D.G. Fautin, J.A. Westfall, P. Cartwright, M. Daly & C.R. Wyttenbach (eds), Coelenterate Biology 2003: Trends in Research on and Ctenophora. 557

Index

A Aglaophenia rathbuni,18 Aglaophenia rhynchocarpa,18 Abietinaria abietina, 323, 325 Aglaophenia tridentata,18 Abietinaria alexanderi,19 Aglaophenia triramosa,21 Abietinaria amphora,20 Aglaophenia tubulifera, 229 Abietinaria coei,19 Aglaopheniidae, 17, 199–200, 203–207, 323, 365–366, Abietinaria costata,19 370–371 Abietinaria gracilis,20 Aglaophenopsis distans, 18 Abietinaria kincaidi,19 Aglaophenopsis verrilli,18 Abietinaria pulchra,20 Aiptasia pallida, 117–118, 267–271, 361 Abietinella, 201, 228 Alaska, 5, 13, 17, 19–20, 22, 251–252, 255 Acontia, 117 Albatross Expedition, 13, 15–17, 22, 231, 237–239 Acropora, 326, 424, 469, 483 Alcyonacean, 406 Acrorhagi, 241–242, 245, 247–248 Alcyonarian, 13, 17, 22, 448 Acrozoanthus australiae, 180, 182, 186 Alcyoniidae, 399, 401, 438 Acryptolaria, 228 Alcyonium, 424, 440 Acryptolaria normani, 21, 22 Alcyonium acaule, 440 Acryptolaria symmetrica,20 Alcyonium digitatum, 399 Acryptolaria tizardensis, 21, 22 Aleutian Islands, 19–20 Actinia equina, 500, 501 Allan Hancock expeditions, 8–9 Actiniaria, 179, 189, 241, 497, 513 Allman, G. J. , 13, 22 Actinocoryne,86 Aminergic receptors, 35, 37–39 Actinocoryne contractilis,81 Ammonia, 267, 514, 519 Actinodendron, 190–191, 195 Amphiprion bicinctus, 513–517 Actinodendron arboreum, 189, 191–193 Amphisbetia kurilae,20 Adriatic Sea, 252 Anactinia pelagica, 263–264 Aeginidae, 251 Anaerobic, 554 Aequorea, 251, 533, 546 Anemonefish, 513–519 Aequorea aequorea, 251, 255 Anemoneshrimp, 514 Aequorea coerulescens, 530, 531, 532, 533 Anemonia viridis, 267 Aequoreidae, 251 Antennella, 199, 207 Aerobic, 554 Antennella biarmata,21 Africa, 399–401, 405, 408, 469–470 Antennella complexa,20 Agalmatid, 231, 237 Antennella recta,21 Agaricia, 424, 483 Antennella secundaria, 202–203 Agassiz, Alexander, 13, 17 Antennopsis distans,18 Agassiz, Louis, 13–14, 27–28 Antennopsis longicorna,18 Aggregations, 408, 433, 434, 440 Antennopsis nigra,18 Aglantha, 73, 75–79, 81–85, 87, 109–113 Antennopsis pacifica,21 Aglantha digitale, 73, 81–82 Antennularia, 207 Aglaophenia, 200, 207 Antennularia americana,18 Aglaophenia allmani,18 Antennularia geniculata,18 Aglaophenia aperta,18 Antennularia pinnata,18 Aglaophenia apocarpa,18 Antennularia rugosa,18 Aglaophenia bicornuta,18 Anthelia glauca, 400 Aglaophenia contorta,18 Anthoactis armauerhanseni, 264 Aglaophenia cristifrons,18 Anthomedusae, 321 Aglaophenia dubia,18 Anthopleura artemisia, 241, 244 Aglaophenia elegans, 18, 22 Anthopleura asiatica, 242 Aglaophenia flowersi,18 Anthopleura ballii, 241, 243, 461 Aglaophenia latecarinata,18 Anthopleura dowii, 243 Aglaophenia latirostris,18 Anthopleura elegantissima, 54, 241 Aglaophenia mammillata,18 Anthopleura handi, 242 Aglaophenia octocarpa,18 Anthopleura hermaphroditica, 242, 244–245, 247 Aglaophenia pluma, 203 Anthopleura japonica, 498, 500–502 558

