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3.4.1.2 Baseline Status of Ground Water
TDS and Total hardness is found more than permissible limit at Nashitpar, Mota Rampar and Panchasar village. Magnesium ion concentration is found higher than permissible limit at Nashitpar, Mota Rampar, Panchasar and Chachapar village. Water can be used for irrigation purpose and can also be used for domestic and drinking purpose only after appropriate treatment.
Figure 3.10: Map showing surface water quality monitoring locations
Table 3.15: Surface Water Monitoring Locations
Sr. No. Surface Water Location Coordinates
1 Dam Site 22°42'29.00"N, 70°43'46.00"E 2 Lajai pond 22°42'54.00"N, 70°46'37.00"E 3 Virpar pond 22°44'17.00"N, 70°47'34.00"E 4 Sakatsanala pond 22°46'47.00"N, 70°48'31.00"E 5 Rajpar pond 22°45'59.00"N, 70°46'21.00"E 6 Thorala pond 22°46'36.00"N, 70°43'0.00"E 7 Chachapar pond 22°44'36.00"N, 70°41'7.00"E
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Figure 3.11: Photograph showing surface water sample collection
Village : Virpar pond Village: Demi-2 Site (Dam)
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Table 3.16: Water Quality – Physico Chemical Analysis of Surface Water [Answer to TOR no. 6(iv)] Sr. Surface Water Sample Location IS : 10500 Test No. Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Thorala Chachapar Acceptable Permissible Parameters Units Dam site Lajai pond pond pond pond pond pond limit Limit No 1. pH -- 7.92 8.27 8.57 9.66 8.70 9.00 8.59 6.5 to 8.5 Relaxation 2. Temprature °C 26.5 25.8 25.60 25.4 26.7 26.1 26.1 -- -- B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL B.D.L(DL=5 3. Colour Hazen B.D.L(DL=5) B.D.L(DL=5) B.D.L(DL=5) B.D.L(DL=5) 5 15 5) =5) ) μsm/ 4. EC 1894.1 670.6 552.9 488.2 464.7 1441.2 2382.4 -- -- cm 5. DO mg/l 4.7 3.6 3.1 4.0 4.2 4.8 2.6 -- -- 6. Turbidity NTU 6.3 3.4 3.0 3.6 2.9 5.4 5.9 1 5 Total 7. Dissolved mg/l 1288 456.0 376.0 332 316 980 1620 500 2000 Solids (TDS) Total 8. Suspended mg/l 168 54 40.0 58 60 38 90 -- -- Solids (TSS) Total Solids 9. mg/l 1456 510 416.0 390 376 1018 1710 -- -- (TS) Chlorides 10. mg/l 259 132 65.90 71 86 188 243 250 1000 (as Cl) Ammonical 11. mg/l 7.4 4.6 3.52 2.6 2.7 5.1 9.3 -- -- Nitrogen Total 12. Hardness mg/l 380 260 160.00 90 100 70 250 200 600 (as CaCO3) Calcium 13. mg/l 210 170.0 80.00 60.00 50.0 20.0 100.0 -- -- Hardness 14. Magnesium mg/l 170 90 80.00 30 50 50 150 -- --
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Sr. Surface Water Sample Location IS : 10500 Test No. Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Thorala Chachapar Acceptable Permissible Parameters Units Dam site Lajai pond pond pond pond pond pond limit Limit Hardness Calcium 15. mg/l 84.2 68.1 32.06 24.0 20.0 8.0 40.1 75 200 (as Ca) Magnesium 16. mg/l 41.3 21.9 19.44 7.3 12.2 12.2 36.5 30 100 (as Mg) B.D.L(DL= 17. Carbonates mg/l B.D.L(DL=5) 37.50 31.5 63 71 137 -- -- 5) 18. Bicarbonates mg/l 234 189 121.50 117 162 369 549 -- -- B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL B.D.L(DL=1 19. Boron (as B) mg/l B.D.L(DL=1) B.D.L(DL=1) B.D.L(DL=1) B.D.L(DL=1) 0.5 1.0 1) =1) ) Nitrate No 20. mg/l 2.49 1.02 1.95 2.39 1.08 3.11 3.4 45 (as NO3) Relaxation Fluoride (as B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL B.D.L(DL=0.2 B.D.L(DL=0. 21. mg/l 0.28 0.22 0.25 1.0 1.5 F) 2) =0.2) ) 2) B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL B.D.L(DL=0.2 B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL=0.2 No 22. Iron (as Fe) mg/l B.D.L(DL=0.2) 0.3 0.2) 2) =0.2) ) 2) ) Relaxation Phosphorus B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL=1 23. mg/l B.D.L(DL=1) 1.66 B.D.L(DL=1) 3.07 2.23 -- -- (as P) 1) ) B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL=1 24. Phosphate mg/l B.D.L(DL=1) 4.98 B.D.L(DL=1) 9.21 6.69 -- -- 1) ) B.D.L(DL= B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL=0.0 B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL=0.0 25. Phenol mg/l 0.02 0.023 0.001 0.002 0.01) 01) 1) 01) 1) 26. Sodium mg/l 154 47 35.00 53 56 149 162 27. Potassium mg/l 11 9 7.00 22 21 47 74 -- -- 28. COD mg/l 74 71 125.00 20 133 35 55 -- -- 29. BOD mg/l 22.3 21.2 37.60 5.9 40.0 10.1 16.5 -- -- Agreeabl 30. Odour -- Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable e B.D.L(DL=0. B.D.L(DL=0.0 B.D.L(DL=0. 31. Nitrite mg/l 0.7 4.16 0.5 3.6 -- -- 01) 1) 01) 32. Fecal MPN/ Not Not Not Not Detected Not Not Detected Not Detected Absent Absent
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Sr. Surface Water Sample Location IS : 10500 Test No. Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Thorala Chachapar Acceptable Permissible Parameters Units Dam site Lajai pond pond pond pond pond pond limit Limit Coliforms 100ml Detected Detected Detected Detected MPN/ 33. Total Coliform 900 500 1600 900 1600 1600 900 Absent Absent 100ml
Note: BDL = Below Detection Limit, DL = Detection Limit, NS = Not Specified, B.L.Q. = Below Limit of Quantification, Q.L. = Quantification Limit; Permissible Limit is applicable in the absence of Alternate source
3.4.1.3 Baseline Status of Surface Water
pH of the water is found more than permissible limit except at dam site and lajai lake which indicate that water is not suitable for drinking purpose. Turbidity found higher than permissible limit at dam site, Thorala and chachapar village pond may be due to shallow water available in the pond. Water can be suitable for irrigation purpose. Water may also be used for domeastic and drinking purpose only after appropriate treatment.
