1 | P a g e

A REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER POLLUTION IN , DISTRICT AND BHAVANI, DISTRICT REGIONS TAMILNADU,

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, CHIKKAIAH NAICKER COLLEGE, ERODE - 04

ABSTRACT

The present study perceives that textile dye effluents of Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani region have substantial volume of electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and heavy metals. The results point out that irrespective of the source, effluent properties exceeded permissible limits by the WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization/Federal Environmental Protection Agency for irrigation. The textile industry consumes a mixture of chemicals and huge amount of water during the production process. About 200 L of water are used to produce 1 kg of textile. The textile effluent can cause several health infections such as hemorrhage, ulceration of skin, nausea, skin irritation, and dermatitis.

Ground water samples have collected from different parts of Pallipalayam, , Tamilnadu, India and analysed for various water quality parameters during monsoon period. Effects of municipal sewage, agricultural runoff, dyeing effluents on the water quality have been investigated. The importance of pallipalayam is slow and steady growing city because of its power loom, dyeing industries, paper industry and textile business. This study involves determination of physical, chemical parameters of ground water. The ground water was found to be hard always due to its topographical nature. The determined values were compared with the standard values to assess the pollution load. The results revealed that most of the water samples were within the limits in a few aspects according to the water quality standards.

KEYWORDS : Water Pollution, Ground Water, Hardness, Dye Industries, Paper Industries, Textile Business, Heavy Metals, Physicochemical, Textile Dye Effluents

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 2 | P a g e

Textile effluent collected from Erode, Pallipalayam, determination of metallic elements, the dye effluent and Bhavani polluted regions, , India solutions were passed through 125 mm Whatman filter paper, and concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd, 1.1 INTRODUCTION Pb, and Cr were read on atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All analytical methods followed Environmental pollution is one of the most important procedures as described by APHA (2005). and vital nuisances of the modern world. Among them, industries are the utmost polluters of the native soil. Table 1: Textile effluent collected from Erode, Textile dyeing industry is one of the fast burgeoning Pallipalayam and Bhavani polluted regions production in India (80%), it consumes substantial volume of water and chemicals (Ahluwalia and Goyal PARAMETER ERODE PALLIPALAYAM BHAVANI 2007). It categorized by their high load of chemical Appearance Turbid Turbid Turbid oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), Color Brown Brown Brown total suspended solids, total dissolved solids (TDS), Odor Offensive Offensive Offensive extreme Ph values, and color adding to their odor (Kabra smell smell smell et al., 2013). However, their excess or insufficiency Turbidity- 89.6 84.5 69.6 caused severe damage to the soil, ground water, and NTU food chain production; which ultimately leads to be toxic TDS (mg/L) 6040 5327 5131 to human health (Cheraghi et al., 2011). In addition, EC 8330 7610 7330 cluster of dyeing factories do not have sufficient store for (μmho/cm) treating the effluents, and hence, it is release into the pH 8.75 7.51 7.42 river without proper treatment thus making the river Calcium 134 120 104 water unusable (Joo et al., 2007). As far as western Tamil (mg/L) Nadu is troubled the rivers Amaravathy, Noyyal, Cauvery, Magnesium 19 17 16 and Bhavani are polluted by the discharge of effluent (mg/L) water from the nearby industries. Many industries, of Chloride 1485 1455 1385 late have installed reverse osmosis plants to neutralize (mg/L) and recycle the effluents. In addition, characterization of Potassium 95 80 65 the effluent is important to resolve its reuse as a safe (mg/L) option due to its high water consumption. The present Sodium 2125 2050 1725 investigation was aimed to know the effect of dye (mg/L) industrial effluent on water quality of affected region. Sulfate 190 183 152 (mg/L) 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Phosphate 5.02 4.07 4.02 (mg/L) Collection of the Textile Effluent: COD (mg/L) 859 802 609

