MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LAND AND FISHERIES

RESEARCH DIVISION CENTRAL EXPERIMENT STATION CENTENO

Seim(Lablab purpureus L. Sweet.)

Varieties Grown in

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

(SeimLablab purpureus L. Sweet.)

Varieties Grown in Trinidad and Tobago

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Researched by the Vegetables Unit, Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries.

Written by: Albada Beekham, Deputy Director

Contributors/Editors: Dale Nandlal, Director of Research, Cynthra Persad (Director, Retired), Suenarine Persad (Technical Officer, Retired)

Photography Albada Beekham, Richard Ramdin, Tamika Jackson, Zaheer Juman Special Thanks to the Staff of the Vegetables Unit

Richard Ramdin Louis Farrell Maywalal Samaroo Zaheer Juman Tamika Jackson Shaana Nandlal Krishna Sayneeram Mark Fong Yit Majorie Sawh-Walker

© Copyright 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form without the written permission of the Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Fisheries, Trinidad and Tobago.

DESIGN AND LAYOUT BY RAW DESIGNS

ii PREFACE

This booklet was written to guide researchers, farmers and consumers on the different varieties of seim grown in Trinidad. This economically important crop is underutilized since very little information is available on its growth habit, yield and biochemical characteristics.

In 2006, Kamaldeo Maharaj (Director, Retired) and Susan Mootoo (Agricultural Officer ,I) initiated a collection exercise of seim varieties grown in Trinidad. Seeds of two (2) accessions were viable and used in this study. In 2007 the Vegetables Unit, Research Division, began a characterization project to collect and evaluate lines found in Trinidad. By 2009, the Vegetables Unit had collected 15 accessions, three of which were duplicates.

This project to study, evaluate and characterize the twelve (12) accessions was completed in 3 years. All of the accessions were established and characterized based on physical characters e.g. flowering pattern, weekly yield data, colour of flower and colour of pods. Additionally, biochemical data was also obtained on sweetness, crude fiber and content.

Images showing the , flowers and pods as well as graphs of the harvest data of each variety can be used to help farmers in selecting the appropriate variety for production. Breeders and researchers may also use this booklet in the development of new varieties.

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL iii

INTRODUCTION

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet or Seim as it is commonly called in Trinidad and Tobago is referred in other parts of the world as hyacinth , lablab bean, Indian bean, Egyptian kidney bean and lubia bean. Other synonyms include: benghalensis Jacq., Dolichos lablab L., Dolichos purpureus L., Lablab niger Medikus, Lablab purpurea (L.) Sweet, Lablab vulgaris (L.) Savi, Vigna aristata Piper.

The center of origin of Seim is South Asia and however over 200 genotypes are found worldwide. These varieties differ in pod colour, pod shape, pod size, seed shape, seed colour, flower colour, flower abundance, leaf shape, leaf size, hairiness, colour, plant growth habit and sensitivity to day length. Its introduction into Trinidad is uncertain but it is assumed to have arrived with the indentured workers from in the late 1800’s.

Although twelve (12) varieties were collected in Trinidad, only three (3) are grown commercially by farmers.

This crop is very adaptable and survives well in diverse conditions, for example: arid, semi-arid and humid regions, warm-temperate, subtropical and humid rainforest regions, lowlands and highlands (up to 2,100m altitude). It can be grown well in soils ranging from 4.4 to 7.8 pH. For this study, all twelve varieties were planted in June (rainy season).

In Trinidad, the immature and mature pods are harvested and cooked as a green vegetable. Other green leguminous vegetables grown and eaten in Trinidad include bodi (Vigna sp.) and green (Phaseolus). Seim however has a very distinctive and characteristic smell and taste and retails for as much as 27.00TTD/kg (NAMDEVCO 2016). In other parts of the world, it is also used as a grain legume, a forage, an ornamental and as a green manure. Farmer saved seeds are normally used to multiply this crop. Increasing demand and crop value has led to expanded production.

This study is intended to guide production with respect to selection of varieties towards increasing yield while maintaining or improving nutritional content.

