wooded, low, gravel islands January 2008), see laboratory comment by SHES, University surrounded by active streams were a focus of early to middle of Reading under GrA-32674 Neolithic activity in the fourth millennium cal BC until around 3000 cal BC. Peterborough Ware was the References: Carver et al in press predominant pottery used on the site and non-animal Reimer et al 2004 foodstuffs appear to be dominated by wild resources, Ward and Wilson 1978 although evidence of dairying has also been identified. Radiocarbon dating of the pottery has supported the notion SUERC–11974 1460 ±35 BP that Peterborough Ware belongs mostly to the second half of the fourth millennium cal BC and is not a late Neolithic δ13C: -20.8‰ tradition. In the latter half of the third millennium cal BC Sample: Inhumation 174 F3122/C3683, submitted on 25 fire clearance of the woodland started, and was to continue July 2006 by C Spall for several centuries. A burnt mound may have been used for feasting within a partial clearing. The subsequently Material: human bone (skull fragments) (C Spall 2006) alluviating landscape was abandoned, save for the siting of a Initial comment: inhumation 174 was identified as a large grave pit and ceremonial ring ditch, during the (early) sub-rectangular grave cut into earlier ditch F3026. The Bronze Age. Several hundred years later, in the late second excavation revealed a composite stone coffin and fragment of millennium cal BC, a stream was the site of further burnt skull and long bones. Cut predominantly into the fill of an mound activity with surviving waterlogged remains of earlier gully but also into well-drained natural gravel subsoil. outstanding quality, including a substantial rectangular roundwood-lined trough.

173 Willington Quarry: alluviation, Derbyshire

Objectives: to provide a chronological framework for channels have then alluviated, and the whole site been interpreting the environmental sequence from the buried by silty clay. palaeochannel deposits; to date and ascertain the significance Calibrated date: 1σ: 3370–3190 cal BC of human activity in the vicinity of fallen trees; to date the 2σ: 3490–3110 cal BC fire-clearance of the floodplain; to provide overall estimates of the start, end, and duration of the use of the burnt Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two mounds; to date the alluviation; and to provide precise dates measurements (OxA-15044 and SUERC-7595) are not for the Peterborough Ware (and its sub-styles) ceramic statistically consistent (T′=14.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and assemblage. Wilson, 1978) and therefore date material of different ages. The washing of the fill of the oven feature down-slope may References: Beamish 2001 have happened either because of initial flooding soon after Beamish 2007 deposition which was not part of succeeding alluviation, or alternatively because soil that had developed over the deposits was washed away by flooding thereby exposing Willington Quarry: earth-fast archaeology within the more consolidated glacial alluviation, Derbyshire sandy clay to fluvial erosion.

Location: SK 27782725 Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Lat. 52.50.30 N; Long. 01.35.15 W (28 April 2005), a number of charcoal samples from Willington Quarry disclosed extremely low yields of carbon. Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester This amount of carbon is much lower than we would usually Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and expect from the vast majority of charcoal. Given the fact that 2004–7 these samples were identified to species, probably the most parsimonious explanation for these low yields is that the Archival body: Derby Museum charcoal is degraded chemically in the post-depositional Description: samples from deposits that might provide a environs of the site. Whether or not this influences the chronological framework for alluviation were selected for radiocarbon age is very difficult to answer on the basis of the measurement. current evidence. Certainly in some cases we correlate degraded charcoal of this type with erroneous radiocarbon Objectives: to date the alluviation. determinations, but this is usually confined to very old Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), modelling samples of charcoal, for example of Palaeolithic age. of samples from features recorded as having alluvium below References: Ward and Wilson 1978 them allows a terminus ante quem (Beamish 2007) for alluviation to be estimated of 2200-1980 cal BC. OxA- 15044 provides a terminus post quem for the onset of alluvial SUERC–7595 4740 ±35 BP conditions at the end of the fourth millenium cal BC. δ13C: -24.2‰ References: Beamish 2000 Sample: Context 2076 sample 149 (B), submitted in Beamish 2001 August 2005 by M G Beamish Beamish 2007 Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) OxA–15044 4566 ±34 BP Initial comment: as OxA-15044 δ13C: -24.3‰ Objectives: as OxA-15044 Sample: Context 2076 sample 149 (A), submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish Calibrated date: 1σ: 3640–3380 cal BC 2σ: 3640–3370 cal BC Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Final comment: see OxA-15044 Initial comment: the deposit comes from the base of a partly stone-lined feature, interpreted as an oven. The upper fill of the oven (2068 fired clay, interpreted as an oven roof) had Willington Quarry: collapsed into the feature. Burnt Mound 1, Derbyshire Objectives: the date for the charcoal will give a terminus post Location: SK 27802722 quem for the alluviation of the site on the following Lat. 52.50.29 N; Long. 01.35.14 W argument: the deposit of charcoal has probably been deposited in the oven either during the last usage, or has Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester been dumped back into the feature following final usage. Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and The feature has collapsed. Subsequent flooding had washed 2004–7 some of the scorched fire-reddened clay roof (2068) down- Archival body: Derby Museum slope toward a nearby stream channel. This must have occurred before the feature had become integrated into the Description: samples relating to Burnt Mound 1 were measured. soil that would have regenerated over the feature following The burnt mound included middle Neolithic pottery in its layers abandonment of the site. The washing of the feature is clear and fills, and sealed layers containing early Neolithic material. evidence that the site has started to flood. The stream

174 Willington Quarry: Burnt Mound 1, Derbyshire

Objectives: to determine the origin and chronology of the Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal-rich Burnt Mound. deposit, stratigraphically the latest layer of the burnt mound. The deposit post-dates the lowest burnt mound layer. The Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), deposit is most probably derived from spent fuel cleaned out chronological modelling provides estimates for Burnt Mound of the central features, and will date from a later phase of the 1: 2340–2060 cal BC (95% probability; start burnt mound) to burnt mound’s use. 2120–1840 cal BC (95% probability; end burnt mound; fig 118; Marshall et al 2007 ). The burnt mound was of late Neolithic Calibrated date: 1σ: 2030–1920 cal BC or early Bronze Age date, but was located above, and 2σ: 2040–1880 cal BC included residual pottery from, earlier Neolithic activity. Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two Laboratory comment: English Heritage (23 December 2007), measurements (OxA-15111 and SUERC-7598) from [1487] a further sample, a residue on a Neolithic bowl sherd, was a charcoal-rich layer derived from spent fuel and stone dated from context 1980, a layer immediately beneath the cleaned out of the central features are not statistically mound. It was dated to 3700–3530 cal BC (OxA-14481; consistent (T′=13.2; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 4849 ±35BP; Reimer et al 2004). 1978) and therefore date material of different ages. The results clearly show that the base of the burnt mound References: Beamish 2000 incorporates residual material from earlier Neolithic activity Beamish 2001 (SUERC-7605–6 and OxA-15046). In fact these three Beamish 2007 measurements are statistically consistent (T′=4.2; Marshall et al 2007 T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2;Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of Reimer et al 2004 the same actual age.

OxA–15046 4607 ±35 BP Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044

δ13C: -24.1‰ References: Beamish 2007 Ward and Wilson 1978 Sample: Context 1817, sample 123 A, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton OxA–15112 3721 ±30 BP Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment δ13C: -24.3‰ (R Gale 2005) Sample: Context 1582, sample 81 A, submitted in Initial comment: 1817 was a dark greyish brown mottled silty August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton clay up to 0.12m thick, and the lowest burnt mound layer in quadrant 3. The layer was cut by the central feature 1651. Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment As layer 1759 in quadrant 4, it was also cut by pit 1892, a (R Gale 2005) possible secondary hearth. Initial comment: layer 1582 was immediately above the Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal-rich primary fill of an elongated pit 1483, adjacent to the deposit stratigraphically directly related to, and part of, the northeast of the Burnt Mound hearth/oven 1704. The layer burnt mound. The deposit pre-dates the upper burnt mound was black and comprised mostly charcoal with some clay, layer and the central trough 1651. The date should give an and occasional burnt gravels. Charcoal pieces up to 60mm indication of the earlier phase of the Burnt Mound. were noted. The deposit probably represents a dump of spent fuel from the adjacent hearth/oven. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3500–3350 cal BC 2σ: 3500–3340 cal BC Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a deposit near the base of a substantial pit adjacent to the hearth/oven 1704, Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the base of and is likely to have been dumped into the pit following an the burnt mound incorporated residual material from earlier episode of burnt mound activity. The date will give Neolithic activity (SUERC-7605–6 and OxA-15046). The comparative evidence to the other dates from Burnt Mound three measurements are statistically consistent (T′=4.2; 1, in particular the date from the top of the hearth feature, T′(5%)=6.0; ν=2; Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of indicating longevity or otherwise. the same actual age. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2200–2040 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 2σ: 2210–2020 cal BC

OxA–15111 3610 ±29 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two measurements from this deposit (OxA-15112 and SUERC- δ13C: -26.8‰ 7602) are statistically consistent (T′=0.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Sample: Context 1487, sample 111 A, submitted in Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) OxA–15113 3754 ±28 BP Initial comment: 1487 was the predominant (and latest) burnt δ13C: -24.9‰ mound layer, a dark greyish brown charcoal-rich deposit up Sample: Context 1653, sample 152 A, submitted in August to 0.1m thick, with abundant fire-cracked stones. It was 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton sampled in 1m2 boxes, and this sample came from just to the north of the central features in quadrant 1. Material: charcoal: Sorbus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005)

175 Willington Quarry: Burnt Mound 1, Derbyshire

Initial comment: 1653 was the second fill of the central Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, single fragment trough feature (pit 1651); up to 0.30m deep, an extremely (R Gale 2005) charcoal-rich very dark grey sandy clay with gravel and some Initial comment: a small pit deposit in quadrants 3/4 of Burnt burnt stones. The deposit probably represents a dump of Mound 1. It clearly cut the lower burnt mound layer (1759 material back into the trough following the last usage. in quadrant 4), and was partially sealed by the upper layer Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal-rich (1487). The pit contained intense charcoal and fire-cracked deposit near the base of the central burnt mound feature stone. Traditionally this feature would be interpreted as a interpreted as the trough. It seems most likely that this hearth, but it might also be a deposit of burnt material. context is a dump of material in the base of the feature Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal-rich following the last usage of the burnt mound. The date will deposit stratigraphically directly related to the burnt mound. give an indication of the last usage of the monument. The deposit post-dates the lower burnt mound layer. The Calibrated date: 1σ: 2210–2130 cal BC relationship with the last burnt mound layer is ambiguous, as 2σ: 2280–2040 cal BC it appeared to be partly sealed by the layer but is not earlier than the layer’s start. The charcoal is likely to be derived Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two from an episode of burnt mound activity in the later phase of measurements (OxA-15113 and SUERC-7909) from 1691, the burnt mound’s life. a charcoal and fire-cracked stone rich fill of a pit (oven or hearth 1704) are statistically consistent (T′=0.2; Calibrated date: 1σ: 2120–1950 cal BC T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of 2σ: 2140–1920 cal BC the same actual age. Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two References: Ward and Wilson 1978 measurements (OxA-15115 and SUERC-7606) from 1881, a charcoal-rich deposit post-dating the earliest spread 1817, are OxA–15114 3695 ±29 BP not statistically consistent (T′=473.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) and therefore date material of different ages. δ13C: -26.2‰ Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044 Sample: Context 1691, sample 91 A, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment SUERC–7598 3775 ±35 BP (R Gale 2005) δ13C: -25.9‰ Initial comment: 1691 was the uppermost fill of a pit containing several layers of silty clays, rich with charcoal and Sample: Context 1487, Sample 111 B, submitted in August fire-cracked stone. Context 1691 was distinct in that it 2005 by M G Beamish are A Monckton comprised c 50% pebbles, and these stones appeared Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, single fragment cracked in situ. The deposit is probably contemporary with (R Gale 2005) the last usage of the burnt mound. It would appear to be continuous with the uppermost burnt mound layer, 1487, Initial comment: as OxA-15111 but was a distinct deposit by virtue of the density and the Objectives: as OxA-15111 state of fire-cracked stones. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2280–2130 cal BC Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal and fire- 2σ: 2300–2040 cal BC cracked stone-rich deposit on the top of one of the principal burnt mound features interpreted as an oven or hearth. This Final comment: see OxA-15111 deposit may represent the remains of the last ?cooking to have occured in the feature, or be the last stones heated SUERC–7602 3690 ±35 BP within it. The date will give an indication of the last usage of the monument. δ13C: -26.2‰ Calibrated date: 1σ: 2140–2030 cal BC Sample: Context 1582, sample 81 B, submitted in August 2σ: 2200–1970 cal BC 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, single fragment measurements (OxA-15114 and SUERC-7604) from 1691, a (R Gale 2005) charcoal-rich fill of the central pit (trough) of the burnt Initial comment: as OxA-15112 mound, are statistically consistent (T′=1.0;T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. Objectives: as OxA-15112 Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2140–2020 cal BC 2σ: 2200–1960 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two OxA–15115 3649 ±33 BP measurements (OxA-15112 and SUERC-7602) from 1582 a primary fill of a substantial pit or tank adjacent to the hearth/ δ13C: -24.7‰ oven 1704 and derived from an episode of burnt mound activity are statistically consistent (T′=0.5;T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Sample: Context 1881, sample 122 A, submitted in August Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton References: Ward and Wilson 1978