Anthopleura krebsi, 242 Bedotella armata, 223–228 Anthopleura kurogane, 500–501 Benthic, 258, 261–265, 365, 373, 389, 390, 423, 439, 470, Anthopleura mariscali, 242 471, 489–491, 529, 533, 550 Anthopleura midori, 500–501 Bering Sea, 21 Anthopleura nigrescens, 241 Beroe cucumis, 161, 553 Anthopleura pacifica, 500–501 Biodiversity, 13, 189, 249–250, 257–258, 400, 429, 459, Anthopleura pallida, 243 497, 504, 549, 555 Anthopleura sola, 241 Bioelectric activity, 129–130 Anthopleura thallia, 241, 243–244 Biogenic amines, 35–38 Anthopleura xanthogrammica, 241 Biogeography, 241,243–244, 497, 502 Antho-RFamide, 117, 119 Bioluminescence, 16, 35–37, 75, 111, 549, 552, 554 Anthozoa(n), 24, 36, 49, 74, 79, 97, 110–111, Bipolar, 68, 91, 135, 138, 336, 533 117, 123, 150, 179–180, 189, 191, 195, 249, 253, 257, Black Sea, 150 261, 299–300, 417, 423, 455, 457, 497, 509 Bleaching, 433–434, 439–440, 447, 459–460, 462–465, Anthropogenic, 257, 485, 555 470–471, 475–476, 481–482, 484–486 Antigua, 13, 16, 22 Bolinopsis infundibulum, 155 Antilles, 16 Bolinopsis vitrea, 533 Anuropus bathypelagicus, 546 Bonneviella ingens,21 Arachnactidae, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 Bonneviella regia,19 Arachnactis, 261–262, 264–265 Bonneviella superba,21 Arachnactis albida, 261–263, 264 Bonneviellidae, 13, 22 Arctic, 242, 244, 383 Bosmina, 521 Artemia franciscana, 348 Bosmina longirostris, 521, 526 Artemia salina, 332 Botrucnidiferidae, 261–262, 264 Asexual reproduction, 258, 300, 310–311, 321, 331–332, Bougainvillea, 27–31 334, 339, 349, 373, 383, 408, 433, 435, 437–440 Bougainvillea principis, 27, 29 Assimilation, 267 Bougainvillea superciliaris,29 Astreopora, 469, 472, 474–476 Brachyscelus crusculum, 529, 531, 532, 533 Astreopora myriophthalma, 471 Brazil, 18, 19, 20, 223, 252, 347, 348, 369, 383 Athecate(s), 207, 320–322, 370 Briareum, 424 Athorybia rosacea, 531–533 Briareum asbestinum, 429 Atlantic Ocean, 19, 232, 241, 252, 374 British Columbia, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 27, 73, 426 Atolla, 251, 540–542, 544–545 Brooding, 247, 399, 404, 417 Atolla parva, 545 Bryozoan(s), 283, 284, 389, 393, 503, 509 Atolla russelli, 537, 542 Budding, 211, 215, 217, 220, 232, 233, 235–237, 276, Atolla vanhoeffeni, 251, 537, 541, 545 279–280, 300–303, 306, 309–313, 315, 316, 331–336, Atolla wyvillei, 541 339, 352, 436–438, 446, 504 Atollidae, 251, 541 Atorella japonica, 545 C Atorella octogonos, 545 Aurelia aurita, 49–50, 52–53, 56, 252, 256–257, 355, 373, Caenorhabditis elegans, 271 379–380 Calcification, 325, 477 Aurelia labiata, 252 Calcium, 36, 38, 69, 73–74, 86, 159, 161, 355–357, 359–362, Aurelia limbata, 252 447, 459, 485–486 Australia, 7, 211, 238, 249, 251–252, 255–256, 339–340, California, 3, 7–8, 17, 19, 136, 241, 251, 255, 259, 529–530, 383, 408, 412, 418, 433, 469, 518 532–533 Calliactis, 517 B Calliactis parasitica, 119 Calvin, Samuel, 14 Bahamas, 13, 16–22, 239, 285, 288, 451 Calvinia,21 Balea, 20–22 Calvinia mirabilis,18 Balea mirabilis,20 Calycella hispida,18 Balella, 20–22 Campanularia armata, 223–224 Balella mirabilis,20 Campanularia brevicaulis,21 Balellidae, 21, 22 Campanularia edwardsi,19 Barbados, 13, 16, 22, 212, 215, 217, 219–220 Campanularia eloisa,20 Barents Sea, 383, 386 Campanularia groenlandica,18 Bartholomea annulata, 267 Campanularia kincaidi,18 Bedotella, 201, 223–224, 228 Campanularia lineata,18 559

