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Phylogeny and Systematics of the Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda)

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Phylogeny and Systematics of the Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2021 Phylogeny And Systematics Of The Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) Tyler Joseph Achatz Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Achatz, Tyler Joseph, "Phylogeny And Systematics Of The Superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda)" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 3903. https://commons.und.edu/theses/3903 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE SUPERFAMILY DIPLOSTOMOIDEA POIRIER, 1886 (PLATYHELMINTHES: TREMATODA) by Tyler Joseph Achatz Bachelor of Science, Portland State University, 2013 Master of Science, Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2016 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota May 2021 Copyright 2021 Tyler J. Achatz ii DocuSign Envelope ID: DECEFD32-000A-4D47-B362-249B29F41F75 Tyler Joseph Achatz Name: Degree: Doctor of Philosophy This document, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Dr. Vasyl Tkach, Chairperson ____________________________________ Dr. Jefferson Vaughan ____________________________________ Dr. Rebecca Simmons ____________________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Bell ____________________________________ Dr. Catherine Brissette ____________________________________ This document is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Chris Nelson Dean of the School of Graduate Studies 3/26/2021____________________________________ Date iii PERMISSION Title Phylogeny and systematics of the superfamily Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886 (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) Department Biology Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Tyler Joseph Achatz March 31, 2021 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... xvi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................1 Systematic and Taxonomic History .................................................2 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................5 II. GENERAL MATERIALS & METHODS...................................................7 Morphological Methods ...................................................................7 Molecular Methods ..........................................................................8 III. MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE CYATHOCOTYLIDAE (DIGENEA, DIPLOSTOMOIDEA) NECESSITATES SYSTEMATIC CHANGES AND REVEALS A HISTORY OF HOST AND ENVIRONMENT SWITCHES ..........................................11 Introduction ....................................................................................11 Materials & Methods .....................................................................14 Specimens ......................................................................14 Phylogenetic analyses ....................................................14 Results ............................................................................................16 v Discussion ......................................................................................18 Braunina and the amended diagnosis of the Cyathocotylidae ........................................................20 Composition of the Cyathocotylinae Mühling 1896 .....22 Composition of the Szidatiinae Dubois, 1938 ...............27 Notes on the Prohemistominae Lutz, 1935 ...................29 Definitive host associations and environmental switches .................................................................30 Acknowledgments..........................................................................32 Associated publication ...................................................................33 IV. PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE PROTERODIPLOSTOMIDAE REFLECT THE COMPLEX EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT DIGENEAN GROUP ......................................................................................................34 Introduction ....................................................................................34 Materials & Methods .....................................................................37 Specimens ......................................................................38 Phylogenetic analyses ....................................................39 Results ............................................................................................43 Molecular phylogeny .....................................................43 Genetic variation ...........................................................48 Descriptions of new taxa ...............................................49 Discussion ......................................................................................60 Abandonment of the subfamily based system of the Proterodiplostomidae ................................................60 vi Revision and additional systematic changes at genus level ................................................................66 Key to the genera of the Proterodiplostomidae .............78 Host and geographic associations ..................................82 Missing taxa and future prospects .................................85 Acknowledgments..........................................................................86 Associated publication ...................................................................87 V. PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF UVULIFER SPP. (DIGENEA: DIPLOSTOMIDAE) IN THE AMERICAS WITH DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM PERUVIAN AMAZON......................88 Introduction ....................................................................................88 Materials & Methods .....................................................................89 Specimens ......................................................................89 Phylogenetic analyses ....................................................90 Results ............................................................................................92 Descriptions of new taxa ...............................................92 Molecular phylogenies ................................................105 Genetic variation .........................................................106 Discussion ....................................................................................107 Acknowledgments........................................................................114 Associated publication .................................................................115 VI. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS, EXPANDED DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRASSIPHIALA (DIGENEA, DIPLOSTOMIDAE), AN AGENT OF ‘BLACK SPOT’ DISEASE IN FISH ....................................................................................................116 Introduction ..................................................................................116 vii Materials & Methods ...................................................................117 Specimens ....................................................................117 Phylogenetic analyses ..................................................118 Results ..........................................................................................119 Molecular phylogenies ................................................119 Genetic variation .........................................................121 Discussion ....................................................................................122 Acknowledgments........................................................................125
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