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3.4.1.4 Water Quality Index Based On Weighted Arithmetic Index: Water Quality Index (WQI) is a good tool for interpretation of water quality. An index is a mean device to reduce a large quantity of data down to a simple form. For computing Water Quality Index of ground water, we follow formula proposed by Ramakrishnaiah et al. The computed WQI values are classified in to five type, excellent to Water unsuitable for drinking as per under WQI Value Water Quality <50 Excellent 50-100 Good Water 100-200 Poor Water 200-300 Very Poor Water >300 Water unsuitable for drinking Ref : Ramakrishaiah et al.2009
During baseline monitoring, ground water samples were collected from 8 locations and were analyzed for various parameters as stated in Table No Table 3.17:
Table No 3.17: Water Quality Index Based On Weighted Arithmetic Index
Mota Project Mota Nashitpar Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Panchasar chachapar Nashitpar Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Panchasar chachapar Rampar Site Rampar
c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8
109.85 108.85 119.71 7.76 7.48 7.62 7.74 8.38 7.96 8.43 110.857 106.857 110.571 113.714 120.429 7 7 4 103.41 101.38 811 634 253 127 208 760 279 324.400 253.600 50.800 83.200 304.000 111.526 5 7 250.00 110.00 145.45 1250 870 220 180 291 1154 582 625.000 435.000 90.000 576.923 291.176 0 0 5 153.44 144.3 118.3 21.6 35.7 32.8 226.2 8.9 192.384 157.775 28.775 47.620 43.724 301.554 11.876 2 172.42 134.58 169.36 216.3 139.7 40.4 22.1 50.8 143.3 136.1 720.900 465.557 73.622 477.544 453.706 6 5 4
3.55 2.21 3.57 1.58 1.13 5.10 5.30 7.933 7.889 4.911 7.933 3.511 2.511 11.333 11.778
0.19 0.31 0.27 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.19 28.000 19.000 31.000 27.000 22.000 19.000 19.000 19.000
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 63.333 63.333 63.333 63.333 63.333 63.333 63.333 63.333
137.5 143.3 24.8 51.2 64.2 277.9 138.4 47.704 68.762 71.656 12.375 25.599 32.086 138.972 69.211
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286.40 263.20 280.80 2880.0 2368 1316 1056 1404 2752 1704.0 576.000 473.600 211.200 550.400 340.800 0 0 0 106.96 155 162 229 188 152 192 185 63.443 66.393 93.890 76.844 62.421 78.582 75.820 7
Parameter Project Site Nashitpar Mota Rampar Virpar Sakatsanala Rajpar Panchasar chachapar
Weight(wi) Realtive Weight(Wi) SI1 SI2 SI3 SI4 SI5 SI6 SI7 SI8
pH 4 0.108 11.876 11.985 11.552 11.768 11.954 12.942 12.293 13.019
Chloride as Cl- 3 0.081 8.385 26.303 20.562 8.221 4.119 6.746 24.649 9.043
Total Hardness as 2 0.054 13.514 33.784 23.514 5.946 4.865 7.862 31.185 15.739 CaCO3
Calcium as Ca++ 2 0.054 8.294 10.399 8.528 1.555 2.574 2.363 16.300 0.642
Magnesium as 2 0.054 9.320 38.968 25.165 7.275 3.980 9.155 25.813 24.525 Mg++
Nitrate as NO3- 5 0.135 1.072 1.066 0.664 1.072 0.474 0.339 1.532 1.592
Fluoride as F 4 0.108 3.027 2.054 3.351 2.919 2.378 2.054 2.054 2.054
Iron as Fe 4 0.108 6.847 6.847 6.847 6.847 6.847 6.847 6.847 6.847
Sulphate as SO4-2 4 0.108 5.157 7.434 7.747 1.338 2.767 3.469 15.024 7.482
TDS 4 0.108 30.962 62.270 51.200 28.454 22.832 30.357 59.503 36.843
Bicarbonate* 3 0.081 8.673 5.144 5.383 7.613 6.231 5.061 6.371 6.148
37 1.000 107.128 206.253 164.513 83.008 69.021 87.196 201.571 123.933
Poor Very poor poor Good Good Good Very poor poor
Source: http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/WaterQuality0709/Chapter3_WQ.pdf
Interpretation: It seems that Ground water quality of nashitpar and panchasar village is very poor due to high TDS & hardness concentration which indicates it is not suitable for drinking purpose. It is advisable to use ground water of after appropriate treatment (i.e. RO treatment).
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3.5 Soil Environment
Natural soils are the product of physical and chemical weathering of rocks. The physical properties are formed during the course of formation and the subsequent existence is depending upon the topography, hydro meteorological condition and human interference. Soil characteristics of a terrain are more important aspects since they play a major role in ground water recharge and meet the basic needs of all agricultural production.
3.5.1 Soil Type
The soils in the Morbi district are generally sandy, loamy sand, clayey and silty type.
3.5.2 Methodology of Sample Collection and Analysis
For soil quality analysis 8 sampling sites were chosen to understand physico-chemical and biological status of the soil. Sampling sites selected for sample collection are marked in Figure 3.12 and photographs showing soil sampling is shown in Figure 3.13. This will establish the baseline characteristics and will facilitate identifying the contamination if any due to the proposed project.
Collection of soil samples and analysis
Disturbed soil samples were collected with the help of the rotary cuttings and bailers and also from split spoon samplers. Un-disturbed tube samples were collected using thin walled tubes. Soil samples were collected such that structure and moisture content of the soil do not get altered. In accordance with IS: 2720, split samples were carefully extracted from the samplers.
Meticulous was paid to collect adequate amount of composite soil samples for analysis. The samples were packed in dependable, waterproof containers and marking specified accurately and distinctly. All the soil samples and core boxes were carefully transported to the testing laboratory. Soil sampling and analysis has been done as per the Indian Standard IS – 2720.
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Figure 3.12: Map showing Soil Sampling Locations
Table 3.18: Soil Sampling Location Sr. No. Station Name 1 Project Site 2 Nashitpar 3 Lajai 4 Rajpar 5 Sanala 6 Chahchapar 7 Mota Rampar 8 Thorala
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Figure 3.13: Photograph showing soil sample collection
Village: Project site Village: Nashitpar
Table 3.19: Physico-Chemical Characteristic of Soil [Answer to TOR no. 6 (viii)] Results Sr. Test Projest Mota No. Parameters Nashitpar Lajai Rajpar Sanala Chachapar Thorala Site Rampar 1 pH 9.47 7.88 8.08 9.12 10.04 8.34 7.92 7.56 Organic Matter 2 2.44 2.12 3.56 2.25 3.37 3.00 1.90 2.72 (%)
Available 0.90 3 Phosphorus 1.21 2.04 1.87 2.36 B.D.L. 3.57 4.15 3.71 (mg/kg) (DL=1) Electrical 4 Conductivity 1.29 0.49 0.62 2.05 0.65 3.80 0.25 0.59 (mS/cm) Sodium 5 3.35 4.79 3.68 3.94 2.50 4.31 7.19 6.68 (meq/100 gm) Potassium 0.7 6 2.37 2.99 2.29 3.15 B.D.L. 1.82 3.60 4.19 (meq/100 gm) (DL=1) Cation Exchange 7 Capacity 32.21 48.08 45.08 39.50 52.17 36.44 28.35 42.31 (meq/100 gm) Water Holding 8 38.40 42.24 34.02 41.22 35.71 47.28 56.39 50.14 Capacity (%) Organic Carbon 9 1.41 1.23 2.06 1.30 1.96 1.74 1.10 1.58 (%) Total Nitogen 10 11.87 15.96 13.00 21.22 18.53 25.07 29.30 24.31 (%)
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3.5.3 Baseline Status of Soil Quality
The soil pH of nashitpur, Lajai, Chachapar, Mota-Rampar and Thoral Villages indicate that the soil of these villages are moderately alkaline, while, the soil of project site, Rajpar and Sanala villages are highly alkaline. The EC values of all the soilsamples except project site, Rajpar and Chachapar villages are normal and those of other villages are moderate. The organic carbon content of all the soil samples is high. Available nutrient status of the soil
reveals thatall the soil samples are low in available nitrogen (N) and P2O5 and K2O. Calcium and magnesium salt contents of the soil are more than critical levels. The CEC is ranged from high to very high. It is dependent on pH. The practices like fertilization, irrigation and addition of organic manures can increase exchangeable cations. High ECH is also indictive of fertile soils with more clay content. As observed, the soils of sample viaalages including Project site are medium black and hence WHC of soils seems to be good. As the soils of Rajpar and Sanala villages are highly alkaline, gypsum application as soil amendment is required to prevent long term damage to the soil.
3.6 Geo-Hydrological Features [Answer to TOR no. 4(x) & 4(xi)]
Introduction
Repaid urban, industrial and Agricultural growth and its continuous expansion around Tankara Town, Dist. Morvi has created problems related to water supply, Sewerage/ effluent disposal leading to ground water depletion and pollution. The present report in corporates hydrogeology and ground water scenario based on the scientific information with special reference to Recharge Activity around Tankara town to envisage appropriate remedial measures keeping environmental impact of Tankara development in view.
