Brexit Vote: Strategy Over Speculation

# # 2 2 Autumn 2016 3,00 €

SPECIAL COVERAGE BREXIT VOTE: STRATEGY OVER SPECULATION

MILLENNIAL VOICES: EUROPE’S NEW GENERATION

What will the Next Leader of the Future look like? Millennials want Leaders who do Politics differently Restoring Confidence in Politics Youth and Right-Wing populism in Europe

Contributions from: Elio Di Rupo Anne Muxel Ricardo Lagos Laura Slimani Javier Moreno Birgit Honé

NEXT ECONOMY NEXT SOCIAL NEXT ENVIRONMENT NEXT DEMOCRACY Business, but for People: The Progressive An Enlightened Transparency Cooperatives Consumption Tax: Industrial Policy in the European Union, & Mutuals Fiscal Magic? for Europe post-Brexit

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FEPS @FEPS_Europe With the support of the European parlement

N°2 - Autumn 2016 ISSN 2506-7362

This edition is dedicated to FEPS Vice President, Karl Duffek (1962-2016)

Editor: Dr. Ernst Stetter (Secretary General, FEPS) Editor-in-Chief: Alain Bloëdt - Managing Editor: Shant Krikorian Editorial Committee: Charlotte Billingham, Elena Gil, Vassilis Ntousas, Maria Freitas, Ania Skrzypek, Catalin Dragomirescu-Gaina, Hedwig Giusto Design & Production: Polydea - www.polydea.com Photo Credits: AP, EU, shutterstock Copyright © FEPS Foundation for European Progressive Studies. #02 Contents

CONTRIBUTORS p.3 INQUIRY - p.37 EDITORIAL p.4 > Millennials want leaders who do politics differentlyp.37-38 > What will the next leader of the future look like? p.39 DEBATES ESSAY - p.40 BREXIT SPECIAL COVERAGE - p.5 > Restoring confidence in politics p.40-41 > “France and Brexit” an opportunity for France > Youth and right wing populism in Europe p.42-43 to take on European leadership p.5-6 > Brexit and a divided country p.7-8 ANALYSIS - p.44 > A new EFTA-EU relationship post-Brexit? p.9-10 > The future starts now p.44-45 > Brexit will not be the end of the European project p.11-12 > Erasing Fear: Protecting Solidarity and Cooperations p.13-14 BEYOND EUROPE - p.46 > Reflections on Brexit implications for the future of europep.15-16 > Youth, Latin America, and progressive thought p.46-47 > Opportunities for reforming EU common security and defence p.17-18 > Iran's millennials: the burgeoning generation p.48 > Europe and Brexit: opinion polls p.19-20 > Power2Youth: Youth in South Eastern Mediterranean Countries p.49-50

ONES TO WATCH - p.21 INSPIRATION > Robert Biedron PORTFOLIO - p.51 HISTORY- p.22 > Beyond refugees: Syrian artists in Europe p.51-55 > European democracy needs “spitzenkandidaten” in the 2019 European elections p.22-23 ESSAY - p.56 > A progressive policy for our neighbourhoods NEXT ECONOMY - p.24 united in diversity p. 56-57 > Business, but for people! p.24-25 CARTOON - p.58 NEXT SOCIAL - p.26 > What kind of future for millennials? > The progressive consumption tax: fiscal magic? p.26-27 TO WATCH - p.59 NEXT DEMOCRACY - p.28 > The Panama papers: secrets of the super rich > Transparency in the Europe post-Brexit p.28-29 > Lo and Behold, reveries of the connected world

NEXT ENVIRONMENT - p.30 TO READ - p.60 > An enlightened industrial policy for Europe p.30-31 > Inequality, what can be done? > Politics against domination FOCUS TO THINK - p.61 PERSPECTIVE - p.32 > Right-wing extremism in Europe > Usefulness, equality, transformation: > The populism signal: why politics and democracy need to change the three conditions for inclusive leadership p.32-33 > A strong safety net creates flexibility in the labour market > Youth and leadership p.34 > For freedom justice and solidarity

EUROPE WATCH - p35 TO COOK - p.62 > Youth participation in European elections is falling p.35-36 > European Country Culinary Profile: Sweden

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 2 CONTRIBUTORS

Amandine Crespy Uta Staiger Nat O'Connor Víctor Negrescu Filippo Taddei Jernej Pikalo

Arne Lietz Robert Biedron Jo Leinen Peter Hunt Robert Frank Emily 0'Reilly

Tomas Wyns Laura Slimani Elio Di Rupo Emma Murphy Fabio Wolkenstein Anne Muxel

Birgit Honé Ania Skrzypek Ricardo Lagos Beatrice Maneshi Javier Moreno Rytis Daukantas

3 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 EDITORIAL KEEP CALM AND REWRITE THE RULES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

by Massimo D’Alema, FEPS President, former Prime Minister of Italy The negative result of the UK EU Referendum is the biggest signal for leaders to develop enhanced cooperation along with institutional reform. It means tangible reforms for citizens who consider the Europe Union as their present and future.

draw from this? That the neolibe- Call for institutional reforms What is more, our focus should be ral recipe made of austerity and It cannot be business as usual for on the Eurozone, because to some structural reforms has failed. No- the EU, as we did after the referen- extent these are the countries that netheless, the progressive recipe dums in France and the Nether- coincide with the historical EU at does not appear to be a viable and lands in 2005. We cannot repeat 15. We shall concentrate on some credible alternative, because we the same mistakes. We cannot form of enhanced cooperation rexit is currently the are increasingly identified with the keep wasting our time postponing between those member states most tangible sign of political establishment. The diffe- institutional reforms, because we that are ready to act without making the European crisis in rences between left and right are think that there are other priorities. mutual vetoes. And, for instance, Europe. But we know also fading away, mainly due to the The European Commission and we need an agreement on asy- Bthat this crisis does not consist politics of government coalitions, the European Parliament propose lum and immigration among those exclusively of Brexit. In fact, ele- and, additionally, progressive par- many legislative reforms, but they countries that are willing to commit ments that emerged during the ties are increasingly seen as losing often fail to implement them be- to it. And those who are not will be UK referendum campaign are the capacity of representing those cause they lack the institutional simply left out from the common far from being exclusive to the parts of society they are still sup- instruments to do so. For instance, resources necessary to imple- UK. Distrust towards institutions, posed to represent - people who we have been talking for years ment such policies.I believe in the mistrust towards the elites and feel betrayed, and not protected, about the necessity to introduce power of example and consider that the political establishment, fear by globalisation. the Financial Transaction Tax. Why the first area where this should be of immigration, and perceived We have seen, for example, the have we not managed to do it? Be- tested must be the economy. Wi- inability of governments to pro- disastrous effects that the lack of cause there are institutional blocks thout a stronger budget, without vide viable solutions to the many a common asylum and immigra- that prevent us from introducing it. redistribution mechanisms, without challenges that the EU and its tion policy has had on our mutual This idea is going to be at the a common debt policy, without a member states are facing, are far relations, in particular vis-à-vis core of our project “Rewriting common fiscal policy, without a from being simply British issues. the refugee crisis. As for our coo- the rules” that we are realising common investment programme At the same time, since the finan- peration in the fields of internal together with Nobel Prize Laureate (including public investments), cial crisis in 2008, the social si- security against terrorism and Joseph Stiglitz. But these rules without a common industrial po- tuation has not been taken as a international security, I am afraid can’t be simply economic rules. licy, without facing together the serious issue; inequalities have that we are still lacking a vision on We shall also discuss the reform question of competitiveness been growing, economic recovery how to deal with Islam in Europe. of the treaties, because there is and, last but not least, without has proceeded too slowly, and FEPS has tackled this issue, but it an inescapable link between ins- a common social dimension, investments have remained too seems to remain a taboo that no titutional reforms and implemen- the EU and we, as progressive low. What is the conclusion we can one wants to really discuss. tation of our progressive goals. Europeans, will not go that far.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 4 DEBATES

BREXIT SPECIAL COVERAGE

“FRANCE AND BREXIT” AN OPPORTUNITY FOR FRANCE TO TAKE ON EUROPEAN LEADERSHIP

by Amandine Crespy

For France and François Hollande, dealing with Brexit is a high risk, high opportunity game. A main objective widely shared across the French political class is to regain a leadership which has been continuously declining over the past decade.

major source of pro-EU elites, under the Presiden- faced uncreative EU reformers. even demands that the English concern in France is cy of Nicolas Sarkozy, decided to The Conservatives, who current- language should no longer be an that Brexit could be ignore the verdict coming out of ly have 15 candidates running in official language of the EU. a catalyst in bringing the polls, as the French Parliament the primaries for the presidential Yet, what Europe needs is not old aboutA a nationalist wave which then went ahead and ratified the election, all have different views style French chauvinism, but de- could be hard to contain for the greatly similar Lisbon Treaty. This on how to deal with the post-Brexit cisive and responsible leadership. established elites. The leader of the remains the most flagrant denial EU. Nicolas Sarkozy has recently Front National, Marine Le Pen, has of democracy in contemporary called for a refoundation of Eu- LEADERSHIP VS STANDSTILL made jubilant claims that a “Frexit” French political history. rope through a new Schengen and With Britain out, and panic shaking was no longer out of reach. She has Meanwhile, the French political a new treaty, possibly submitted the continent, France clearly has a promised to place a referendum class could barely be more divi- to a referendum. responsibility to endorse construc- on EU membership at the heart ded. Although it has not yet been We are also witnessing the re- tive leadership. The disintegration of her campaign for the presiden- clearly articulated, on the radical surgence of old anti-European of the EU could not only result from tial election next year; a pledge left, Jean-Luc Mélenchon is advoca- and anti-British sentiments. While a contagion of Brexit to other coun- likely to widen the already powerful ting a strategy of civil disobedience, some see Paris profiling itself again tries, but also from a deadly stands- appeal of the far right within the until a left wing French government as a significant financial district till. In this regard, the talks at the French electorate. The referen- forces radical reform, away from alongside the City, there has been meeting of the European Council in dum from 2005 is still, for many neoliberal policies. The French So- much UK bashing, as well as claims Brussels on 27 and 28 June have not French people, an open wound. cialist Party has still not recovered that the French influence would been reassuring. While a majority had voted against from the contentious campaign of benefit from Brexit, calls to sup- Yet again, the EU is under the threat the European Constitutional Treaty, 2005 where uncreative EU critics press the EU Commission, and of paralysis, torn between those

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> ABOUT Amandine Crespy is Assistant Professor of Political Science/ EU Studies at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. ©Hadrian

Ɲ STRASBOURG, FRANCE - French press headlines covering the result of the British referendum. who want to relaunch integration, high officials had been preparing a France, from a novel French-Ger- with new projects able to convince French-German plan for strengthe- man relationship, or from new clus- European citizens that further in- ning cooperation in the realm of se- ters across the continent, the EU is in tegration is desirable, and those curity, including border control and desperate need of new leadership. who see Brexit as a sign that, on the fight against terrorism. While Everything that resembles the sta- the contrary, people want less such a plan could potentially include tus quo is just not an option and Europe and that the EU should all 27 EU Member States, it remains it can only be advocated by those mute towards minimal forms of to be seen whether it can be convin- who desire the end of the European classical inter-state cooperation. cing enough to bring about a new Union. Meanwhile, two things are Under these circumstances, will political impetus for the EU. Also, it certain. If the EU does not profoun- France be able to play a decisive would require strong political skills dly reform itself and find a way out role in salvaging EU integration? for it not to be framed in terms of through convincing projects, it will French elites strongly aspire to building a fortress Europe, to egois- not survive. If there was ever to be rebalance the French position tically immunise its scared citizens a referendum in the foreseeable vis-à-vis German hegemony, thus from its harsh realities, and feeding future in France, it is very likely to restoring the historic power and rather than tackling the concerns be just as contentious, ugly and prestige lost with poor economic associated with the amalgam of unpredictable as in Britain. performance and erratic politics. refugees, asylum seekers, economic There have been rumours that a migrants, Muslims, and terrorists. Read this article in its entirety on small group of politicians and EU Whether it comes from a voluntarist www.progressivepost.eu