176 Willington Quarry: clearance, Derbyshire

SUERC–7604 3740 ±35 BP Willington Quarry: δ13C: -24.4‰ clearance, Derbyshire

Sample: Context 1691, sample 91 B, submitted in August Location: SK 27752725 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Lat. 52.50.30 N; Long. 01.35.17 W Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, single fragment Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester (R Gale 2005) Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and Initial comment: as OxA-15114 2004–7 Objectives: as OxA-15114 Archival body: Derby Museum Calibrated date: 1σ: 2210–2040 cal BC Description: samples were taken from a number of deposits 2σ: 2280–2030 cal BC interpreted as the remains of fire clearance. Final comment: see OxA-15114 Objectives: to date the fire clearance of the floodplain. The clearance of woodland from the floodplain represents an important change in local landscape development. Fire SUERC–7605 4695 ±35 BP clearance was a precursor to providing increased grazing or δ13C: -25.1‰ land for cultivation or both. The identification of well-dated clearance episodes is regionally and nationally important. Sample: Context 1817, sample 123 B, submitted in August The evidence may represent one or more episodes of 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton clearance. Is the clearance of the floodplain related Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment chronologically to the cursus monument? The clearance may (R Gale 2005) be specifically related to the Trent, and the provision of an access corridor along or across the valley. Initial comment: as OxA-15046 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the results Objectives: as OxA-15046 suggest clearance of the floodplain was concentrated in the Calibrated date: 1σ: 3630–3370 cal BC mid-third to mid-second millennia cal BC. 2σ: 3640–3360 cal BC References: Beamish 2000 Final comment: see OxA-15046 Beamish 2001 Beamish 2007 SUERC–7606 4695 ±35 BP GrA–31787 3410 ±40 BP δ13C: -24.6‰ δ13C: -25.7‰ Sample: Context 1881, sample 122 B, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Sample: Context 78, sample 6, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Material: charcoal: Rosaceae, twig (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: as OxA-15115 Initial comment: from a 2.1m × 1m area of charcoal-rich soil with some scorched red clay pockets. The charcoal was Objectives: as OxA-15115 sampled from plant excavation, and was exposed in an Calibrated date: 1σ: 3630–3370 cal BC evaluation trench to the east of the island occupation. 2σ: 3640–3360 cal BC Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a charcoal-rich (albeit Final comment: see OxA-15115 and OxA-15046 degraded) deposit immediately related to a less extensive oxidised fire-reddened clay.The charcoal appears to be derived Laboratory comment: English Heritage (23 December 2007), from a fire that also reddened the clay adjacent to it.The this fragment of charcoal is residual in this context. archaeological interpretation is that evidence of burning relates to tree clearance by fire (ie a tree or stump is pulled down and then SUERC–7909 3780 ±50 BP burnt, with charcoal and burnt soil from the roots becoming δ13C: -25.8‰ incorporated into a sub-surface hollow).Thus the charcoal relates to the burning episode and will date the clearance. Sample: Context 1653, sample 152 B, submitted in August σ 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Calibrated date: 1 : 1750–1660 cal BC 2σ: 1880–1610 cal BC Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single fragment of charcoal came from [78] a 2.1x1m area of Initial comment: as OxA-15113 charcoal-rich soil with some scorched red clay pockets. Objectives: as OxA-15113 GrA–31789 3730 ±40 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 2290–2130 cal BC 2σ: 2430–2030 cal BC δ13C: -27.3‰ Final comment: see OxA-15113 Sample: Context 4108, sample 183, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton

177 Willington Quarry: clearance, Derbyshire

Material: charcoal: Alnus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) statistically consistent (T′=5.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and therefore date material of different ages. Initial comment: from a mid-dark grey silt clay, friable, with common degraded charcoal, rare pebbles and patches of References: Ward and Wilson 1978 scorched earth within an 3m × 2.25m area. The charcoal was sampled during controlled quadrant excavation. The context OxA–15081 3981 ±27 BP was situated on southern edge of excavated site. δ13C: -25.3‰ Objectives: as GrA-31787 Sample: Context 4490, sample 278 (A), submitted in August Calibrated date: 1σ: 2200–2030 cal BC 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton 2σ: 2280–2020 cal BC Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, probably root Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single (R Gale 2005) fragment of charcoal was dated from [4108].The sample derived from a charcoal rich (albeit degraded) deposit immediately Initial comment: from a context sealed by alluvium, and related with pockets of more oxidised fire-reddened clay that excavated, recorded, and sampled in hurried conditions. appears to be derived from a fire used as part of tree clearance. The deposit was formed of charcoal-rich clay 1.5m across, The charcoal is thought to have been incorporated into the tree overlain by reddened clay (scorched?). The location, context, pit or hole during the felling of the tree. and broad morphology of the deposit, and its similarity to other features recorded in more detail, has led to its interpretation as a burnt deposit resulting from fire clearance GrA–31796 4425 ±45 BP and it was sampled specifically to recover suitable material δ13C: -27.9‰ for radiocarbon dating. Sample: Context 4489, sample 276, submitted in August Objectives: as GrA-31787 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Calibrated date: 1σ: 2570–2460 cal BC Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment 2σ: 2580–2460 cal BC (R Gale 2005) Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two Initial comment: from a 2.1m × 0.8m area of scorched red clay measurements (OxA-15081 and SUERC-7592) from 4490, with charcoal pockets. The charcoal was sampled in plan. a deposit of charcoal rich clay (1.5m in diameter) overlain by reddened ?scorched clay, are statistically consistent (T′=0.1; Objectives: as GrA-31787 T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of Calibrated date: 1σ: 3270–2930 cal BC the same actual age. 2σ: 3340–2910 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single fragment of hazel charcoal was dated from [4489] a 2.1m × OxA–15082 3645 ±28 BP 0.8m area of scorched red clay with charcoal pockets. δ13C: -26.3‰ GrA–31797 4670 ±45 BP Sample: Context 135, sample 17 (A), submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton δ13C: -27.1‰ Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment Sample: Context 63, sample 3 (A), submitted in August 2005 (R Gale 2005) by M G Beamish and A Monckton Initial comment: from burnt deposits recorded within an Material: charcoal: Corylus/Alnus sp., single fragment evaluation trench. The feature was recognised by extensive (R Gale 2005) deposits of reddened clay (134) interpreted as scorched by Initial comment: from a mid-grey silty clay with some burning. This overlay a more reduced layer of grey charcoal- degraded charcoal, rare pebbles, and patches of scorched rich clay (135) that was in places black with charcoal. This earth within a 5m × 2.5m area. There was charcoal sampled was sampled at both ends of the available section. The during controlled segment excavation. The context was sited submitted material was derived from sample 17 at the on south-western edge of the excavated site. southern end. Objectives: as GrA-31787 Objectives: as GrA-31787 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3520–3360 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 2110–1950 cal BC 2σ: 3630–3350 cal BC 2σ: 2140–1930 cal BC Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), two Final comment: see SUERC-7593 charcoal samples derived from a charcoal-rich (albeit degraded) deposit [63] immediately related with pockets of OxA–15083 3508 ±28 BP more oxidised fire reddened clay which appears to be δ13 derived from a fire used as part of tree clearance. The C: -29.4‰ charcoal is thought to have been incorporated into the tree Sample: Context 4156/7, sample 187 (A), submitted in pit or hole during the felling of the tree. The two August 2005 by M G Beamish measurements (OxA-15898 and GrA-31797) are not Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005)

178 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and associated features, Derbyshire

Initial comment: from a 3m diameter deposit of fire-reddened Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), 134, a charcoal and scorched clay, filling feature 4159 whose plan, feature of extensive deposits of reddened clay representing form and profile are consistent with that of a tree-throw. an intense burning event, overlay a more reduced deposit of 4156 is a fire-reddened clay sealing 4157, which was black charcoal-rich clay, 135, that was in places black with with charcoal. All layers were sealed by alluvium. charcoal. Two measurements (OxA-15082 and SUERC- 7593) were obtained from fragments of charcoal from 135 Objectives: as GrA-31787 that are statistically consistent (T′=1.5; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Calibrated date: 1σ: 1890–1770 cal BC Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. 2σ: 1930–1740 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: see SUERC-7594 SUERC–7594 3440 ±35 BP OxA–15898 4535 ±38 BP δ13C: -25.8‰ δ13C: -26.9‰ Sample: Context 4156/7, sample 187 (B), submitted in Sample: Context 63, sample 3 (B), submitted in August 2005 March 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton by M G Beamish and A Monckton Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment Material: charcoal: Betula sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) (R Gale 2005) Initial comment: as GrA-31797 Initial comment: as OxA-15083 Objectives: as GrA-31787 Objectives: as GrA-31787 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3360–3110 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 1870–1690 cal BC 2σ: 3370–3090 cal BC 2σ: 1890–1640 cal BC Final comment: see GrA-31797 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), two samples of charcoal from a 3m diameter deposit of fire- SUERC–7592 3995 ±35 BP reddened charcoal and scorched clay 4156, filling 4159 a feature whose plan, form, and profile are consistent with that δ13C: -25.3‰ of a tree pit. The two measurements (OxA-15083 and ′ Sample: Context 4490, sample 278 (B), submitted in March SUERC-7594) are statistically consistent (T =2.3; ′ ν 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. Material: charcoal: Fraxinus excelsior, single fragment (R Gale 2005) References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Initial comment: as OxA-15081 Objectives: as GrA-31787 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and Calibrated date: 1σ: 2570–2470 cal BC associated features, Derbyshire 2σ: 2580–2460 cal BC Location: SK 27762724 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two Lat. 52.50.30 N; Long. 01.35.16 W measurements (OxA-15081 and SUERC-7592BP) from Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester [4490] a deposit of charcoal rich clay (1.5m in diameter), Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and overlain by reddened ?scorched clay, are statistically 2004–7 consistent (T′=0.1; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978) and could be of the same actual age. Archival body: Derby Museum References: Beamish 2007 Description: samples taken from tree holes and adjacent Ward and Wilson 1978 features were measured in order to assess the relationship between the two. SUERC–7593 3700 ±35 BP Objectives: to determine the nature of the Neolithic δ13C: -24.6‰ settlement. Sample: Context 135, sample 17 (B), submitted in March Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a phase of 2006 by M G Beamish occupation in the vicinity of fallen trees lasting from c 3500- 3000 cal BC is interpreted. Material dating to c 2000 cal BC Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale within some contexts (eg 1451 and 1328) is probably 2005) intrusive and related to later clearance activity. Initial comment: as OxA-15082 References: Beamish 2000 Objectives: as GrA-31787 Beamish 2001 Beamish 2007 Calibrated date: 1σ: 2140–2030 cal BC 2σ: 2200–1970 cal BC

179 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and associated features, Derbyshire