District wise ground water Resources, Availability, Utilization and Stage of Ground water Development in Gujarat (2011):- Rajkot/Morvi District:-
Table 3.20: Status of ground water development in the region Rajkot/ Tankara Sr.No Details Morvi Dist. Taluka (MCM) (MCM) 1. Total Annual Ground water recharge 1528.25 84.79 2. Net Annual Ground water Availability 1451.83 80.55 3. Total Annual Ground Water Draft 948.65 53.88 4. Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial 103.44 3.42
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up to 2025 5. Ground water Availability for Future Irrigation 477.90 25.80 6. Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 65.34 66.89 7. Category Safe Safe
General Information of Morvi Taluka:- Total number of villages 121 Total area of Taluka 1697.30 Sq. Kms. Saline area - 590.34 Sq.Kms. Fresh water area – 1187.96 Sq.Kms. Hard rock area – 848.65 Sq.Kms Aluminum area – 848.65 Sq.Kms. Feasibility –DCB, DTH Bores
Climate & Rainfall
The climate of the area is semi arid and is characterized by a hot summers. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 43.40 C. The area has semi arid climate with drought frequency of 34%. 1 1991 213 1994 1082 2 1992 460 2010 1048 3 1993 320 2006 989 4 1994 1082 2017 913 5 1995 423 2007 886 6 1996 417 2013 837 7 1997 596 2005 756 8 1998 468 2008 730 9 1999 229 2011 715 10 2000 245 2003 709 11 2001 428 2004 660 12 2002 332 2015 603 13 2003 709 1997 596 14 2004 660 2014 494 15 2005 756 1998 468 16 2006 989 2009 468 17 2007 886 1992 460 18 2008 730 2016 446 19 2009 468 2001 428 20 2010 1048 1995 423 21 2011 715 1996 417
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22 2012 312 2002 332 23 2013 837 1993 320 24 2014 494 2012 312 25 2015 603 2018 272 26 2016 446 2000 245 27 2017 913 1999 229 28 2018 272 1991 213 Dependable Rainfall = N X P = 28 X 40 = 11.20 = 11th year i.e.=660mm(0.66) 100 100 30 year average Rainfall = 590 mm
Drainage Pattern
The area has a drainage pattern which is of the parallel and trellis type and which is controlled by the topography and structure and tectonics of the region. All the small streams flow from the higher grounds and meet ultimately Phulki and Demmi River which flow from South east direction to North West direction near project area. The area Drainage ultimately meets with Gulf of Kutch. Area has diverse landscape made up of small hills, valley, drainage flow, Platue and alluvium plain. The terrain slope is southly in the north and westernly in the south number of major river drains the area. Due to terrain constraint it is necessary to adopt proper soil conservation and sand water development and management practice for w/s in sustained basis. Because of short span of monsoon season and limited storage capacity and rapid cut flow for hard rock aquifers, that is need to provide ground water recharge facilities to supplement its which drawl at a time of summer. As various components of the hydrologic system-Catchment runoff, base flow and ground water an integrated at the level of river basins, river basin should be the unit of governance and management of water resource such a system of governance will ensure integration of physical sustainability consideration and the social economical and environmental consideration in water resources management planning which ultimately result in good governance.
Depth of Ground Water
Shallow aquifer (Phreatic) development (up to 30m depth) in the area is limited due to rapid urbanization inferior quality and low yields. In general the ground water occurs under water table condition & confined condition where water level ranges from 30 to 60 mts depth depending upon the rock type. Pumping water level of the area is 70 to 80 mts. tube wells and DCB yield portable water up to 80 mts. depth and Quality deteriorates with depth.
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Feasibility of Source at the Project Area:- Area around Nashitpar village is checked on ground water prospect Map, prepared by National Remote Sensing Agency, Dept. of SPAC, G.O.I. Hyderabad, map sheet no. 41J10 for feasibility of source. The detail is as under: Hydro Geomorphic units/ land form: PWS–2 (more than 6 to15 mts) Amygdaloidal Basalt (Plate Weathered Shallow)(63-42 mt MSL) Geological sequence/ Rock type: Upper cretaceous to Eocene Deccan Traps Depth of water table of the area: 6 to 15 m in Dug well (13), 18 to 35 Borewell (13) Recharge condition: Limited Aquifer Material in Basaltic Rock: FIR. Fisher Rock F.R. - Fractured rock Type of Well of the area B.W. Borewell – 120-150 mts.depth,60-80 LPM Homogeneity in the unit & success rate of well – Moderate Quality of water –Potable Ground water irrigated area – 4 to 6% Recharge structure suitability and priority – NB, DT, RP and Moderate Remarks (Problems/Limitations)
Dug wells up to the depth of 15m are reported to go dry in summer in this unit. Hence borwell are recommended to tap the depper aquifer in and around the settlement of Madhapar, Nani vavadi, Andrana and lalpur. The ground water is brackish. A borewell down to the depth of 245 mts. has been observed at Nani Vavadi.
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Figure 3.14: Ground Water Prospect Map
PROJECT SITE
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3.7 Land Use Status [Answer to TOR no. 4(ix)]
Introduction The land-use & land cover map of the 10 km radius study area from the project site has been prepared using Sentinel Satellite image procured from NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre), Hyderabad. Land use pattern of the study area as well as the catchment area was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data and followed by ground truth collection (Benchmark) and interpretation of satellite data. The outcome of land use study has been presented below in subsequent table and figures. The data was processed through Q-GIS Software tools available with ESRI Package. The land use map of the 10 km study area is presented in Figure 3.15.
Land Use & Land Cover Classification Results
Land Cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth (it include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc.) whereas Land use is the human use of land.
Land Use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. It has also been defined as "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it".
There is no one ideal classification of land use and land cover, and it is unlikely that one could ever be developed. There are different perspectives in the classification process, and the process itself tends to be subjective, even when an objective numerical approach is used.
Concepts concerning land cover and land use activity are closely related and in many cases have been used interchangeably. The purposes for which lands are being used commonly have associated types of cover, whether they are forest, agricultural, residential, or industrial. Remote sensing image-forming devices do not record activity directly. The remote sensor acquires a response which is based on many characteristics of the land surface, including natural or artificial cover. The interpreter uses color, tones, textures, shapes, size, patterns and site associations to derive information about land use activities from what is basically information about land cover. To begin with, there is considerable diversity of opinion about what constitutes land use, although present use of land is one of the characteristics that are widely recognized as significant for planning and management purposes.
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The classification must be scientifically defensible presenting a logical progression of its applicability over large areas, amenable for use with remote sensor data. The classification scheme is adopted for extracting information for on most possible land use/land cover classes in general and all the agricultural seasons in particular and hence enable to repeat the process at regular time intervals.
The present Land use / Land cover map for the proposed project activity is prepared by current vintage of satellite image. This report thus will enable assessing the impact on land use pattern in the study area due to the proposed project activity.
(A) Data Used
Current vintage data of Indian Remote Sensing satellite sentinel image FCC (False Color Composite) has been used for preparation of Land use/ Land cover thematic map of study area. Survey of India toposheet as a reference map on 1:50,000 scale has been used for preparation of base layer data like road, rail network, village and mine site and for geo referencing of satellite image.
Technical Details Satellite Image - Sentinel Satellite image. Satellite Data Source - NRSC, Hyderabad Software Used - Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine and Q-Gis.
(B) Methodology
Land use / Land cover map preparation, Base map creation; Geometric and Radiometric correction of satellite image has been processed using ERDAS Imagine Software.
Salient features of the adopted methodology are given below: Acquisition of satellite data. Preparation of base map from Survey of India toposheets. Data analysis using visual interpretation techniques. Ground truth studies or field checks. Finalization of the map. Digitization using heads up vectorisation method. Area calculation for statistics generation.
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Nashitpar, Taluka: Tankara, District: Morbi, Gujarat.
(C) Interpretation of Remote Sensing Data
Satellite images are composed of array of grid, each grid has a numeric value that is known as digital number. Smallest unit of this grid is known as a pixel that captures reflectance of ground features represented in terms of Digital number, each representing specific land features. Using image classification technique, the satellite data is converted into thematic information, map based on the user’s knowledge about the ground area. Hybrid technique has been used i.e. visual interpretation and digital image processing for identification of different land use and vegetation cover classes based on spectral signature of geographic feature.
Spectral signature represents various land use classes. Image interpretation keys are developed based on image characteristics like color, tone, size, shape, texture, pattern, shadow, association etc, which enables interpretation of satellite images for ground feature. Training sites are then assigned based on their spectral signature and interpretation elements. Using image classification algorithm land use map is generated.
A total of seven land use/land cover classes have been demarcated in the study area following Level I, II and III classification (Table 1). A thematic map suitable for 1:25,000 scale map generation incorporating these classified categories has been prepared and considering that the area of the project is considerably small; a large scale map is prepared (Fig.1). The area as a whole represents plain area with very gentle sloping to nearly level area & to the north of area flowing from South to North and it is also observed that the major stream (Jhjhoda & Demi-II River) are linked with these two main drainage that debouche into the Little Run of Kachchh. Mining / industries area as 1.56 sq.km.the total land area of scrub land(open) covered 36.39 sq km and 254.51 sq km area covered under agriculture land (crop land) as well as Agriculture plantation 0.08 sq km has developed mainly in the area adjacent to the rivers.Transportationas 0.33 sq km.
The adjoining area of project site is totally agricultural land including Kharif, Rabi and summer crop, constitute the dominant category of land use covering as much as 254.51 km2 of the total area. Active river canal forming the perennial water body together with the numerous open & wastelands form a major and minor land cover category. Active river and its tributaries flowing into it cover about 6.54sq km of the total project area. Due to large seasonal variation in discharge of these rivers, the area coverage of this category varies in space and time. The consistently shifting nature of the (canal name) and consequent bank migration has resulted in large uncultivated & rural settlement along the active plain area towards the site location. These areas
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(5.02sq km) are village pond and water body in the development area of the project site and are located within the uncultivated land areas.