Campanularia minuta,19 Cnidocyst, 97–99, 101–102, 451, 454–455, 457 Campanularia reduplicata,19 Cnidogenesis, 169, 191 Campanularia regia,19 Contraction pulse(s), 64, 129 Campanularia ritteri,19 Copepod(s), 6, 81, 150, 474, 521–523, 525–527, 530, 532, Campanularia spiralis,21 537, 550, 553 Campanularia volubilis,19 Coral(s), 107, 143, 199, 211–213, 217, 221, 252, 267, Campanulariidae, 13, 22, 223–224, 322–323, 325 275–281, 283, 286, 288, 365–366, 389–390, 396, Campanulina rugosa,19 399–401, 405–408, 411–412, 416–418, 423–424, Campanulinidae, 199–201, 206 428–429, 433–434, 438–439, 443–449, 451, 456–457, Canada, 3–8, 13, 24, 27, 32, 35, 39, 73, 79, 229, 252 459–464, 469–478, 481–486, 489, 491, 498, 513, 518 Caribbean Sea, 3, 8, 288, 514 Cordylophora inkermanica, 320 Carybdea alata, 177, 335 Corhiza complexa,20 Carybdea marsupialis, 135–137, 177, 331–336 Coronatae, 249, 251, 253, 255, 256, 258, 301, 539, 544 Carybdea rastoni, 344 Corydendrium corrugatum,20 Caspian Sea, 150 Corydendrium minor,20 Cassiopea andromeda, 251, 255–256 Corynactis australis, 457 Cassiopea xamachana, 91–92, 251 Coryne brachiata,19 Cassiopeidae, 251 Coryne lovenii, 321 Catecholamines, 35–36 Coryne tubulosa, 98, 103 Catostylidae, 251 Craspedacusta, 521–522, 526–527 Catostylus mosaicus, 251, 257 Craspedacusta sowerbii, 331, 335, 521–522, 525 Ceriantharia, 180, 261–264 Cryptolarella, 228 Cerianthidae, 261–262, 264 Cryptolarella contorta,20 Chemoreception, 97, 102 Cryptolaria operculata,20 Chile, 20, 252 Cryptolaria symmetrica,20 Chirodropidae, 173, 251 Ctenophora, 3, 13, 27, 35, 41, 49, 59, 67, 73, 81, 91, 97, Chironex fleckeri, 143, 173, 176–177, 251, 335, 339 107, 117, 123, 129, 135, 145, 155, 165, 173, 179, 189, Chiropsalmus quadrigatus, 173–177, 251, 339–340 199, 211, 223, 231, 241, 249, 261, 267, 275, 283, 291, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus, 176, 344 299, 309, 319, 331, 339, 347, 355, 365, 373, 383, 389, Chlorophyll, 489, 491, 497–500, 522, 526 399, 411, 423, 433, 443, 451, 459, 469, 481, 489, 497, Chordata, 23 503, 513, 521, 529, 537, 549, 550 Chromatonema erythrogonon, 531–533 Cuba, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 347 Chrysaora achylos, 347 Cubomedusa(e), 49–50, 52, 110, 135–136, 140, 142–143, Chrysaora colorata, 347 173, 253, 331, 339–340, 344 Chrysaora fuscescens, 347, 379 Cubozoa, 74, 135, 173, 249, 251–253, 255–256, 258, 301, Chrysaora hysoscella, 347 331, 339 Chrysaora lactea, 347–352 Cyanea, 95, 109–111, 113, 119, 255–256 Chrysaora melanaster, 347 Cyanea capillata, 95, 113, 251, 255–256 Cilia, 55, 99–100, 137, 141, 145–148, 150–152, 155, 157, Cyanea lamarkii, 119 159, 453 Cyaneidae, 251 Cladocarpus carinatus,18 Cyclops, 526 Cladocarpus flexuosus,18 Cystonectae, 251 Cladocarpus grandis,18 Cytaeis capitata, 503–509 Cladocarpus obliquus,18 Cladocarpus septatus,18 D Cladocera, 521 Cladonema californicum, 373, 379 Dactylactis armata, 263–264 Cladonema radiatum, 49–50, 52, 321 Dactylactis benedeni, 264 Clathrozoidae, 199, 200, 201, 206 Dactylactis brachysoma, 264 Clava multicornis, 320–321 Decalcification, 452, 476 Clone(s), 35, 37–39, 110, 113, 250, 268–270, 292, 303–304, Deepstaria enigmatica, 543–544, 546 334, 361, 413–417, 439, 447, 554 Dendrophyllia cornigera, 229 Clytia edwardsi,19 Dentitheca dendritica,19 Clytia grayi,19 Depastridae, 252 Clytia hemisphaerica,19 Depastromorpha africana, 252 Clytia kincaidi,18 Dictyocladium aberrans,21 Clytia minuta,19 Dictyocladium flabellum,20 Clytia sargassicola,21 Dinoflagellates, See Zooxanthellae Clytia thornelyi,21 Diphasia alata, 229 560