BOD (mg/L) 450 340 260 The effluent was collected from the textile industry Copper 13.21 12.34 10.40 situated at Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani in clean (mg/L) plastic cans and stored at 4°C for physiochemical Cadmium 12.61 11.49 10.87 analysis. The raw effluent was directly collected from the (mg/L) outlet of the industry. The physicochemical personas of Chromium 15.52 15.14 14.31 all the samples (Textile effluent) were determined. These (mg/L) include the pH in H2O using a glass electrode pH meter, electrical conductivity (EC), and TDS using the Lead (mg/L) 22.45 21.54 18.67 appropriate measuring devices. COD was determined using the titrimetric method, while dissolved oxygen TDS: Total dissolved solids, (DO) was determined before and after an incubation COD: Chemical oxygen demand, period of 5 days in the dark at 20°C by the alkaline–azide NTU: Nephelometric turbidity units modification of Winkler’s method. The BOD was EC: Electrical conductivity, estimated from the amount of DO present in each BOD: Biological oxygen demand sample before and after the incubation periods. For the

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 3 | P a g e

1.3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION critical limit of BOD for drinking water, 6 mg/L. The COD content of the samples also higher than the critical limit To assess the changes in the quality of textile effluent of of 250 mg/L. The BOD is the amount of oxygen essential water samples was collected from selected town of by bacteria while alleviate decomposable organic matter Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani taluks and analyzed to under aerobic conditions. The high value of COD various physicochemical characteristics as per the indicates high potency of organic as well as inorganic methods prescribed in Table 1. The water samples pollution in the water (Dasgupta et al., 2001). The collected from Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani taluk sodium content accounted maximum of about 2125 showed not much variation in pH recording 8.75, 7.51 mg/L in erode polluted regions, when compared to and 7.42, respectively, a small increase in pH above the Pallipalayam 2050 mg/L and Bhavani 1725 mg/L polluted critical limit of 6.5-8.5. The pH of the water sample region. Most of the industrial wastes and domestic indicates the neutral to alkaline nature which may be due sewage are rich in sodium and increase its concentration to the pressure of bicarbonate which undergo hydrolysis in natural waters after disposal. High concentration of in solution (Kulkarni and Pawar 2006). In general, the pH sodium in irrigation water affects soil permeability of of water varies due to changes in temperature, biological textile and leads to pudding and reduced rate of water activities, disposal of industrial wastes, and intake. In addition to sodium, the chloride content photosynthetic activities. In the present study, EC value accounted maximum of about 1455 mg/L in erode is found to be higher 8330, 7610, and 7330 μmho/cm polluted regions, when compared to Pallipalayam 1485 (Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani) compared to mg/L and Bhavani 1385 mg/L polluted region. Chloride is unaffected regions, which is outranges within the a major anion in waste water. Chloride concentrations maximum permissible limit of 2.25 ds/m for irrigation. increases due to increase in mineral content and EC is the capacity of a solution to conduct the electric produces salty taste in water as low as 100 mg/L current since most of the salts present in ionic forms, are concentration. Whereas, the sulfate content of the water therefore capable of concentration of salts because of samples were 190 mg/L (Erode), 187 mg/L discharge of industrial wastes of Erode, Pallipalayam, (Pallipalayam), and 152 mg/L (Bhavani). The calcium and Bhavani industrial area containing organic matter content of water sample ranged from 134, 120, and 104 from the localized source to water bodies whereas the mg/L (Erode, Pallipalayam and, Bhavani, respectively) turbidity ranged from 89.6, 84.5 and 69.6 units which exceeded the critical limit of 100 mg/L. The nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). It refers to the magnesium content was found to be 20, 17, and 16 mg/L amount of light that is scattered or absorbed by a fluid, in above-mentioned regions when compared to the it is measured in NTU based on the comparison of the unaffected regions which ranged between 12 and 48 scattering of light by a water sample with that of a mg/L. The potassium content was found to be 95, 80, and standard suspension of formalin. Whereas, in the 65 mg/L in above point out regions when compared to present investigation, the effluent released from trade the unaffected regions. Potassium is not insecure in was brown in color and had an offensive odor. The color water, but high concentration cause nerve and digestive of the effluent might be due to the presence of disorder (Kulkarni and Pawar 2006). Sulfate is found in biodegradable and nonbiodegradable high-molecular substantial quantity in all natural waters, particularly in weight organic compounds and high amount of arid and semiarid regions where natural water in general chemicals used during the processing and the odor may have high salt content. Further, the results on heavy be due to the processing of skin and hides by soaking and metal analysis of water samples also showed the liming. The yellowish brown color might be hindering the presence of heavy metals such as chromium, copper, penetration of sunlight causing depletion in the rate of cadmium, and lead. Water samples of affected regions oxidation process (Ravibabu et al., 2007). In addition, Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani recorded (15.52, 15.14, levels of total suspended solids (TSS) found in the and 14.31 mg/L) chromium; (22.45, 21.54, and 18.67 effluent (6040, 5327 and 5131 mg/L, respectively) were mg/L) of lead; (13.21, 12.34, and 10.40 mg/L) of copper, greater than that of the permissible limit (100 mg/L). The and (12.61, 11.49, and 10.87 mg/L) of cadmium. value was much greater than the tolerance limits (2100 Chromium, copper, cadmium, and lead contents of the mg/L) prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards. samples lies within the maximum permissible limits of However, BOD and COD of the water samples collected 0.05, 0.10, and 0.05 mg/L, respectively whereas, the lead from Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani regions ranged content of the samples exceeded the prescribed limit between 450, 340, and 260 mg/L, whereas the samples 0.01 mg l-1 for drinking water. In similar to our results, from unaffected regions recorded a BOD of 48-110 mg/L, Rajeswari et al. (2013) studied the various and a COD of 859, 802, and 609 mg/L; it exceeded the physicochemical parameters of textile effluents