Table 3.21: Land Use Land Cover Classification
Sr. No. LULC Class Area (km2) Percentage
1 Mixed settlement 6.91 2.20
2 Mining / Industrial 1.56 0.50
3 Transportation 0.33 0.10
4 Crop land 254.51 81.02
5 Agriculture plantation 0.08 0.03
6 Forest 1.36 0.43
7 Scrub land Dense 1.12 0.36
8 Scrub land Open 36.39 11.58
9 Barren rocky 0.35 0.11
10 River / Stream / Drain 6.54 2.08
11 Lakes / Ponds 0.78 0.25
12 Reservoir / Tanks 4.24 1.35
Total Area in Sq.km. 314.15 100
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Figure 3.15: Land use and land cover map of the 10 km radius of the study area
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Figure 3.16: Satellite image of the 10 km radius of the study area
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Figure 3.17: Infrastructure Map of the 10 km radius of the study area
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3.7.1 Topography
The topographic feature & drainage pattern of the study area has been studied from SRTM3, data having resolution of 3 arc seconds. The toposheet have been analysed using QGIS application to generate the contour line at interval of 10Kms considering one elevated area in the study region. Further, the digital elevation data have been analysed to determine the slope & elevation profiles of the each individual villages of the study area as well as whole study area to ascertain the landform of the villages and study area. It has been observed that the major area of study area is levelled plain to nearly level with small slopes. Two areas in the study region have been noticed with considerably gentle slope near village Modpar making the landform of small slopes indicating small plain with the elevation profile. Overall slope direction of the study area is noticed towards South to North. The maximum elevation and higher slope is found near northern part of Nashitpar, Rajpar and Nana Rampar village where a medium height is situated. The generated streams indicated that the most of the area are covered by two main stream i.e., (Jhinjoda & Demi-II River) flowing from East to North. Topography of the area is characterized by dominating plain area with very gentle sloping to nearly level area.
Digital Elevation Model
Digital Elevation Models are data files that contain the elevation of the terrain over a specified area, usually at a fixed grid interval over the "Bare Earth". The intervals between each grid points will always be referenced to some geographical coordinate system. This is usually either latitude-longitude or UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) coordinate systems. The closer are together the grid points, more detailed information will be in the file. The details of the peaks and valleys in the terrain will be better modelled with small grid spacing than when the grid intervals are very large. Elevations other than at the specific grid point locations are not contained in the file. As a result peak points and valley points not coinciding with the grid will not be recorded in the file. For practical purpose this "Bare Earth" DEM is generally synonymous with a Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Data Used
DEM Data: Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data Software Used: ERDAS Imagine & Q-GIS. .
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Physiography and Drainage Pattern
The area of the project site is located in the Eastern part of Morbi District of Gujarat State. Topography of the area is characterized by very gentle sloping area to level to nearly level. A seasonal river, (i.e., Jhjhoda & Demi-II River) drains through the study area and merges with Little Run of kachchh.
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Figure 3.18: Topography map of the 10 km radius of the study area
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3.8 Ecology & Biodiversity [Answer to TOR no. 6(x)]
In order to understand the status of biodiversity (flora and fauna) of different habitats around the Solisom Healthcare LLP project area, the field work was carried out during October 2018.
3.8.1 Macro Level Approach- Secondary Data Collection
Collection and collation of project related secondary information. Rapid survey of project area was done to identify existing major habitat types within it (Wilderness area, Agriculture, Wasteland and Wetlands, i.e., village ponds, tanks, reservoirs and riverine). 3.8.2 Micro Level Approach- Field Data Collection
Micro level fileld approach involved mainly the survey-based primary data collection on various biodiversity components of the project objectives. The field data collection mainly included biodiversity assessment of different life forms of floral species such as; trees, shrubs, herbs and grass. Faunal diversity was also assessed by inventorying the major group like herpeto-fauna, birds and mammals.
3.8.2.1 Floral Status Status of floral diversity was assessed in representative habitats of each type like; wastelands which include: open scrub forest and Prosopis juliflora thickets, semi-wilderness area, agricultural hedge, near human habitation, plantation, stream and river beds and wetlands (inland).
3.8.2.2 Faunal Status Herpetofauna Status of herpetofauna was assessed using Intensive Time Constrained Search Method covering different micro habitats (Welsh, 1987, Welsh and Lind 1991). This intensive search was made in different habitat types randomly selected. Birds Avifaunal status was assessed both in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Total count or flock count method was adopted to assess the status of aquatic birds in the existing water bodies (Sridharan 1989 and Bhupathy 1991). Point count method was used to assess the
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status of terrestrial birds (Bibby et al., 1992 and Hutto et al., 1986). The second technique adopted was area search method (Dieni and Jones 2002), a time area constrained survey technique that has been widely and commonly used in several bird monitoring programs. Mammals Status and distribution of different mammal species was quantified using Direct count Vehicle transects (travelling between the sampling location) (Burnham et al. 1980) and indirect evidences within the survey areas (Rodgers 1988 and Sale and Berkmuller, 1988). Indirect evidences like, Pellet, dung, tracks (Thommpson et al 1989, Allen et al 1996), scat count (Henke and knowlton 1995) and other signs were enumerated using standered method for nocturnal species (Daniels 1992). Presence of different faunal species was also substantiated by interviewing the local people and experts with pictorial representation.
Figure 3.19: Photographs showing biodiversity status
Agricultured Fields in the Study Area Habitat near Malav Pond
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At Lavad Pond At Kanthariya Pond
Near Gola Pond At Vasna Rathod Pond
Field Survey by EB Experts Reserved Forests at Devkaran Na Muvada
3.8.3 Biodiversity Status
This section discuses the ecological status of biota for the M/s. Solisom Healthcare LLP. The baseline status of biota (plant and animals) discussed at various site-specific as well as habitat specific.
3.8.3.1 Biodiversity Status - Flora
A. Taxonomical Status Within the sample plots of the study areas, a total of 133 plant species belong to 120 genera and 53 families were recorded. In addition, dicotyledons are dominant plant
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group and representative by 119 species (89.47%) (Table3.22). In addition, maximum species (96 Nos.) were recorded from agriculture habitat and followed by wasteland/habitation habitat (89 species) and wetland/riverine areas (58 species) (Annexure 4).
Table 3.22: Taxonomic Status of Plant Species Taxonomical Status Dicotyledons Monocotyledons Overall Families 50 3 53 Genera 106 14 120 Species 119 14 133 Relative % 89.47 % 10.53 % 100 % Near Project In and around the Overall Project Diversity H’ Areas Project Areas Areas 3.37 3.63 3.75
B. Status of Life Form Study area reported 133 plant species and they formed 13 sub-categories of lifeforms within five main categories. Among the life forms, herb was dominated by recording 53 species and contributed maximum of 39.85% of the total list of plants followed by trees (34 species and 25.56%). Third dominating life form was shrub species (25) and shared 18.80%. The contribution other life forms was less than 10% of the species list (Table 3.23). Table 3.23: Life Form Status of Plant Species
Life Form Nos. Relative % Aquatic Herb 1 Herb 53 39.85 Herb 52 Grass 12 Grass 13 9.77 Sedge 1 Climber 4 Climber Parasite 1 8 6.02 Twiner 2 Woody Twiner 1 Under Shrub 7 Straggling Shrub 4 25 18.80 Shrub Under Shrub 8 Tree Tree 32 41 30.15 Small Tree 9
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Life Form Nos. Relative %
TOTAL 133 133 100 C. Common/ Domestic Tree Species A total of 14 common tree species were identified with a total of 34 trees within the sample plots of the study area. Among the species, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica and Cassia siamea was enumerated maximum times in and around the settlement areas (Table 3.24 & Annexure - 4).
Table 3.24: Common Tree Species Sr. No. Species Name Local Name Habit Family Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. Deshi Baval, Bavar Tree Mimosaceae 1 subsp. indica(Bth.) Brenan 2 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Karo Sirish Tree Mimosaceae 3 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limbdo, Neem Tree Meliaceae 4 Cassia siamea Lam. Kasid Tree Caesalpiniaceae 5 Cordia gharaf (Forsk.) E.&.A. Gundi Tree Ehretiaceae 6 Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Gulmohor Tree Caesalpiniaceae 7 Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Karanj Tree Fabaceae 8 Ficus benghalensis L. Vad Tree Moraceae Holoptelea integrifolia Kanaji Tree Ulmaceae 9 (Roxb.) Planch. Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Wt. 10 & Arn. Liso Bavar Tree Mimosaceae 11 Mangifera indica L. Keri Tree Anacardiaceae Peltophorum pterocarpum 12 (DC.) Backer ex Heyne Tamrafali Tree Caesalpiniaceae Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Asopalav Tree Annonaceae 13 Thw. Small Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Mota Bor Rhamnaceae 14 Tree
D. Wild/Forest Tree Species Within the study area only 6 wild/forest tree species have been recorded which were belonging to 5 families and 5 genera. Since the area are dominant with agriculture habitat, and hence, very few trees were recorded under this category (Table 3.25 & Annexure - 4) and it indicates low density of wild tree species in and around the study area.