Diphasia inornata,21 Gamete(s), 228, 276, 348–349, 365–366, 368, 370, 378, Diphasia paarmanni,20 380, 405–408, 438 Diphasia palmata,20 Gametogenesis, 399, 406–408, 412 Diphasia pulchra,20 Garveia annulata,19 Diphasia tropica,20 Gastropoda, 24, 503 Diplopteron grande,18 Goniopora stokesi, 474, 477 Diplopteron longipinna,18 Gonophore(s) , 228, 231–233, 235, 237–239, 309–311, Diplopteron quadricorne,18 315, 365, 370, 503–510 Dipurena reesi,98 Gonothyraea inornata,19 Discomedusae, 249, 256, 258 Gonothyraea loveni, 321, 323 Dispersal, 244, 258, 365, 408 Gorgonacea, 389 Distichopora, 251 Grammaria immersa,19 Drosophila, 136, 138, 143, 270, 271, 302–306 Great Barrier Reef, 182, 408, 411, 433–434 Drosophila melanogaster, 304 Growth rate(s), 6, 211–212, 215, 283, 287–288, 319, 320, Dynamena dalmasi,20 323, 325, 339–341, 343, 373–375, 377–378, 389–396, Dynamena disticha,20 423–424, 429, 433, 437, 439–440, 444, 513–514, 518 Dynamena pumila, 320 Growth ring(s), 339–340, 343–344 Gymnangium, 18, 20–21, 199, 204, 207, 370 E Gymnangium briani,20 Gymnangium gracilicaule, 205 Echinopora gemmacea, 471–473, 476 Gymnangium hians, 20, 370 Ecuador, 8 Gymnangium magnirostre,21 Eirenidae, 251 Gymnangium speciosum,18 Engodactylactis formosa, 263–264 Gymnangium tenuirostre,21 Entacmaea quadricolor, 460, 513–519 Ephyra(e), 50, 52–53, 56, 93, 95, 347–352, 355–362 Epiactis japonica, 500–501 H Epiactis prolifera, 242 Epischura, 526 Haleciidae, 199–202, 204, 206, 323, 371 Epithelial conduction, 73, 74, 76, 79, 86, 92, 109, 111, 151 Halecium corrugatum,18 Eudendrium album,18 Halecium geniculatum, 18, 22 Eudendrium rameum, 321 Halecium harrimani, 19, 22 Eunicea laxispica, 288 Halecium ornatum,19 Eunicella, 424 Halecium reversum,19 Euphysa,78 Halecium robustum, 19, 22 Euphysa japonica,75 Halecium scandens,20 Europe, 8, 17, 27, 32, 241 Halecium speciosum,19 Euthamneus, 529, 531–532 Halecium washingtoni, 18, 19 Euthamneus rostratus, 529, 531–533 Haliclystus auricula, 252 Eutonina indicans, 251 Halicornaria briani,20 Halicornaria flava,20 F Halicornaria longicauda,18 Halicornaria magnirostris,21 Faviinae, 424 Halicornaria tenuirostris,21 Fiji, 13, 16, 22, 182–185, 190, 192 Haliplanella luciae, 123, 498, 500–501 Flagella, 150 Halisiphonia, 223, 228 Florida, 14, 16, 18–20, 94, 107, 251, 414, 423–424, 430, Halisiphonia spongicola, 228 451–452, 489–491 Halocordyle disticha, 369 Flosmaris mutsuensis, 498, 500–501 Halopterididae, 17, 199–200, 202–204, 206–207, 365 Fluorescence, 45, 53, 69, 78, 125, 131, 152, 292–293, 296, alternata,19 355–357, 359–361, 452, 476, 554–555 Halopteris clarkei,19 Foerster, R. E., 7 Hargitt, Charles Wesley, 22 Fraser, Charles McLean, 3–4, 22–23 Harvard College, 8, 9, 27, 28 Frustule(s), 323–325, 331, 335–336, 383–387 Hawaii/Hawaiian Islands, 13, 16–17, 20–21, 251–252 Fungia granulosa, 275–280 Hebella spiralis,21 Hebellidae, 5, 22 G Hebellopsis scandens,21 Heterochrony, 283, 287–289, 319, 325 GABA, 59–65, 67, 69–70, 119, 142 Hexacorallia, 179, 180, 325, 411, 498, 499 Galapagos Islands, 8, 241 Hippocrene superciliaris, 27, 29 561