GrA–31770 4490 ±40 BP Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) δ13C: -25.5‰ Initial comment: 1451 was a plausible post pit - one of a pair Sample: Context 1448, sample 65 A, submitted in August to the southeast of a similarly filled tree-throw. 1453 was the 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton upper fill consisting of brownish grey silty clay with frequent Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment charcoal. It probably represents ?domestic material (R Gale 2005) incorporated into the top of the post during its life, or in the dismantling of a structure. Initial comment: context 1448 was a lens of charcoal-rich black clay in the pit fill of 1056. It was an homogenous Objectives: the deposit represents an episode of burning, context and as such represents an event of deposition. As it probably redeposited in the upper fill of a pit that has held does not have a post-ghost profile, it is more likely that the the post of a structure. The pit is adjacent to another pit that deposit was placed into an abandoned structural pit when also contains archaeological material and might also have the structure was dismantled. been used as part of the structure. If the radiocarbon dates from the post pits and adjacent tree-throws are similar, it Objectives: the charcoal has probably been deposited in the would support the interpretation that tree-throws are being postpit when a ?structure was dismantled. The charcoal may used as part of structures at this time. There would also be represent occupation debris. If the date of the charcoal is evidence to suggest that the structure is contemporary with similar to the later dates from adjacent pit/post-pits (contexts the use of Burnt Mound 1. 1328 and 1455) and tree-throw (context 1451), there will be evidence for the structure and the adjacent tree-throw being Calibrated date: 1σ: 2140–1970 cal BC contemporary, and also perhaps connnected with the burnt 2σ: 2200–1930 cal BC mound activity. Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a fragment Calibrated date: 1σ: 3340–3090 cal BC of blackthorn came from 1453 the upper fill of 1455 a 2σ: 3360–3020 cal BC plausible post pit. Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single fragment of hazel charcoal came from 1448 a lens of GrA–31799 4750 ±40 BP charcoal rich clay with the fill 1056 of pit 1447. This was δ13C: -25.0‰ one of two pits to the north-east of a probable root-void silting. Sample: Context 458, sample 57 (A), submitted in March 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Laboratory comment: (10 July 2006), a second fragment of charcoal from this deposit failed to produce sufficient carbon Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) for dating. Initial comment: from the dark brownish-black sandy clay fill of a small pit-type feature. The deposit was rich in GrA–31785 3800 ±40 BP environmental and ceramic remains, including Mortlake- style Peterborough Ware. Analysis of the environmental δ13C: -27.1‰ sample identified some modern straw contamination - Sample: Context 1451, sample 114 A, submitted in August unfortunately there was machine activity above this area 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton before excavation could be undertaken. To the west of the pit is a probable burnt tree-throw (420). 458 is the lower and Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment the predominant of two fills. (R Gale 2005) Objectives: the dating of this charcoal will hopefully provide a Initial comment: as OxA-15110 date for the deposition of the pit group, and allow Objectives: as OxA-15110 comparison with the date of a probable burnt-out tree/shrub (301) to the south. Calibrated date: 1σ: 2300–2140 cal BC 2σ: 2430–2130 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 3640–3380 cal BC 2σ: 3640–3370 cal BC Final comment: see OxA-15110 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the results Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two only provide a terminus post quem for the associated ceramic measurements on this piece of charcoal are statistically assemblage. consistent (T′=3.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1;Ward and Wilson 1978). There weighted mean is 3750 ±24, which calibrates Laboratory comment: see OxA-15899 to 2270–2040 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). References: Reimer et al 2004 GrA–31800 3655 ±40 BP Ward and Wilson 1978 δ13C: -26.5‰ Sample: Context 302, sample 28, submitted in March 2006 GrA–31786 3665 ±40 BP by M G Beamish and A Monckton δ13C: -25.8‰ Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment Sample: Context 1453, sample 112, submitted in March (R Gale 2005) 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton

180 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and associated features, Derbyshire

Initial comment: from a grey clay fill of an irregular area Sample: Context 1328, sample 64, submitted in August 2006 2.2m × 2m with in places 80% charcoal. The feature had by M G Beamish and A Monckton an irregular lower profile consisting of sharply defined Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment narrow channels/gullies up to 0.15m deep. It was skirted (R Gale 2005) on its western side by another sharply defined narrow linear feature. The deposit overlay a short section of linear Initial comment: from group 2503. Reassessment of 2503 feature for which there is no other dating. The linear reclassifies the sausage-shaped pit as a tree-throw, with four feature was aligned with the medieval/postalluvial drainage associated structural pits that contain dateable material. The features, but as the alluviation separates the short linear nearest of these pits was 102. 1328 was a charcoal lens feature from the post-alluvial features, the alignment can toward the base of 102 within pit 103, which was 0.85m only be a coincidence. across and 0.40m deep. The charcoal appeared to be a placed layer, rather than the result of in situ burning, as the Objectives: the charcoal is a major component in the filling of grains of the charcoal pieces were not aligned; the deposit an irregular feature that is probably the base of a small tree may be filling the base of a post-pipe. The upper fill of the or shrub that has been burnt out. The charcoal is associated pit (102) appeared similar to the upper fill of the tree-throw with a reduced grey clay (not scorched red) and represents to the northwest. the evidence of the burning - in this instance with no tree- throw formed by earlier felling into which oxidised material Objectives: the deposit represents an episode of burning, was trapped. The dating of the charcoal will therefore probably redeposited in the base of a pit that has held the provide a date for this phase of clearance. post of structure. The pit is adjacent to a tree-throw pit that also contains archaeological material and might have been Calibrated date: 1σ: 2130–1950 cal BC used as part of a structure. If the later radiocarbon date of 2σ: 2150–1910 cal BC the charocal from 1328, and that from the tree-throw (and Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single adjacent post pit 1455) are similar, it would support the fragment of blackthorn came from 302. This base of a small tree interpretation that tree-throws are being used as part of or shrub that had been burnt out. This date was also included in structures at this time. There would also be evidence to the modelling of fire clearance dates (Beamish 2007). suggest that the structure is contemporary with the Burnt Mound 1 activity. As there are contrasting dates for this References: Beamish 2007 context, it is hoped that these samples will resolve the issue of the later date, and show the earlier material to be residual. GrA–31801 4515 ±45 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 2130–1950 cal BC δ13C: -25.5‰ 2σ: 2140–1900 cal BC Sample: Context 1477, sample 68, submitted in August 2005 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), four by M G Beamish and A Monckton samples came from 1328 a lens of charcoal within 102, the Material: charcoal: Prunus sp., single fragment (R Gale 2005) fill of pit 103. Replicate measurements on sample 64A, (OxA-15045 and OxA-15109) are statistically consistent Initial comment: from a a small pit containing fire-cracked (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and stones sealed by a dark grey sandy clay. (1477) with which allow a weighted mean to be calculated (3646 ±21 BP, a concentration of charcoal was found sealed by a which calibrates to 2130–1945 BC; Reimer et al 2004). The substantial spread. The spread was rich in Mortlake-style other samples from 1328 were SUERC-7596, GrA-31803, Peterborough Ware. and OxA-15900. The measurements on the four charcoal Objectives: the charcoal is contained in the rich fill of a pit fragments from [1328] are not statistically consistent ′ ′ ν that also contained diagnostic Mortlake-style Peterborough (T =701.2; T (5%)=7.8; =3; Ward and Wilson 1978). Ware.The layer also contained environmentally identifiable References: Reimer et al 2004 material including sloe stones and hazelnut shells. The dating Ward and Wilson 1978 of the charcoal will hopefully provide a date for the cooking that probably took place in the pit. This date will be OxA–15045 3641 ±33 BP compared with other Neolithic/Beaker occupation dates from the island occupation. This date will provide a terminus ante δ13C: -26.4‰ quem for the deposition of the substantial Mortlake sherds in Sample: Context 1328, sample 64 A, submitted in August the overlying spread which will form comparative evidence 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton for the other directly dated Peterborough Ware sherds and indirectly dated deposits. Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Calibrated date: 1σ: 3360–3090 cal BC 2σ: 3370–3020 cal BC Initial comment: as GrA-31803 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), this date Objectives: as GrA-31803 provides a terminus post quem for the associated Mortlake Calibrated date: 1σ: 2120–1950 cal BC substyle of Peterborough Ware ceramics. 2σ: 2140–1910 cal BC References: Beamish 2007 Final comment: see GrA-31803

GrA–31803 3650 ±40 BP Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two measurements (OxA-15045 and OxA-15109) are statistically δ13 C: -26.1‰ consistent (T′=0.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978).

181 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and associated features, Derbyshire

The weighted mean is 3650 ±21 BP, which calibrates to Initial comment: from group 2503. Reassessment of 2503 2130–1940 cal BC (Reimer et al 2004). reclassifies the sausage-shaped pit 1452 as a tree-throw, with several associated structural pits that contain dateable References: Beamish 2007 material. To the north of 2503 is 2508, which consisted of Reimer et al 2004 artefact-rich spreads (middens?) with some cut features. Ward and Wilson 1978 On the southern edge of this spread, pit 1500/1499 cuts a lower layer of spread/soil, and is sealed by an upper layer. OxA–15084 4434 ±30 BP It contained a thick charcoal-rich fill 1499. The spread δ13C: -26.1‰ contains Neolithic Peterborough (Fengate) pottery and lithics. 1451 was a dark brownish grey compact clay Sample: Context 1499, sample 71 A, submitted in August containing some charcoal. The fill profile of 1451 undercuts 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton 92 and, with other indicators, the feature is interpreted Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment retrospectively as a tree-throw.This charcoal deposit was not (R Gale 2005) as homogenous as others, and cannot be described as a clear context episode as the others submitted with it. Initial comment: from pit 1500 on the southern edge of group 2508, which consisted of artefact rich spreads (middens?) Objectives: the charcoal has probably been deposited in the with some cut features. Pit 1500 a thick charcoal-rich fill, tree-throw while the in situ roots are rotting. There is 1499. The spread contains Neolithic Peterborough Ware absolutely no indication that the fallen tree was burned in (Fengate style) and lithics. situ, and the evidence points toward the roots remaining in situ. If the date of the charcoal is similar to the date from the Objectives: the deposit represents an episode of burning, adjacent pit/post-pit (context 1328), there will be evidence probably cooking on the edge of a spread of material, some that the tree-throw and the area around the tree-throw is of which seals it. The deposit is 3m to the north of a tree- being used for a quasi-domestic purpose at this time, and throw that is associated with post pits and may form a that the tree-throw has been utilised for a structure. structure. The data will demonstrate contemporaneity σ between the possible structure to the south, and also provide Calibrated date: 1 : 2200–2030 cal BC σ a terminus post quem for the spread that seals the pit. 2 : 2210–2020 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 3270–3020 cal BC Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), two 2σ: 3330–2920 cal BC samples came from 1451 the fill of sausage-shaped pit 1452, classified as a root-void silting. The charcoal is thought to Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), two have been deposited while the in situ roots were rotting and samples were submitted from 1499 the charcoal-rich fill of is not interpreted as evidence that the fallen tree was burned pit 1500 that cut and was sealed by deposits containing in situ. Two fragments of the same piece of blackthorn Peterborough (Fengate) Ware and lithics. The two charcoal [114A] were dated in Groningen (GrA-31785) and measurements (OxA-15084 and SUERC-8156) are Oxford (OxA-15110) and gave statistically consistent results statistically consistent (T′=1.7; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and (T′=3.0; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978), thus Wilson 1978) and could therefore be of the same actual age. allowing a weighted mean to be calculated (3744 ±23 BP; References: Ward and Wilson 1978 which calibrates to 2270–2040 cal BC; Reimer et al 2004). The other sample dated was a fragment of hazel charcoal (SUERC-7597). The measurements on the two charcoal OxA–15109 3650 ±28 BP fragments from 1451 are not statistically consistent δ13C: -25.3‰ (T′=346.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and the context clearly contains material of different ages. Sample: Context 1328, sample 64 A, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Laboratory comment: see GrA-31785 Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) OxA–15116 4712 ±31 BP δ13 Initial comment: replicate of OxA-15045 C: -25.4‰ Objectives: as GrA-31803 Sample: Context 299, sample 34, submitted in March 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Calibrated date: 1σ: 2120–1970 cal BC 2σ: 2140–1930 cal BC Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (R Gale 2005) Final comment: see GrA-31803 Initial comment: the group consists of a spread in the west Laboratory comment: see OxA-15045 that could be tree-throw related that contained a charcoal- rich deposit 299, a clear tree-throw with pottery from its OxA–15110 3714 ±29 BP main infill to the north-west (364/5), and some internal pits that contained pottery and charcoal (292 and 291). The tree- δ13 C: -25.4‰ throw 364 did not contain dateable material – but both Sample: Context 1451, sample 114 A, submitted in August internal pits and spread to the west did. As the tree-throw 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton contained an early to middle Neolithic pot from within the fill, and an early to middle Neolithic pot came from the Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment internal pits and the spread, there is good argument for (R Gale 2005)

182 Willington Quarry: fallen trees and associated features, Derbyshire association. It is very unlikely that the pits predate the tree- small pit that also contained Peterborough- and Plain Bowl- throw, as they would have been destroyed in the formation of style pottery. Replicate measurements on the sample sent to the tree-throw and therefore they would appear to all be Oxford (OxA-15127–8) are statistically consistent (T′=3.3; contemporary. 299 was a distinct deposit of dark grey clay T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and thus a with charcoal. The deposit represents either a dump of burnt weighted mean can be taken before calibration (4649 ±22 material, or an episode of burning. The deposit immediately BP, which calibrates to 3520–3360 cal BC; Reimer et al overlies a pale silt, 317. This was probably continuous with 2004). However, the measurements on the two charcoal 297/8 to the north, which contained Peterborough- and fragments from 291 are not statistically consistent (T′=30.2; Mildenhall-style pottery. T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and the context clearly contains material of different ages. Objectives: the charcoal is derived from a homogenous burnt deposit above a silt 317, filling an irregular spread that may Laboratory comment: English Heritage (2007), the two be part of a tree-throw, 327. Silt (297/8) to the north, which measurements from this sample (OxA-15127 and OxA- was probably continuous with 317 contained early and 15128) are statistically consistent (T′=3.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; middle Neolithic pottery, as did adjacent pits and another Ward and Wilson 1978). clearly defined tree-throw.The date will place an activity of References: Reimer et al 2004 burning in the immediate context of tree-throw features that Ward and Wilson 1978 are probably contemporary, and therefore provide evidence that tree-throw and the immediate area around tree-throws is being used in a quasi-domestic way at this time. OxA–15128 4609 ±31 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 3630–3370 cal BC δ13C: -26.9‰ σ 2 : 3640–3370 cal BC Sample: Context 291, sample 25 (A), submitted in March Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), a single 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton fragment of charcoal was dated from 299, a homogenous Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment burnt deposit above a silt, 317, filling an irregular spread (R Gale 2005) that may be part of a root-void silting, 327. Initial comment: replicate of OxA-15127 on the same Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044 fragment of charcoal. Objectives: as OxA-15127 OxA–15127 4790 ±32 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 3490–3350 cal BC δ13C: -26.9‰ 2σ: 3500–3340 cal BC Sample: Context 291, sample 25 (A), submitted in March Final comment: see OxA-15127 2006 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Laboratory comment: Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment (2007), this is a replicate of OxA-15127 (R Gale 2005)