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Table 3.25: Wild/Forest Tree Species Sr. Species Name Local Name Habit Family No 1 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Harmo Bavar Tree Mimosaceae Kesudo, Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Tree Fabaceae 2 Khakharo Makrodu, Diospyros cordifolia Roxb. Small Tree Ebenaceae 3 Makrodi 4 Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. Mahudo Tree Sapotaceae Khijado, Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Tree Mimosaceae 5 Hangar
E. Status of Agriculture Crops Based on the intensive field survey in and around the agricultural area and dialogue with the local farmers a total of 6 species have been listed from the study area as crop species. The crops list includes 4 grains & commercial, 1 fruit and 1 vegetable crop species. Fruit and vegetable crops were found cultivated along the agricultural hedges in a small extent of area (Table 3.26 & Annexure 1). In the study area, Kapas (Gossypium herbaceum), Bajri (Pennisetum typhoides) and Ghahun (Triticum asetivum) are the major crops cultivated extensively. Table 3.26: List of Agriculture and Commercial Crop Species Recorded Sr. Species Name Local Name Habit Family No 1 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Limbu Small Tree Rutaceae Gossypium herbaceum auct. Non 2 L. var. acerifolium (Guill. & Perr.) Kapas Shrub Malvaceae Chevalier 3 Momordica charantia L. Karela Climber Cucurbitaceae 4 Oryza sativa L. Dangar Grass Poaceae 5 Pennisetum typhoides A. Rich. Bajri, Bajaro Grass Poaceae 6 Triticum asetivum L. Ghahun Grass Poaceae
3.8.3.2 Biodiversity - Status of Fauna
A. Herpetofauna The buffer zone area covering 10 km radius reported overall 7 species belong to 7
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genus and 6 families. Within the buffer zone, among the habitat types, maximum of five species were found along the Meshwo and Khari rivers (discussed and collected information from local people) followed by three species in agriculture areas and two species in other habitats (Table 3.27).
Table 3.27: Taxonomical Status of Herpetofauna Family & Species Name Common and Local Name IUCN Status FROGS/ Ranidae 1 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Skittering Frog (Dedako) LR-nt LIZARDS/ Gekkonidae 2 Hemidactylus brookii Spotted Indian House Gecko (Garodi) LR-lc AGAMIDS/ Agamidae 3 Calotes versicolor Indian Garden Lizard (Kachindo) LR-nt 4 Sitana ponticeriana Fan-Throated Lizard (Kachindi) LR-lc SNAKES/ Boidae 5 Eryx johnii Eastern Red Sand Boa (Dhomalo) LR-lc SNAKES/ Colubridae 6 Ptyas mucosa Indian Rat Snake (Nag) LR-nt TURTLES/ Trionychidae 7 Lissemys punctata Indian Mud or Flap-shell Turtle (Kachbo) - LR-nt- Lower risk near threatened and LR-Ic- Lower risk least concern
B. Birds (Terrestrial and Aquatic) Status of terrestrial and aquatic birds was assessed during latter part of winter and summer and reported a total of 38 species belongs to 37 genera and 31 families in the buffer zone of study area (Table 3.27). Habitat specific abundance resulted more contribution was from agriculture and habitation areas; and there is no any permanent aquatic habitat existing within it, therefore during the study period aquatic avifauna was reported from the nearby wetland and reservoir. Conservation plan for Schedule I species (Indian Peafowl) is attached as Annexure: 10.
Table 3.28: Overall Status of Terrestrial and Aquatic Birds S. Order, Family and Species Common English Name MS Sch. FG No. GALLIRORMES Phasianidae 1 Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl R I G ANSERIFORMES
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S. Order, Family and Species Common English Name MS Sch. FG No. Anatidae 2 Sarkidiornis melanotos Comb Duck R IV A UPUPIFORMES Upupidae 3 Upupa epops Common Hoopoe RM IV I CORACIIFORMES Coraciidae 4 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller R IV I Alcedinidae 5 Alcedo Hercules Common Kingfisher R IV P Dacelonidae 6 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher R IV P Cerylidae 7 Ceryle rudis Lesser Pied Kingfisher R IV P Meropidae 8 Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater R IV I CUCULIFORMES Cuculidae 9 Eudynamys scolopacea Asian Koel R IV F Centropodidae 10 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal R IV O PSITTACIFORMES Psittacidae 11 Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet R IV F APODIFORMES Apodidae 12 Apus affinis House(Little) Swift R IV I STEIGIFORMES Strigidae 13 Athene brama Spotted Owlet R IV C COLUMBIFORMES Columbidae 14 Columba livia Rock Pigeon R IV G 15 Streptopelia tranquebarica Red-collared Dove R IV G GRUIFORMES Rallidae 16 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen R IV A 17 Fulica atra Common Coot R IV A CICONIFORMES Scolopacidae 18 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper R IV A
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S. Order, Family and Species Common English Name MS Sch. FG No. Charadriidae 19 Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing R IV I Accipitridae Falconidae 20 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestral RM IV C Phalacrocoracidae 21 Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant R IV A Ardeidae 22 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron RM IV A 23 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret R IV AI Threskiornithidae 24 Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed Ibis RM IV A 25 Pseudibis papillosa Black Ibis R IV I PASSERIFORMES Corvidae 26 Corvus splendens House Crow R V I 27 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo R IV I Muscicapidae 28 Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin R IV I Sturnidae 29 Acridotheres ginginianus Bank Myna R IV I 30 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna R IV I Hirundinidae 31 Hirundo daurica Red-rump Swallow R IV I Pycnonotidae 32 Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul R IV I Sylviidae 33 Turdoides malcolmi Large Grey Babbler R IV G Alaudidae 34 Galerida cristata Crested Lark R IV GI Nectariniidae 35 Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird R IV N Passeridae 36 Passer domesticus House Sparrow R IV G MS= Migratory Status, M= Migratory, R= Resident, RM= Resident migratory; Sch= Schedule as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972; and FG= Feeding Guild, O=Omnivore, G=Granevore, P= Pisivore, C= Carnivore, I= Insectivore, A= Aquatic.
C. Status of Mammals As discussed with local people, within buffer zone only six species of mammalian fauna was reported and each belongs to separate family/group. None of the family
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reported more than one species and showed low species richness (Table 3.28). Since the study area dominated by agriculture habitat, mammalian fauna showed low species richness.
Table 3.29: Overall Status of Mammals S. WPA,1972 Scientific Name Species Food Habit No. Status Bovidae Boselaphus tragocamelus 1 Nilgai Herbivore III (Pallas, 1766) Canidae Canis aureus 2 Golden Jackal Omnivore II (Linnaeus, 1758) Herpestidae Herpestes edwardsii 3 Grey Mongoose Omnivore II (E.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , 1818) Hyaenidae 4 Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus,1758) Striped Hyena Scavenger - Hystricidae Indian 5 Hystrix indica (Kerr,1792) Herbivore - Porcupine Suidae 6 Sus scrofa (Linnaeus,1758) Wild Boar Herbivore III Anon. 1972. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Ammended 1991. Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun. 154 p.
3.8.4 Conclusion This study reported a total of 133 plant species, 7 herpetofauna, 38 birds and 6 species of mamamals from the buffer zone of M/s. Solisom Healthcare LLP. However, no threatened biodiversity reported with highest density or richness from the core and buffer zones of the study area. In addition, no true multi species forest type was recorded in the vicinity of the five kilometer radii in and around the project site. It clearly indicates the low productive potential of the terrestrial ecosystem. Only a sensitive riverside habitat of Sabarmati river basin recorded from 5 kms of project site, but, there are no direct or indirect threats predict due to production at project location. Since the project associated activities do not required any additional land, the terrestrial ecosystem is considerably free from the project related impacts.
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3.9 Socio Economic Environment [Answer to TOR no. 6(xi)]
3.9.1 Introduction
Any developmental activity will influence the socioeconomic conditions of the population in the region and thus the Quality of Life (QOL). Socioeconomic survey is necessary in EIA/EMP report preparation to predict the changes on social and economic status. Hence baseline data for demographic characteristics, education, health, amenities and sensitive locations existing in and around the project area have been studied in the study area. For the study of socioeconomics 10 km radius around the site is selected.