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 6 DEBATES BREXIT AND A DIVIDED COUNTRY

much as on the substantive matter at hand. In the event, that much is clear, voters withheld their confidence in the status quo. by Uta Staiger The referendum certainly mobilised a significant swathe of the popula- There are plenty of lessons to take away from the UK’s vote to leave the tion that had previously opted out of politics altogether. Weeks later, European Union. Some of them make for uncomfortable reading. But Brexit is still the talk of the town. This they must not be ignored – for both the UK and the EU’s sake. is unprecedented – and cannot be ignored. Precisely because the Brexit vote may truly have been a Brexit re- he UK’s vote to leave cated, while the other was more tablishment’ has had it coming all volt, attempts to overturn the result the European Union has than cavalier with the truth. along. This holds true even as the at this stage, whether via a second stunned and perplexed But there is more. The referendum spectrum of Leave voters stretched referendum or a parliamentary in equal measure. has thrown a glaring light on a dee- further, easily encompassing a signi- vote, are profoundly misguided. It TThe reasons however were plen- ply divided country. One of the ficant part of said establishment. would do away with the last shred tiful – and always in plain sight. most unequal societies in Europe, The referendum exacerbated the of trust that still remains in the Take the historical sense of unease the UK is home to entire regions that divisions with an emotional im- political system. It would entrench in an island nation, which always have had no share in the benefits EU mediacy rarely seen in electoral rather than overcome social divi- regarded the concept of shared membership brought to the country politics. From feelings of quasi-be- sions. Of course, a second vote on sovereignty with suspicion. Take its as a whole. Deprivation, job insecu- reavement among Remainers to the final exit deal could be on the media, which had spent decades rity, decreasing wages, and compa- the celebratory glee among Leavers table, in particular if negotiations vigorously, if often post-factually, ratively low levels of education mark –not to forget a notable rise in xe- end up delivering an outcome that skewering European integration; out a very different Britain from the nophobic abuse– this country has does not truly reflect the majority its long-standing preference for capital. In these regions, it was the been all but stiff upper lip since of voters’ preferences. But Europe economic liberalism, which sat un- pace of immigration that was often the morning of 24 June. Partly, should not bank on it. comfortably with the EU's regulato- experienced as a threat – no matter this is because referendums sim- Rather, the UK government and the ry ambitions; its emotional tether how beneficial it was for national ply are blunt, conflict-enhancing EU27 would do well to take heed. to the Atlantic alliance and the GDP. Add to this a long-standing political instruments. By nature, the The vote has thrown down the Commonwealth. Take, too, a dee- sense of political disenfranchise- choice is binary: there is no room for gauntlet to the way we have been ply flawed referendum campaign, ment, perpetuated by a voting sys- complexity in plebiscite politics. doing things. First, continue to ob- in which one side proved incapable tem that structurally disadvantages Also, as with most referendums, viate the political costs of allowing of explaining, let alone praising, the smaller parties, and you could be this too was fought on the back of inequality, disenfranchisement and club whose membership it advo- forgiven for thinking that the ‘es- second-order domestic factors, as naked anger to fester at your peril.

7 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 DEBATES ©Michael Puche ©Michael

Ɲ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - Thousands march against the Brexit vote in London.

Theresa May’s new cabinet may This, third, has consequences for find this a difficult path, as it seeks the EU as a whole. Citizens’ trust in to reconcile libertarians aspiring to both the Union’s legitimacy and its

unfettered global trade with those capacity to act is at an historic low. THE VOTE who seek to reign in globalisation’s Member States will need to balance socio-economic consequences. policy coordination at EU level with HAS But all over Europe, and all over disillusionment at the domestic ideological left-right divides, the one. With little appetite for fur- EXPOSED, root causes of social discontent fol- ther integration, we are heading lowing the post-war welfare state’s towards an ever more intergo- NOT demise need to be addressed. This vernmental EU, in which Member is particularly so, second, as the States, rather than Commission GENERATED ever looser links between interests or Parliament, will set the agenda. and the organisations traditionally Brexit is unlikely to spell the end THE MULTIPLE representing them contribute, in of the EU, or the UK for that mat- a variety of permutations across ter. The vote has exposed, not CRISES Europe, to an increasingly volatile generated the multiple crises politics. Populism may put centrist Europe faces. But on both sides EUROPE > ABOUT governments in a tight spot. Distrus- of the channel, political institu- Uta Staiger is the executive di- ting those we elect to act on our be- tions will be pressured to redefine FACES. rector of the European Institute at half, questioning not just the outputs their sense of purpose – and their University College London. but also the process itself, heralds a modus operandi. It may just be crisis of representative democracy. the new normal.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 8 DEBATES ©Daukantas A NEW EFTA-EU RELATIONSHIP POST-BREXIT?

by Nat O'Connor

Trying to imagine a “perfect” agreement for the UK to enjoy a stable, friendly and mutually beneficial trading relationship with the EU is problematic. A better solution would be to envisage this future relationship as an ongoing process, rather than a final agreement or compact. The best candidate for this process would be a new relationship between the European Free Trade Asso- ciation (EFTA) and the EU, based on respectful ongoing dialogue on the best way to organise trade with the EU’s neighbourhood. This would involve strengthening the EFTA into something more than it is today. If done right, such a process could provide the EU with a valuable mechanism for trading and co-operating with its close neighbours.

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> ABOUT Nat O'Connor is a lecturer of Public Policy and Public Mana- gement at Ulster University in Northern Ireland.

in the EU after all, with or without either, as it is a trading economy that if it wants to keep free trade, rather special concessions; and 4 - some relies on having favourable access than allow an exception of this kind of new arrangement where the to its markets. The first option is nature for the UK. oday, the UK is still in UK is able to trade freely with the the one being explored here, which Nonetheless, some kind of hybrid the EU, and in many EU but gains all sort of concessions. is for the UK to re-join the Euro- EFTA arrangement—call it version likely future scenarios The fourth option is implausible, as pean Free Trade Association (EFTA) 1.3—that represents a unique com- the UK will continue to the EU is not going to give the UK and to possibly trade with the EU promise between the UK and the EU have a close and ami- all the benefits of EU membership under the European Economic Area seems the most plausible outcome. Tcable working relationship with the without also giving it most of the agreement (EEA). There are different But this isn’t the real answer either. EU. It is certainly in Ireland’s best obligations and its share of costs. possible versions of this outcome. Having brought the argument this interest to use whatever influence The third option looks like wishful In version 1.1, the “Norway” model far, a deep problem is exposed with it has within the EU to help bring thinking from some who are still means that the UK joins the EEA and the focus on achieving any kind of this about. struggling to come to terms with trades in exactly the same way as agreement, as if such an agreement One major problem is the uncer- the referendum result. The UK would Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein. could be set in stone. The UK must tainty about the details of that future be allowed—and indeed welco- However, that means free move- change on foot of the deep social di- arrangement, and the worry that med by many—to stay in the EU, ment of people, and it also means visions that have been exposed. The there might be a period of years but irreversible damage has been that the UK would have to imple- EU must change as similar social and where the UK is completely outside done that will take time to repair. ment EU rules without having a economic divisions are rife across the EU—i.e. operating according And the unhappiness of so many seat at the table, when EU member Europe, and are fuelling nationalist to WTO trade rules, tariffs and all. people in the UK, especially in its states agree those rules. Unques- political projects that threaten the This would impose restrictions on poorest regions, has been exposed tionably, this would be a worse po- union’s future. Both must change Irish citizens’ ability to work and to full view. Regardless of everything sition than EU membership from over time for countless reasons. live seamlessly in the UK, which has else, both the UK and the EU must the perspective of many who voted How can there be a stable agree- been taken for granted as part of the recognise the need for much more for the UK to leave the EU. ment between the UK and EU when informal Common Travel Area since socially-caring economic policies if In version 1.2, the “Swiss” model both sides are moving targets? Even Ireland's independence. they are to redress the inequalities means that the UK becomes a if such a mammoth document could Once the UK-EU relationship is sta- that have been brought to the fore. member of the EFTA but is not be negotiated—and it would take bilised again, most people seem to The second option is dreadful for a member of the EEA. Instead, a years—future changes could put be contemplating one of four out- Ireland, because all trade between broadly similar trading arrange- that agreement under pressure if comes, most of which are conceived Ireland and the UK would be sub- ment is agreed with some special one side wanted to change its po- of as agreements or settlements ject to tariffs, with no exemptions opt-outs or exceptions. However, licies in a way that imposed major that would result from years of ne- permitted for Ireland, as the EU recent signals suggest that Swit- changes on the trade agreement. gotiations: 1 - the EFTA-EEA option; is treated as a whole under these zerland will be put under pressure Read the article in its entirety on 2 - the WTO option; 3 - remaining rules. It would not be good for the UK to accept free movement of people www.progressivepost.eu

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 10 DEBATES BREXIT WILL NOT BE THE END OF THE EUROPEAN PROJECT, BUT EUROPEAN LEADERS MUST UNDERSTAND ITS MESSAGE

by Víctor Negrescu The moment when the last ballots were counted, and revealed that the “Leave” camp in the Bri- tish referendum had won, is still a vivid recollection. Not least because few had dared to actually consider the direct institutional, political, economic and sentimental repercussions of this divide. In an ironic twist of mood, recent events show that even the most prominent Brexiters were caught unaware by the sheer size of the turmoil that awaits them. The stark reality of Great Britain leaving the European Union is vivid because, on the one hand, I cannot imagine European history and culture without the contribution of the United Kingdom, and, on the other hand, I strongly believe that the future of all our societies remains one which can only be built together.

this path of misery and despair. been thrown into turmoil. I am very be observed in any form of political The future prospects seem, at a disappointed by the cowardly and and institutional arrangement pen- first glance, bleak for all the pro- deceitful reactions of the Brexit ding the withdrawal of the United t is nevertheless tragic that tagonists. It is clear, for almost all leaders. There are millions of Euro- Kingdom from the European Union. a political move, which had informed observers, that Britain pean citizens of all nations working At the same time, I believe that more to deal with internal would find it very hard to prosper and contributing to the prosperity in spite of the dark days we have party strife and economic outside the EU. The negotiations on of the United Kingdom, whose fu- witnessed, there are still reasons arguments, became what we withdrawal will be undoubtedly a tures are mired under clouds of to hope and to look forward to the Ihad always feared it would beco- painstaking mixture of diplomatic uncertainty. There are numerous future – if we all understand this me: an excuse for scapegoating struggle, economic acumen and Romanians among them. lesson. The story of the European immigrants as the cause of all our dogged determination on all sides, In my position, as a Member of project has not always been one of distress and misery. This happens and the two year interval many the European Parliament, as a so- victories, achievements and pro- while it is obvious that the eco- have alluded to seems like a very cial-democrat and as a citizen of gress. There have been setbacks. nomic models of austerity and optimistic timeframe. the European Union, I will strive There have always been crises, and unhampered neoliberalism were In the meantime, I cannot ignore to ensure that the rights of these each time the European Project the ones that led many Europeans the fact that there are millions of people, who bear no fault for a has emerged stronger and with a and many British citizens down European citizens whose lives have radically incensed campaign, will renewed sense of its own mission.