Initial comment: the group consists of a spread in the west that OxA–15899 4814 ±38 BP could be tree-throw related that contained a charcoal-rich deposit 299, a clear tree-throw with pottery from main infill δ13C: -27.7‰ to north-west (364/5), and some internal pits that contained Sample: Context 458, sample 57 (B), submitted in March pottery and charcoal (292 and 291). The tree-throw 364 did 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton not contain dateable material – but both internal pits and spread to the west did. As the tree-throw contained an early Material: charcoal: Pomoideae, single fragment to middle Neolithic pot from within the fill, and an early to (R Gale 2005) middle Neolithic pot came from the internal pits and the Initial comment: as GrA-31799 spread, there is a good argument for association. It is very unlikely that the pits predate the tree-throw, as they would Objectives: as GrA-31799 have been destroyed in the formation of the tree-throw and Calibrated date: 1σ: 3650–3530 cal BC therefore they would appear to be all contemporary. 291 was 2σ: 3660–3520 cal BC a homogenous deposit of greyish orange sandy clay within a small pit that also contained Peterborough- and Plain Bowl- Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two style pottery, and a single flake. measurements (GrA-31799 and OxA-15899) on charcoal from [458], the rich fill of a pit that contained Peterborough Objectives: the deposit represents human activity within the Ware (Mortlake) ceramics, are statistically consistent pit of a tree-throw which appears to be contemporary. (T′=1.3; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978). The date will place activity in the immediate context of a However, given the lack of recognisable relationship between tree-throw feature, and therefore provides evidence that tree- the charcoal and ceramics the results only provide a terminus throws and the immediate area around tree-throws are being post quem for the associated ceramic assemblage. used in a quasi-domestic way at this time. Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044 and GrA-31799 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3620–3370 cal BC 2σ: 3630–3360 cal BC References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), two single fragments of charcoal were dated from [291] the fill of a

183 Willington Quarry: pollen column, Derbyshire

OxA–15900 4472 ±36 BP Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment (R Gale 2005) δ13C: -26.7‰ Initial comment: as OxA-15127 Sample: Context 1328, sample 113, submitted in August 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Objectives: as OxA-15127 Material: charcoal: Corylus sp., single fragment Calibrated date: 1σ: 3700–3630 cal BC (R Gale 2005) 2σ: 3710–3630 cal BC Initial comment: as GrA-31803 Final comment: see OxA-15127 Objectives: the deposit represents an episode of burning, probably redeposited in the base of a pit that has held the SUERC–8156 4500 ±40 BP post of a Neolithic structure. The pit is adjacent to a tree- δ13C: -25.2‰ throw pit, that also contains archaeological material and might have been used as part of a structure. If the Sample: Context 1499, sample 71 B, submitted in August radiocarbon date of the charocal from 1328, and that from 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monkton the tree-throw are similar, it would support the Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment interpretation that tree-throws are being used as part of (R Gale 2005) structures at this time. Initial comment: as OxA-15084 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3340–3030 cal BC 2σ: 3350–3020 cal BC Objectives: as OxA-15084 Final comment: see GrA-31803 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3350–3090 cal BC 2σ: 3370–3020 cal BC Laboratory comment: see OxA-15044 Final comment: see OxA-15084 References: Beamish 2007

SUERC–7596 4455 ±35 BP Willington Quarry: δ13C: -25.5‰ pollen column, Derbyshire Sample: Context 1328, sample 64 B, submitted in August Location: SK 28002722 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton Lat. 52.50.29 N; Long. 01.35.03 W Material: charcoal: Prunus spinosa, single fragment Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester (R Gale 2005) Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and Initial comment: as GrA-31803 2004–7 Objectives: as GrA-31803 Archival body: Derby Museum Calibrated date: 1σ: 3330–3020 cal BC Description: a gravel quarry in the Trent valley, with various 2σ: 3340–2940 cal BC organically-filled palaeochannels including this, column 1, which is being analysed. Final comment: see GrA-31803 Objectives: to date the top, middle, and bottom of an SUERC–7597 4510 ±35 BP environmental sequence; however, the very top of the sequence contains too few plant remains for a date. δ13C: -26.5‰ Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), Sample: Context 1451, sample 114 B, submitted in August radiocarbon dates from the base and middle of column 1 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton indicate an early post-Glacial date (SUERC-7351 and Material: charcoal: Corylus avellana, single fragment SUERC-7350). Measurements from the top of the column (R Gale 2005) were not statistically consistent (GrA-31468 and OxA- 15897). Initial comment: as OxA-15110 References: Beamish 2000 Objectives: as OxA-15110 Beamish 2007 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3350–3100 cal BC 2σ: 3370–3080 cal BC GrA–31468 4245 ±35 BP Final comment: see OxA-15110 δ13C: -28.7‰ Sample: sample 194, column 0–0.1m (A), submitted in May SUERC–7607 4875 ±35 BP 2005 by J Greig δ13C: -27.1‰ Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Ranunculus sect., Sample: Context 291, sample 25 B, submitted in August Ranunculus (three), Corylus avellana, Persicaria lapathifolia 2005 by M G Beamish and A Monckton (two), Rumex sp., Prunella vulgaris (two), Sambucus nigra, Carex (three)) (J Greig 2005)

184 Willington Quarry: pottery, Derbyshire

Initial comment: a pollen column through a palaeochannel Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), this peaty infill on the southern edge of the excavations. The provides a date for the mid-point of the pollen column. column sampled two layers between which was a broad shift in deposit – the upper a mid grey silty peaty clay, and the SUERC–7351 11780 ±45 BP lower a friable silty peat. Despite general homogeneity, a clast of material exposed to the side of the column may well δ13C: -27.4‰ indicate a channel rejuvenation. The plan form of the Sample: WIL 0.96–0.98m, submitted in May 2005 by J Greig channel is not fully clear as channels had clearly intercut over a wide area. Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Betula sp., Filipendula ulmaria, Apiaceae, Eleocharis sp., Scoenoplectus sp., Objectives: to date the top of the environmental sequence, Carex) (J Greig 2005) and hopefully demonstrate contemporaneity with elements of the Neolithic occupation of the area as identified in Initial comment: as SUERC-7350 excavations to the east. Objectives: as SUERC-7350 σ Calibrated date: 1 : 2900–2870 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 11780–11650 cal BC σ 2 : 2910–2750 cal BC 2σ: 11820–11510 cal BC Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the two Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), this samples from 00–100mm comprised terrestrial seeds (GrA- provides a date for the base of column 1. 31468) and twig fragments (OxA-15897). The two measurements are not statistically consistent (T′=8.9; T′(5%)=3.8; ν=1; Ward and Wilson 1978) and thus contain material of different ages. This is not surprising given that Willington Quarry: both samples contain material from within a 0.1m section of pottery, Derbyshire the palaeochannel. The measurements at best therefore only provide a terminus post quem for the top part of the column. Location: SK 27752720 Lat. 52.50.29 N; Long. 01.35.17 W Laboratory comment: see OxA-15897 Project manager: M G Beamish (University of Leicester Archaeological Service), 1998–9 and OxA–15897 4395 ±36 BP 2004–7 δ13C: -28.7‰ Archival body: Derby Museum Sample: sample 194, column 0–0.1 (B), submitted in May Description: excavations prior to the extension of a sand and 2005 by J Greig gravel quarry at Willington, south Derbyshire have produced Material: waterlogged wood (twig fragments) (J Greig 2005) remarkable evidence of prehistoric activity on the floodplain of the river Trent. Areas of wooded, low, gravel islands Initial comment: as GrA-31468 surrounded by active streams were a focus of early to middle Objectives: as GrA-31468 Neolithic activity in the fourth millennium cal BC until around 3000 cal BC. Peterborough Ware was the Calibrated date: 1σ: 3090–2920 cal BC predominant pottery used on the site and non-animal 2σ: 3270–2910 cal BC foodstuffs appear to be dominated by wild resources, Final comment: see GrA-31468 although evidence of dairying has also been identified. Radiocarbon dating of the pottery has supported the notion Laboratory comment: English Heritage (31 January 2007), the that Peterborough Ware belongs mostly to the second half of two measurements (OxA-15897 and GrA-31468) are not the fourth millennium cal BC and is not a late Neolithic ′ ′ ν statistically consistent (T =8.9; T (5%)=3.8; =1; Ward and tradition. Wilson 1978). Objectives: to date the Peterborough Ware. References: Ward and Wilson 1978 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the results SUERC–7350 11405 ±45 BP of the radiocarbon dating programme undertaken at Willington, and comparisons with other reliable dates for δ13C: -26.2‰ Peterborough Ware from around the country, suggest that Sample: WIL 1 0.48–0.50m, submitted in May 2005 by the tradition was current for about five or six hundred years, J Greig between 3600–3350 cal BC (95% probability: start Peterborough Ware) and 3010-2860 cal BC (95% probability: Material: waterlogged plant macrofossil (Ranunculus end Peterborough Ware) (Beamish 2007). This is a flammula, Betula sp., Alnus glutinosa, Carex sp.) (J Greig considerably shorter span than that indicated by Gibson and 2005) Kinnes (1997) (c 3400-2500 cal BC), although it started at Initial comment: the sample came from a silty organic matter roughly the same time. and is calcerous. References: Beamish 2000 Objectives: to date a pollen sequence that may stretch from Beamish 2001 the late-Glacial to the Neolithic. Beamish 2007 Gibson and Kinnes 1997 Calibrated date: 1σ: 11360–11270 cal BC 2σ: 11410–11230 cal BC

185 Willington Quarry: pottery, Derbyshire

OxA–14481 4849 ±35 BP Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the measurement contributed to the modelled estimates of δ13C: -26.5‰ Peterborough Ware (Beamish 2007). Sample: Context 1980, submitted in March 2005 by References: Beamish 2007 M G Beamish and P Marshall

Material: carbonised residue (internal, Neolithic Plain Bowl) OxA–14484 4540 ±65 BP

Initial comment: from a layer of grey gravely clay immediately δ13C: -28.1‰ above undisturbed natural strata and sealed below burnt mound layer 1817 (eg may either originate from original Sample: Context 1004, submitted in March 2005 by burnt mound activity or activities predating burnt mound M G Beamish and P Marsden activity). There is a very low likelihood of intrusion, although Material: carbonised residue (internal, Peterborough Ware) residuality is possible within prehistory. Initial comment: from the fill of discrete shallow pit or Objectives: the charred residue on the sherd is most probably posthole cut 1829 sealed below alluvium. Probably of derived from the usage of the Peterborough Ware vessel from Neolithic date. The sherd may have been derived from the which it came, in the fourth or third millennium BC. Thus surface of the fill. the dating of the creation of the residue will provide a date for the use (and manufacture assuming a relatively short life Objectives: as OxA-14481 expectancy) of Peterborough Ware. Calibrated date: 1σ: 3370–3100 cal BC Calibrated date: 1σ: 3660–3630 cal BC 2σ: 3500–3020 cal BC σ 2 : 3700–3530 cal BC Final comment: see OxA-14482 Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), this sherd was subsequently identified as a Neolithic bowl. The residue OxA–14485 4500 ±50 BP date is consistent with the Neolithic bowl as an early δ13C: -26.6‰ Neolithic form, and indicates earlier Neolithic activity below the later burnt mound. Sample: Context 246, submitted in March 2005 by M G Beamish and P Marsden OxA–14482 4416 ±36 BP Material: carbonised residue (internal, Peterborough Ware) δ13 C: -27.2‰ Initial comment: from the fill of a linear ?drainage gully that is Sample: Context 1040, submitted in March 2005 by probably an intrusive feature containing residual archaeo- M G Beamish and P Marsden logical material from nearby discrete pits of Neolithic date. Material: carbonised residue (internal, Peterborough Ware) Objectives: as OxA-14481 Initial comment: from the surface of a spread of Calibrated date: 1σ: 3350–3090 cal BC archaeological material adjacent to ?cooking pit, and 2σ: 3370–3020 cal BC adjacent to a structure of Neolithic date. Final comment: see OxA-14482 Objectives: as OxA-14481 OxA–15047 4615 ±36 BP Calibrated date: 1σ: 3100–2930 cal BC 2σ: 3330–2910 cal BC δ13C: -27.4‰ Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 2007), the Sample: Context 390, submitted in August 2005 by measurement contributed to the modelled estimates of M G Beamish and P Marsden Peterborough Ware (Beamish 2007). Material: carbonised residue (internal, Peterborough Ware References: Beamish 2007 (Mortlake/Fengate)) Initial comment: recovered from the cleaning of a probable OxA–14483 4550 ±45 BP tree-throw feature. δ13 C: -29.2‰ Objectives: as OxA-14481 Sample: Context 225, submitted in March 2005 by Calibrated date: 1σ: 3500–3350 cal BC M G Beamish and P Marsden 2σ: 3510–3340 cal BC Material: carbonised residue (internal, Peterborough Ware Final comment: M G Beamish (12 October 200), the sherd (Ebbsfleet)) was identified as belonging to the Mortlake/Fengate Initial comment: from the fill of a wide gully or pit that is substyles, and the deposit as a probable silted tree hole. probably of Neolithic date. It may relate to human The measurement contributed to the modelled estimates of interference within a tree-throw feature. Peterborough ware (Beamish 2007). Objectives: as OxA-14481 References: Beamish 2007 Calibrated date: 1σ: 3370–3120 cal BC 2σ: 3500–3090 cal BC