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL v CONTENTS

Preface iii

Introduction v

Graphs and Photographs vii

Variety LL01 10 - 11

Variety LL02 12 - 13

Variety LL03 14 - 15

Variety LL04 16 - 17

Variety LL05 20 - 21

Variety LL07 22 - 23

Variety LL08 24 - 25

Variety LL11 26 - 27

Variety LL13 30 - 31

Variety LL14 32 - 33

Variety LL15 34 - 35

Variety LL17 36 - 37

Summary of Varieties 38 - 39

References 40 GRAPHS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Variety LL01 10

Variety LL02 12

Variety LL03 14

Variety LL04 16

Variety LL05 20

Variety LL07 22

Variety LL08 24

Variety LL11 26

Variety LL13 30

Variety LL14 32

Variety LL15 34

Variety LL17 36

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL vii The Seim is a domesticated pulse and multi-purpose crop, it is cited as forage for , a medicinal plant and a poisonous plant. VARIETY: LL01 VARIETY: LL02

VARIETY: LL03 VARIETY: LL04 VARIETY: LL01

Average Yield / week - LL01 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Yield (g) 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Duration of harvest (week)

10 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL01

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature CURVED Plant hairiness SLIGHT

Vine colour LIGHT Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 10 ± 0.7 GREEN Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED

Flower Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN colour-standard CREAM

Flower colour-keel CREAM Seed colour LIGHT BROWN Flower colour-wing CREAM Seed shape OVIOD Days to 1st harvest 117 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 196 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description SHORT AND weight (g) 27.22 NARROW Protein (% w/w) 4.5 Immature pod pigmentation NONE Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) 0.76 Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 2.54 Avg. Pod length (mm) 86.01 ± 0.47 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.48

Avg. Pod width (mm) 12.4 ± 0.07 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.15

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 11 VARIETY: LL02

Average Yield / week - LL02 1000 900 800 700 600 500

Yield (g) 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

12 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL02

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness SLIGHT CURVED

Vine colour LIGHT Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 11.8 ± 2.2 GREEN Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED

Flower Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN colour-standard WHITE OR STRAW

Flower colour-keel WHITE Seed colour LIGHT BROWN Flower colour-wing WHITE Seed shape OVOID Days to 1st harvest 68 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 203 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description BROAD AND weight (g) 32.3 FLAT Protein (% w/w) 3.33 Immature pod pigmentation NONE Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) 1.26 Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.53 Avg. Pod length (mm) 91.43 ± 1 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.74

Avg. Pod width (mm) 12.41 ± 0.36 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.05

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 13 VARIETY: LL03

Average Yield / week - LL03 600 500 400 300

Yield (g) 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

14 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL03

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature CURVED Plant hairiness SHORT APPRESSED HAIRS Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 6.2 ± 1.1 Vine colour LIGHT

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN colour-standard CREAM OR STRAW

Flower colour-keel CREAM Seed colour LIGHT BROWN Flower colour-wing CREAM Seed shape OVOID Days to 1st harvest 68 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 203 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description SHORT AND weight (g) 28.8 NARROW Protein (% w/w) 4.02 Immature pod pigmentation NONE Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) < 0.003 Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.21 Avg. Pod length (mm) 75.01 ± 0.73 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 1.20

Avg. Pod width (mm) 15.18 ± 0.2 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.63

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 15 VARIETY: LL04

Average Yield / week - LL04 1400 1200 1000 800 600 Yield (g) 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

16 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL04

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation GREEN WITH SOME PURPLE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY CURVED Plant hairiness NONE Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 16.7 ± 1.3 Vine colour MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN Flower OR STRAW colour-standard MAUVE Seed colour RED Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH BROWN PURPLE TIP Seed shape OVOID Flower colour-wing MAUVE Testa texture SMOOTH Days to 1st harvest 75 days Avg. 100 seed Duration of harvest 203 days weight (g) 31.07

Pod description BROAD AND FLAT Protein (% w/w) 3.08 Immature pod Total Invert pigmentation NONE Sugars (% w/w) < 0.003

Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.30 Avg. Pod length (mm) 79.2 ± 0.47 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.50

Avg. Pod width (mm) 25.02 ± 0.12 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.23

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 17 Seim leaves can be eaten raw or cooked like . The flowers can be eaten raw or steamed. The root can be boiled or baked for food. The seeds are used to make and . VARIETY: LL05 VARIETY: LL07

VARIETY: LL08 VARIETY: LL11 VARIETY: LL05

Average Yield / week - LL05 2500 1200 1000 800 600 Yield (g) 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

20 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL05

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation PURPLE BY NODES Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness SHORT APPRESSED CURVED HAIRS Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 15.6 ± 1.1 Vine colour MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN Flower OR STRAW colour-standard MAUVE Seed colour RED Flower colour-keel MIXED GREEN BROWN AND PURPLE Seed shape OVOID Flower colour-wing VIOLET Testa texture SMOOTH Days to 1st harvest 68 days Avg. 100 seed Duration of harvest 203 days weight (g) 27.98

Pod description NARROW AND Protein (% w/w) 3.57 SHORT Total Invert Immature pod Sugars (% w/w) 0.20 pigmentation NONE

Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.72

Avg. Pod length (mm) 79.93 ± 0.58 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 1.08

Avg. Pod width (mm) 17 ± 0.14 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.86

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 21 VARIETY: LL07

Average Yield / week - LL07 2500

2000

1500

Yield (g) 1000

500

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Duration of harvest (week)

22 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL07

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation VERY SLIGHT Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness SLIGHT CURVED

Vine colour MIXED GREEN Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 11.6 ± 0.8 AND PURPLE Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED

Flower Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN colour-standard MAUVE

Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH Seed colour RED PURPLE TIP BROWN

Flower colour-wing MAUVE Seed shape OVOID

Days to 1st harvest 124 days Testa texture SMOOTH

Duration of harvest 189 days Avg. 100 seed weight (g) 30.78 Pod description NARROW AND LONG Protein (% w/w) 5.12 Immature pod PIGMENTED Total Invert pigmentation SUTURES Sugars (% w/w) 0.87

Pod colour (mature) DARK GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 2.46 Avg. Pod length (mm) 98.38 ± 0.33 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.32

Avg. Pod width (mm) 13.95 ± 0.11 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.02

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 23 VARIETY: LL08

Average Yield / week - LL08 700

600

500

400

300 Yield (g) 200

100

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

24 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL08

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature CURVED Plant hairiness SLIGHT

Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 6.5 ± 1.1 Vine colour GREEN

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN colour-standard CREAM OR STRAW

Flower colour-keel CREAM Seed colour LIGHT BROWN Flower colour-wing CREAM Seed shape OVOID Days to 1st harvest 68 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 203 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description SHORT AND weight (g) 28.44 NARROW

Immature pod Protein (% w/w) 3.10 pigmentation NONE Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) 1.88 Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.16 Avg. Pod length (mm) 77.88 ± 0.79 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.34

Avg. Pod width (mm) 14.58 ± 0.23 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.003

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 25 VARIETY: LL11

Average Yield / week - LL11 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Yield (g) 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Duration of harvest (week)

26 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL11

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern DETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation EXTENSIVE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness SHORT APPRESSED CURVED HAIRS Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 5.9 ± 0.4 Vine colour PURPLE

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN colour-standard MAUVE

Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH Seed colour RED PURPLE TIP BROWN

Flower colour-wing PURPLE Seed shape OVOID

Days to 1st harvest 124 days Testa texture SMOOTH

Duration of harvest 189 days Avg. 100 seed weight (g) 27.49 Pod description BROAD AND FLAT Protein (% w/w) 3.88 Immature pod PIGMENTED pigmentation SUTURES Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) < 0.003 Pod colour (mature) MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.69 Avg. Pod length (mm) 92.19 ± 0.54 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.54

Avg. Pod width (mm) 18.92 ± 0.17 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.03

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 27 Other common names include Tonga bean, papaya bean, poor man bean (), Bounavista pea (Trinidad), and butter bean (Caribbean). VARIETY: LL13 VARIETY: LL14