11 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 DEBATES ©Melis

Ɲ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - According to polling data from YouGov, 75% of 18- to 24-year-olds voted to remain in the European Union.

The shock of the first withdrawal member states to reconsider the Kingdom; but, as the results of from the European Union is undoub- priorities behind their policies. This the referendum vote showed us, tedly a strong one. It is probably is the best opportunity for EU insti- a citizen of Yorkshire also feels comparable to France’s withdrawal tutions to understand that people less advantaged than one from from NATO’s command structure see them as too opaque and too London. And yet, one of the pur- at the height of the Cold War. detached from their daily struggle. poses of the European Union is to But the present days are also an This is the time for the political encourage solidarity and economic opportunity. Not to blindly plead class – national and European cohesion across all its territory, for more or for less Europe, but – to acknowledge its failure and achieving lasting improvements in to build policies and institutions start building real solutions for the economy and quality of life for which are not only transparent, people’s real problems. everybody. This is what needs to but also efficient. We should build The same inequality and lack of be done in the future and I believe these policies and institutions so opportunity are felt all across the projects encouraging a two-speed that they are capable of convin- EU. A nurse, a construction worker European Union will only further > ABOUT cing all European citizens that the or a student in Romania or Poland hurt our common goal. Víctor Negrescu is an S&D European Project delivers on their do not feel they have access to the Member of the European Parlia- expectations and hopes. same opportunities as their coun- Read the article in its entirety ment from Romania. This is the chance for all EU terparts in France or the United on www.progressivepost.eu

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 12 DEBATES ©Melis

Ɲ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - British citizens protest in Trafalgar Square against the referendum results. ERASING FEAR: PROTECTING SOLIDARITY AND COOPERATION by Filippo Taddei The decision undertaken by British voters to leave the European Union will soon produce effects very different from those that appear today. In the near future, this decision will have a greater impact on the political and cultural identity of the European Union, than it will on the Euro economy. I am not sure yet whether we will be able to say the same regarding the British economy.

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that the European Socialists and The delay of these responses Democrats, more than anyone ended up reducing their effec- else, have to erase: it concerns tiveness, postponed the econo- fear, and fear destroys the protec- mic recovery and hampered job tion of solidarity and cooperation. creation. Lack of jobs is a failure of the European promise. The European challenge is thus clear: to make this failure – Brexit – Some Europeans respond to the “the opportunity more intelligently shortcomings highlighted above to begin again”, to paraphrase by a rule-based approach. Rules, Henry Ford. To do this, European after all, are a coordination de- > ABOUT integration has to respond to two vice and, if quick coordination is Filippo Taddei is the Economic demands. Firstly, how can we missing, this approach could fos- and Labour Affairs Secretary of make European institutions and ter prompter responses. There is the Partito Democratico in Italy. governments more effective in res- certainly some consistency in this ponding to the different systemic perspective, but there is a major n my opinion, the reason is challenges, as soon as they arise? drawback if we look at the origins simple and powerful at the Secondly, how can we make sure of the European rule system. same time. The project of that, whatever response is under- The rule system that we have de- European integration is built taken, there is a strong sense of signed and approved within the on the following assumption: political ownership spread across European Union has been thought Ifostering economic integration is European citizens, and not just to manage the process of inte- quintessential to increasing poli- European governments? gration during tranquil times. It tical integration. The main pillar is not well equipped to face deep for the advancement of economic The answer to both questions de- shock with systemic impact. At integration is the monetary union. pends on our ability to enhance such a time, a rigid application Countries, like the United Kingdom, coordination and cooperation of pre-established rules may be that stated their determination not between European governments detrimental to the objective of the to become part of the monetary that belong to the Euro Zone. We enhanced coordination necessary union, have foregone their right to seem to forget that the adoption for an effective policy response. be a major player in the path towar- of the Euro sparked an irreversible ds increasingly stronger economic political progress. There is no point “The volatility triggered by Brexit is providing and political integration across in questioning the consistency an additional, and possibly ﬁnal, opportunity European Countries. and adequacy of the process that to revert the involution of European politics. led us here. We lack time and we We should never forget that the early promise Obviously this British decision took have to present prompt European of the European Union was not only peace. place well before the referendum responses to the systemic challen- It was peace as the premise for prosperity.” and it has always been, in my opi- ges. If we look at the management nion, the most important limit to of the financial crisis of 2008-09 We had guaranteed peace and the influence of Britain on Euro- that led to the economic crisis of prosperity until the technologi- pean institutions. This influence, 2011, Europe did not lack ideas, it cal transformation begun in the whenever it was felt beyond natio- lacked resolution and coordina- late 90s. That transformation has nal interest, was always exerted to tion. European institutions and challenged the basis of the Euro- steer the EU in the direction of an national governments alike ended pean socio-economic model. The open society. Although lately the up adopting effective responses to economic crisis has only reminded British push in this direction has the calls of the crisis. From quan- us that we were faltering in front of wavered, the outcome of the refe- titative easing to a vast array of this challenge. Let us take the op- rendum may weaken the European structural reforms, many of which portunity of the British referendum commitment towards this open are still in progress, the problem as the last warning to overcome society. This is the major risk of has never been the nature of our the shortcomings of an uncertain the British referendum. It is a risk measures but rather the timing. European integration.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 14 DEBATES ©DirmaFilm

Ɲ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - Students carrying posters outlining anxieties over the future, in front of the Houses of Parliament. REFLECTIONS ON BREXIT IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF EUROPE by Jernej Pikalo

The outcome of the UK vote on its membership of the European Union is sobering and worrying at the same time. It took many by surprise. It confirmed the potency of populist national politics on the one hand and, on the other hand, it highlighted the inability of the European political elites to deal with the populist arguments and to reform the democratic structures of the European political system. It showed that the main political cleavage has shifted from historical left-right to the not-so-new establishment–anti-establishment.

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ments, but rather by sentiments of the citizenry by emphasising at the core of the European pro- of national opposition to European physical security by law and order, ject. One of the least desirable integration and anti-immigrant closing of the borders, restrictions consequences of Brexit and EU rhetoric. Sentiments of regained on movements of people, etc., the restructuring would be the EU national sovereignty also featured Left has struggled to explain its po- of “several speeds”, “several co- prominently. In a nutshell, it was sition to this day. This is one of the centric circles”, of “core and peri- a potent mixture of nationalism main reasons why populism, with phery”, etc. Such post-referendum and a longing for certainty and its oversimplified explanations solutions would add further diffe- security that led so many people and solutions, is gaining so much rences to already established to vote for Brexit. support across Europe. ones, and would not be cohesive Europeans are increasingly wor- for Europe, where some would feel ried about their future. The future Brexit has shown that the Euro- second-class and disadvantaged. seems less and less certain, a far pean Union is in serious need of Slovenian political leaders have cry from the Europe of hope and rethinking its way of doing poli- in their first reactions to Brexit prosperity of the last half century. tics, the contents of the politics emphasised the need for a stron- After the economic crisis in the and its institutional design. For ger Europe, where a deepening last decade and the neoliberal the peripheral and core states of relations would not happen measures applied by the national alike, the EU meant more than just in some areas and in some governments and European insti- just an addition or superstruc- policies. Whether the future EU is tutions, people are simply worse ture to their national politics – it a “closer Union” (i.e. deepening) off than they used to be and that meant new quality, new never or a “better Union” (more effec- worries them. They distrust poli- seen before political, economic, tive within the same institutional tical processes as such, as they social and cultural solutions that framework) remains to be seen. have seen too many times that added to the quality of people’s As it looks now, it needs a new established political parties in lives, in a way national solutions vision, the trust of its citizenry and power have taken measures in the were unable to. Today the EU is an institutional framework that interest of the capital and against increasingly second best choice would be more adept to answer their own people. This meant less to national politics. the challenges of post-modern olitics in Europe is solidarity among democratic life. being restructured people and the “As strange as it sounds in the age of glo- due to populist states, and more balisation, the national feeling of being on forces on both sides of questions on whom “its own” has surpassed the supranational the old political spectrum. to rely on in times “common” feeling in many polities of the EU. PAlthough ideas of left and right of hardship. Social Populists are arguing for the renationalisa- populism differ, they both feed democratic parties tion of the EU powers to national politics to on the same anti-establishment that had traditional- defend “its own” (which, of course, does not sentiment and depoliticisation ly been successful include the immigrants). That is why one of discourse. UK citizens are distrust- with answers to the greatest challenges in the “EU rethink” ful about the ability of the establi- such questions, will be how to make the EU and its politics shed political elites, at home and have been in the attractive and trustworthy again.” in Brussels, to deal with what they last decade unable see as the biggest threat to their to come up with coherent and In times when citizens are increa- livelihood - migrants taking away convincing arguments to people’s singly disaffected with how politics “their” jobs, “their” social security concerns about their security. Not is done at home and in Brussels, provisions, and “their” established just physical safety, but security in this is a major task and an impor- way of living. Several post-Brexit the broadest sense of the word: tant step in the building of the new > ABOUT analyses have shown that the social, human security, including EU political structure. Jernej Pikalo is a lecturer at the people in the UK voting for Brexit certainty of the future. While the For states like Slovenia, it is of University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. were convinced not by the argu- Right has addressed the concerns strategic importance to remain

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 16 DEBATES ©Daukantas OPPORTUNITIES FOR REFORMING EU COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE by Arne Lietz

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Governments have consistent- ropean Council now have to take ly blocked any initiatives aimed a clear position. When doing so, at furthering integration in the they should take into account that past. Now former UK Prime Minister, David “Europe’s citizens are largely in favour Cameron expressed of a truly European foreign policy. Accor- his country’s outright ding to a Eurobarometer poll from June opposition to a stron- 2016, half of them would like the EU to ger European foreign intervene more than it currently does.” policy after striking a deal with the EU, which he hoped 66% are in favour of a bigger role > ABOUT would convince his fellow citizens for the EU in the field of security and Arne Lietz is an S&D Member of that Great Britain should stay in defence. Consequently, we should the European Parliament from the EU. Likewise, we have esta- use the possible exit of Great Britain Germany. blished once and for all in inter- from the EU to reform and stren- national law that Britain’s national gthen the Common Security and security is the sole responsibility Defence Policy. of the British government – so, for t first sight, it seems instance, we will never be part of >>CONCRETE PROPOSALS >>INSTITUTIONAL obvious that the EU a European army. FOR REFORMING CONSEQUENCES would be weakened Several strategy and position THE CFSP AND CSDP The aforementioned reform pro- as an international papers, which I will briefly pre- In the joint paper titled “Founding posals should go hand in hand Aplayer as a result of “Brexit”. Great sent below, discuss the conse- Europe again” the president of with an institutional strengthe- Britain is a key player in EU foreign quences of a possible Brexit with the European Parliament, Martin ning of CFSP/CSDP. I support the policy thanks to its size, economic regards to the EU’s security and Schulz, and the president of the proposition of the German and performance and military stren- defence policy. Social Democratic Party of Ger- French foreign ministers that the gth. It has also positively served many (SPD), Sigmar Gabriel, call European Council and the Council a transatlantic bridge between >>GREEN LIGHT for a deeper integration in Euro- of Ministers should focus exclu- North America and Europe. As FOR AN INTEGRATED pean foreign policy. Another joint sively on security and defence at a permanent member of the UN EUROPEAN SECURITY paper by the foreign ministers of least twice per year. This proposal Security Council, it can speak on AND DEFENCE POLICY Germany and France, Frank-Wal- has also already been called for behalf of the Union at the United Just a few days after the Brexit re- ter Steinmeier and Jean-Marc in the SPD position paper men- Nations. Furthermore, Great Britain ferendum, the High Representative Ayrault, which is titled “A strong tioned before. I think it makes is a progressive force in climate of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Europe in an insecure World”, sense to put this idea on the agen- diplomacy and development Security Policy presented a “Global goes in the same direction, giving da once again in the context of a cooperation: it is the second lar- Strategy” to the EU Heads of State numerous concrete examples to possible Brexit. gest donor of development aid and Government. The paper is illustrate what a reformed CFSP/ after the United States and the Federica Mogherini’s response to CSDP could look like. As such, To achieve this upgrade of the only country in the world that has the “existential crisis of the EU”. Steinmeier and Ayrault propose European Parliament, a change of introduced legislation commit- The crisis has been worsened by that the EU develop a common the EU Treaties is needed, which ting to spend 0.7% of its GNI on the decision of the British citizens analysis of its strategic environ- requires an agreement among all development aid. to leave the European Union, while ment and a common unders- EU member states. It is not clear also representing an opportunity tanding of its security interests, that Great Britain’s exit from the Nevertheless, Brexit also provides for the EU to reform the CFSP and while highlighting that there are EU would clear the way for such a an opportunity to strengthen the CSDP. The High Representative different levels of ambition among step, but it would at least weaken EU as a foreign policy actor, as it calls for a “strong Union (...) that the member states. As a conse- the group of countries that has would make a reform of the Com- thinks strategically, shares a vi- quence, more ambitious member been opposing any integration mon Foreign and Security Policy sion and acts together.” Those states should be free to develop in the field of CSDP in the past. (CFSP) and Common Security and EU member states that used to a more integrated foreign and Defence Policy (CSDP) more likely. hide behind or emulate the UK’s security policy that makes use of Read the article in its entirety It is in this policy area that British anti-integration stance in the Eu- all available means. on www.progressivepost.eu