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193 Index of laboratory codes

Beta-87442 ...... 92 GrA-31789 ...... 177–8 GrA-33482 ...... 142 GrN-30170 . . . . . 53 GrA-28217 ...... 29 GrA-31796 ...... 178 GrA-33483 ...... 143 GrN-30171 . . . . . 53 GrA-28420 ...... 31 GrA-31797 ...... 178 GrA-33485 ...... 143–4 HAR-3624 ...... 20 GrA-28422 ...... 31 GrA-31799 ...... 180 GrA-33496 ...... 3–4 HAR-3954 ...... 17 GrA-28423 ...... 32 GrA-31800 ...... 180–1 GrA-33497 ...... 4 HAR-4673 ...... 22 GrA-28424 ...... 32 GrA-31801 ...... 181 GrA-33508 ...... 88–9 HAR-4792 ...... 22 GrA-28426 ...... 32 GrA-31803 ...... 181 GrA-33509 ...... 89 OxA-13226 . . . . . 146 GrA-28428 ...... 40 GrA-31940 ...... 167 GrA-33510 ...... 92 OxA-14459 . . . . . 172–3 GrA-28462 ...... 37 GrA-31941 ...... 167–8 GrA-33511 ...... 4 OxA-14481 . . . . . 186 GrA-28468 ...... 33 GrA-31943 ...... 168 GrA-33513 ...... 4 OxA-14482 . . . . . 186 GrA-28470 ...... 33 GrA-31948 ...... 158 GrA-33514 ...... 4 OxA-14483 . . . . . 186 GrA-28471 ...... 34 GrA-31949 ...... 163 GrA-33515 ...... 4–5 OxA-14484 . . . . . 186 GrA-28472 ...... 38 GrA-31950 ...... 163 GrA-33518 ...... 5 OxA-14485 . . . . . 186 GrA-28475 ...... 38 GrA-31951 ...... 163–4 GrA-33519 ...... 5 OxA-14488 . . . . . 85 GrA-28476 ...... 39 GrA-31953 ...... 165–6 GrA-33520 ...... 5 OxA-14489 . . . . . 85 GrA-28477 ...... 39 GrA-31986 ...... 165 GrA-33521 ...... 5–6 OxA-14490 . . . . . 85 GrA-28478 ...... 39 GrA-31987 ...... 160 GrA-33529 ...... 16 OxA-14525 . . . . . 85–6 GrA-28480 ...... 37 GrA-31988 ...... 160 GrA-33530 ...... 16 OxA-14526 . . . . . 83 GrA-28481 ...... 34 GrA-31989 ...... 156 GrA-33531 ...... 16–17 OxA-14527 . . . . . 86 GrA-28482 ...... 27–8 GrA-31998 ...... 158–9 GrA-33533 ...... 6 OxA-14528 . . . . . 83 GrA-28484 ...... 34 GrA-31999 ...... 167 GrA-33707 ...... 90–1 OxA-14529 . . . . . 83 GrA-28486 ...... 34 GrA-32001 ...... 168 GrA-33708 ...... 91 OxA-14568 . . . . . 86 GrA-28487 ...... 37 GrA-32135 ...... 169–70 GrA-33710 ...... 89 OxA-14589 . . . . . 86–7 GrA-29004 ...... 36 GrA-32136 ...... 170 GrA-33713 ...... 91 OxA-14590 . . . . . 87 GrA-29005 ...... 36 GrA-32241 ...... 170 GrA-35050 ...... 141 OxA-14939 . . . . . 20–1 GrA-29006 ...... 28 GrA-32242 ...... 170 GrA-35051 ...... 142 OxA-14940 . . . . . 21 GrA-29008 ...... 28 GrA-32671 ...... 171–2 GrA-35054 ...... 142 OxA-14941 . . . . . 21 GrA-29009 ...... 28 GrA-32672 ...... 172 GrA-35055 ...... 144 OxA-15037 . . . . . 154 GrA-29544 ...... 30 GrA-32674 ...... 172–3 GrA-35056 ...... 144 OxA-15044 . . . . . 174 GrA-29716 ...... 40–1 GrA-32960 ...... 73 GrA-35057 ...... 6 OxA-15045 . . . . . 181–2 GrA-29717 ...... 41 GrA-32961 ...... 73 GrA-35067 ...... 141 OxA-15046 . . . . . 175 GrA-29741 ...... 41 GrA-32963 ...... 73–4 GrA-35086 ...... 6 OxA-15047 . . . . . 186 GrA-31456 ...... 157 GrA-32964 ...... 74 GrA-35087 ...... 6 OxA-15048 . . . . . 154 GrA-31468 ...... 184–5 GrA-33471 ...... 138 GrN-30162 . . . . . 52 OxA-15049 . . . . . 152 GrA-31492 ...... 161 GrA-33472 ...... 138 GrN-30163 . . . . . 52 OxA-15050 . . . . . 152–3 GrA-31770 ...... 180 GrA-33473 ...... 139 GrN-30164 . . . . . 52 OxA-15051 . . . . . 153 GrA-31771 ...... 157–8 GrA-33475 ...... 139 GrN-30165 . . . . . 52 OxA-15081 . . . . . 178 GrA-31774 ...... 162 GrA-33476 ...... 139 GrN-30166 . . . . . 52–3 OxA-15082 . . . . . 178 GrA-31785 ...... 180 GrA-33477 ...... 139 GrN-30167 . . . . . 53 OxA-15083 . . . . . 178–9 GrA-31786 ...... 180 GrA-33479 ...... 140 GrN-30168 . . . . . 53 OxA-15084 . . . . . 182 GrA-31787 ...... 177 GrA-33481 ...... 141–2 GrN-30169 . . . . . 53 OxA-15085 . . . . . 151–2

194 Labcode index

OxA-15105 . . . . . 30 OxA-15713 . . . . . 48–9 OxA-15931 . . . . . 159 OxA-16070 . . . . . 61–2 OxA-15109 . . . . . 182 OxA-15743 . . . . . 118–9 OxA-15932 . . . . . 168 OxA-16096 . . . . . 62 OxA-15110 . . . . . 182–3 OxA-15744 . . . . . 111 OxA-15933 . . . . . 79 OxA-16097 . . . . . 62 OxA-15111 . . . . . 175 OxA-15745 . . . . . 109–10 OxA-15934 . . . . . 79 OxA-16098 . . . . . 62 OxA-15112 . . . . . 175 OxA-15746 . . . . . 110 OxA-15935 . . . . . 79 OxA-16099 . . . . . 62 OxA-15113 . . . . . 175–6 OxA-15747 . . . . . 21–2 OxA-15936 . . . . . 78 OxA-16128 . . . . . 166 OxA-15114 . . . . . 176 OxA-15748 . . . . . 22 OxA-15939 . . . . . 46 OxA-16129 . . . . . 166 OxA-15115 . . . . . 176 OxA-15749 . . . . . 108 OxA-15940 . . . . . 49 OxA-16155 . . . . . 67 OxA-15116 . . . . . 182–3 OxA-15780 . . . . . 1 OxA-15941 . . . . . 47 OxA-16157 . . . . . 67 OxA-15124 . . . . . 30–1 OxA-15781 . . . . . 1–2 OxA-15960 . . . . . 50 OxA-16158 . . . . . 67 OxA-15125 . . . . . 31 OxA-15782 . . . . . 2 OxA-15961 . . . . . 43 OxA-16159 . . . . . 164 OxA-15127 . . . . . 183 OxA-15783 . . . . . 2 OxA-15962 . . . . . 170 OxA-16160 . . . . . 165 OxA-15128 . . . . . 183 OxA-15784 . . . . . 2 OxA-15963 . . . . . 170 OxA-16161 . . . . . 157 OxA-15406 . . . . . 133 OxA-15785 . . . . . 22 OxA-15964 . . . . . 171 OxA-16162 . . . . . 62 OxA-15407 . . . . . 133 OxA-15786 . . . . . 22 OxA-15965 . . . . . 171 OxA-16163 . . . . . 63 OxA-15408 . . . . . 133 OxA-15787 . . . . . 23 OxA-15971 . . . . . 162 OxA-16173 . . . . . 3 OxA-15409 . . . . . 133–4 OxA-15878 . . . . . 127–8 OxA-15972 . . . . . 159 OxA-16178 . . . . . 63 OxA-15410 . . . . . 134 OxA-15879 . . . . . 128 OxA-15973 . . . . . 161 OxA-16349 . . . . . 115 OxA-15411 . . . . . 134 OxA-15880 . . . . . 128 OxA-15974 . . . . . 156–7 OxA-16350 . . . . . 115 OxA-15412 . . . . . 134 OxA-15881 . . . . . 128 OxA-15975 . . . . . 49 OxA-16351 . . . . . 106–7 OxA-15413 . . . . . 134 OxA-15882 . . . . . 120 OxA-15976 . . . . . 49 OxA-16352 . . . . . 105 OxA-15414 . . . . . 134–5 OxA-15883 . . . . . 108–9 OxA-15977 . . . . . 51 OxA-16353 . . . . . 103 OxA-15497 . . . . . 135 OxA-15884 . . . . . 109 OxA-15983 . . . . . 43 OxA-16354 . . . . . 102–3 OxA-15545 . . . . . 64 OxA-15886 . . . . . 158 OxA-15985 . . . . . 171 OxA-16355 . . . . . 103 OxA-15546 . . . . . 64 OxA-15887 . . . . . 162 OxA-16032 . . . . . 71 OxA-16356 . . . . . 113 OxA-15547 . . . . . 64 OxA-15888 . . . . . 164 OxA-16048 . . . . . 56 OxA-16357 . . . . . 118 OxA-15684 . . . . . 112 OxA-15889 . . . . . 164 OxA-16049 . . . . . 56 OxA-16358 . . . . . 119 OxA-15685 . . . . . 126 OxA-15890 . . . . . 160 OxA-16050 . . . . . 56 OxA-16359 . . . . . 121 OxA-15686 . . . . . 121–2 OxA-15891 . . . . . 166 OxA-16051 . . . . . 54–5 OxA-16360 . . . . . 125 OxA-15687 . . . . . 116–7 OxA-15892 . . . . . 167 OxA-16052 . . . . . 55 OxA-16361 . . . . . 125 OxA-15688 . . . . . 112–3 OxA-15893 . . . . . 169 OxA-16053 . . . . . 71 OxA-16362 . . . . . 124 OxA-15689 . . . . . 120 OxA-15894 . . . . . 156 OxA-16054 . . . . . 71–2 OxA-16369 . . . . . 116 OxA-15690 . . . . . 122 OxA-15895 . . . . . 78 OxA-16055 . . . . . 69–70 OxA-16370 . . . . . 115 OxA-15691 . . . . . 48 OxA-15896 . . . . . 77–8 OxA-16056 . . . . . 70 OxA-16371 . . . . . 107 OxA-15692 . . . . . 48 OxA-15897 . . . . . 185 OxA-16057 . . . . . 70 OxA-16372 . . . . . 104 OxA-15693 . . . . . 46 OxA-15898 . . . . . 179 OxA-16058 . . . . . 70 OxA-16373 . . . . . 104 OxA-15694 . . . . . 46 OxA-15899 . . . . . 183 OxA-16059 . . . . . 70–1 OxA-16410 . . . . . 119 OxA-15707 . . . . . 126–7 OxA-15900 . . . . . 184 OxA-16060 . . . . . 72 OxA-16466 . . . . . 135 OxA-15708 . . . . . 124 OxA-15918 . . . . . 2 OxA-16061 . . . . . 72 OxA-16513 . . . . . 117 OxA-15709 . . . . . 107–8 OxA-15919 . . . . . 2–3 OxA-16066 . . . . . 60 OxA-16559 . . . . . 106 OxA-15710 . . . . . 108 OxA-15920 . . . . . 3 OxA-16067 . . . . . 59 OxA-16560 . . . . . 104 OxA-15711 . . . . . 113 OxA-15921 . . . . . 3 OxA-16068 . . . . . 61 OxA-16600 . . . . . 105–6 OxA-15712 . . . . . 122–3 OxA-15922 . . . . . 3 OxA-16069 . . . . . 61 OxA-16658 . . . . . 74