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 4 | P a g e collected from Tirupur textile dyeing and common demand for groundwater. Untreated effluents contain effluent treatment plants (CETP) units. Their results substances that could endanger the aquatic life. revealed that the most of the parameters were not within the permissible limit of polychlorinated biphenyl 1.4 CONCLUSION (PCB) standard. The effluent samples were differentially colored, with pungent smell, and pH of the dyeing unit From the result of physicochemical analysis of textile had slightly above the neutral level and were within the effluents has been concluded that pH, EC, TDS, BOD, permissible limit where as in the case of CETPs were not COD, sodium, chlorides, potassium, calcium, magnesium, in the permissible limit. TSS in the dyeing as well as CETP sulfates, and trace metals are very high in concentration effluent was high in the range of 222-896 mg/L. TDS in compared to the standards prescribed by the WHO. The the textile dyeing effluent CETPs were very high in the results of the study showed that due to unsafe disposal range of 2459-3894 and 6801-9870 mg/L, respectively, of textile waste water on the bare land, the organic, and also were not within the permissible limit of PCB inorganic chemical compounds present in the effluent standard. The COD was in the range of 997-1124 and have leached and found their way into the ground water. 1987-2865 mg/L in dyeing and CETP effluent, Hence, the potable water in the industrial area was respectively. The values were very much higher than significantly contaminated with cadmium, chromium, maximum permissible limit of 120-400 mg/L according to lead, and copper which were used in the wet finishing PCB standard. The chlorides and sulfates were in the process of textile process and released along with the range of 1134-2865 and 786-2675 mg/L, respectively. effluent. In the past, several physical and chemical Chloride occurs in all natural waters in widely changing methods have been recommended for the treatment of concentrations. Excessive chloride in potable water is not wastewater but are not widely used because of the high particularly harmful and the criteria set for this anion are cost and secondary pollution that can be generated by based primarily on palatability and its potentially high excessive use of chemicals. In further, phytoremediation corrosiveness (Bhujangaiah and Nayak, 2005). Paul et al. is novel technology that uses green plants for cleaning up (2012) reported very high concentration of sulfide in the of contaminated sites, as it seems to be a cost-effective, ranges from 22 to 79 mg/L and average value is found to esthetically pleasant and may contribute to restore soil be 49 mg/L, which is about 25 times higher than Central structure. Pollution Control Board standards. The degradation of water quality cascades several other direct and indirect implications such as change in cropping pattern, decrease in agricultural productivity, soil salinity, and change in biology of river, and depleting water table around Tirupur area. Eswaramoorthi et al. (2008) reported that textile effluents contain trace metals which are capable of harming the environment. Dyes in water provide a bad color and can cause diseases such as hemorrhage, ulceration of skin, nausea, severe irritation of skin, and dermatitis (Nese et al., 2007). Ayas et al. (2007) were reported that heavy metal accumulation continuously disturbed the natural environment, particularly aquatic eco system. Prabha et al. (2013) reported that the presence of high Pb and Cd in the groundwater samples of and Anaipalayam do not show any impact on the groundwater quality of the region. The untreated textile effluents released from the industries onto the open land seeps into the aquifer and increase the concentration. EC, TDS, Na, and Cl contamination of groundwater in Tirupur has been reported in various places because of large number of dyeing and printing units within the study area. The water used in the process is almost entirely discharged as waste, the average being 150-175 L of waste water for every kilogram of fabric processed. This poses great