Hippopodius, 75, 79 Linuchidae, 251 Hippopodius hippopus,74 Locomotion, 49, 54–56, 165, 167, 194, 331, 335 Hippurella longicarpa,18 Lophelia pertusa, 229 Histocompatibility, 443–445, 447–449 Lovenella grandis,19 Hydractinia, 20–21, 49, 51, 54–56, 275, 302–304, 309–314, Low tide(s), 387, 470, 504, 509 322 Lucernariidae, 252 Hydractinia aculeata, 503 Lunar cycle, 408, 411, 414 Hydractinia echinata, 49–54, 321, 509–510 Lytocarpia, 19, 21 Hydractinia gorgonoides,20 Lytocarpia balei,21 Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, 302, 304–305, 313, 503 Lytocarpia benedicti,19 Hydractiniidae, 21, 509 Lytocarpia niger,21 Hydrallmania distans,18 Lytocarpia normani,19 Hydrallmania falcata, 320 Lytocarpus balei,20 Hydrocorals(s), 309, 320, 445, 447–449 Lytocarpus clarkei,18 Hydrodendridae, 21 Lytocarpus curtus,18 Hydrodendrium, 20, 21 Lytocarpus furcatus,18 Hydrodendrium gorgonoides,20 Lytocarpus hawaiensis,20 Hydromedusa(e), 7, 13, 27, 28, 49–50, 52, 54, 73, 75, 92, Lytocarpus similis,21 96, 109–111, 373–374, 379–380, 530–531, 533, 552 (n), 13, 23–24, 59, 91, 97, 101, 103, 165, 199, M 223, 231, 249, 251–253, 255–256, 258, 275, 300–302, 309, 319–321, 365, 383, 503, 521, 550 Macrorhynchia allmani,18 Hyperoche medusarum, 529, 531–533 Macrorhynchia balei,20 Macrorhynchia clarkei,18 I Macrorhynchia furcata,18 Macrorhynchia hawaiensis,20 Indonesia, 17, 21, 231, 503–505 Macrorhynchia philippina, 205, 367, 369 Indo-Pacific, 190, 276, 434, 513 Macrorhynchia similis,21 Infection, 445, 477 Maine, 5 Inhibitor(s), 36, 49, 52, 55–56, 59–60, 64–65, 69, 75, 79, Massachusetts, 5, 17–19, 27 119, 151, 157, 280, 313, 362, 417 Mastigias papua, 251, 255–256 Interspecific competition, 503 Mastigiidae, 251, 253 Interstitial cells, 405, 509 McMurrich, J. P. , 5–6 Intertidal, 185, 241, 412, 497–500 Mediterranean Sea, 229, 232, 383 Isanthus capensis, 498, 500–501 Medusa(e), 13, 27–28, 31, 50–52, 54–56, 73–74, 76–78, 91, 93, 110, 143, 173–177, 228, 249–250, 256–258, J 284, 299–304, 306, 331–332, 335, 339–341, 343, 344, 347–352, 365–366, 373–380, 383–387, 503–509, Japan, 8, 13, 17, 41, 173, 239, 242, 252, 366, 370, 389–391, 521–527, 529, 532–533, 537, 539, 541–542, 544–546, 395–396, 500, 514, 519, 537–547, 555 549–550, 552–554 Java, 8 , 249, 253, 256, 258 Metagenetic, 349, 352 K Metamorphosis, 50, 54–56, 177, 258, 276, 284, 301, 335, 339, 341, 343–344 Kirchenpaueriidae, 17, 199–201, 204, 206–207, 365 Metazoa, 38–39, 49, 86, 113, 257–258, 284, 443 Mexico, 8, 18, 20, 145–146, 242–244, 481–485, 529–534 L Microfilaments, 118 Microtubules, 135, 138 Lafoea adhaerens, 19 Migration, 6, 50, 96, 103, 257, 284, 521, 544 Lafoea contorta,20 Millepora dichotoma, 445, 447, 449 Lafoeidae, 22, 199–202, 204, 206, 223–224, 228 Millepora exaesa, 251 Laomedea inornata,19 Milleporidae, 251 Laysan Island, 15, 20, 21 Milleporina, 251 Leptomedusae, 251, 253, 321 Mitrocomella grandis, 251 Leptothecate(s), 22 Mitrocomidae, 251 Lictorella cervicornis,20 Mnemiopsis leidyi, 145, 156, 161 Limnomedusae, 251, 321, 373 Mnemiopsis mccradyi, 146, 150, 156 Lineolariidae, 199, 200, 201, 206 Modeeria rotunda,21 Linuche aquila, 251 Moerisia maeotica, 320, 321 Linuche unguiculata, 267, 462 Moerisia pallasi, 321 562

Monostaechas fisheri,21 New Zealand, 13, 16, 22, 50 Monotheca, 21, 199, 202–203, 207 Nitrogen, 267, 292, 519 Monotheca margaretta,19 Noctiluca miliaris,86 Monotheca obliqua, 370 North America, 3, 5, 8–9, 81, 241, 244, 383 Montastraea, 211, 424 North Carolina, 5, 15, 18 Montastraeaannularis,212,216–217,423,482–483,485 Norway, 22, 251, 255 Montipora aequituberculata, 471–473, 476 Nova Scotia, 3–5 Morphometric, 212, 226–228, 375, 378, 424, 428 Nuditheca,21 Mortality, 341, 387, 408, 433, 437, 439–440, 469–472, Nutrition, 128, 199, 206 474–477, 481–482, 484–486, 513–514, 523 Nutting, Charles Cleveland, 3, 5, 13–24, 200, 203, Mosaic, 84, 365–366 206–207 Mucus, 102, 445, 451, 454, 457, 469, 472, 473, 476, 478 Muscle cells/fibres, 56, 76, 85–86, 91, 151 O

