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Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations

Meita Annisa Nurhutami English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT The research is a descriptive study of the representation of the cultures of Italy, India, and Indonesia in the novel Eat, Pray, Love (2006). The purpose of the research is not only to depict the way the traveler represents the three countries, but also to reveal the traveler’s manner towards the differences of the host cultures – Italy, India, and Indonesia – compared to her cultural origin. As a novel which contains travelling experiences and descriptions about the host culture, Eat, Pray, Love shows the tendency of the writer’s supreme attitude towards the cultures of the three countries. To answer the formulated research problems, the study uses Victor Segalen’s (2001) notions of Exoticism which emphasizes exoticism as the notion of difference: the perception of diversity. The research employed qualitative approach and was presented in a descriptive method. The findings of the study show that the three countries are exotic destinations in terms of their cultural, religious, and economic levels. The cultures of the three countries are exotic characterized by three aspects: the existence of the observer’s desires towards the observed object, the ability of the observed object in fulfilling the observer’s desire for exotic experience, and the remoteness of the observed object. From the analysis, it is found that the traveler gradually respects and appreciates the heterogeneity of the host culture’s world views.

Keywords: Representation, Travel Writing, Exotic, Exoticism, Supremacy

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Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations

INTRODUCTION People love traveling. For some better or superior to the one(s) we are people who love writing and comparing to. This usually happens in traveling, their travelling experiences travelling when one visits a place or are expressed in travel writing. Travel country which has a different or writing is usually written to reflect a contrasting culture. different feeling that lingers after Travelers’ descriptions of having a journey. Travel writing is a places that they have visited reveal genre which was born in 18th century their perceptions of themselves. An when British travelers expanded to Italian scholar, Papa (1991), identifies every corner of the world which was the presence of traveler’s subjectivity driven by varied motives (Bohls & in a travel writing. Apart from Duncan, 2005). This writing is objective information given in the written in many forms such as text, a travel writing expresses the conventional travel writing, guide author’s personality and his/her book, reportage and novel (Forsdick, curiosity of the “other”. Thus, 2005). sometimes a writing of this genre Bryan Lawson’s The Language implies the writer’s self-supremacy of Space (2001) asserts that people towards the culture of places that are start to make decisions according to visited. how they feel about the place. As Eat, Pray, Love (2006) written human beings, we tend to search for by Elizabeth Gilbert is an example of values of the culture of a place we travel writing. The book tells a live in. This is especially true when journey of the writer herself who we visit a new place and culture for searched for pleasure and divinity the first time. In this situation, we throughout three countries: Italy, tend to judge other people’s behavior, India, and Indonesia. It tells about the belief, custom, then compare them to interaction between Gilbert and the those of our own. This attitude leads locals in the three different cultures. It to an unavoidable tendency of is interesting to see whether Eat, viewing our own culture as being Pray, Love also represents the writer’s supreme attitude towards the other. 72

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Said in Orientalism argues that preoccupation with non-European travel books feature is one example of cultures. Therefore, his immersion the orientalist discourse (Said, 1991). into this culture was fueled the desire It is aimed to naturalize the Orient to preserve differences rather than by into Western knowledge in order to fear of the other. facilitate and legitimize Western METHODOLOGY imperialism (Ropero, 2003). This practice can be found, for example, in The research is conducted by using Rudyard Kipling’s The Ballad of East qualitative approach by connecting and West. The opening of the ballad: the issue of representation of cultural “Oh, East is East, and West is West, differences with the portrayal of and never the twain shall meet,” was Italian, Indian, and Indonesian popularly criticized by many scholars cultures. To answer the research as Kipling’s prejudicial attitude problems of this study, the research towards the culture of the East and uses content analysis to collect the West. The prejudice presents the East data. The analysis involves the and the West social position identification of attributes referring to addressed by the author of the travel each of the three countries as exotic writing. Although the memoir is destinations based on Victor Segalen written a few decades after Said notions of Exoticism. In addition, it discusses the West supremacy in also involves the identification of the portraying the ‘Other’, Eat, Pray, main character’s perception of and Love has a similar tendency of and attitude towards the places and presenting the narrator’s superiority characters she interacts with. over the three countries in the novel. The theory of Exoticism This research uses Victor suggested by Victor Segalen is used Segalen’s (2001) concept of as a foundation to reveal the portrayal Exoticism. Segalen was a French poet of Italian, Indian, and Indonesian novelist, archeologist and cultural cultures. According to Segalen analyst. He was the one who attempts (2001), exoticism is the notion of to define ‘true Exoticism’. Segalen’s difference, the perception of diversity, idea of defining ‘Exoticism’ was the knowledge that something is other motivated by his lifelong than one’s self. Exoticism is an 73

Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations expression of a special curiosity for ethnocentricity, which occurs in the foreign people and foreign lands. It eighteenth century travel writing, or emphasizes diversity and variety, shifts the social positions of the three instead of unity of mankind. countries. Supremacy concerns the Exoticism, in this research, is the state of being superior to others character’s special curiosity for (Shipley, 1964). In the context of this cultural products, social life views, research, the state of being superior and the religious views seen through refers to the feeling of being superior her perception and descriptions as the of the character in terms of her social character immerse into the observed life view and religious view in view objects. These notions are used as the of the three countries’ social and basis of the identification of attributes religious views. The superiority is representing the cultures of the three. reflected when the character as the The researcher seeks for descriptions observer consider her own social life which show the exoticism of the and religious views as being better character towards the three countries. than those of in the three countries. The collected data findings are The manner is identified by seeing the then categorized using Oueijan’s character’s attitude when she (1998) belief that the ‘exotic’ label compares the views and perceptions given by the subject to the ‘observed of the three countries’ views and objects’ occurs at several levels: analyzed through the characteristics cultural, economic, religious, and of ethnocentric and ethno-relative political levels. He believes that stages. through those levels the East could ‘satisfy’ the Western desire for an FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION exotic experience. These levels are People see something as ‘exotic’ used to categorize the description. because they have a desire to see it. The data findings, then, are The ‘exotic’ label is given to someone assessed in accordance with the issue else or something because those of the research, namely supremacy, ‘object’ or ‘place’ fascinates and by applying Edward Said’s theory of creates a desire on the part of the Orientalism to see whether the author viewers (Santaolalla, 2000). The expresses a cultural prejudice or 74

Passage2013,1(3), 71-85 given label to the observed objects objects through her exaggerated occurs through four levels: cultural responses. In the previous part of this level, religious level, economic level, chapter, Gilbert has a desire for and political level. Through those learning and practicing Italian levels, the observed object could language in Italy, creating a fantasy of ‘satisfy’ the viewer’s desires for romance whenever she sees the Italian exotic experiences (Oueijan, 1998). men, and enjoying homemade The following passage will reveal the culinaries. In India, Gilbert is representation of Italy, India, and fascinated by the natives. The natives Indonesia in terms of their levels and are the figure of strong women she types of exoticism as found in the found during her journey and the novel Eat, Pray, Love. figure of influential spiritual teacher who led her to get divinity experience Italy, India, and Indonesia of ‘meeting’ with God. Also, Gilbert represented as exotic destination is also fascinated by the way religious To answer the question whether Italy, rituals were performed in Ashram. India, and Indonesia are represented Gilbert does not really show her as exotic destinations, three desire when she was in Bali but she is characteristics proposed by fascinated by the Balinese notion of Santaolalla, Oueijan, and Youngs are balance. used as a reference. The first is the The ability of the observed ability of the observed object to gives object in fulfilling the observer desire a fascination and raise the observer’s for exotic experience is the second desire. Santaolalla (2000) suggests reference of the Italy, India, and that anything can seem exotic to Indonesia’s representation as exotic another as long as the observer’s destinations. Oueijan (1998) believes desire to view the object exists. that the observed object can raise the In Eat, Pray, Love, Gilbert observer’s desire and therefore the shows her desire explicitly by observer needs the object to fulfill confessing that she really wants to their desire to experience something experience a balance of worldly different and pleasurable. The pleasure and divinity. In addition, she observer’s desire can be seen from the also shows her desire to the observed 75

Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations motivation of the observer to visit the having dialogue with Ketut Liyer, the different places. medicine man, and spending her night Gilbert’s main purpose of by meditating. taking a journey to the three countries The observed object can fulfill is to obtain the feeling of peace. She the observer’s desire for interesting believes that the peace can be found experiences in some levels. by experiencing a balance life of According to Oueijan (1998), there worldly pleasure and spiritual are five levels of exoticism which can experiences. Gilbert believes she can be fulfilled by the observed object; get the worldly pleasure experience in the cultural level, religious level, Italy. The major manifestation of economic level, and political level. Italian worldly pleasure can be Based on the research findings, there encountered by practicing the are three levels of exoticism which beautiful Italian language with the fulfill Gilbert’s desire; the cultural natives and enjoying the culinaries. In level, religious level and economic India, Gilbert gets her spiritual level. The representation of the three experience by practicing various countries as exotic destinations found meditation and other rituals such as in the novel is revealed through those chanting. After having the spiritual levels. activities as a routine, Gilbert begins In Eat, Pray, Love, Italy is to feel the peace. She believes that the presented as being exotic on the combination of worldly pleasure and cultural level. There are three cultural spiritual experience can be found in attributes which are prominent in the Bali. In her view, Bali is a place representation of Italy namely where people can find a balance life. language, natives, and culinaries. The Gilbert perceived a balance as as three aspects of the cultural levels are having pleasurable activities and represented as something beautiful spiritual/religious routine activities. and magical. It is demonstrated by the These pleasures are the experiences emergence of some adjectives that she never have when she was in her refer to the beautiful and magical homeland, such as spending her things. The adjective are used in morning by reading a book in the describing the feelings that Gilbert garden, spending her evening by has when she saw and experienced 76