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 5 | P a g e

GROUND WATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND were collected in the month of July which is south –west PALLIPALAYAM IN TAMILNADU, INDIA monsoon. All the chemicals used were of AR Grade. For the analysis of pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness, sulphate and organic matter, standard procedures were followed. 2.1 INTRODUCTION Parameter Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 The quality of ground water in the different parts of ppm ppm ppm Pallipalayam is influenced by various natural processes Temperature 290C 290C 290C and anthropogenic activities. The entire array of life is Total 176.47 352.94 303.92 affected due to pollution in water.[1] In many areas, Hardness sewage and industrial effluent are disposed into the Permanent 102.94 142.15 102.94 Cauvery river without treatment in Pallipalayam and Hardness river water quality is slowly deteriorated. Consequently, Temporary 73.53 210.79 200.98 human health and crop yields are being affected or Hardness threatened everywhere. Physico–chemical Hydroxide 0 0 0 characteristics of river water affect the biological Alkalinity characteristics and it is an indication of the quality of Carbonate 50 70 30 water. This study investigates water quality trends and Alkalinity identifies the major sources of pollution in the ground Bicarbonate 110 195 220 water and also the objectives of the study area is to Alkalinity assess the present water quality through analysis of a TDS 261 432 408 few selected water quality parameters like pH, Dissolved 11.84 10.65 9.47 conductivity, TH, TDS, alkalinity etc. In this study an Oxygen attempt has been made to study the environmental PH 7.73 7.71 7.60 condition along the ground and predict the pollution Sodium 26 63 75 status. Potassium 3 13.6 1.6 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Sulphate 0.0323 0.164 0.135 Chloride 104.75 122.21 139.67 The water samples have taken from three different parts Conductance 0.409μ 0.64μ 0.620μ of Pallipalayam named as Allampalayam, Kadachanallur and Tajnagar. These areas are famous for power loom and industrial based areas in Pallipalayam. The samples have taken during the last week of July month. Allampalayam is at the center place between Thiruchengodu and Erode, both are industrial and agricultural areas. Kadachanallur area which is one of the power loom based area in Pallipalayam and it is nearby paper mill and Tajnagar area is also power loom based area and nearby Cauvery river and it is a Semi-arid area. During summer, the area faces acute shortage of water. Tajnagar water sample - Sample 1 Allampalayam water sample - Sample 2 Kadachanallur water sample - Sample 3 One litre polythene bottles were used for the collection of water samples for various quality parameter analyses. Prior to sample collection, all the bottles were washed with dilute acid followed by distilled water and before taking water samples the bottles were rinsed two times with the water to be collected at the sampling location. The sample bottles were labelled with date. Samples

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 6 | P a g e

2.3 CONCLUSION This study shows the samples can be used for domestic purpose. The industrial effluent like dyeing effluent, agricultural runoff, urbanization, domestic sewage etc., have not been affected much. The topography may be the one of the factor for hardness and alkaline nature. Usually the contaminations are taking place through soil easily. Since the sample 1 is collected in the rocky area, the pollution was not much. Among the three the sample 1 was better than the other two. The samples can be used after purifying them for drinking purpose.

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected] 7 | P a g e

REFERENCES

1. A. Gilbert Sunderraj*, Dr. T. Shanthi and M. Nagarajan, GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND PALLIPALAYAM IN TAMILNADU, INDIA.

2. Ganesan Sathiyaraj, K. Chellappan Ravindran*, Zakir Hussain Malik, Physicochemical characteristics of textile effluent collected from Erode, Pallipalayam, and Bhavani polluted regions, Tamil Nadu, India

AUTHOR : K. RANJITH*, A. MOHANAPRIYA EMAIL : [email protected]