N Obelia borealis,19 Obelia dubia,19 Narcomedusae, 169, 251 Obelia geniculata, 320, 323, 325, 383–387 National Museum of Natural History, see United States Obelia longissima, 19, 320–321, 386 National Museum of Natural History Obelia thornelyi,21 Nausithoe aurea, 348 Ocelli/ocellus, 29, 31, 50, 52, 53, 56, 135–139, 141, 143, Nausithoe maculata, 348 368, 541 Nausithoe punctata, 250–251, 255 Octocorallia/octocoral, 17, 24, 36, 283–289, 389, 395, Nausithoe racemosa, 251, 255 399, 401, 423, 439, 460–461 Nausithoidae, 251, 542 Ocyropsis crystallina crystallina, 532, 534 Nautanthus bathypelagicus, 264 Ontario, 4, 13, 24, 229 Nematoblast(s), 195 Opercularella hispida,18 Nematocyst(s), 17, 35, 67–69, 103, 117–120, 123, 126–128, Opercularella longicauda,21 165–169, 173–177, 179–186, 189–196, 199–207, Opercularella rugosa,19 224–227, 232, 236–237, 239, 347–348, 350–352, 360, Orthopyxis integra, 21, 320, 321, 369 366, 443, 451, 454–457, 503, 505–507, 509–510, 527, Orthopyxis sargassicola,21 542, 544 Ovactis brasiliensis, 264 Nematocyte(s), 68–69, 97–104, 117–120, 123, 126, 335, Oxycephalus clausi, 531, 532, 533 444 Nematophore(s), 17, 199–207, 224 P Nematothecae, 199–201, 203–204, 207, 223–228, 366, 370 Nemertesia americana,18 Pacemaker(s), 31, 67–69, 75, 77–78, 82, 85, 94–96, 359, Nemertesia distans,18 361 Nemertesia geniculata,18 Pacific Biological Station, 3, 5–7 Nemertesia longicorna,18 Pacific Ocean, 3, 8, 231, 276, 390, 391, 401 Nemertesia nigra,18 Pacific Science Association/Congress, 3, 6–8 Nemertesia pacifica,21 Pacifigorgia elegans, 286–287 Nemertesia pinnata,18 Palythoa caesia, 180, 181 Nemertesia rugosa,18 Palythoa tuberculosa, 180 Nephtheidae, 440 Panama, 18, 211–215, 217, 220, 417 Nerve(s), 27–31, 36, 41–46, 50, 52–56, 67–69, 73–79, Papua New Guinea, 190, 252, 518 81–83, 86–87, 91–92, 95–96, 109–111, 118–119, 135, Paracondylactis hertwigi, 500–501 138, 141–142, 151, 155, 158 Parascelus typhoides, 531, 532, 533 Nerve net(s), 27, 36, 41–46, 78–79, 91–92, 109–111, 142, Parasite(s), 6,165, 529, 550, 554 151, 155, 158 Parazoanthus axinellae, 180 Nerve ring(s), 29–31, 44, 50, 78, 82, 85–86, 109–110, 135, Parazoanthus parasiticus, 411–413, 415, 416, 417–418 138, 140–142 PAUP, 250, 253, 287, 303 Nervous system, 27–29, 31, 35, 41, 43–44, 46, 49–50, 52, Pegea socia, 534 56, 68, 77, 82, 92, 107, 108–109, 111–113, 117–118, Pelagia noctiluca, 347, 531, 532, 533 142, 143 Pelagiidae, 252, 347, 351, 352 Neural pathway, 36, 117, 118, 119, 120, 160 Peptide(s), 41–44, 49–52, 54–56, 68, 78,111, 445 Neuropeptide(s), 35, 41–46, 49–51, 54–55, 109, 111, 119, Periphylla periphylla, 251, 255, 258, 539, 540 141 Periphyllidae, 251, 539 Neurotransmitter(s), 35–37,49, 55, 61, 67, 69, 78–79, Perisarc, 199, 203, 226, 293, 311, 320–323, 325, 365–367, 111–112, 114, 117–119, 142, 359, 361 370, 385, 387, 503, 505, 507, 509 563