195 Labcode index

OxA-16659 . . . . . 74 SUERC-5833 . . . . 34 SUERC-7604 . . . . 177 SUERC-9079 . . . . 155 OxA-16667 . . . . . 74 SUERC-5837 . . . . 34 SUERC-7605 . . . . 177 SUERC-9080 . . . . 150 OxA-16668 . . . . . 74 SUERC-5838 . . . . 35 SUERC-7606 . . . . 177 SUERC-9081 . . . . 150 OxA-16710 . . . . . 75 SUERC-5839 . . . . 28 SUERC-7607 . . . . 184 SUERC-9082 . . . . 17–18 OxA-16711 . . . . . 75 SUERC-5840 . . . . 28–9 SUERC-7909 . . . . 177 SUERC-9083 . . . . 18 OxA-16712 . . . . . 75 SUERC-5841 . . . . 29 SUERC-8156 . . . . 184 SUERC-9084 . . . . 18–19 OxA-16730 . . . . . 6–7 SUERC-6035 . . . . 33 SUERC-8158 . . . . 25 SUERC-9088 . . . . 19 OxA-16731 . . . . . 7 SUERC-6141 . . . . 36 SUERC-8159 . . . . 25–6 SUERC-9089 . . . . 19 OxA-16732 . . . . . 7 SUERC-6142 . . . . 36 SUERC-8160 . . . . 26 SUERC-9090 . . . . 19–20 OxA-16733 . . . . . 7 SUERC-6148 . . . . 35 SUERC-8161 . . . . 26 SUERC-9091 . . . . 57 OxA-16760 . . . . . 6 SUERC-6149 . . . . 35 SUERC-8162 . . . . 26 SUERC-9092 . . . . 57 OxA-16761 . . . . . 17 SUERC-6150 . . . . 35 SUERC-8166 . . . . 26–7 SUERC-9093 . . . . 57–8 OxA-16762 . . . . . 17 SUERC-6151 . . . . 38 SUERC-8167 . . . . 35 SUERC-9094 . . . . 58 OxA-16763 . . . . . 17 SUERC-6152 . . . . 29–30 SUERC-8566 . . . . 147–8 SUERC-9098 . . . . 58 OxA-16764 . . . . . 17 SUERC-6153 . . . . 30 SUERC-8567 . . . . 148 SUERC-9099 . . . . 58 OxA-16776 . . . . . 7 SUERC-6157 . . . . 38 SUERC-8568 . . . . 145 SUERC-9100 . . . . 58 OxA-16777 . . . . . 7 SUERC-6158 . . . . 67 SUERC-8569 . . . . 145–6 SUERC-9101 . . . . 58 OxA-16778 . . . . . 7–8 SUERC-6159 . . . . 84 SUERC-8573 . . . . 146 SUERC-9102 . . . . 65 OxA-16779 . . . . . 8 SUERC-6160 . . . . 84 SUERC-8574 . . . . 146 SUERC-9103 . . . . 65 OxA-16780 . . . . . 8 SUERC-6161 . . . . 87 SUERC-8845 . . . . 27 SUERC-9104 . . . . 65 OxA-16781 . . . . . 8 SUERC-6162 . . . . 87 SUERC-8863 . . . . 27 SUERC-9108 . . . . 65–6 OxA-16782 . . . . . 8 SUERC-6163 . . . . 86 SUERC-8879 . . . . 148 SUERC-9109 . . . . 58–9 OxA-16783 . . . . . 8 SUERC-6167 . . . . 84 SUERC-8880 . . . . 148 SUERC-9110 . . . . 59 OxA-16784 . . . . . 9 SUERC-6782 . . . . 150–1 SUERC-8881 . . . . 147 SUERC-9111 . . . . 59 OxA-16785 . . . . . 9 SUERC-6931 . . . . 29 SUERC-8885 . . . . 147 SUERC-9112 . . . . 59 OxA-16786 . . . . . 9 SUERC-7350 . . . . 185 SUERC-8886 . . . . 147 SUERC-9113 . . . . 59 OxA-16904 . . . . . 98–9 SUERC-7351 . . . . 184 SUERC-8887 . . . . 149 SUERC-9114 . . . . 59 OxA-16905 . . . . . 99 SUERC-7352 . . . . 41 SUERC-8888 . . . . 149 SUERC-9513 . . . . 59–60 OxA-16921 . . . . . 100 SUERC-7353 . . . . 41 SUERC-8959 . . . . 64 SUERC-9840 . . . . 9 OxA-16933 . . . . . 99 SUERC-7550 . . . . 24 SUERC-8960 . . . . 64 SUERC-9844 . . . . 9 OxA-16934 . . . . . 100–1 SUERC-7551 . . . . 24 SUERC-8961 . . . . 64–5 SUERC-9845 . . . . 9–10 OxA-X-2178-14 . . 60 SUERC-7552 . . . . 24 SUERC-8962 . . . . 65 SUERC-9846 . . . . 10 OxA-X-2178-15 . . 60–1 SUERC-7553 . . . . 24–5 SUERC-8963 . . . . 130 SUERC-9847 . . . . 10 SUERC-5696 . . . . 41–2 SUERC-7554 . . . . 25 SUERC-8964 . . . . 130 SUERC-9848 . . . . 10 SUERC-5813 . . . . 42 SUERC-7555 . . . . 25 SUERC-8965 . . . . 131 SUERC-9849 . . . . 10 SUERC-5822 . . . . 32 SUERC-7592 . . . . 179 SUERC-8969 . . . . 131 SUERC-9850 . . . . 10–1 SUERC-5823 . . . . 32 SUERC-7593 . . . . 179 SUERC-8970 . . . . 131 SUERC-9854 . . . . 11 SUERC-5827 . . . . 32–3 SUERC-7594 . . . . 179 SUERC-8971 . . . . 131 SUERC-9855 . . . . 11 SUERC-5828 . . . . 33 SUERC-7595 . . . . 174 SUERC-8972 . . . . 131–2 SUERC-9856 . . . . 11 SUERC-5829 . . . . 37–8 SUERC-7596 . . . . 184 SUERC-8973 . . . . 132 SUERC-9857 . . . . 11 SUERC-5830 . . . . 39 SUERC-7597 . . . . 184 SUERC-8974 . . . . 132 SUERC-9858 . . . . 11 SUERC-5831 . . . . 39–40 SUERC-7598 . . . . 176 SUERC-8975 . . . . 132 SUERC-9859 . . . . 11–12 SUERC-5832 . . . . 40 SUERC-7602 . . . . 176 SUERC-9078 . . . . 154–5 SUERC-9860 . . . . 12

196 Labcode index

SUERC-9864 . . . . 12 SUERC-10052 . . . 97 SUERC-10655 . . . 123 SUERC-11974 . . . 173 SUERC-9865 . . . . 12 SUERC-10053 . . . 97 SUERC-10656 . . . 123 SUERC-11979 . . . 135–6 SUERC-9866 . . . . 12 SUERC-10054 . . . 97 SUERC-10657 . . . 125 SUERC-11983 . . . 136 SUERC-9867 . . . . 12 SUERC-10055 . . . 97–8 SUERC-10658 . . . 127 SUERC-12007 . . . 136 SUERC-9868 . . . . 13 SUERC-10056 . . . 94 SUERC-10662 . . . 114 SUERC-12021 . . . 144 SUERC-9869 . . . . 13 SUERC-10057 . . . 94–5 SUERC-10663 . . . 114 SUERC-12025 . . . 145 SUERC-9870 . . . . 13 SUERC-10058 . . . 95 SUERC-10664 . . . 111 SUERC-12026 . . . 145 SUERC-9874 . . . . 13 SUERC-10062 . . . 95 SUERC-10665 . . . 111–12 SUERC-12027 . . . 142 SUERC-9875 . . . . 13–14 SUERC-10063 . . . 95 SUERC-10666 . . . 120 SUERC-12028 . . . 142 SUERC-9876 . . . . 14 SUERC-10064 . . . 95 SUERC-10667 . . . 117 SUERC-12029 . . . 142 SUERC-9877 . . . . 14 SUERC-10065 . . . 95 SUERC-10668 . . . 127 SUERC-12030 . . . 142–3 SUERC-9878 . . . . 14 SUERC-10066 . . . 95–6 SUERC-10672 . . . 128–9 SUERC-12031 . . . 143 SUERC-9879 . . . . 14 SUERC-10067 . . . 95–6 SUERC-10673 . . . 129 SUERC-12035 . . . 139 SUERC-9880 . . . . 14 SUERC-10148 . . . 43–4 SUERC-10674 . . . 47 SUERC-12036 . . . 139–40 SUERC-9884 . . . . 15 SUERC-10149 . . . 44 SUERC-10675 . . . 47 SUERC-12037 . . . 140 SUERC-9885 . . . . 15 SUERC-10150 . . . 44 SUERC-10676 . . . 47 SUERC-12038 . . . 141 SUERC-9886 . . . . 15 SUERC-10151 . . . 44 SUERC-10677 . . . 47–8 SUERC-12039 . . . 141 SUERC-9887 . . . . 14 SUERC-10152 . . . 44 SUERC-11069 . . . 56 SUERC-12226 . . . 91 SUERC-9888 . . . . 15 SUERC-10153 . . . 44–5 SUERC-11070 . . . 56 SUERC-12227 . . . 92 SUERC-10025 . . . 80 SUERC-10154 . . . 45 SUERC-11071 . . . 55 SUERC-12228 . . . 91 SUERC-10026 . . . 80–1 SUERC-10158 . . . 45 SUERC-11072 . . . 55 SUERC-12229 . . . 89 SUERC-10027 . . . 81 SUERC-10159 . . . 45 SUERC-11272 . . . 67–8 SUERC-12230 . . . 89 SUERC-10028 . . . 81 SUERC-10160 . . . 45 SUERC-11273 . . . 68 SUERC-12231 . . . 89–90 SUERC-10032 . . . 81 SUERC-10174 . . . 49–50 SUERC-11274 . . . 68 SUERC-12922 . . . 99 SUERC-10033 . . . 76 SUERC-10178 . . . 51 SUERC-11275 . . . 68 SUERC-12926 . . . 101 SUERC-10034 . . . 76–7 SUERC-10179 . . . 50 SUERC-11276 . . . 69 SUERC-12927 . . . 101 SUERC-10035 . . . 77 SUERC-10180 . . . 50 SUERC-11277 . . . 69 SUERC-13204 . . . 160 SUERC-10036 . . . 77 SUERC-10181 . . . 51 SUERC-11278 . . . 71–2 SUERC-13205 . . . 165 SUERC-10037 . . . 93 SUERC-10643 . . . 113–14 SUERC-11282 . . . 72 SUERC-13206 . . . 157 SUERC-10038 . . . 93 SUERC-10644 . . . 109 SUERC-11283 . . . 73 SUERC-13207 . . . 101 SUERC-10042 . . . 93 SUERC-10645 . . . 109 SUERC-11294 . . . 61 SUERC-13955 . . . 100 SUERC-10043 . . . 93 SUERC-10646 . . . 110 SUERC-11295 . . . 63 UB-5212 ...... 20 SUERC-10044 . . . 94 SUERC-10647 . . . 110 SUERC-11296 . . . 63 UB-5213 ...... 20 SUERC-10045 . . . 94 SUERC-10648 . . . 117 SUERC-11619 . . . 81 Wk-16204 ...... 44 SUERC-10046 . . . 96 SUERC-10652 . . . 119 SUERC-11620 . . . 81–2 SUERC-10047 . . . 96 SUERC-10653 . . . 123 SUERC-11621 . . . 82 SUERC-10048 . . . 96 SUERC-10654 . . . 123 SUERC-11973 . . . 173