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EUROPEANS AND BREXIT

Opinion Poll conducted by FEPS and the Jean Jaurès Foundation

n January 23, 2013, DO YOU THINK IN THE FOLLOWING MONTHS AND YEARS, THE BRITISH ECONOMY... ? Britain’s Prime Minis- ter, David Cameron, % % % sensationally an- onounced that the United Kingdom would be holding a referendum % % % on its membership of the Euro- pean Union. That announcement became reality last June 23, and, with almost 52% of the votes, the % % % Leave camp won the day. The British have decided to separate from the European Union. The situation is unprecedented and the % % % consequences uncertain. Across Europe, the media, experts and politicians of all persuasions are concerned about the potential % % % fallout from this exit, whether from the economic, geopolitical or institutional point of view. And while Brexit is of great interest to % % % Europe’s leaders, it is also of great interest to citizens in Europe.

What are their reactions? Illus- Results as of July 2016, % of studied population trated through a series of opinion polls, Jérôme Fourquet sums this up in an article entitled “Euro- Will be weaknened Will be strengthened Will be neither strengthened peans and Brexit”. To begin, he by the decision by the decision nor weakened by the points out that public opinion in to leave the EU to leave the EU decision to leave the EU

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Europe “seems highly contrasted” A MAJORITY OF THE BRITISH PUBLIC VOTED IN FAVOUR FOR THE EXIT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM and attributes this situation to the FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION. PERSONALLY, HOW DID YOU FEEL AFTER THIS DECISION? uncertainty mentioned above. He observes that in countries where pro-European sentiment runs FRENCH GERMANS ITALIANS SPANISH BELGIANS POLES high, the predominant reaction is incomprehension (in Germany, for instance). Conversely, in the Understand why 23 15 26 14 18 18 more Eurosceptic countries and in countries with fragile economies, Do not understand why 22 45 18 20 31 19 the predominant feeling is one of understanding (for example, in France). Elsewhere, the prevailing Indifferent 17 9 9 17 12 16 sentiment is concern. Concern 16 17 17 28 22 31 As for the impact of Brexit on the British economy, the vast ma- Enthusiasm 10 4 9 4 6 2 jority of Europeans are sceptical. They feel there is a danger that this decision will weaken Sadness 8 7 14 14 8 11 the United Kingdom. According to Fourquet, “the patriots have Anger 4 3 7 3 3 3 [thus] lost the battle for public opinion”. Remarkably, one of the more curious consequences of Results as of July 2016, % of studied population the victory of the Leave campaign is that many other people now see greater benefits in belonging feeling of belonging to Europe in Poland is public opinion more In addition to this reversal, public to the EU. For instance, 80% of is the increasing hostility towards inclined to take a conciliatory stance opinion in Europe is quite strongly Germans and 70% of French take the organising of a referendum on Britain (70% want the EU to be against more recent candidates a positive view of their belonging on whether or not to keep their “quite” or “very” conciliatory). joining (for example, only 30% of to the EU, compared with just 62% country in the EU. For instance, Fourquet further observes that French, Belgian and German res- and 57% respectively two years while 54% of French and Italians are opinions vary by age category. pondents are in favour of Ukraine ago. This substantial upswing against the idea, the proportion is Young people, who are less en- joining the EU). The case of the in public opinion regarding the 59% in Germany, 65% in Belgium, thusiastic about the EU than their Balkan countries is more complex. benefits of Europe concerns all 66% in Spain and even 67% in elders, are less intransigent than In the founding countries, public political parties in both countries Poland. So at least for the moment, the latter. Likewise, the expec- opinion is very much against them (including the AfD – Alternative für the idea of a domino effect seems tation of firmness with the UK is joining the Union, whereas in Po- Deutschland), with the exception out of the question, but with the UK highest in the historically more land and Spain, public opinion is of France’s Front National. Howe- serving as a case study, that situa- pro-European political families much better disposed towards the ver, public opinion in Italy seems tion could potentially change if its (including over 70% of UDI and Balkan countries. In view of all these to be the exception in Europe. economy were to pick up. Modem sympathisers). considerations, Fourquet warns In Fourquet’s view, this reaction against an enlargement process can be ascribed to the migrant In this context, public opinion Finally, Brexit could bring the that would be contrary to public crisis – which is affecting Italy more everywhere seems little inclined enlargement process to a halt. opinion (such as the case of Turkey) than other countries – and to the to make any concessions to the Back in 2004, 30% of the French, as this could jeopardise citizens’ budgetary concessions made to British. A majority of Germans, 37% of the Germans, 67% of the trust in the EU and its institutions. Brussels in recent decades. French and Spaniards expect an Italians and 78% of the Spaniards intransigent stance on demands were in favour of Turkey joining the Read the entirety of Fourquet demonstrates that the from the UK (in addition to a relative EU; those figures are now 13%, this analysis or full survey corollary of this upturn in the majority in Italy and Belgium). Only 12%, 46% and 34% respectively. at www.feps-europe.eu

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ONES TO WATCH ROBERT BIEDRON

Robert Biedroń shakes up most stereotypes one would have about Poland and its politicians. Born in the city of Rymanów, Mr. Biedroń has been active in politics since the early 2000s. His electoral victory in the October 2011 parliamentary elections meant that he was the first openly gay member of the Sejm (lower house of the Polish Parliament). Being victim to homophobic attacks during his tenure did not stop him from also breaking the record as the first openly gay mayor in Poland. Earning 57% of the vote in 2014, he became mayor of the city of Słupsk, and still holds the post to this day.

— What prompted you to elected and in the parliament, was speech – I was beaten up and spat start a political career? because I was gay. I did not think at, it was not an easy time but I this was fair, and had to prove all knew I had to survive and perse- RB: I think undoubtedly, personal the time that I was capable and vere, especially if I wanted people — When did your interest experiences. I thought that as an deserved to be a member of the to get used to the presence of LG- in politics begin? Was it so- atheist and openly gay person, parliament. I know that unfor- BTQI people in the public space. If mething ever-present since I would not have an easy life in tunately, this is a similar struggle we want to change people’s minds, your youth? conservative Poland. I did not agree sometimes with female politicians, people have to meet us, touch with many things that I saw hap- who have to constantly prove their us, look at us, to see that we are ROBERT BIEDROŃ: I must say, it pening around me, and thought capabilities in the political sphere. indeed, part of this society. was not just an interest in politics, that if I wanted to live in a better I worked much harder than my it was an interest in society and country – in a more open, tolerant, straight colleagues, to prove that — How has your experience solving its issues. Since I can re- and diverse Poland – I had to en- I had the knowledge, energy, and in the Sejm been different than member, I was involved in school gage. This prompted me to start a experience, alongside a willin- that in the mayoral office? and local causes; I collected money political career. I was looking for a gness to engage. Unfortunately, for the Polish Medical System as political party, which was close to this is a reality for many margina- RB: The Sejm was less practical. a young volunteer. There was a no my political beliefs, and I found the lized people in our society. Being a mayor is a practical job; you motivation from a specific person Social Democrats and got engaged have decisions to make about the in my activities; I was just motivated in the Social Democrat movement. — What was it like being the holes on the road, to revitalization of by the willingness to change the victim of homophobic aggres- streets and neighbourhoods to the world and fix the problems around — What was it like serving as sion several times since your building of schools. I have to say that me, that’s why I started getting an openly gay member in the election to the Sejm? being a member of parliament was involved in politics. Politics was Polish Parliament (the Sejm)? more theoretical. While we make a consequence of these kinds of RB: To put it mildly, it was not easy. decisions in the parliament, we don’t activities. I knew politicians had RB: Well, it was natural for me, There were no other members of see the immediate impact of our the power and tools to change the because I was working. It was very parliament that were being beaten decisions on people. While I enjoyed world – and I understood that if hard for me, because people were up or who were victims of physical being Member of Parliament, I enjoy I wanted to be effective I needed constantly judging and insinuating aggression. I faced not only psy- being involved in local government, to engage in politics, and so I did. that the only reason why I was chological aggression and hate which I find closer to the people.

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HISTORY © EU

Ɲ BRUSSELS, BELGIUM - Martin Schultz and Jean-Claude Juncker at the European Commission EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY NEEDS “SPITZENKANDIDATEN” IN THE 2019 EUROPEAN ELECTIONS by Jo Leinen