Perna perna, 348 Q Peru, 3, 8 Phacellophora camtschatica, 252 Queen Charlotte Islands, 5, 7 Phenotypic, 257, 293, 423–424, 429, 443, 448 Photosensitivity, 50, 129, 131, 132, 135 R Photosynthesis, 513, 518 Phylogeny, 107, 113, 152, 241, 250, 256, 258, 286, 549 Recruitment, 67, 91, 376, 383, 399, 408, 429–430, 433, Physalia physalis, 251, 255 439–440 Physaliidae, 251 Red Sea, 401, 404–406, 408, 445, 447, 513–519 Planula(e), 49–56, 261, 276, 347–349, 365–366, 369–370, Regeneration, 94, 99–100, 206, 275–280, 312, 331–332, 383, 386–387, 391–392, 394–395, 411, 416–418 334–336, 349–350, 447, 478 Platygyra, 326, 424, 469 Renilla, 110, 111, 125 Pleurobrachia pileus, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161 Renilla koellikeri, 35, 36 Plexaura flexuosa, 287–288, 423–429 Reproduction, 17, 59, 135, 143, 228, 258, 284, 288, 321, Plexaura kuna, 461 331, 344, 365–366, 370, 373–374, 379, 383–384, Pliarcularia globosus, 504, 505, 508, 509 386–387, 391, 395, 399–401, 407–408, 411, 417, Plumularia alleni,18 435–436, 439, 482, 503, 513, 526, 534 Plumularia alternata,19 RFamide, 42–43, 45, 49–56, 117, 119, 135–136, 141–143 Plumularia altitheca,19 Rhizocaulus eloisa,20 Plumularia camarata,21 Rhizostomeae, 96, 249, 251, 252, 253, 255, 258, 331 Plumularia clarkei,19 Rhodopsins, 136, 141 Plumularia corrugata,19 Plumularia delicata,21 S Plumularia dendritica,19 Plumularia flabellata,21 Salpa cylindrica, 534 Plumularia floridana,19 Sanderia malayensis, 347, 352 Plumularia goodei,19 Sapphirina nigromaculata, 531–532 Plumularia hargitti,21 Sarsia mirabilis,27 Plumularia inermis,19 Sarsia producta, 320 Plumularia jordani,21 Sarsia tubulosa, 74–75, 320, 369 Plumularia milleri,21 Schizotricha dichtoma,19 Plumularia palmeri,19 Schizotricha grande,18 Plumularia paucinoda,19 Schizotricha longipinna,18 Plumularia profunda,19 Schizotricha parvula,19 Plumularia setacea, 19, 206 Schizotricha profunda,19 Plumularia virginiae,19 Schizotricha quadricorne,18 Plumulariidae, 13, 17, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, Scleractinia, 276, 408 224, 323, 325, 365, 370, 371 Scyphistomae, 347, 349, 352 Pocillopora, 268, 424 Scyphomedusae, 91–93, 95, 96, 111, 253, 373, 379–380, Pocillopora damicornis, 408 416, 537, 540, 541, 543, 544 Pocillopora verrucosa, 400 Scyphozoa, 91, 249, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 258, 347, Polarity, 331, 335 355 Polymorphism, 426, 448, 509 Sea anemone(s), 54, 107, 109, 111, 117–120, 123, 126, Polyorchis, 31, 76–78, 85, 110 189–190, 194–196, 241, 258, 267, 269, 271, 361, Polyorchis penicillatus, 31, 50, 54, 75, 85 459–461, 497–498, 500–501, 513–519 Polyplumaria flabellata, 229 Sea fan(s), 286–287, 389, 429 Polyplumularia armata,19 Secretion, 37, 75, 146, 445, 484 Poralia rufescens, 542–546 Sediment/sedimentation, 220, 261, 457, 482, 503, 507–510 Porifera, 23, 24 Selaginopsis cylindrica,20 Porites lutea, 471, 472, 473, 476, 477 Selaginopsis hartlaubi,20 Predation, 6, 123, 393, 406, 482, 510, 513–514, 516, Selaginopsis ornata,20 518–519, 521–522, 525–527 Selaginopsis plumiformis,20 Proboscidactyla menoni, 251 Semaeostomeae, 249, 251, 253, 255–256, 347, 355, 542, Proboscidactylidae, 251 545 Protopalythoa heliodiscus, 179, 417, 418 Sensory cell(s), 41–46, 68–70, 76, 98, 103, 117–120, 129, Protopalythoa mutuki, 181, 185, 186 131–132, 151 Pseudoplexaura porosa, 417 Sertularella areyi,20 Pseudopterogorgia americana, 285, 287 Sertularella complexa,20 Pterotrachea hippocampus, 532, 533, 534 Sertularella crenulata,21 564