197 General Index

Figures in bold refer to illustrations. birch 148 Birmingham City Museum 1 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ix, ix, xiii, 16, 21, Black Bourne river 137, 143 130, 137, 155 Bletchingley, Surrey viii, 98–100 Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund vii, 1 area 11 100–1 Allen, P 93–7 boar tusks 22, 23 alluviation 75–82, 146–7, 174 see also Ribble Valley; bone, animal ix Suffolk rivers Beckford 1–3 Amino-Acid Racemization ix Cossington 69, 71–2 antler ix, xiv, xvi, 71 bone, human x, x see also cremations; human inhumations Archaeological Research Services Ltd 56 Boulter, S 74–5 ash 25 boundaries 1, 3, 6, 16, 88 aurochs 71 Bowland 102, 104, 105, 106, 116 Avon-Severn Valleys Research Committee 1 Branch, N 98–101 Brandon, Suffolk 137 barley 37, 38, 60, 60–1, 64, 65 Britnell, William 1 barrows Bronze Age Berinsfield 21, 22 Bestwall Quarry 30–1, 33–5, 36–8, 38–40 Cossington x, 66, 68, 69, 72–3 cereal production 25, 27, 29–30, 37 Gwithian 84 ditches 30–1 Bayesian analysis xv–xvi, xvi, 1, 42, 54 Gwithian 84–7 Bayliss, A 129–35 pottery xiv, 6, 37, 39, 57, 60–1, 84–7 Beamish, M G 173–86 Brown, A G 156–69 Beamish river 149, 151–3 Brown, L 88–92 Beccles, Suffolk 137 Burholme Farm, Lancashire core 1 137–40 terrace 3 114–15 core 2 140–1 terrace 4 116 Beckford, Worcestershire xii, xiv, 1 burials see also cremations; human inhumations animal bone 1–3 Beaker 21, 22 Area D 9–12 bustum 88, 90–1 ceramic residues 3–15 decapitated 18 ditches 5–13, 15 Deverel-Rimbury 21, 22, 66 enclosures 1, 3, 4–5, 7, 8, 9, 12–13, 15, 16 Iron Age 16, 18, 18–19, 19–20, 90–1 gravel terrace 16, 18, 19 Latton Lands 88, 90–1, 92 human inhumations 15–20 neonate 17, 22, 92 oven material 14 Roman period 16, 17–18, 19, 88, 90, 169 pollen core 20–1 Saxon period 74–5 stone-paved surface 6 urn 67, 68, 69 stone-floored roundhouse (S50) 13, 14–15 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery 169 storage pits 3–4, 5, 5–6, 8, 13–14, 19–20 Burlescombe, Devon x, xiii, 42–3 structure 3 8, 13–15 burnt mounds 42, 43–5 structure 31 17 colluvium 42, 45–8, 49–50, 51 timber building (S11) 8 hollowed tree trunk 42, 50–1 Berinsfield: Mount Farm, Oxfordshire xiv, 21–3 monolith 324 42, 45–8 Bestwall Quarry, Dorset 23 pit 658 48–9 Bronze Age ditches 30–1 pits 42, 43–5, 46 central peat sequence 23–7 shoe xii, 50, 51 charcoal pits 23, 27–9 springhead 42, 49–50, 51 charred plants 29–30 tree-ring dating viii ditches 23, 29–33, 37, 38–40 trough 43–5 farmstead 33 western well 50–1 field K, middle Bronze Age occupation 36–8 wiggle-matching viii, xv, 48, 49, 52–3 field L, middle Bronze Age occupation 38–40 house 11 34 Calder river, Lancashire 102, 103 house 12 34 terrace 1 107–9 House X and ditch 31–3, 40 terrace 2 109–10 late Bronze Age houses 33–5 terrace 3 111–12 marginal peat sequence 35 terrace 4 112–14 monument, field L 40–1 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, North primary auger peat sequence 41–2 Yorkshire xv settlement 2 33, 34 alluvial fan 5 102–3 weights 29, 37 alluvial fan 6 103, 104, 105

198 General Index

alluvial fan 7 103–4 Cultural Resource Management 137 alluvial fan 8 104, 105 Cold Keld confluence 105 dendrochronology see also tree-ring analysis xv Hazelbank Gill confluence 105–6 deposition modelling 1 Mireing Gill confluence 106 diatom analysis 137, 140 Pot Close Gill 106–7 ditches Swarth Gill confluence 107 Beckford 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10–13, 15 Cam High Road 105 Bestwall Quarry 23, 29–33, 37, 38–40 carbon 141, 151, 164, 167 Bronze Age 30–1 carbonised residue x, xii, 3–15 Eaton Dovedale 76–7 Bestwall Quarry 30–1, 33, 39, 40 Latton Lands 88, 88–91 Cheviot Quarry 60, 61, 62–3 ring 54, 54–5, 66, 68, 72–3, 173 Gwithian 83–4, 84–7 segmented 23, 29 Hunt’s Hill Farm 73–4 St Cuthbert’s Farm 154–5 Willington Quarry 186 Wollaston 97 Carver, M 169, 172 dogs 3 Catholme (Where Rivers Meet), Staffordshire 54 Dove river 75, 80, 81 ring ditch 54, 54–5 Woodhenge 54, 55–6 East London Gravels: Hunt’s Hill Farm, Greater London Catholme Ceremonial Complex 54–6 73–4 cats 1, 2 Eaton Dovedale, Derbyshire 75 ceramic residues, Beckford 3–15 Dove 1 76–7 cereal production Dove 2 76, 77 Bronze Age 25, 27, 29–30, 37 enclosures Iron Age 91 Beckford 1, 3, 4–5, 7, 8, 9, 12–13, 15, 16 Saxon 27, 29, 30 Latton Lands 87–8, 88–91 charcoal x St Cuthbert’s Farm 154–5 Bestwall Quarry 27–9, 31–3, 33–5, 37, 38–9, 40, 40–1 English Heritage 1 Burlescombe x, 43–5, 46–7, 48–9 Beccles samples 138, 140–1 Catholme 54–5, 56 Beckford samples 1–2, 4, 5–6, 8, 18–20 Cheviot Quarry 57–60, 64–6 Berinsfield samples 22, 23 Cossington 69, 72–3 Bestwall Quarry samples 23, 25, 28, 30, 31, 39, 40 Flixton Park Quarry 75 Burlescombe samples 43, 44, 46–7, 48–9 Gwithian 82 Calder samples 108, 109, 110, 111, 112–13 Latton Lands 88, 88–90, 90–1, 91, 92 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve samples North Park Farm 98–101 103, 104 St Cuthbert’s Farm 154–5 Catholme samples 55 Willington Quarry 174, 175–7, 177–9, 180–4 Cheviot Quarry samples 57, 59, 63, 65 charcoal pits 23, 27–9 Cossington samples 66–9, 70, 71–2 Cheviot Quarry, Northumberland 56–7, 150 Fountains Farm samples 78 circular buildings xvi, xvii, xvii, 57–60 the Gallop samples 149 late Bronze Age pottery 60–1 Great Yarmouth samples 135 Neolithic activity sequence 61–3 Gwithian samples 83, 86 pits 60, 61–2 Hunt’s Hill Farm samples 73 sub-rectangular buildings 63–6 Irthlingborough Island samples 93, 94 Chiverell, R 102–29 Ixworth samples 143 chronological modelling xvi–xvii, xvi, xvii Latton Lands samples 89, 90–1 climatic change 148 Littlebank Barn samples 128 Coldstream, Northumberland 153–4 Lower House Farm samples 117, 119, 120 collagen xvi, 16, 171 Nene Valley samples 92 Corbets Tey Thames Gravel Terrace 73 New Hall Farm samples 129 Cossington, Leicestershire xiv, xv, 66 Newby Wiske samples 146 barrows x, 66, 68, 69, 72–3 Norham Castle samples 151 cremations 66, 66–9 North Park Farm samples 98–101 ring ditch 66, 68, 72–3 Osbaldeston Hall samples 122–3, 124, 126–7 site 1 66–8 Sharow Mires samples 147 site 2 68–9 St Cuthbert’s Farm samples 155 site 3 69–71 Till-Tweed Project samples 149 site 4 71–2 Trent/Soar rivers confluence samples 155–64 site 5 72–3 Tutbury Castle samples 80, 81–2 Countryside Agency vii Wasperton samples 169, 171–2 cows 1–2, 3 West Cotton samples 94–7 cremations x, x, xvi, 21, 74, 82, 90–1 Willington Quarry samples 175, 180, 181–2, 183, 185 Cossington 66, 66–9 Wollaston samples 97 Wasperton 169, 169–71 English Nature vii

199 General Index field systems Littlebank Barn 127–8, 128 Berinsfield 21 Lower House Farm 120 Bestwall Quarry 23, 27, 30 Nene Valley 92 Gwithian 82, 84, 84–5, 85 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 156–7, 158, 159, 161, 162, Latton Lands 88, 92 163, 163–5, 165, 166, 168 flint and flintworking Tutbury Castle 80, 81–2 Berinsfield 21, 22 West Cotton 94–5, 95, 95–6, 96, 97 Bestwall Quarry 27 Wollaston 97 Bestwall Quarry, burnt 31, 32, 33, 38 WQF, monolith CH3 167–8 Bestwall Quarry, worked 32, 40 humin xi, xi–xii Catholme 54 the Calder 108–9 Cossington 66 Fountains Farm 77–8 Latton Lands 90 Irthlingborough Island 93 North Park Farm 98, 99 Littlebank Barn 128 Flixton Park Quarry, Suffolk 74–5 Lower House Farm 120 Fountains Farm, Nottinghamshire 75, 77–9 Nene Valley 92 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 157, 159, 161, 164, 166 Galewood, Northumberland 149–50 Tutbury Castle 80–1, 81, 82 the Gallop, North Yorkshire 148–9 West Cotton 95, 96, 97 Gas Proportional Counting ix, ix, xiii Wollaston 97–8 Gent, T 42–51 Hunt’s Hill Farm, Greater London 73–4 Gibbs sampler xvi Huntsman’s Quarry, Beckford 1 glaciation, Till-Tweed Project 149–55 grave goods 23, 88, 90, 169, 170 Idle river 75, 77–9 Great Yarmouth, Seabed Prehistory xii, 135–6 Ingram, Northumberland 151 Griffiths, S 88–92 Ings Plantation, North Yorkshire 145–6 Gripping river 137 inhumations see also human inhumations Groningen see Rijksuniversitat Innes, J 145–6, 148 Gwithian, Cornwall viii, ix, xiv Iron Age barrows 84 buildings 8, 13–14, 21, 73 Bronze Age buildings 84–7 burials 16, 18, 18–19, 19–20, 90–1 farming 84–7 Catholme 54 post-Roman buildings 82–3 enclosure, Latton Lands 90–1 post-Roman 82, 82–4 pottery 42, 88 prehistoric 82, 84–7 promontory fort 150–1 settlements 1, 2, 3, 5, 9–12, 16, 21, 88 hazel 25 Irthlingborough Island, Northamptonshire 93–4 hazelnut 61–2, 63 Ixworth, Suffolk 137, 143–5 henge monuments 23, 54, 55–6 Hengrave, Suffolk 137, 141–3 Johnson, B 57, 60, 61–4, 65 Hereford and Worcester County Council Archaeology Service 1 knives 88, 90 Hewson, M 54–6 Hill, T 137–44 Ladle, L 23–42 hillslope instability, Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck Lambrick, G 21 interfluve 102–3 Lark river 137, 141–3 Hodder river, Lancashire 102, 103 late Glacial (Loch Lomond) stadial 148 Burholme Farm, terrace 3 114–15 late Glacial (Windermere) interstadial 150 Burholme Farm, terrace 4 116 Latton Lands, Wiltshire 87–8 Howard, A J 75–82 double causewayed enclosure 88–90 Howell, I 73–4 Iron Age enclosure 90–1 Howgill Fells 102, 104, 105, 106 metalworking pits 91–2 Hoxne, Suffolk 137 leather xii, 50, 51 human inhumations see also cremations lime 25, 26 Beckford 15–20 Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry ix, ix, xiii–xiv Berinsfield 21, 21–2 lithics 77, 78, 99, 154–5, 182 Cossington 68–9 Little Ouse river 137 Latton Lands 88, 90–1 Littlebank Barn, Lancashire 127–8 Wasperton 170, 171–3 Littlehampton, Sussex 136 Humber Wetlands Project 77 Long, A 146–7 humic acid xi–xii, xi Long Preston Deeps SSSI 128 Burlescombe 46, 47, 49 Lower House Farm, Lancashire the Calder 109 terrace 3 116–19 Fountains Farm 78 terrace 4 119–21 Irthlingborough Island 93 luminescence dating 155