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hard work in the next upcoming as a great success. For the first make it clear, in an early stage years, but would mean that part of time, an election campaign for ahead of the elections, that there the European Parliament's seats the European elections had per- will be no falling back into old won’t be distributed through na- sonalities, which campaigned times and habits. European Par- tional contingents, as they would across the European Union and ties, as main actors, have to be be distributed directly on the presented their programmes to prepared well. National member European level. the electorate. For the first time, parties should be involved and The nomination of European European citizens knew before take ownership of the procedure. “Spitzenkandidaten” or “lead the elections, which party sup- Just as the European Union can- candidates” by the European Par- ported which candidate. And, not function without the support ties is another option to strengthen for the first time, the people could of its Member States, the suc- the European dimension of the watch televised debates between cess of European lead candi- European elections and to make the candidates, making the Eu- dates depends primarily on the them more democratic and trans- ropean Union less abstract and support they enjoy among the parent. Under the framework of more tangible. national parties. the Lisbon-Treaty the European Parliament “European Parties still lack visibility, but elects the President of because of their lead candidates many the European Commis- citizens made first contact with them. sion, instead of only While the 2014 elections were a test-run, giving its consent to setting a precedent, the 2019 elections embers of the Euro- the European Council’s could mark the ﬁnal breakthrough.” pean Parliament usual- choice, as it had been Mly don't vote according before. This stronger role of the The media, citizens, and Euro- to their nationality, but according European Parliament opens the pean Parties themselves will get to the line of their respective po- door to align European democra- accustomed to the new practice. litical groups. This transnational cy with the common democratic Increased media coverage and competition between different practice in the Member States. If improved nomination procedures political visions and ideas has not on the European level candidates with intra-party competition will been presented to the electorate have to present themselves to lead to higher interest among vo- during the campaigns for Euro- the electorate during the election ters. European lead candidates pean elections. The gap between campaign and fight for a majo- cannot replace a necessary reform the supranational functioning of rity in the Parliament to become of the rules governing the Euro- the European Parliament and the Commission President, it is in fact pean elections, but considering public debate on Europe is often voters who are deciding who shall the lack of political will among stuck in national silos and can only lead the EU’s executive – instead national governments for a com- be overcome by the empower- of 28 Heads of State behind closed prehensive improvement of the ment of European Political Par- doors in the European Council. In European electoral law, they are ties – the natural actors who can 2014, the Spitzenkandidaten ini- the best way to make the European Europeanise political debates. tiative was experimental, perhaps elections more transparent and I am convinced that in the me- explaining its imperfect nature. For more European. dium term, European Parties do example, due to the opposition of not only need more resources, some Heads of Government to this Not all national governments but, even more importantly, they new modus operandi, too much have come to terms with the fact need to have the opportunity to attention in the media was given that the election of the Commis- compete for mandates. Thus, to the inter-institutional battle, at sion President is something to be they can evolve and become more the expense of the political battle transferred to elected represen- > ABOUT than umbrella organisations for between the candidates. tatives in the European Parlia- Jo Leinen is an S&D Member of the national parties. The intro- ment. For that reason, European the European Parliament from duction of transnational lists for Despite its imperfections, howe- Parties and political groups in Germany. European elections, will require ver, the initiative can be regarded the European Parliament have to

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NEXT ECONOMY BUSINESS, BUT FOR PEOPLE!

by Peter Hunt

Business is the engine that creates the wealth upon which the progress of society is built. Yet in recent years we have seen the erosion of trust in corporations and the polarisation of the interests of ordinary citizens from the businesses for whom they work and with whom they trade.

he rich have increased able to present a positive vision their share of wealth of an economy that works for whilst global corporations ordinary people. have begun to behave as In the middle 20th century, social Tsovereign nations, but in the in- democrats turned to the state for terest of their shareholders. At economic and social solutions; the same time austerity has af- the subsequent swing to privati- fected working people most, with sation and marketisation left little a whole new generation of young response from the left. Too often, people facing greater challenges progressives offer only an alterna- than ever before. tive, albeit kinder, management The way the economy is orga- of the same economic systems nised, how business operates, that are seen to have failed. The and ultimately how wealth is only radical alternatives being shared among people, is cru- discussed on the left are throw- cial to rebuilding trust with the backs to an equally discredited electorate. Business needs to state-controlled past. be trusted by its customers, to We cannot offer a binary choice respect its workers, and to fol- between government control or low a purpose that serves the support for a free market. We common good rather than private need to find a policy narrative that interests. Progressives need to be connects with and inspires voters

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Ɲ STRASBOURG, FRANCE - This bicycle shop in old town Strasbourg, is an example of a successful small business cooperative.

by aligning the recognisable so- live in, our places of work and re- of business through cooperatives cial democratic political values laxation, our healthcare, financial and mutuals. This could help to of fairness and democracy with a well-being and energy providers, develop strong progressive and new political plan for organising cooperatives are an intrinsic part populist policies that can work our economy and society. of the lives of our people. for many social democratic and A business policy that promotes More than one in five of our citizens labour parties in the EU. the interests of citizens before is a member of a coop – twice as capital could do this. In many many people as those who own These People’s businesses : EU countries, the history of coo- shares in listed firms. Nearly five Work in the interests perative and mutual business is million people work in cooperatives, of their customers interwoven with progressive mo- and these people’s businesses col- Share widely the rewards vements. Many trade unions and lectively have earnings in excess of enterprise > ABOUT socialist societies originally foun- of several billion Euros each year. Actively engage and involve Peter Hunt is Managing Partner ded these organisations to pro- their workers and Founder of Mutuo, the leading vide services to their members. A progressive plan for business advocate for co-operative and mu- The size and scope of the coope- exists and is possible to grow. It It is the Progressive movement tual businesses. Prior to that, for rative business sector across the should include a policy agenda who can truly understand them, ten years he was the General Se- EU is already impressive. From that promotes and nurtures cus- therefore value, embrace and en- cretary of the Co-operative Party. the food we eat to the homes we tomer and employee ownership courage policies for them.

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NEXT SOCIAL THE PROGRESSIVE CONSUMPTION TAX: FISCAL MAGIC?

by Robert H. Frank

When all stand to get a better view at a concert or sporting event, none sees any better than if all had remained comfortably seated. Many forms of consumption spending are wasteful in analogous ways. Families spend more on their daughter’s wedding in the hope of staging a celebration that guests will remember as special. But special is a relative concept. When all families spend more, the standards that define special merely escalate. The good news is that a simple change in tax policy could eliminate this form of waste.

ow much do parents feel now costs more than $76,000. they need to spend on Why are people are spending so H their daughter’s wed- much more? The short answer is ding? They want guests to remem- that rising income and wealth ber it as a special occasion, but inequality have sharply raised the “special” is a relative concept. bar that defines “special.” There Standards differ from place to is no evidence that higher wed- place and from era to era. In 1980, ding costs have made marrying the cost of an average American couples any happier. On the wedding, adjusted for inflation, contrary, increased expenditures was $11,000; a princely sum in on weddings actually appear to most parts of the world even increase the likelihood of divorce, today. But by 2014, that figure they are almost purely wasteful. had escalated to $30,000, and in The good news is that a simple Manhattan the average wedding change in tax policy could free

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up a large share of the resources dollar, it would also owe an addi- currently being wasted in similar tional dollar of tax. ways. Specifically, we could scrap The incentive effects of a progres- the current progressive income tax sive consumption tax would be in favour of a much steeper pro- markedly different. gressive tax on each household’s Consider, for example, how the consumption. Families would tax would affect a wealthy family continue to report their taxable in- that had been planning a large come and also their annual savings, addition to its mansion. If it faced as many now do for tax-exempt a marginal consumption tax rate of retirement accounts. The diffe- 100 percent, that addition would rence - income minus savings - is now cost twice as much. Even the family’s annual consumption the wealthy respond to price in- expenditure. That amount, less centives (that’s why they live in a large standard deduction - say, smaller houses in New York than 30,000€ for a family of four - is in Seattle). So the tax would be a the family’s taxable consumption. powerful incentive for this family

Rates would start low and would to scale back its plans. It could © penguiin then rise much more steeply than build an addition half as big, for those under the current income tax. example, without spending more Families in the bottom half of the than it originally planned. Conservatives have long favoured spending distribution would pay proposals to tax consumption lower or no higher taxes than under The fiscal magic occurs because instead of income. They generally the current system. But high mar- other wealthy families who’d also favour a flat tax, but because flat ginal rates on top spenders would planned additions to their man- taxes would make inequality dra- not only generate more revenue sions would respond in a similar matically worse, they are unlikely than the current system, but would way. And since no one denies that, ever to be adopted. So a progres- also reshape spending patterns in beyond some point, it’s relative, sive consumption tax may be our ways that would benefit people not absolute, mansion size that only politically realistic hope for up and down the income ladder. really matters, the smaller addi- ending the downturn quickly and If top marginal income tax rates tions would serve just as well as limiting the growth in consump- are set too high, they discourage if all had built larger ones. The tion inequality that has made life productive economic activity. In tax would have similar effects in so much more difficult for the 99 the limit, a top marginal income other luxury domains. Not a shred percent. As economists are fond tax rate of 100 percent would of evidence suggests that such a of saying, there’s no free lunch. An mean that taxpayers would gain change would make top earners important exception to that rule, > ABOUT nothing from working harder any less happy. If all mansions however, is that when existing ar- Robert H. Frank has been an eco- or investing more. In contrast, were a little smaller, all cars a rangements are grossly wasteful, nomics professor for more than a higher top marginal rate on little less expensive, all diamonds it’s possible for everyone to have a decade. His books include Pas- consumption would actually en- a little more modest, and all ce- more of everything. Growing inco- sions Within Reason, Principles of courage savings and investment. lebrations a little less costly, the me disparities, which are largely Economics (with Ben Bernanke), A top marginal consumption tax standards that define “special” a consequence of market forces, The Winner-Take-All Society (with rate of 100 percent, for example, in each case would adjust accor- have made it far more expensive Philip Cook), and, most recently, would simply mean that if a dingly, leaving successful people for middle-income families to Success and Luck. wealthy family spent an extra just as happy as before. achieve many basic goals.

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NEXT DEMOCRACY TRANSPARENCY

> ABOUT IN THE EU, Emily O’Reilly has been the Eu- ropean Ombudswoman since 2013. She was formerly Ireland’s Ombudswoman and Information POST-BREXIT Commissioner.

by Emily O’Reilly

My original commentary on transparency has been blown off course - like so many things - by the UK’s vote to leave the European Union on 23 June. The dust from the referendum will take many years to settle.

rom an Ombudsman’s tings largely without active ci- perspective, however, tizen scrutiny. This changed once EUROPEAN COMMISSION one conclusion can the financial and economic crisis already be drawn. The started. Suddenly access-to-do- run-up to the vote saw cument requests shot up. People Directors Fthe EU subject to a greater depth wanted to know who made the of scrutiny about what it actually decisions that set the country on does than ever before in its histo- course for an international bai- Commissioners ry. The detail with which serious lout. So in uncertain times, when British newspapers - and indeed people are worried about their serious newspapers right across future, they tend to look more Cabinet Members the Union - wrote about European closely at how decisions affecting issues such as trade, migration or them are made. the EU budget was unprecedented It’s important to stress that the Directors in scale and scope. This is positive. European Commission goes a lot Once people know more about further when it comes to transpa- what an institution or organisation rent decision-making than most Commissioners does, it appears less forbidding. Member States. It has taken on My experience as Ombudsman in board the fact that the rise of so- Cabinet Members Ireland showed that in the ‘good cial media has profoundly altered times’ - while the Celtic Tiger was the parameters of what is consi- Source: www.integritywatch.eu , 2015-2016 still going strong - people had dered an acceptable level of trans- Ɲ POLICY LEVEL been relatively content to let the parency for governments and their Current transparency provisions apply to Commissioners (including President government go about its business, administrations. When Europeans and Vice-Presidents), their cabinets and all Directors-General. The shares of make its decisions and hold mee- rightly cry the lack of transparency the pie reflect the number of meetings by hierarchy level.