The study area is mostly agricultural land. The major language is Gujarati, Hindi and English with an accumulation of different cultures like the Hindus, Muslims and the Christians. It is the centre of Gujarati cultural activities and diverse traditions of different ethnic and religious communities
Figure 3.20: Photograph showing Socio-Economic Data Collection
Village: Nashitpar Village: Rajpar
3.9.2 Socioeconomics
Village/town wise population, households, Occupation and Literacy status have been collected based on Census, 2011 in the following aspects:
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1. Total population 08. Total worker females (Main + Marginal) 2. Population (0-6 years) 09. Main workers (Persons) 3. Literacy rate (Persons) 10. Marginal workers (Persons) 4. Literacy rate (Males) 11. Main workers (Persons) 5. Literacy rate (Females) 12. Non workers (Persons) 6. Total worker persons (Main + Marginal) 13. Non workers (Males) 7. Total worker males (Main + Marginal) 14. Non workers (Females)
Table 3.30: List of Villages covered in 10 km Radius Area Sr. No. Name of the Village Name of Sub District Name of District 1 Tankara Tankara Morbi 2 Sanala (Saktasanala) Morbi Morbi 3 Lajai Tankara Morbi 4 Khanpar Morbi Morbi 5 Hadmatiya Tankara Morbi 6 Rajpar Morbi Morbi 7 Virpar Tankara Morbi 8 Panchasar Morbi Morbi 9 Chanchapar Morbi Morbi 10 Nashitpar Tankara Morbi 11 Nana Khijadiya Tankara Morbi 12 Nesda (Khanpar) Tankara Morbi 13 Thorala Morbi Morbi Mota Rampar 14 Tankara Morbi (Mahendrapur) 15 Mota Khijadiya Tankara Morbi 16 Kalyanpar (Kalyanpur) Tankara Morbi 17 Rajavad Tankara Morbi 18 Lakhdirgadh Tankara Morbi 19 Nana Rampar Tankara Morbi 20 Amarpar Nag Morbi Morbi 21 Nagalpar Morbi Morbi 22 Dhruvnagar - Morbi 23 Rameshvarnagar - Morbi 24 Gandhinagar - Morbi 25 Umiyanagar - Morbi
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3.9.3 Households
A 'household' is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as separate households. The important link is finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households.
There are nearly 9582 House Holds (HH) found in the study area. The details of Households are given in Table 3.30.
3.9.4 Population
Village/ town wise population composition as per 2011 census is listed in Table 3.30. The total population of villages covered in 10 km radius is 48,982. The male & female population is 25,023 (51.08%) and 23,959 (48.92%) respectively.
The summarized data of population distribution is given in Table 3.30 and represented in Figure 3.21.
Table 3.31: Population Distribution in the Study Area
SC ST Sr. Population Village Name HH Population Population No. T M F T M F T M F Sanala 1 151 717 376 341 42 21 21 0 0 0 (Talaviya) 2 Nagalpar 50 228 108 120 16 11 5 0 0 0 3 Panchasar 454 2339 1170 1169 408 191 217 0 0 0 4 Amrapar Nag 127 718 366 352 46 23 23 0 0 0 5 Khanpar 644 3453 1758 1695 246 125 121 0 0 0 6 Chanchapar 437 2173 1105 1068 261 134 127 0 0 0 7 Thorala 353 1647 862 785 94 48 46 0 0 0 8 Rajpar 622 3039 1536 1503 179 86 93 29 14 15 Nesda 9 369 1765 900 865 74 38 36 0 0 0 Khanpar 10 Mahendrapur 261 1353 714 639 238 127 111 0 0 0 11 Nana Rampar 180 943 484 459 252 126 126 11 6 5
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SC ST Sr. Population Village Name HH Population Population No. T M F T M F T M F 12 Nasitpar 424 2159 1084 1075 255 147 108 29 16 13 13 Virpar 602 2974 1591 1383 336 175 161 98 55 43 14 Lajai 786 4126 2086 2040 618 291 327 4 3 1 15 Rajavad 216 1096 577 519 94 50 44 0 0 0 Nana 16 400 2134 1077 1057 436 219 217 0 0 0 Khijadiya Mota 17 227 1222 632 590 72 37 35 0 0 0 Khijadiya Lakhdhir 18 192 1054 536 518 16 6 10 14 6 8 Gadh 19 Hadmatiya 609 3283 1659 1624 359 192 167 28 11 17 20 Tankara 2244 11421 5831 5590 582 310 272 89 43 46 21 Kalyanpur 234 1138 571 567 29 14 15 0 0 0 237 228 TOTAL 9582 48982 25023 23959 4653 302 154 148 1 2
Figure 3.21: Percentage of Total Population Distribution
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3.9.5 Occupational Structure
Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in 'work' as defined above are workers. Persons who are engaged in cultivation or milk production even solely for domestic consumption are also treated as workers. Occupational structure is divided in to 3 categories viz., Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers.
The distribution data for workers and non workers is given in Table 3.31 and Figure 3.22. Main workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e., 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. There are total 16,857 main workers in this area.
Marginal workers: Those workers who have not worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as marginal workers. The total marginal workers are 2,001.
Non workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one-year, but are not cultivators or agricultural laborers or in Household Industry, are 'Other-Workers (OW)'. The type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural laborers or household industry workers are other workers. The total non workers are 30,124.
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Table 3.32: Occupational Structure in the Study Area Sr. Total Worker Main Worker Marginal Non Worker Village No. T M F T M F T M F T M F 1 Sanala (Talaviya) 274 239 35 269 235 34 5 4 1 443 137 306 2 Nagalpar 75 67 8 65 60 5 10 7 3 153 41 112 3 Panchasar 960 697 263 932 677 255 28 20 8 1379 473 906 4 Amrapar Nag 487 244 243 168 149 19 319 95 224 231 122 109 5 Khanpar 1270 1089 181 1236 1082 154 34 7 27 2183 669 1514 6 Chanchapar 892 678 214 710 656 54 182 22 160 1281 427 854 7 Thorala 577 498 79 574 496 78 3 2 1 1070 364 706 8 Rajpar 1066 962 104 1047 956 91 19 6 13 1973 574 1399 9 Nesda Khanpar 1025 574 451 656 561 95 369 13 356 740 326 414 10 Mahendrapur 485 416 69 427 406 21 58 10 48 868 298 570 11 Nana Rampar 421 277 144 266 214 52 155 63 92 522 207 315 12 Nasitpar 775 658 117 755 654 101 20 4 16 1384 426 958 13 Virpar 1108 933 175 940 871 69 168 62 106 1866 658 1208 14 Lajai 1574 1239 335 1489 1202 287 85 37 48 2552 847 1705 15 Rajavad 561 340 221 502 333 169 59 7 52 535 237 298 16 Nana Khijadiya 822 640 182 724 619 105 98 21 77 1312 437 875 17 Mota Khijadiya 378 369 9 369 362 7 9 7 2 844 263 581 18 Lakhdhir Gadh 295 290 5 284 279 5 11 11 - 759 246 513 19 Hadmatiya 1363 996 367 1312 978 334 51 18 33 1920 663 1257 20 Tankara 3977 3274 703 3667 3107 560 310 167 143 7444 2557 4887 21 Kalyanpur 473 356 117 465 348 117 8 8 - 665 215 450 TOTAL 18858 14836 4022 16857 14245 2612 2001 591 1410 30124 10187 19937
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Figure 3.22: Percentage Distribution of Workers
3.9.6 Literacy
A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding any language has been taken as literate. It is not necessary for a person to have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard for being treated as literate. People who were blind and could read in Braille are treated to be literates. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is treated as illiterate. All children of age 6 years or less, even if going to school and have picked up reading and writing, are treated as illiterates.
The total number of literates and illiterates are 34,394 and 14,588 respectively (Table 3.32 and Figure 3.23)
Table 3.33: Literacy Status in the Study Area Sr. Literate Illiterate Village No. T M F T M F 1 Sanala (Talaviya) 498 297 201 219 79 140 2 Nagalpar 135 85 50 93 23 70 3 Panchasar 1713 912 801 626 258 368 4 Amrapar Nag 492 278 214 226 88 138
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Sr. Literate Illiterate Village No. T M F T M F 5 Khanpar 2714 1471 1243 739 287 452 6 Chanchapar 1595 880 715 578 225 353 7 Thorala 1199 708 491 448 154 294 8 Rajpar 2441 1326 1115 598 210 388 9 Nesda Khanpar 1247 714 533 518 186 332 10 Mahendrapur 872 505 367 481 209 272 11 Nana Rampar 634 360 274 309 124 185 12 Nasitpar 1537 844 693 622 240 382 13 Virpar 2099 1244 855 875 347 528 14 Lajai 2996 1641 1355 1130 445 685 15 Rajavad 763 427 336 333 150 183 16 Nana Khijadiya 1454 817 637 680 260 420 17 Mota Khijadiya 871 495 376 351 137 214 18 Lakhdhir Gadh 741 434 307 313 102 211 19 Hadmatiya 2144 1238 906 1139 421 718 20 Tankara 7411 4104 3307 4010 1727 2283 21 Kalyanpur 838 475 363 300 96 204 Total 34394 19255 15139 14588 5768 8820
Figure 3.23: Percentage Distribution of Literacy Levels
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3.9.7 Amenities
Education, Medical, Water availability, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking facilities and Power supply are considered for the study. Village wise list of amenities are given in Table 3.33 (as per 2001 Census).