Sertularella diaphana, 21, 370, 371 Strobilation, 301, 344, 347, 349–350, 356 Sertularella elegans,20 Stylasteridae, 251, 325 Sertularella gigantea, 320 Stylasterina, 251 Sertularella hartlaubi,20 Subtidal, 383–384, 498 Sertularella levinseni,20 Symbiont(s), 245, 412, 457, 459–465, 514, 517–518, 534, Sertularella magna,20 554 Sertularella megastoma,20 Symbiosis/symbiotic, 245, 267, 412, 456, 459–463, 465, Sertularella meridionalis,20 477, 503, 513–515, 519, 529–530, 534 Sertularella minuta,20 Sympatric, 182, 241, 370 Sertularella pellucida, 321 Symplectoscyphus elegans,20 Sertularella quadrata,18 Symplectoscyphus levinseni,20 Sertularella rugosa,19 Symplectoscyphus milneanus,20 Sertularella saccata,19 Symplectoscyphus minutus,20 Sertularella solitaria,20 Synapses, 52, 56, 74, 76, 78, 86, 92, 97–98, 101–104, Sertularella tanneri,20 109–113, 117–120, 142, 151, 158, 359 Sertularella torreyi,21 Syntheciidae, 17, 365 Sertularia challengeri,20 Synthecium rectum,20 Sertularia dalli,19 Synthecium robustum,20 Sertularia flowersi,20 Synthecium tubithecum,20 Sertularia mayeri,20 Syracuse University, 22 Sertularia nana, 321 Sertularia pourtalesi,20 Sertularia rathbuni,20 T Sertularia snyderi,21 Sertularia staurotheca, 321 Thecate(s), 199, 200, 204, 320–322, 370 Sertularia stookeyi,20 Thecocarpus, 19, 21, 199, 207 Sertularia suensoni, 321 Thecocarpus balei,21 Sertularia versluysi,20 Thecocarpus benedicti,19 Sertulariidae, 13, 17, 321, 322, 324, 325, 365, 370, 371 Thecocarpus brevirostris, 204, 205 Settlement, 276, 334–335, 349, 369, 384, 387, 446 Thecocarpus niger,21 Siboga Expedition, 13, 17 Thecocarpus normani,19 Sibogella, 21, 22 Thuiaria carica, 321 Sibogella armata,21 Thuiaria coei,19 Sinularia flexibilis, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440 Thuiaria costata,19 Smithsonian Institution, See United States National Thuiaria dalli,19 Museum of Natural History Thuiaria elegans, 19, 22 Soft corals, 399–401, 407, 417, 433–434, 439, 444, 446 Thuiaria immersa,20 Solmundella bitentaculata, 251 Thuiaria kincaidi, 19, 22 South Africa, 251–252, 255, 399, 401, 405, 408 Thuiaria laxa,20 Spain, 223–224, 229 Thuiaria mereschkowskii, 321 Spatial distribution, 41, 43, 508 Thuiaria tetrastriata, 321 Spawning, 50, 247, 365–366, 368–370, 376, 399, 401, Thuiaria zachsi, 321 403–408, 411–417, 423–425, 429, 434, 437–438 Thysanostoma thysanura, 251 Spirocyst(s), 118–120, 180, 451, 454–457 Tiburonia granrojo, 252, 543–544, 546 Stanford University, 8, 14 Torres Strait, 183–184 Statocyst(s), 50, 82, 155–156, 300, 341, 368, 541–542 Toxicity, 87, 359 Stauridiosarsia producta, 101, 102 Transparency, 137, 549 Stauromedusae, 249, 252–253, 255, 256 Transplantation, 315 Staurozoa, 249, 256 Tridentata distans,20 Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 17 Tridentata flowersi,20 Stechowia, 21, 22 Tridentata marginata,20 Stechowia armata,21 Tridentata snyderi,21 Stegolaria operculata,20 Tripedalia,56 Stegopoma dimorpha,21 Tripedalia cystophora, 50, 52–54, 177, 335 Stegopoma gilberti,21 Tubidendridae, 21 Stegopoma gracilis,21 Tubularia harrimani,19 Stegopoma plumicola,21 Tubularia larynx, 320 Stomotoca, 31, 74–78 Turbinaria, 424, 483–484 Stomotoca atra, 31, 74–75 Turritopsis minor,20 565

U X

Ulmaridae, 252, 542 Xeniidae, 399, 440 United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 8–9, 14, 17, 22–24, 211, 221, Z 231, 239, 245, 283, 289, 529, 534 University of British Columbia, 3, 6–9, 426 Zoanthid(s), 179–181, 186, 196, 411–413, 417–418 University of Iowa, 3, 5, 9, 13–15, 23–24, 211 Zoanthidea, 179, 180, 411 University of Minnesota, 5 Zoanthus coppingeri, 180 University of Southern California, 8 Zoanthus robustus, 418 University of Toronto, 3–4, 9 Zoochlorellae, 460 University of Washington, 6, 17, 29, 32, 79 Zooxanthellae, 86, 248, 267, 411–412, 416–417, 447, Upwelling, 389, 537 451–457, 459–465, 472, 474, 481–482, 484, 514, 518 Urticina crassicornis, 499, 500, 501 Zygophylax cervicornis,20 Zygophylax rufa, 201–202 V

Vancouver, 3, 5–8 Ventromma halecioides, 19, 203

W

Washington (state), 6, 20 Washington, D.C., 18–19, 211, 231, 283, 423, 529, 534 White Sea, 383–387