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Ɲ TOP 10 HOSTS Individuals from the European Commission with most contacts with lobbyists. Commissioner Miguel Arias Cañete When individuals meet several lobby organisations in a single meeting, the tool counts each contact separately. The number of contacts can thus be higher Commissioner Günther Oettinger than the number of meetings. LOBBYIST Director-General Dominique Ristori Corporate Municipal NGOs Stig Joergen Gren Consultants Churches Unknown Consultants Vice-President Andrus Ansip Think Tanks Think Tanks Commissioner Jonathan Hill NGOs Unknown Edward Bannerman Municipal

Commissioner Violeta Bulc Churches Source:www.integritywatch.eu

Michael Hager Corporate

Director-General Robert Madelin Ɲ CATEGORY OF LOBBY ORGANISATION The classifications in this graph reflect the categories established by the EU Transparency Register. Names have been shortened. The shares of the pie Number of contacts reflect the number of registered organisations per category.

at the heart of the EU, the main This is very different to previous expert groups and how it feeds into transparent decision-making will problems do not in fact lie in the trade agreements. the Commission’s policy-making come via the Transparency Regis- Commission or Parliament. Still, the TTIP timetable is un- process. There should be robust ter. Talks are currently underway As people receive news or hear certain. Not least because many - and fully implemented - rules to overhaul it. To my mind, the about issues in real time, they people are distrustful of those governing senior officials moving to new-look register - which should demand answers in real time. Take taking decisions on their behalf. take jobs in the private sector. These become really mandatory and be the ongoing negotiations on the While transparency is never a are two areas that I have looked into extended to the Council - should Transatlantic Trade and Invest- ‘silver bullet’ to regain trust, it is and have received a good response become a ‘central transparency ment Partnership (TTIP). Initial necessary to increase trust in the from the Commission. hub’ for anyone trying to find out grass roots concerns - as well as decision-making process. There is scope for further improve- exactly how an organisation has concerns raised by Members of People should be confident that ment however. The Juncker Com- sought to wield influence in the EU. the European Parliament - about negotiations carried out in their mission took the praiseworthy The EU needs to set the ‘gold stan- the EU-US trade deal were am- name are being done in good step of obliging all senior officials dard’ when it comes to being open plified on Twitter and Facebook. faith; that the results have not in the Commission to record and and accountable, because its de- In the absence of information been subject to undue lobbying publish their meetings with in- cisions have far-reaching implica- about what exactly was on the and that there is rigorous parlia- terest representatives. I see no tions for citizens, yet it is perceived table - at first even the negotiating mentary scrutiny. reason why this obligation should as distant and unknowable. As mandate was under wraps - cer- But this checklist does not only not be extended to all Commission profoundly as the Brexit vote has tain fears took hold. Following my apply to negotiations on TTIP. It policy staff; after all it is desk offi- shaken the EU, this is also an op- office’s intervention and that of should apply to all aspects of po- cers who do the preliminary work portunity for all of us to reassess the Parliament, the Commission licy-making. It should be clear, for on a piece of legislation. how we communicate and interact has taken a much more proactive example, what kind of advice is A test of all three of the main ins- with European citizens. We should approach to releasing documents. given by the over 800 Commission titutions’ commitment to more not fail to grasp it.

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NEXT ENVIRONMENT

AN ENLIGHTENED > ABOUT Tomas Wyns is a Doctoral Re- searcher at the Institute of Euro- INDUSTRIAL POLICY pean Studies (ULB), working on the design of an EU Emissions Trading System. He was formerly a climate policy officer in the en- FOR EUROPE vironmental administration of the Flemish government in Belgium.

by Thomas Wyns At a time when belief in the European Union as a project for peace and prosperity is challenged, an enlightened industrial policy that matches reducing greenhouse emissions with improving competitiveness could give oxygen to Europe’s workers and entrepreneurs. It can become the foundation of a new prosperous and low-carbon age in Europe’s history.

eep greenhouse gas researching decarbonisation can- easy, as most of the low-hanging opportunity to use a specific emission reductions not ignore essential economic fruits have already been picked. type of CO2-capturing technolo- in Europe’s energy challenges for these industries, There also is no single silver bullet gy, which comes with important intensive industries such as increased international for these deep emission reduc- co-benefits. In the steel sector, Dare often regarded as expensive, competition and global over-ca- tions. Therefore, an economically a new type of blast furnace, cur- harmful to competitiveness or pacity. A new public sector led attractive low-carbon transition rently tested in the Netherlands, even impossible. In a recent re- industrial policy would be able will require the combination would be less costly to build and port, the Institute for European to address both elements at the of three pillars. These are the operate compared to conventio- Studies (IES) analysed the po- same time and hence catalyse the process, product and business nal technologies while reducing tential of important European transition to a competitive, highly model transformations. emissions significantly. industrial sectors, such as steel, innovation-driven and low-car- Radical process innovation is Innovative high value-added pro- chemicals and cement, to reduce bon European industry. still an important option for the ducts will also play a key role in the emissions by more than 80% by Between 1990 and 2013, EU in- industrial sector. In the chemical industrial low-carbon transition. 2050. This would enable the EU to dustry contributed significantly industry, there is ample poten- Development of new high-perfor- contribute significantly towards to the economy-wide emission tial for using biomass waste, as ming chemical compounds that achieving the long-term goals reductions in the EU. However, a feedstock for replacing most of can easily be assembled from bio- mentioned in the Paris Climate tapping into the reduction poten- the oil-based inputs. The cement based feedstock will be critical Change Agreement. However, tial of 80% and beyond will not be industry seems to have a unique here. For cement, a promising and

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 30 DEBATES © Jm73

Ɲ CZECH REPUBLIC – Air pollution and its controls are a significant concern for EU policy makers.

widely abundant clinker substi- streamlining, modernisation and the more challenging parts of the punishing industries that move tute, mentioned in this report, increased overall value added at industrial low-carbon transfor- towards low-carbon processes or can reduce emissions by 30%, lower sales volumes. mation will be to bring promising business models. while giving the same proper- These three industrial transi- low-carbon process technologies The EU finds itself at an impor- ties as the commonly used Port- tions cannot be seen as isolated to the commercialisation stage. tant moment in its industrial deve- land cement. Advanced material from other major shifts in the EU These new process technologies lopment. Thanks to technological science leading to high perfor- economy that are expected over will need to be market-ready by process and product innovations mance and lightweight steel can the next decades. The growth of 2030 to allow for deployment that are happening throughout the open a market for steel produ- renewable electricity can beco- across the EU by 2050. Again, industries, achieving competitive cers, which targets downstream me an economic asset for indus- these investments will be capital deep emission reductions can be consumers in need of these types trial transformation through the intensive, but also, due to their possible over the next decades. of steel for low-carbon perfor- smart use of demand response. pioneering nature, risk intensive. The public sector has to play mance of their products. Increased resource efficiency as The proposed EU Emissions Tra- a catalytic role in enabling this Business model transitions will be part of a circular economy is ano- ding System Innovation Fund for transition, driven by a vision that essential to enable both econo- ther example. Both the steel and the period 2020-2030 can be- fully integrates decarbonisation mic and environmental benefits. the chemical sector have signifi- come an important tool to en- challenges in a modern industrial Ammonia and fertiliser produc- cant potential to increase re-usage able a timely commercialisation policy. At a time when belief in the tion can move from a manufactu- and recycling of products. For the of these process technologies. European Union as a project for ring sector more into the direction steel industry, this would fit well Governments can also enable peace and prosperity is challen- of agricultural services, by bene- with a move towards higher levels the creation of markets for new ged, this enlightened industrial fiting from the use of emerging of electric arc steel and away from low-carbon products through policy for Europe could bring hope biotechnologies. The cement blast furnace production. public procurement. Avoiding to workers and entrepreneurs. It and steel industries will have to Realising a low-carbon industry regulatory misalignment is a third can become the foundation of a address the current (and possibly will require smart and committed element that requires evaluation, new prosperous and low-carbon structural) overcapacity through public policies and support. One of as to avoid (unintentionally) age in Europe’s history.

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PERSPECTIVE USEFULNESS, EQUALITY, TRANSFORMATION: THE THREE CONDITIONS FOR INCLUSIVE LEADERSHIP

by Laura Slimani

Left-wing parties are traditionally more associated with a democratic practice of power than the right. But is organising primaries enough to make a political formation inclusive? Answering the call for choice in our societies implies calling into question our collective and individual habits.

specific to the left, against a right gnate candidates and party leaders that is perpetually awaiting the sufficient? How do we explain the providential man or woman. fact that the faces of left-wing However, this pattern is eroding, as leaders are so alike? right-wing parties have understood Shouldn’t we be looking at the ex- that in societies increasingly edu- perience of internal democracy of arty leadership contests cated and informed, a leader is Podemos, in which sympathisers set the pace of life of our stronger if chosen democratical- vote a lot more often, or that of the political parties with, so- ly by his political family. As evi- Five Star Movement in Italy, whose metimes, surprising results. denced by the internal election of MPs adopt at Parliament the policy PThe last example that comes to the right-wing Spitzenkandidat to dictated by their electorate after an mind is undoubtedly the victory of the European elections of 2014 – online consultation? Jeremy Corbyn of the leadership interestingly, the right had a real On the other hand, how do we of the Labour party, which nobody internal election opposing Juncker explain that extreme right parties, expected and yet enthused an im- to Barnier, while the socialists had gathered around a figurehead such pressing number of campaigners. only one candidate… as Marine Le Pen, Victor Orban or Change is always met with some Moreover, is our political family as Jorg Haider, have such appeal? resistance, but that capacity to democratic as it pretends to be? Is Ultimately, what is expressed, respect the vote of supporters is the multiplying of primaries to desi- through authoritarianism or de-

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 32 FOCUS © Ms Jane Campbell

Ɲ LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM - Students and first-time voters usually play crucial roles in deciding which policies and parties govern their future.

mand of choice, is a willingness of cratic consultation implies some use it. It implies working on the citizens to master their own destiny risk-taking, and we are seldom domination mechanisms within and a feeling that this is not the case ready to take it. We must un- our parties to address them, as currently. Democracy in the prac- derstand that refusing to debate well as supporting youth organi- tice of power isn't only defined by a substantively will only weaken a sations, which encompass a lot of set of rules that guarantee votes will political family founded on prin- young people and will do it even be respected. Three conditions ciples of democracy and equality. more if they are given the means are necessary for a genuinely The second condition for an inclu- to develop themselves. inclusive leadership. sive leadership is that all should The third condition for an inclu- First, voting must matter. Why have equal access to participation, sive leadership is that it remains vote in a leadership contest if the whatever the gender, colour of skin so, once in power. Too often, die has already been cast through or social background. However, left-wing parties give in to the secret arrangements? Why parti- we need only look at the group system in place, mainly econo- cipate if there is only one candi- pictures from the socialists’ Euro- mic. Real questions emerge on date? If new faces are to be drawn pean pre-Council meetings to see the capacity to carry out leftist to politics, ballot papers must be that isn’t the case. The die is cast. policies in Europe within insti- given some power. For example, Democracy implies that each of us tutions and rules that render it it would be interesting if socialist should have the key to comprehen- extremely challenging to raise low and social-democrat voters were ding the world and system around salaries, tax profits and capital, > ABOUT to decide on a possible coalition us. We must, therefore, put in place or reduce working time. It is a Laura Slimani is the President with the right following the next necessary mechanisms for equality whole other debate, yet it needs of Young European Socialists, European elections, and the basis and its respect, to strengthen the to be addressed. There is no point which gathers all socialist youth on which such alliance could be education of the public, so that leading a party if it means being branches in Europe. made possible. Any truly demo- all can access knowledge and powerless in transforming society.