Passage2013,1(3), 71-85 the observed objects, such as superficially but deeply into the describing the Italian language philosophical meaning she comes to pronunciation as a singing sparrow, a understood. magic trick, and a truffle. She uses In Eat, Pray, Love, Bali is an her familiar experiences in the past to exotic destination too. It is describe the feelings she experienced represented as a place where beauty, during her childhood in her balance and mystery can be found. homeland. Regardless of the stereotypes out India is also represented as an there about the exotic Bali, Gilbert exotic destination in terms of its shows a response and a description cultural and religious levels. The that refers to the characteristics scenic views and natives of India are possessed by the Balinese. The exotic represented as something really Bali is seen from its cultural, strange but interesting. This is clearly religious, and economic level. The shown on every description of them. viewed aspects of cultural level are The extreme weather, the barren the scenic views and the natives. The landscape which shows poverty, scenic views she sees are represented excessive attitudes towards sacred as a beautiful thing and being related objects, and the view about women to the balance. For example, when are four things which are perceived as Gilbert saw the reflection of the being different and strange to Gilbert. evening sky in the fields she regards it At the religious level, religious as the beautiful scenery and a figures and rituals are represented as wonderful thing. She interprets the very devotional, influential, view as a reflection symbol of mysterious and beautiful things. balance between human and Gilbert comes to those representations God/Universe. as a result of the religious figure’s Youngs (2006) proposes that facial expression and personality. The something is interesting and exotic representation of the religious because it is remote and different. practice is determined by the rhythm, Even though the object or the activity meaning, mood, and harmony at the may be taken as ordinary things by performance of chanting ritual. the natives, as a new comer, Gilbert Gilbert perceives them not just still perceives them as extraordinary 77

Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations things. For instance, when Gilbert Perception: ethno-relativity hears a new Italian phrase from her Alan Corners (2004) emphasizes that Italian friend she suddenly declares perception towards differences are that she loves it even though it has a often shaped by what has been flat meaning. believed and what is already known. Segalen’s (2001) statement in A person cannot truly aware of the previous paragraph about his/her own cultural programming appreciating the existence of until he/she experiences being in heterogeneity indicates that the another culture. Corners believes that position of every human and culture the background and history of our is differently valued in each culture country of origin also plays a major and there is no statement like 'better role in governing the behavior than others'. In relation to the creation towards the other. The perception of judge, Said (1978) asserts that the which is revealed in the novel nineteenth-century Europeans creates indicates the existence of Gilbert’s stereotype towards the non-European manner and attitude towards cultural as indolent, thoughtless, sexually differences. The exposure of the immoral and unreliable. Said’s observer’s manner leads to the answer account on the Orient that is to the question whether the observer stereotyped by the nineteenth century feels superior or not. Europeans conquerors implies that the The three countries, Italy, feeling of superiority appears when India, and Indonesia are different in one compares and assesses the object terms of cultures from the culture he/she saw to their culture of origin. where Gilbert comes from. Gilbert The emergence of this superiority realizes the differences she may have an impact on being encounters in the three countries. ethnocentric which can lead to a racist Gilbert compares and contrasts and discriminative attitude. The several social views of her culture of following part describes Gilbert’s origin and the host culture. For attitudes of dealing with differences example, Italian, as described in the she found in the three countries. previous section, has a different view about ‘having fun’ or ‘pleasure’. After having a conversation with her 78

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Italian friend, Gilbert finds that change of expectation she made when Americans are poor when it comes to she was still in her homeland. Gilbert enjoying their spare time. She admits creates several perceptions that she that Italians know better of how to get expects to find when she arrives in the a pleasure experience. In India, she destination places. The expectation feels that Indians has an excessive she creates is her imagination that she attitude towards sacred things. hopes will be similar to the reality she However, she also sees a good side of will encounter. The background the devotional attitude. This can be knowledge and cultural background seen, for example, when she saw a of the observer, Gilbert, influences boy who dressed up, while she herself the change of perception. appears in a messy cloth. Similarly, in Consequently, the perception can Indonesia (specifically in Bali), the change in times. life principles shared by the natives of The most prominent change of Bali, for Gilbert, are applicable. She perceptions is the chane in her also realizes that there are some life perception of the natives and the principles that may not be suitable in social life views in India and her culture of origin because they are Indonesia (specifically in Bali). completely different, such as the Gilbert changes her perception of the principle of living in a clan. The idea of religious figures in India. The examples of Gilbert's attitudes toward perception constitutes the ideal figure the cultural differences above show of spiritual teachers and the idea of that she enjoys recognizing and religious rituals called chanting. exploring cultural differences without When she was in her claiming that her own cultural view is homeland, she perceives Swamiji, the better than the other. As stated by most influential spiritual teacher, as a Bennet (1998), people who tend to be powerful and intimidating person. For ethno-relative are aware that their Gilbert, the personality of the spiritual behavior and values are not the only teacher does not fit her idea. When good way to be in the world. she was in America, the ideal figure It is also found that Gilbert’s she constructed is a living, lovely, perception changes in some ways. feminine and modern (university- The change of perception is the educated) person. The perceptions are 79

Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations influenced by her cultural background “paradise” which sticks as the image as the ‘New Englander generation of Bali. The concept of balance is who believes that skepticism and perceived as a balance between pragmatism are her intellectual pleasure and divinity. In reality, as heritage’ (p.164-165). In addition, the she arrives in Bali, the concept of background knowledge she got about balance is more complex that she ever the history of the relation between thought. She realizes that her Western and spiritual teachers which perception does not suit the idea of raised chaos influences her grealty. balance in the Balinese perspective. However, Gilbert’s thought about the When she was still in America, ideal religious figures changes after Gilbert believes that the word her arrival in Swamiji’s birthplace – “paradise” refers to an innocent place India. The changes occur because where history of violence never Gilbert feels an emotional closeness occurs. Gilbert’s previous idea of to him as she arrives and reads a lot of paradise is depicted when she reads Swamiji’s life journeys. the textual information about the The perception of religious Balinese history which reveals the rituals also changes. As Gilbert heard other side of Bali. about the word “chanting”, she refers People can assess something it as a boring and scary ritual. When positively or negatively depending on she celebrates New Year’s Eve the background knowledge they together with other people she does possess. It affects the way people not know in India, she feels that the interact and respond to the differences atmosphere of chanting is beautiful they experienced. Because and harmonious. The performance of judgements are influenced by the ritual which is held in a beautiful background knowledge, people create rhythm and sounds including the expectations before they arrive in the cheers of the other people changes destination. The assessment could Gilbert’s perception about the idea of change when they see the reality. chanting. In Eat, Pray, Love, Gilbert In Bali, Gilbert also changes shows her superiority in a smaller and her perception of the concept of ‘soft’ scale than the scale evoked by balance and the idea of the word some authors before her whom Said 80

Passage2013,1(3), 71-85 criticized in his works. In addition, Indonesia as exotic destinations can compared to the nineteenth century be seen through three levels of Europeans’ stereotype of the Other exoticism; cultural level, religious which Said (1978) states, Gilbert’s level, and economic level. The levels representation of the three countries, of exoticism are the points which especially India and Indonesia (Bali), determine the level of the observed is contrastive. However, the attitude is objects’ ability to fulfill the developmental as she arrives and observer’s desire for an exotic immerses herself into the host experience. According to Gilbert, cultures. Italy is exotic due to its cultural level The attitude is shown by the which includes the language, natives, positive changes of perceptions which and culinaries. Different from the first results in her appreciation and respect destination, India is appealing for the cultural differences. The because of its religious aspects such changes of perceptions indicate that as religious figures and rituals which Gilbert is open-minded towards the fulfill Gilbert’s desire for a devotional world view. In conclusion, Gilbert experience. Finally Indonesia, Gilbert finds the three countries as the exotic believes that the country is fascinating destinations and being different to her in that they have a balance in worldly country of origin. Regardless of the and spiritual pleasures which weaknesses of each country’s manifests clearly in the social life in worldview, Gilbert sees the cultural the island of Bali. worldview as being cultural relative. Gilbert considers Italy, India, It shows that Gilbert is aware that and Indonesia as being different to each culture cannot be assessed her own homeland but still have objectively by comparing it to her similar positions in the social level. culture of origin as the center of The social level is seen through her superiority world view and the world view of the natives of three countries which are CONCLUSION compared and contrasted. From the

Based on the results of data analysis, comparison, Gilbert is aware that some points can be concluded. First, each culture has different values and the representation of Italy, India, and is evaluated differently. Moreover, 81

Meita Annisa Nurhutami Eat, Pray, Love: The Representation of Italy, India, and Indonesia as Exotic Destinations she is aware that the differences does not always lead to a negative should be perceived as heterogeneity representation if the observer respects by respecting the badness and heterogeneity. However, the goodness of each culture. Compared perception itself is influenced by to the nineteenth Europeans’ background knowledge and the stereotype of the Other which Said motivation of the observer in (1978) states, Gilbert’s representation travelling to the destination countries. of the three countries, especially India The perception may also change as and Indonesia, is contrastive the observer sees the reality, and The perception of the immerses herself into and experiences observed object as an exotic thing the social lives of the target cultures.

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