200 General Index

Marshall, P xvi, 1, 2, 3, 4–21, 21–3, 52–3, 83, 92, 98–101, Galewood 150 102–29, 145, 147, 149, 155–6, 158, 160, 163, 167, 168 the Gallop 149 medieval period 51, 150–1 Hengrave 141–3 Mesolithic remains the Hodder 114–16 Misterton Carr 79–80 Ings Plantation 145 St Cuthbert’s Farm 154–5 Ixworth 143–5 metalworking 23, 28, 86–7, 91–2 Littlebank Barn 127–8 Metropolis-Hastings algorithm xvi Misterton Carr 79–80 Mickle Mere, Suffolk 143–5 Newby Wiske 146 microliths 100–1 Osbaldeston Hall 122–3, 124 Milfield Basin, Northumberland see Cheviot Quarry, palaeo-Arun 136 Northumberland Powburn 151–2 Milfield Basin Geoarchaeology Project 149 Saw Mill 152–3 Misterton Carr, Nottinghamshire 75, 79–80 Snape Mill 147–8 Misterton Carr Farm, Nottinghamshire 77, 79 pigs 2 monoliths pine 94, 153 Burlescombe 42, 45–8 pits Irthlingborough Island 93–4 Burlescombe 42, 43–5, 46, 48–9 West Cotton 94–7 Catholme 54 Wollaston 97–8 Cheviot Quarry 60, 61–2 Montefiore, Southampton 29 Flixton Park Quarry 74–5 mounds Hunt’s Hill Farm 73–4 Burlescombe 42, 43–5 Latton Lands 91–2 Willington Quarry 173, 174–7, 181 metalworking 91–2 storage 3–4, 5, 5–6, 8, 13–14, 19–20, 21 Nene Valley, Northamptonshire x, 92 Willington Quarry 176, 180–4, 186 Irthlingborough Island 93–4 plant macrofossils x–xii, xiv–xv West Cotton 93, 94–7 Beccles 138–9, 139, 140–1 Wollaston 97–8 Beckford 20–1 Neolithic Bestwall Quarry 24, 25–6, 27, 35 Cheviot Quarry activity sequence 61–3 Burlescombe 43, 47, 48, 49, 49–50, 51 pottery 40, 56, 61–3, 64, 174–5, 180, 181, 182–3, the Calder 109, 109–10, 110, 111–12, 113–14 185–6 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve 102–7 Willington Quarry 179–84, 185–6 Cheviot Quarry 61, 61–2, 63 New Berwick Bridge, Northumberland 151, 152 Coldstream 154 New Hall Farm, Lancashire 128–9 Cossington 69–71 Newby Wiske, North Yorkshire 146 Eaton Dovedale, Dove 2 77 Norham Castle, Northumberland 150–1 the Gallop 149 North Park Farm, Bletchingley, Surrey viii, 98–100 Great Yarmouth 135–6 area 11 100–1 Hengrave 141–3 North Sea vii, vii the Hodder 115, 116 Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory vii–viii Ings Plantation 145, 146 Nowakowski, J 82–7 Ixworth 144 nuclear weapons testing 141, 151, 164, 167 Lower House Farm 117, 118, 119 Nene Valley 92 oak 25, 26, 26–7, 48, 129 Newby Wiske 146 oats 23, 29, 29–30 Osbaldeston Hall 123, 124–5, 126–7 Optically Stimulated Luminescence viii palaeo-Arun 136 Osbaldeston Hall, Lancashire vii,116 Powburn 151–2 terrace 2 121–3 Saw Mill 152–3 terrace 3 123–5 Sharow Mires 147 terrace 4 126–7 Snape Mill 147–8 Oxford Archaeological Unit 21 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, Oxford Archaeology 87–8 164, 165, 165–6, 167, 167–8, 169 Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit ix, xiii, xiv, xvi West Cotton 94, 95, 96 Willington Quarry 184–5 palaeo-Arun, Seabed Prehistory 136 plant remains, charred 29–30 Passmore, D 149–55 pollen peat Beccles 138 Beccles 138–9, 140 Beckford 20–1 Beckford 20–1 Bestwall Quarry 23, 23–7, 39, 42 Bestwall Quarry 23, 23–7, 35, 41–2 the Calder 112 the Calder 107–9, 112–14 Coldstream 153–4 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve xv, 103, Cossington xv, 69–71 104, 105, 106 the Gallop 149

201 General Index

Ings Plantation 145–6 Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, New Zealand 16, 18–20, Irthlingborough Island 93–4 171–3 Newby Wiske 146 Raunds Area Project 94 Saw Mill 152–3 Reading University 172, 173 Snape Mill 148 red deer 71 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 158, 160, 161, 164, 167, 168 Rescue Archaeology Group 1 West Cotton 94–7 Ribble Valley viii, 101–2 Willington Quarry xv, 184–5 Burholme Farm, terrace 3 114–15 Wollaston 97–8 Burholme Farm, terrace 4 116 postholes 31, 32, 40, 40–1, 57–60, 64–6, 74, 97 the Calder 102, 103 pottery x, xii the Calder, terrace 1 107–9 Avon Stour style 38, 39 the Calder, terrace 2 109–10 Beaker 54, 56, 57, 62–3, 69 the Calder, terrace 3 111–12 Beckford the Calder, terrace 4 112–14 A phase 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, A/B phase 14 alluvial fan 5 102–3 B phase xiv, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13–14, 15 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, B* phase 13 alluvial fan 6 103, 104, 105 C phase 5–6, 11, 14 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, C* phase 10 alluvial fan 7 103–4 C/D phase 4, 6, 9, 14 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, D phase 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 alluvial fan 8 104, 105 E phase 4, 12, 14, 15 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, E-F phase 11 Cold Keld confluence 105 F phase 7, 10–11, 12–13, 13, 15 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, F-G phase 4 Hazelbank Gill confluence 105–6 F-H phase 13 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, G phase 6, 13 Mireing Gill confluence 106 H phase 9 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, K phase 7, 14 Pot Close Gill 106–7 Bestwall Quarry 28, 30–1, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve, Bronze Age xiv, 6, 37, 39, 57, 60–1, 84–7 Swarth Gill confluence 107 Burlescombe 42 the Hodder 102, 103, 114–16 Carinated Ware 57, 58, 61, 62 Littlebank Barn, terrace 2 127–8 Cheviot Quarry 57, 60–1 Lower House Farm, terrace 3 116–19 Cossington 67, 68, 69 Lower House Farm, terrace 4 119–21 Grooved Ware 57, 62, 64 New Hall Farm, terrace 3 128–9 Gwithian Style 83 Osbaldeston Hall vii, 116 Hunt’s Hill Farm 73–4 Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 2 121–3 Impressed Ware 63 Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 3 123–5 Latton Lands 88, 90 Osbaldeston Hall, terrace 4 126–7 Neolithic 40, 56, 61–3, 64, 174–5, 180, 181, 182–3, Rijksuniversitat Groningen xiii, xiii, xvi, 138–9, 182 185–6 Ripon Cathedral, tree-ring analysis xv, 129–30 Peterborough Ware 173–4, 180, 181, 182–3, 185–6 RIPCSQ01 130–2 Plain Bowl style 183 RIPCSQ02 132–5 Plain Wares 85 ritual monuments, Catholme 54–6 post-Roman 82, 82–4 Roman period Roman period 7, 12–13, 28, 74, 75 burials 16, 17–18, 19, 88, 90, 169 Severn Valley ware 3 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve 105 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery 170–1 field systems 21 Willington Quarry 173, 174–5, 180, 181, 182–3, 185–6 land-use changes 96 Powburn, Northumberland 151–2 pottery 7, 12–13, 28, 74, 75 Puddlehill, Bedfordshire 88 settlements 1, 3, 16, 88 villa, Wollaston 97 Queen’s University, Belfast xiii–xiv, xiii, xvi, 16 Russell, J 135–6 radiocarbon dating St Cuthbert’s Farm, Northumberland 154–5 calibrated dates xii, xii–xiii, xvii Saw Mill, Northumberland 152–3 framework agreements vii Sawley, Leicestershire 165–9 laboratory methods xiii–xiv, xiii Saxon period material types ix, ix–xii, xiii burials 74–5 see also Wasperton offsets xi, xv Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve 105 quality assurance xiv–xvi, xv cereal production 27, 29, 30 sample selection ix–xii charcoal burning activities 27, 28–9 techniques ix, ix Flixton Park Quarry 74–5

202 General Index

metalworking 28 tree-ring analysis vii–viii, 129–35 settlements 55, 64 see also wiggle-matching and dendrochronology Scandinavia 88 tree-throws 180, 181, 182–3, 184, 186 Scientific Dating Section xvi Trent river 54, 55 Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre terrace 1, core 2 161–2 (SUERC) xiv, xvi terrace 1, core 3 162 Seabed Prehistory terrace 1, core 4 162 Great Yarmouth xii, 135–6 terrace 1, core 6 163 palaeo-Arun 136 terrace 1, core 7 163–5 sediment terrace 1, core 8 165 Burlescombe 47, 49 terrace 1, core 10 158–9 the Calder 108–9 terrace 1, core 12 159–60 Fountains Farm 77–8 terrace 1, core 14 161 Irthlingborough Island 93–4 Trent tributaries 75 Littlebank Barn 127–8 Eaton Dovedale, Dove 1 76–7 Lower House Farm 120 Eaton Dovedale, Dove 2 76, 77 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 156–7, 158, 159, 161, 162, Fountains Farm 75, 77–9 163, 164–5, 166, 168 Misterton Carr 75, 79–80 Tutbury Castle 80–1, 81–2 Tutbury Castle 75, 80–2 West Cotton 94–5, 95, 95–6, 96–7 Trent/Soar rivers confluence, Leicestershire viii, x, 155 Wollaston 97–8 modern floodplain, core 1 155–6 Sharow Mires, North Yorkshire 146–7 modern floodplain, core 2 156–7 sheep 2, 2–3, 3 TFGC 157–8 shell xii, 135, 136 Trent terrace 1 158–65 SHES, University of Reading 172, 173 terrace 1, core 2 161–2 snail shells 88–90, 92 terrace 1, core 3 162 Snape 75 terrace 1, core 4 162 Snape Mill, North Yorkshire 147–8 terrace 1, core 6 163 Snape Mires, North Yorkshire 145–6 terrace 1, core 7 163–5 springhead, Burlescombe 42, 49–50, 51 terrace 1, core 8 165 the Sprudling Dike 146 terrace 1, core 10 158–9 stable isotope measurements xvi terrace 1, core 12 159–60 Starburst Monument, Catholme 54 terrace 1, core 14 161 storage pits WQF, monolith CH1 165–6 Beckford 3–4, 5, 5–6, 8, 13–14, 19–20 WQF, monolith CH2 166–7 Berinsfield 21 WQF, monolith CH3 167–8 Suffolk County Council 136–7 WQF, monolith CH5 168–9 Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service 137 Tutbury Castle 75, 80–2 Suffolk River Valleys Project x, 136–7 Tweed river 153–5 Suffolk rivers 136–7 Tyers, Ian viii Beccles 137 Beccles, core 1 137–40 Warren Farm Quarry, Leicestershire vii–viii, viii,159 Beccles, core 2 140–1 Wasperton Anglo-Saxon cemetery, Warwickshire xvi, 169 Brandon 137 cremations 169, 169–71 Hengrave 137, 141–3 inhumations 170, 171–3 Hoxne 137 Waveney river 137, 137–8, 140 Ixworth 137, 143–5 Weetwood, Northumberland 152 Sunburst Monument, Catholme 54 weights 29, 37 Swale-Ure Washlands, North Yorkshire ix West Cotton, Northamptonshire 93, 94–7 the Gallop 148–9 West Midlands Rescue Archaeology Committee 1 Ings Plantation 145–6 Whalley, Lancashire see Calder river, Lancashire Newby Wiske 146 wheat 91 Sharow Mires 146–7 wiggle-matching viii, xv–xvi, 48, 49, 52–3, 129–35 Snape Mill 147–8 Willington Quarry, Derbyshire 173–4 alluviation 174 Tame river 54 burnt mound 173, 174–7, 181 Thirlings, Northumberland 150 clearance 177–9 Thomas, J 66–73 fallen trees and associated features 179–84 Till-Tweed Project, Northumberland 149 Neolithic settlement 179–84 Coldstream 153–4 pits 176, 180–4, 186 Galewood 149–50 pollen column xv, 184–5 Norham Castle 150–1 pottery 173, 174–5, 180, 181, 182–3, 185 Powburn 151–2 ring ditch 173 St Cuthbert’s Farm 154–5 Wills, J 1–21 Saw Mill 152–3 Wiltshire Conservation Centre 50–1

203 General Index

Wollaston, Northampton 97–8 New Hall Farm 128–9 wood see also tree-ring analysis; wiggle-matching Norham Castle 150–1 Beccles, core 1 137–8, 139, 139–40 Osbaldeston Hall 121–3, 127 Bestwall Quarry 24–5, 26–7, 41–2 Ripon Cathedral 129–35 Burlescombe xiii, 42, 43, 46, 47–8, 48, 50, 50–1, 52–3 Sharow Mires 147 the Calder 107–8, 110, 111, 112–13, 114 timbers 48, 49, 50, 52–3 Cam Beck and Oughtershaw Beck interfluve 105–6 Trent/Soar rivers confluence 157, 158, 163 Eaton Dovedale, Dove 1 76–7 Tutbury Castle 81 Fountains Farm 78–9 Woodhenge, Catholme 54, 55–6 Galewood 150 woodland the Hodder 115 clearance 23, 25, 27, 105, 177–9 Ings Plantation 146 climatic change 148 Ixworth 143–4, 145 workshop centre, Gwithian 82–4 Lower House Farm 116–17, 117, 118–19, 120–1 Misterton Carr 79–80 yew 48

204