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YOUTH

> ABOUT AND LEADERSHIP Elio di Rupo is the former Prime Minister of Belgium

by Elio di Rupo

European youth is particularly affected by the current crisis. Austerity has made them poor and ren- dered their future cloudier. Today there are 4.5 million young people unemployed in the European Union, and in some countries, 50% of young people are jobless.

nal politics, which they perceive good. It has also distanced Euro- than isolationism. The task is ours as distant from their concerns peans further away from Europe. to invent new social protections, and with little influence on their We need Europe. To preserve to guarantee a better quality of day-to-day life. peace and protect those that glo- life, to create a new solidarity And could we blame them at a balisation has forgotten. Saying it amongst Europeans rather than time when member states flout isn’t enough – we need to prove it. organising social and economic fundamental European values? Without action, European integra- competition, which opposes When governments erect fences tion, already questioned by Brexit, them. Jacques Delors once said n a recent poll, young Euro- and walls within Europe instead will be permanently stopped. that nobody falls in love with a peans were asked: “Do you of showing solidarity towards mi- Leaders have a great responsi- common market – I’d like to add think that the economic crisis grants fleeing death. When the bility to close the gap with an that young Europeans will not fall has marginalised the youth in interest of multinationals mani- indispensable youth. They have in love with austerity either. your country, that is, excluded festly has priority over those of to show that politics can be the Rethinking and preserving our Ithem from the social and economic citizens, especially in business. shield of the general interest shared future requires changing life?”, 57% answered “yes” (Euro- Or when former leaders supposed against private ones. the economic and social agenda. barometer survey - May 2016). to protect the European common Progressives, gathered within the This urgent task cannot be left to good unscrupulously join big European Socialist Party, have a governments alone. The elabora- Young Europeans aren’t disinte- finance – the very industry that responsibility to suggest a clean tion of a new European political rested by social issues, quite the has destabilised Europe. break with the neoliberal model project that upholds the values opposite, they are always joining The neoliberal model is bringing and the rules it has imposed of solidarity and fairness will only new forms of mobilisation. But Europe to its economic, social on Europe: sharing rather than happen if civil society, and in par- there is no denying that they feel and democratic demise. Auste- owning, trading rather than ticular European youth, is asso- increasingly alienated by traditio- rity has done more damage than accumulating, solidarity rather ciated to the rethinking of Europe.

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EUROPE WATCH YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN EU ELECTIONS IS FALLING: DIFFERENCES ACROSS MEMBER STATES

by Doru Frantescu In partnership with VoteWatch Europe Data from the last European elections shows a sharp decrease in the turnout of young people voting. Even more worryingly, the gap between the participation of the oldest generation and the youngest one is widening. While an opposite trend can be observed in some of the Member States such as Sweden, FI Italy and Greece, the overall issue of youth participation in EU SE elections should be addressed.

DK LV LT

olls show that a IE UK NL majority of the PL BE DE youth trust EU ins- CZ titutions. On the other < -9 SK AU hand, the low level of inte- -9 - 0 FR HU SI HR RO Prest of young people for the Euro- 1 - 10 pean elections only creates a new 11 - 20 IT BG paradox of old habits. As little as 21 - 30 PT ES 27.8% of the youngest generation 31 - 40 EL (18-24 years old) voted for their > 40 MEPs in 2014. Moreover, the large Not a member state of EU MT gap between the participation CY of the youngest and the oldest age groups is striking, to say the MAP - ELECTIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2014:

least - a valid source of concern GAP BETWEEN TURNOUT (%) OF VOTERS AGED 55+ AND 18-24 Survey Eurobarometer source: Data

35 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 FOCUS

for the European institutions. In the national elections, however, elections than the national ave- AS YOUNG fact, as young people hold more this gap is much lower, as in the rage (85.8%). This difference positive attitudes towards the case in Ireland, where more than might partially account for the PEOPLE HOLD EU than older generations, their 75% of Irish youth voted. different electoral results of Swe- absence at the polling stations This pattern holds for almost dish political parties in European MORE POSITIVE actually rewards parties that are every European country, with the and national elections, as smaller more critical of EU integration. notable exception of Sweden, and, left-wing parties (such as the ATTITUDES of course, those countries where Feminist Initiative) performed Some examples can shed light on voting is mandatory: Luxembourg better at the European elections TOWARDS THE this difference. The first map shows and Belgium. In fact, in the last than at the national ones. that, in Ireland, there was a gap of European elections, many more EU THAN OLDER 55 percentage points between young Swedes showed up in If one compares the results of the turnout of the youth (18-24 year- comparison to their older coun- the European elections of 2014 to GENERATIONS, olds) and older generation (55+) in terparts (a positive difference of 2009, paradox strikes again. Not 2014. Next door, a high level of dis- 17%). Furthermore, millennials only was there an overall sharp THEIR ABSENCE satisfaction of young people is also were the most participative age decrease in youth electoral par- observed in the United Kingdom, group. Such a difference is even ticipation, but a further widening AT THE POLLING as less than 20% of young people more striking when the figure of the generational gap. As is exercised their right to vote over is compared to the estimates shown by the second map, there STATIONS the last European elections. On of participation by age for the is an overall increase in the gap the other hand, over 50 percent national elections. In the same between the older and the younger ACTUALLY of the elderly went to the British year, 2014, fewer young Swedes age group, although in the case polling stations. When it comes to (81.3%) voted in the national of Sweden its direction is reversed, REWARDS with the younger demographic now participating more than the elderly. PARTIES THAT

The case of Sweden is not isolated. ARE MORE It rather stands as the start of a pattern which can be also seen CRITICAL OF EU in countries struck by austerity, such as Greece and Italy, where INTEGRATION. more young voters participated in the European elections, while the level of abstention increased among the older generation. Italy is one of the most prominent cases The crisis of the Eurozone and the of a reduction in the participation heated debates on austerity mea- gap between the two generations. sures show just how deeply the decisions taken at the EU level affect This trend does not hold in the the daily lives of its citizens. This is case of Cyprus and Portugal, where arguably what could have spurred youth participation fell dramatical- the desire of young Spanish and ly in 2014. Specific factors related Italians to change. After all, young to the different political systems people are the most affected by in these countries account for this the rise in the unemployment level difference, such as the absence in Southern Europe. Time will tell of strong left wing anti-establi- if these patterns will last. One shment parties, able to capitalise thing is certain: the Union needs on the disaffection of young voters its youth back – its opinions, ideas

Data source: VoteWatch Europe VoteWatch source: Data towards austerity policies. and energy, in order to stay strong.

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INQUIRY MILLENNIALS

WANT LEADERS > ABOUT Emma Murphy is a professor and the current “Head of School” WHO DO POLITICS at the School of Government and International Affairs, at the Uni- DIFFERENTLY versity of Durham.

by Emma Murphy Today’s European political leaders bemoan low rates of youth mobilisation in formal institutions, such as political parties and electoral voting, but in doing so they take little account of the fact that the meaning and practice of politics is changing for young citizens. Millennials have no problem with political participation; they just do it in different ways and in different places from their parents. As they in turn become the leaders of tomorrow, this will transform the political landscape.

ly. Out will go the spin-doctor who faster, to filter their thoughts as Young people sing their politics translates complex party mani- they become words, but at the (well that’s nothing new), they festos into mass-media sound same time remain authentic to enact it through popular art and omorrow’s politi- bites, grooming politicians to their voting interlocutor. Who culture, shopping preferences, cal leader will be be characterless, humourless, cares if you wear a suit and tie food choices, and sports activities. a true digital native, over-coiffured figureheads. Ins- for a Tweet or an Instagram post? The next generation of political having been socialised tead, political leaders will speak Be natural, be sincere, be yourself. leaders will be not just present in as much through the directly to mass publics and indivi- But don’t be frivolous – we are not these political spaces, but dynamic internet and social dual citizens alike. Every potential idiots just because we only use 40 actors. They will not just drop in for Tmedia as through conventional voter will be a ‘friend’, the personal characters and like a witty meme. the day, wearing casual clothes routes like the family, religious ins- and the public persona will blend, and hoping desperately not to titutions or school. Their political and communication will be rapid There are other political spaces in look awkward as they show their consciousness will be less territo- and interactive. They won’t have which tomorrow’s leaders will be eagerness to be seen to be liste- rially fixed, and less constrained by to adjust, or even try – this will found, beyond the obvious. Millen- ning. Rather, this will be where they old locally bound identities and be as much their natural state as nials express their political prefe- come from and they won’t feel a vocabularies. They will understand speech giving at party congresses rences and opinions, mobilise and need to cast off the cultural habitus the nature, function and spaces of or grandstanding in parliaments. are active, in what might normally of youth in order to progress to the political communication different- They will need to be able to think be thought of as leisure spaces. adult world of politics.

37 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 FOCUS © Daukantas

But what happens when they move leadership has become synony- tions who arguably have less to the ‘brave new world’. into positions of power? Today’s mous with opportunism, both per- lose, or at least less time to en- So tomorrow’s political leader will youth mistrust politicians; too sonal and on behalf of traditional dure, the consequences. Those need to stake out a clear norma- many manifesto promises have parties. It has been cut off from aged between 16 and 18, who are tive agenda, both for themselves been broken, too many compro- its democratic roots through its legally considered old enough to and for their party – and stick mises made in order to retain a professionalisation, bureaucrati- marry, drive a car, own a business, to it regardless of the implica- share of power, too many private sation and centralisation. pay tax or die for their country, tions for accessing power. They pockets filled with public money, were not even allowed to vote (al- will no longer be able to say ‘we too many favours done for friends. The Brexit result confirmed to though one online wiki and forum, deal with the world as it is’ but Millennials may like activist coa- British youth that they are effec- The Student Room, conducted a rather they will need to convince litions that set aside ideological tively excluded from the political poll which revealed that 82 percent citizens that they also believe in differences in order to achieve system and its decision-making of voters in the age group would a vision of what the world should a shared goal, but they intensely processes. According to polling have voted to Remain). look like. They will need to join dislike grand-coalitions among organisation YouGov, 75 percent By the time any withdrawal is the single-issue dots of today’s leaders, which entail abando- of 18-24 year olds and 56 percent complete and the contours of millennialist activism into a cohe- ning fundamental party values of 25-49 year olds voted to remain a new UK-EU relationship have rent and hopefully progressive and reversing ideologically driven in Europe, but their wishes have started to take shape, it is these discourse, which is inclusive of policy commitments. Political been set aside by older genera- citizens who will have to navigate all citizens whatever their age.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 38 FOCUS

WHAT WILL THE NEXT LEADER OF

THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE? > ABOUT Fabio Wolkenstein is a researcher at the European Institute of the London School of Economics and by Fabio Wolkenstein Political Science. There is a robust tension between the idea of leadership and the idea of democracy. For if the people ought to rule themselves, what room is there a collective political project and, at the same time, ensure that for representatives to shepherd them in a certain direction? So as good that project remains responsive democrats, we should perhaps be sceptical about leadership as such. to their preferences and values. Reflecting on this “bridging” role of political leadership, one his view is widely progressives pause. Is this an in- regularly to attend activist mee- already gets a first glimpse on shared among dication that progressives should tings. This is where leadership what future progressive leaders those on the left who strive for a kind of democracy that has its place. A democratic po- might look like. Such leaders consider bottom-up places utmost emphasis on col- litical leader can build a bridge could harness the normative decision making and lective participation, rejecting the between those who engage at ideas and motivational potential direct-democratic idea of strong leadership? Is, in the grassroots level in pursuit of of grassroots movements to re- Trule the only valid form of de- other words, the question of how a particular political vision, and cruit the non-organised citizenry mocracy. And we should take it future progressive leaders will those dispersed citizens who - at as a genuine partner in shared seriously. For in many European look, the wrong question to ask? most - participate in elections political activity, establishing a countries, we are witnessing a every four or five years. They connection between the political renaissance of this perspective, I think not. The way forward is can instil in those latter citizens a aims pursued by the activists on for example in the “Momentum” rather to think about leadership sense of shared commitment to the ground, and the ideals and movement in the British Labour and bottom-up participation to- concerns of those who perceive party, which grew rapidly since gether. Progressive grassroots THE WAY themselves as passive recipients Jeremy Corbyn became party movements such as Momentum of policy. This is of course not leader. Promising to democra- can provide important normative FORWARD IS going to be an easy task. But, to tise not just the party but local impulses, promoting as they do their voters, it seems clear that government, workplaces and a distinctive vision of an alterna- RATHER TO future leaders will have to invest society itself, this movement is tive, possibly better, society - a their efforts and energies into especially successful at attrac- vision the larger political party THINK ABOUT reconnecting with the grassroots, ting young people. It speaks to they belong to might have aban- not least because of the latter’s millennials who want to change doned a long time ago. Yet not LEADERSHIP capacity to inspire political ac- the rules of the game through everyone can be expected to en- tivism among millennials. And if political participation - and lar- gage in these movements, and AND BOTTOM-UP the grassroots are also capable gely without leadership. the participatory institutions they of providing progressive politics The appeal grassroots move- institute, in a continuous and PARTICIPATION with sustained political visions, ments like Momentum, that exer- coordinated fashion, not least be- the progressive project at large cise on millennials, should give cause most people lack the time TOGETHER. is likely to profit.