VARIETY: LL15 VARIETY: LL17 VARIETY: LL13

Average Yield / week - LL13 350 300 250 200 150 Yield (g) 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Duration of harvest (week)

30 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL13

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation PRONOUNCED Pod curvature CURVED Plant hairiness SLIGHT

Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 3.3 ± 0.3 Vine colour PURPLE

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) TAN colour-standard MAUVE

Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH Seed colour RED PURPLE TIP BROWN

Flower colour-wing MAUVE Seed shape OVOID

Days to 1st harvest 68 days Testa texture SMOOTH

Duration of harvest 196 days Avg. 100 seed weight (g) 26.65 Pod description BROAD AND SHORT Protein (% w/w) 2.51 Immature pod Total Invert pigmentation NONE Sugars (% w/w) 1.26

Pod colour (mature) PURPLE Crude Fiber (% w/w) 0.97 Avg. Pod length (mm) 76.34 ± 0.64 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.3

Avg. Pod width (mm) 18.93 ± 0.17 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 31 VARIETY: LL14

Average Yield / week - LL14 1600 1400 1200 1000 800

Yield (g) 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Duration of harvest (week)

32 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL14

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation EXTENSIVE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness NONE CURVED

Vine colour PURPLE Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 15.1 ± 1.1 Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5 Flower colour-standard MAUVE Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN

Flower colour-keel CREAM WITH PURPLE Seed colour RED BROWN Flower colour-wing MAUVE Seed shape OVOID Days to 1st harvest 103 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 210 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description NARROW AND weight (g) 22.45 LONG Protein (% w/w) 3.69 Immature pod PIGMENTED pigmentation SUTURES Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) < 0.003 Pod colour (mature) MIXED GREEN AND PURPLE Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.85 Avg. Pod length (mm) 99.91 ± 0.71 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.35

Avg. Pod width (mm) 11.34 ± 0.06 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 33 VARIETY: LL15

Average Yield / week - LL15 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000

Yield (g) 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

34 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL15

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness NONE CURVED

Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 2.7 ± 0.9 Vine colour GREEN

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) PALE TAN colour-standard CREAM OR STRAW

Flower colour-keel CREAM Seed colour BROWN

Flower colour-wing CREAM Seed shape OVOID Days to 1st harvest 166 days Testa texture SMOOTH Duration of harvest 210 days Avg. 100 seed Pod description BROAD AND weight (g) 36.8 LONG Protein (% w/w) 2.55 Immature pod pigmentation NONE Total Invert Sugars (% w/w) 2.87 Pod colour (mature) LIGHT GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.58 Avg. Pod length (mm) 98.68 ± 0.84 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001

Avg. Pod width (mm) 33.12 ± 0.37 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 35 VARIETY: LL17

Average Yield / week - LL17 1600 1400 1200 1000 800

Yield (g) 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Duration of harvest (week)

36 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO VARIETY: LL17

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DATA

Growth pattern INDETERMINATE Pod attachment 30-90˚ DOWN to peduncle FROM ERECT Plant pigmentation NONE Pod curvature SLIGHTLY Plant hairiness NONE CURVED

Vine colour GREEN Avg. Yield/Plant (kg) 22.6 ± 1

Twining tendency PRONOUNCED Avg. no. seeds/pod 5

Flower Pod colour (dry) DARK TAN colour-standard MAUVE

Flower colour-keel WHITE Seed colour RED BROWN

Flower colour-wing MAUVE Seed shape OVOID

Days to 1st harvest 73 days Testa texture SMOOTH

Duration of harvest 231 days Avg. 100 seed weight (g) 30.5 Pod description SHORT, DARK GREEN Protein (% w/w) 3.24 Immature pod Total Invert pigmentation NONE Sugars (% w/w) 0.62 Pod colour (mature) DARK GREEN Crude Fiber (% w/w) 1.87 Avg. Pod length (mm) 78.52 ± 0.44 Total Cyanide (mg/kg) 0.02