Table 3.34: Basic amenities detail for study villages covered in 10 km radius (As per census 2011) Approach Drinking Power Educational Sr. No. Village Medical to Communication Transportation Water Supply Facilities Village DR Sanala T 1. T EA P-1 0 PR B (Talaviya) IC F DR
2. Nagalpar T EA P-1 0 PR IC B F DR T T 3. Panchasar EA P-1 0 PR B HP IC F DR T 4. Amrapar Nag EA P-1 0 PR IC B HP F 5. P-4 DR T T B Khanpar EA SS-1 PHS-1 PR PCO W SSC-1 F IC
DR 6. T T Chanchapar EA P-2 0 PR B W IC F T P-2 DR T 7. Thorala EA PHS-1 B W SS-1 PR IC
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Approach Drinking Power Educational Sr. No. Village Medical to Communication Transportation Water Supply Facilities Village HP F TW T/P/L DR T P-2 PHC-1 T 8. Rajpar EA PR B W SS-1 PH-1 IC F T DR 9. W P-2 PR T Nesda Khanpar EA 0 B HP SS-1 KR IC T/L/P F DR-2 10. PR T B Mahendrapur T EA P-1 0 KR IC T F PR T B-2 11. Nana Rampar T EA P-2 0 F IC T DR-2 T 12. T P-2 B-2 Nasitpar EA PHS-1 PR PCO HP SS-1 T F IC P-5 DR T 13. T B-2 Virpar EA SS-2 0 PR PCO HP T SSC-2 F IC DR 14. T P-3 T B-2 Lajai EA PHS-1 PR W SS-1 IC T F DR T T 15. Rajavad EA P-2 0 PR B W IC F
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Approach Drinking Power Educational Sr. No. Village Medical to Communication Transportation Water Supply Facilities Village T DR W 16. PR T Nana Khijadiya HP EA P-1 PHS-1 B KR IC TW F T/P/L DR T T 17. Mota Khijadiya EA P-1 0 PR PCO B W F IC T DR 18. W T Lakhdhir Gadh EA P-1 0 PR B HP IC F T/L/P DR T P-3 19. Hadmatiya T EA PHS-1 PR PCO B SS-1 F IC P-7 CHW-17 PO PR 20. Tankara T EA SS-5 PHS-1 T B F SSC-2 D-1 IC DR 21. T P-1 PR T Kalyanpur EA 0 B HP SS-1 KR IC F
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Abbreviations
Education P : Primary School M : Middle school SS : Secondary School SSC : Senior Secondary School C : College
Medical CHW : Community Health Worker PHC : Primary Health Center PHS : Primary Health Sub-Center MCW : Maternity Child Welfare TB : T.B. Clinic AH : Allopathic Hospital D : Dispensary FWC : Family Welfare Center
Water T : Tap W : Well HP : Hand Pump TW : Tube Well R/C : River/Canal T/P/L : Tank/Pond/Lake O : Other
Communication Facility PO : Post Office PT : Post and Telegraph Office T : Telephone (landlines) PCO/M: Public Call Office /Mobile (PCO) IC : Internet Cafes / Common Service Centre C : Private Courier Facility
Transportation B : Bus RS : Railway Station T : Taxi S/R/F : Sea/River/Ferry Service
Approach to Village NH : National Highway SH : State Highway DR : District Road PR : Black Topped (pucca) Road KR : Gravel (kuchha) Roads NW : Navigable Waterways (River/Canal) F : Foothpath
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3.9.8 Conclusion
The socio economic studies has been conducted in order to study the present Socio- Economic conditions prevailing around the plant site for the establishment of an interactive environment between the residents of the area with the proponent which would be helpful for the proponent for the assessment of the required developments of the area.
This study was done by looking and maintaining a good understanding of that locality as well as their socio-economic status which can help in the assessment of their Socio- Economic status, costumes, and requirements for the development etc. Based on the study carried out it can be interpreted that proposed project would contribute to improvement in the Quality Of Life (QOL) in the region to some extent in following manner. Industrial growth will improve economic status of the people either directly or indirectly. Creation of employment generation is an another positive impact anticipated from this plant The development of infrastructure (roads, lighting etc.) may not only helpful for transportation but also to improve aesthetic value of the site. The proposed green belt plan also generates some employment (labor for plantation development) and provide hygienic environment. Non-workers comprises of 59% of the total population in the study area. This intense unemployment fate can be reduced to some extent.
3.10 Traffic Survey [Answer to TOR no. 6(ix)]
Traffic counts are important to calculate the existing and proposed load on the existing road due to upcoming Project.
Project site is to be located near to Lavad - Sampa Road which further connect to Dahegam – Bayad Highway (State Highway 69). The industry will utilize the stated Dahegam – Bayad Highway for transportation purpose. Thus, traffic survey has been carried out on above stated highway. Studied route is shown in below given figure:
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Figure 3.24: Image showing Traffic Surveying Location
Rajpar - Nashitpar Highway
Details regarding the traffic survey are: . Traffic counts were collected and recorded in 4 hours intervals. . Morning period (pick hours) survey was carried out from 10.00 to 14.00 hrs. . Evening period (pick hours) survey was carried out from 16:00 to 20:00 hrs. Traffic counts observed during the above survey are tabulated below:
Table 3.35: Traffic Count Data Rajpar – Nashitpar Highway Date & Timings of Survey (hrs) Type of Vehicles 03/11/2017 10.00 - 14.00 (4 hr) 16.00 - 20.00 (4 hr)
Large Trailer 04 06 Heavy Vehicle 15 25 (Bus, Truck, etc.) Medium Vehicle (Tractors, Light Commercial 35 56 Vehicles etc.)
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Light Vehicle 55 64 (Car, Jeep, Pickup Van etc.) 3 Wheeler 38 72 (Rickshaw) 2 Wheeler 63 120 (Scooter, Motorcycle etc.)
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CHAPTER – 4
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
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CHAPTER - 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Preamble
The most important part of Environmental Impact Assessment Report is the prediction of impacts. Several scientific techniques and methodologies are available to predict impacts of project developmental activities on environment. Such predictions are overlaid on the baseline status of environmental quality to derive the ultimate scenario of environmental conditions. It helps to prepare the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which is required to be executed during the on-going activities for the proposed project to minimize the adverse impacts on environmental quality.
The mathematical models are the best tools to quantitatively describe the cause-effect relationships between sources of pollution and different components of environment. In case, mathematical models are not available or it is not possible to identify/validate a model for a particular situation, predictions could be made through available scientific knowledge and judgments. The environmental impacts can be categorized as either Primary, Secondary or Tertiary. Primary impacts are those, which are linked directly to the project, secondary and tertiary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the effects on social and economic patterns of the surrounding.
The proposed project would create impact on the environment in two distinct phases.
. Temporary or short term effects caused during construction phase . Long term effects caused during operational phase
Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the proposed project includes: Identification of all components of the project and prediction of impacts that may be caused by the proposed project Classification of the probable impacts i.e. positive or negative, reversible or irreversible, short term or long term. Evaluation of the impacts i.e. quantitative & qualitative assessment of the impacts
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The construction and operational phase of the proposed project comprises of various activities each of which may have an impact on some or other environmental components, which have been studied to estimate the impact on the environment.
4.2 Prediction and Evaluation of Impacts
An impact can be defined as any change in Physical, Chemical, Biological, Cultural and Socio-economic environment that can be attributed to activities related to alternatives under study for meeting the project needs. Impact assessments provide an organized approach for prediction and assessing these impacts. In most of cases, the prediction consists of indicating merely whether there will be degradation, no change or enhancement of environment quality. In other cases, quantitative ranking scales are to be used.
Prediction requires scientific skill drawn from many disciplines. Prediction of ecological components is often uncertain, because their response to environmental stress cannot be predicted in absolute terms. Scientific techniques and methodologies based on mathematical modeling are available for studying impacts of various project activities on environmental parameters.