Avg. Pod width (mm) 15.22 ± 0.12 Free Cyanide (mg/kg) < 0.001

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 37 SUMMARY OF VARIETIES (Plant Data)

Days to Duration Total Free 1st of Protein Invert Sugars Fiber Cyanide Variety Harvest Harvest (Days) Avg. Yield (kg) Pod Colour Pod Description (%w/w) (%w/w) (%w/w) (mg/kg)

LL01 117 196 10 ± 0.7 light green short, narrow 4.5 0.76 2.54 0.15

LL02 68 203 11.8 ± 2.2 light green broad, flat 3.33 1.26 1.53 0.05

LL03 68 203 6.2 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 4.02 < 0.003 1.21 0.63

LL04 75 203 16.7 ± 1.3 light green broad flat 3.08 < 0.003 1.30 0.23

LL05 68 203 15.6 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 3.57 0.2 1.72 0.86

LL07 124 189 11.6 ± 0.8 dark green long, narrow 5.12 0.87 2.46 0.02

LL08 68 203 6.5 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 3.10 1.88 1.16 0.003

LL11 124 189 5.9 ± 0.4 green and purple broad, flat 3.88 < 0.003 1.69 0.03

LL13 68 196 3.3 ± 0.3 purple short, broad 2.51 1.26 0.97 < 0.001

LL14 103 210 15.1 ± 1.1 green and purple long, narrow 3.69 < 0.003 1.85 < 0.001

LL15 166 210 2.7 ± 0.9 light green broad, long 2.55 2.87 1.58 < 0.001

LL17 73 231 22.6 ± 1 dark green short, narrow 3.24 0.62 1.87 < 0.001

38 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO KEY highest value lowest value

Days to Duration Total Free 1st of Protein Invert Sugars Fiber Cyanide Variety Harvest Harvest (Days) Avg. Yield (kg) Pod Colour Pod Description (%w/w) (%w/w) (%w/w) (mg/kg)

LL01 117 196 10 ± 0.7 light green short, narrow 4.5 0.76 2.54 0.15

LL02 68 203 11.8 ± 2.2 light green broad, flat 3.33 1.26 1.53 0.05

LL03 68 203 6.2 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 4.02 < 0.003 1.21 0.63

LL04 75 203 16.7 ± 1.3 light green broad flat 3.08 < 0.003 1.30 0.23

LL05 68 203 15.6 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 3.57 0.2 1.72 0.86

LL07 124 189 11.6 ± 0.8 dark green long, narrow 5.12 0.87 2.46 0.02

LL08 68 203 6.5 ± 1.1 light green short, narrow 3.10 1.88 1.16 0.003

LL11 124 189 5.9 ± 0.4 green and purple broad, flat 3.88 < 0.003 1.69 0.03

LL13 68 196 3.3 ± 0.3 purple short, broad 2.51 1.26 0.97 < 0.001

LL14 103 210 15.1 ± 1.1 green and purple long, narrow 3.69 < 0.003 1.85 < 0.001

LL15 166 210 2.7 ± 0.9 light green broad, long 2.55 2.87 1.58 < 0.001

LL17 73 231 22.6 ± 1 dark green short, narrow 3.24 0.62 1.87 < 0.001

A GUIDE TO DESCRIPTION AND PRODUCTION POTENTIAL 39 References

Tindall, H.D. (1987). Vegetables in the Tropics pp 271

Tropical : Resources for the future (1979). Report of an adhoc panel on Tropical legumes. Lablab, pg 59-67 National Academy of Science

Purseglove, J.W. (1987). Tropical Crops - Dicotyledons, pp 273-276

NAMDEVCO (2016). Green Vine Vol14 No. 6 August-Sept 2016

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv019

40 SEIM - VARIETIES GROWN IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LAND AND FISHERIES Research Division, Central Experiment Station Caroni North Bank Road, Centeno

Tel: 868.646.4335-7 Fax: 868.646.1646

VEGETABLES / BIODIVERSITY UNIT: Ext. 4026/4019

Email: [email protected]