The impact of the proposed project on the environment has been considered based on the information provided by the proponents and data collected from the study area during study period. The environmental impacts have been categorized as long or short term and negative or positive. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project on environmental components while secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced. The operational phase of the proposed project comprises several of which have been considered to assess the impact on one or another environmental parameters. The nature of the impacts due to said project activities are discussed in detail. Each parameter identified is singularly considered for the anticipated impact due to various project activities. The impact is quantified using numerical scores. In order to assess the impact accurately, each parameter is discussed in detail covering project activities likely to generate impact and quantification and prediction of impact.
A. Construction Phase
Generally construction phase involves activities like Site Cleaning, Excavation, Construction, Installation of Plant Machinery, Raw Material Transportation and
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Handling, Greenbelt Development and Labour Employment. Green belt development is proposed to be taken up at the initial stage and hence it has been considered in this phase.
Minor and temporary impacts are expected due to the construction activities. Generally, Air, Noise level and Soil are likely to be affected by these activities. All the impacts of construction phase will be short term only and it is very limited as minor construction work is anticipated for requirement of project.
B. Operational Phase
Generally operation phase involves activities like Raw Material Storage & Handling & Transportation, Production Activity, Product Storage, Handling & Transportation, Gaseous Emission, Water Consumption & Wastewater Discharge, Solid & Hazardous Waste Generation, Labour Employment, Infrastructure Development and Greenbelt Development.
This phase of project is important as it generates long term impact as the production starts. The primary impact causing likely deterioration will be on Air, Water, Noise, Soil and Flora – Fauna due to Air Emission, Water Consumption & Wastewater Generation, Solid/Hazardous Waste Generation, Noise Generation and Transportation.
4.3 Impact Identification
The impacts of project activities on environment may be numerous which may be significant and non-significant according to the magnitude of impacts. From impact assessment point of view through all impacts are important however, we need to take care of significant impacts, in particular to adverse changes, if any from project activities. Identification of significant environmental impact is essential in the preparation of EIA report, an attempt has been made here through the use of "Activity Effect" matrix.
Impact Identification Matrix is shown in the Table No. 4.1 (for construction and operation phase of proposed project). Various activities belonging to industrial project have been grouped and arranged in rows. The environmental factors, which are being potentially impacted, have been arranged in columns. A preliminary scrutiny has been done and the cells, which fall at the junction of the “Activity” and “Factor” that have possible interaction with each other, have been crossed.
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The Matrix, thus, establishes the possible “cause-effect” relationship and identifies the environmental factors being impacted and activities responsible for the same.
Table 4.1: Impact Identification Matrix (Construction and Operation Phase) Aspect Land Use Resource Air Water Noise Terrestrial Socio- Infrastructure Human & Depletion Quality Quality Level & Economic & Health Activity Soil Aquatic Ecology Status Services
Land Acquisition √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ and Site Clearing
Construction/ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Civil Work Material & Product √ √ √ √ Storage/Handling Fuel & Electricity √ √ √ Consumption Gaseous √ √ √ √ √ √ Emissions Fugitive Emissions √ √ √ Water √ √ √ √ √ √ Consumption Wastewater √ √ √ √ Generation
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Aspect Land Use Resource Air Water Noise Terrestrial Socio- Infrastructure Human & Depletion Quality Quality Level & Economic & Health Activity Soil Aquatic Ecology Status Services Solid & Hazardous Waste Storage and √ √ √ √ Disposal Plant Operation √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Equipment √ √ √ √ √ √ Failures
Transportation √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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4.4 Assessment of Impacts
This section is devoted to the assessment of impacts due to the proposed industrial project, which are the most important components of EIA. Assessment involves determination of nature and extent of impacts due to the industrial activities or the actions involved. Here it is determined whether the environmental impacts are:
1. Positive or Negative impact 2. Short term or Long term impact
Based on Environmental Impact Analysis, the Environmental Impacts under this step are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Please refer Table No. 4.2.
Quantitative Quantitative assessment is done with the help of a mathematical model has been done wherever possible. The mathematical model used for assessment in the present study includes “AERMOD VIEW – 9.0.0” Dispersion Model for air quality.
Qualitative Qualitative assessment is done with the help of on available scientific knowledge and judgment. For other cases i.e. Water, Noise, Land / Soil, Ecology, Socio- economic etc., the available scientific knowledge and judgments have been used.
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Table 4.2: Assessment of Impacts (Construction and Operation Phase) Aspect Land Use Resource Air Water Noise Terrestrial Socio- Infrastructure Human & Depletion Quality Quality Level & Economic & Health Activity Soil Aquatic Ecology Status Services
Land Acquisition (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (+ve) (-ve)
and Site Clearing L.T. L.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T.
Construction/ (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (+ve) (-ve)
Civil Work S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. Material & (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) Product L.T. S.T. S.T. L.T. Storage/Handling Fuel & Electricity (-ve) (-ve) (+ve)
Consumption L.T. L.T. L.T. Gaseous (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve)
Emissions L.T. L.T. S.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. Fugitive (-ve) (-ve) (-ve)
Emissions S.T. S.T. S.T. Water (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve)
Consumption L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. Wastewater (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve)
Generation S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. Solid & Hazardous (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (-ve)
Waste Storage and L.T. S.T. L.T. L.T.
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Aspect Land Use Resource Air Water Noise Terrestrial Socio- Infrastructure Human & Depletion Quality Quality Level & Economic & Health Activity Soil Aquatic Ecology Status Services Disposal
(-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (+ve) (-ve) Plant Operation L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. L.T. Equipment (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (-ve)
Failures S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. S.T. (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (+ve) (-ve) Transportation L.T. L.T. S.T. S.T. L.T. L.T. L.T.
(-ve): Negative (+ve): Positive S.T.: Short Term L.T.: Long Term
4.5 Quantification of Impacts
The identified environmental impacts belong to different component of the environment needs to be aggregated to get a total score of the environmental impact of the proposed project.
4.5.1 Environmental Attributes & Relative Importance
Environmental changes, expected out of any physical development, can result in adverse and/or beneficial results. The relevant parts of the receiving environment have been subjectively singled out, as “Environmental Attributes”, and the impact due to various activities on these attributes have been studied. The typical set of environmental attributes and their relative importance, adopted for the present
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study, has been attributed, has been presented in Table No. 4.3. Table No. 4.3: Environmental Attributes Relative Sr. Environmental Importance Remarks No. Attributes (%) Relatively high importance due to anticipated impacts of flue gas and process emissions in 1 Air Quality 20 the form of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Ammonia, NO2 and VOC. Relatively high importance due to ground water abstraction for domestic, industrial and 2 Water Quality 20 gardening activities as well as wastewater generation from mfg process and various project activities. Terrestrial & 3 15 Relatively medium importance due to anticipated impacts on nearby flora & Fauna. Aquatic Ecology Socio-Economic Relatively medium importance with positive impact due to direct employment and indirect 4 10 Status employment. Relatively medium importance as the project is to be situated in rural/non industrial area 5 Human Health 15 and project activities may have impact on human health. Resource Relatively low importance due to non-renewable/renewable resource consumption is 6 5 Depletion minimal in the form of fuel, electricity, water etc. Relatively low importance due to the fact that sources of noise are limited and in most cases 7 Noise Level 5 noise level are within the stipulated norms. Relatively low importance as the project consumes average amount of land and adequate 8 Land Use & Soil 5 disposal mechanism of solid/hazardous waste. Infrastructure & Relatively low importance due to marginal benefits to infrastructure sector, service sectors 9 5 Services as well trades. Total 100
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4.5.2 Magnitude Criteria
(a) Negligible Impacts (Score + 1)
It signifies that the actions have some effects but it will not cause any quantifiable damage or benefit to the attributers concerned.
(b) Marginal Impacts (Score + 2)
The activities and their environmental impacts are judged to be slightly significant or significant but for short term, the score is assigned to be 2.
(c) Significant Impacts (Score + 3)
The activities and their environmental impacts are judged to be significant or reversible, the score is assigned to be 3.
(d) Highly Significant Impacts (Score + 4)
The activities and their environmental impacts are judged to be significant, and irreversible, the score is assigned to be 4.
The (+) sign signifies positive impact and (-) sign signifies negative impact on the concerned environmental attributes.
4.5.3 Matrix Development
The environment impact evaluation matrix, for the proposed project, with mitigation measures for all the adverse impacts, have been formulated and presented in Table No. 4.4. Their respective cumulative impact matrices are presented in Table No. 4.5.
T. R. Associates (Ahmedabad) Chapter-4: Env. Impacts & Mitigation Measures NABET Accredited 4.10