39 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 FOCUS

ESSAY RESTORING CONFIDENCE IN POLITICS

by Anne Muxel The attraction of populist parties in segments of the European youth isn’t new. But in recent years it has gained momentum in many countries and has led to the consolidation of a strong electoral base. Parties that merge anti-immigration policies with a nationalist focus and an anti-establishment stance have been able to develop that base and capitalise on it.

he impact of THIS FEELING ficient. The EU is accused of eating young people’s quest for identity youth unemploy- away at national sovereignty to in an increasingly complex envi- ment is significant: OF VULNERABILITY the profit of liberal globalisation ronment. The lack of a supra-na- 60% of unemployed forces. This thesis is nurtured by tional mythology to help decipher first-time voters or ABOUT THE “anti-system” parties and echoes the globalised and open world in first-time job seekers the concerns of downward social which they evolve, fuels nationa- Tare willing to vote for the FN can- JOB MARKET IS mobility of the low-skilled youth, lism and protectionism. Indeed, no didate in France (against 36% of with little education and belonging other European narrative has been unemployed people in the broa- REINFORCED BY to the working class. Of course, able to replace the once uniting der population). But the electoral populism also affects rich coun- post-war idea of Europe as an en- attractiveness of Le Pen encom- YOUNG PEOPLE’S tries where the economic crisis has gine of peace and growth. Against passes segments of youth less ex- had little impact. But it appears this vacuum, the most socially and posed to the economic and social QUEST FOR particularly convincing for strug- economically fragile young have crisis, and with easier access to gling young generations, which see found solace in the simple and jobs: 27% of ‘students’ are also IDENTITY IN AN themselves as the losers of the eco- perennial symbols of the nation, tempted by that political road. nomic globalisation. It is therefore defined by a language, a flag, a In many European countries, young INCREASINGLY unsurprising that the working class national history and local parti- people are the first group affected youth finds in the programmes of cularisms. National identities rally by the lack of access to the labour COMPLEX populist parties, an outlet for its people around cultural references market and by rampant unemploy- social issues and its worries and rooted in a familiar history. ment. In most cases, the responsi- ENVIRONMENT.. doubts about its future. Finally, national-populist parties bility falls onto the big government This feeling of vulnerability about benefit from their position outside parties, which are considered inef- the job market is reinforced by of the ‘system’ and often appear

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 40 FOCUS

FIRST ROUND FRENCH REGIONAL ELECTIONS, 2 LIST OF REGIONAL VICTORS

Left Right > ABOUT Front National Anne Muxel is the Research Di- rector of CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) and works at the CEVIPOF (Centre for Political Research in Sciences Po, Paris).

HISTORICALLY

as new; bringing new values and be the focus of political action, of is the political representation and The third direction is a call to Eu- untarnished by the exercise of all political stakeholders at all levels organisation that entails delegating rope and the European construc- power. This is helped by the cur- of governance. Training must be responsibilities and power. Political tion project. In this too, a real rent political representation crisis completely redesigned to adapt and democratic pedagogy is ne- pedagogic effort is needed. It is where distrust towards political with the evolutions and transfor- cessary to reconcile these two le- urgent that the project be incar- parties is strong and is damaging mations of the job market. It is vels and rehabilitate political action nated by social, economic and the democratic pact. also necessary to look into the in young people’s minds. It is also cultural personalities - but first professional orientation of young vital that we redefine what the ge- and foremost, by politicians. Such How should we address the suc- people from the start, alongside neral interest is through common reformulation of the European po- cess of populist parties with some their professional integration. values, at a time when single-issue litical project must not do without young Europeans? By inventing a protests are multiplying. Moreover, national feelings of belonging. But narrative and establishing prac- The second direction that will re- we need to show strong resolve in these must be redefined to be in- tices in at least three directions. capture the politically disillusioned fighting corruption, which erodes clusive, with rights and duties being The first, which is the most fun- and disappointed youth, is the re- confidence in politics and its repre- upheld within an open nation. This damental and urgent one, is the novation of the political landscape. sentatives, whilst widening the gap is an ambitious and visionary char- issue of unemployment and the We need to find a new medium between the people and the elite. ter. It defines what the relationship absolute necessity to contain its between citizens and those who In taking this direction, we need amongst these national feelings of damages. This has profoundly di- hold power, through inclusive orga- to reinstate long-term politics as a belonging should be, within Europe minished the confidence of young nisations. We need a better articu- project for a shared society. What is and beyond. What it does is allow people in the societies supposed lation of participative democracy, required is a roadmap that liberates us to address issues of immigration to welcome and integrate them. which is the direct intervention the political agenda from the diktat constructively, without fear and No partial measure will remedy and expression of citizens, with of short-termism, in particular that exclusion. The time has come to this problem. Getting a job should representative democracy, which is imposed by the media. write the first draft of this charter.

41 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 FOCUS © mr_coﬀee

Ɲ GERMANY - Right-wing German organisations protesting against the arrival of refugees. YOUTH AND RIGHT WING POPULISM IN EUROPE A PERSPECTIVE FROM LOWER SAXONY

by Birgit Honé

“Let’s imagine we wake up one morning and realise that suddenly all people have the same skin colour and share the same religion. Without doubt, we would come up with a new prejudice by noon” wrote the German philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, in the 18th century.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 42 FOCUS

fected. When we search for the victims of extreme right-wing development’s social causes in Eu- violence. With the help of the rope, we encounter centuries-old new state agency, we will be able mechanisms of racism and the to reach and teach more young creation of scapegoats. These people about civic education, so- parties and groups fuel fear and cial values and open-mindedness, offer seemingly simple solutions and show them opportunities for to an increasingly complex world. participation. It can’t be denied that people feel threatened by the economic de- Variety and diversity enrich our velopment in Europe, which is society rather than threaten it. accompanied by the growing gulf We need to raise and strengthen between rich and poor. Populists the awareness of the fundamen- encourage the resulting fears and tal value of democratic, social, prejudice. We need to oppose this and constitutional structures with determination. as the core of a liberal society, We are facing two big challenges: within the context of a peaceful on the one hand, we need to com- Europe. Cross-border exchange he rise and elec- municate once more the European and open-mindedness towards toral success of idea as a peace-making ideal that the culturally different are cen- xenophobic, right- unites people, and, on the other tral pillars in this task for the wing populist, and hand, we need to open up new future - be it in Lower Saxony, or extreme right-wing perspectives to those people who throughout Europe. parties all across feel they haven’t found their place TEurope alarmingly illustrates this in society. In this regard, the young quote’s relevance to the current require special attention. Young

situation. That is why in April 2016, people need to have a better fu- WHEN WE I teamed up with the Foundation ture in Europe. Above all, they for European Progressive Studies need work that they can live off SEARCH FOR THE (FEPS) to organise a panel discus- and better education. Precisely, sion titled “Right-wing Populism this includes civic education and DEVELOPMENT’S on the Rise - Progressive Coun- education in democracy, which ter-strategies in Europe” at the will hence allow them to acquire SOCIAL CAUSES Representation of Lower Saxony knowledge of modern social to Brussels. The aim was to analyse values within the context of an IN EUROPE, this current political trend and to ever-evolving world. find answers on how to jointly stop Therefore, the Government of the WE ENCOUNTER this dangerous evolution. Land of Lower Saxony relies on concrete measures and specific CENTURIES-OLD Right-wing populists tend to educational programs. Currently, consider themselves the de- we are working on a particular MECHANISMS fenders of national values, and state programme against right- > ABOUT warriors against an alleged mul- wing extremism and we are esta- OF RACISM AND Birgit Honé is a German adminis- ticultural domination by foreign blishing a State Agency for Civic trative lawyer and ministry official. influences. While agitation against Education. This helps us stren- THE CREATION She is the State Secretary for Eu- all minorities, and “the other” gthen active citizenship against rope and Regional Development in general, is their common di- right-wing extremism, and we are OF SCAPEGOATS. at the State Chancellery of Lower rection, it is mainly Muslims and simultaneously expanding coun- Saxony, SPD. refugees who are currently af- selling and support services for

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ANALYSIS THE FUTURE STARTS NOW!

Inspiring lessons from the FEPS Millennial Dialogue by Ania Skrzypek

“We should not expect the millennial generation to become like us” – were the words of Frans Timmermans, the First Vice President of the European Commission at the opening of the FEPS 6th Call to Europe. Indeed, it is not about them conforming, but about progressives confronting the stereotypes that they comfortably cultivated about the youth of today. This is the first guideline in renewing the movement in order to reconnect it with the younger voters and ensure its political power to shape the course of things to come.

ture. Secondly, they don’t trust only way to win their hearts back is provision of healthcare, job crea- politicians. They admit that the for the progressives to profoundly tion and education as priorities traditional parties, and among change and become yet again a in terms of public spending. But, them progressives, show a high trustworthy voice of the opposition, with the exception of Germany, illennials are po- degree of professional compe- which demands primacy of politics very few of them believe that the litically aware. tence – but they point out that they and understands that its legitimacy governments deliver on these ex- Against repeated lack social skills. They do not listen comes from abiding by the prin- pectations. Similarly, they tend prejudices, they to the people, and especially not ciples of political representation. to think that the politicians do know of political to the young ones. Thirdly, they not put citizens first and do not Mparties and they recognise lea- are open in saying that therefore Millennials have clear political work to ensure the best possible fu ding politicians. But they are not politics does not excite or mobilise priorities. These connect with ture for young people. Millennials interested in politics of today. them, however the vast majority their own dreams of being happy, admit feeling that the interests of There are three main reasons for of them announce a readiness healthy and empowered to do and the older generations get priority it. First, they think that contem- to vote – should elections take say what they want. Against what ahead of theirs, while their views porary politics exposes weakness. place tomorrow. What it means is has been frequently claimed, they are mostly ignored. Only about one It is feebler than the economy, that they are more likely cast their indicate their strong support for an in ten believe that they can make which on the other had they see ballots in favour of those who are agenda of an active welfare state, their voices heard. The only way to as more of determining their fu- not part of the existing system. The whereby almost all of them see the reconnect and change it is for the

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 44 FOCUS

> ABOUT Ania Skrzypek is the Senior Re- Daukantas

progressives to restore themselves claiming that no one reads the ma- inspirations that the progressives alienated youth and pursue the as a movement defending and de- nifestos nowadays, is the fact that should reflect on, while examining ways to a new understanding of veloping the agenda for prosperity, the survey showed that reading of the incredibly rich data collected millennials, which this incredibly welfare and empowerment for all, the respective party programmes is through the FEPS Millennial Dia- successful FEPS project has paved while showing the path out of in- potentially 3rd most relevant incen- logue survey. It has engaged over already. While comprehending ter-generational and distributional tive for their electoral deliberations, 20,000 young people within the 12 that it is not about demanding conflicts. It is essential that the plea coming way ahead of the social EU Member States and many more the millennials to change, but they make on issues they stand for medial campaign or the views of across the globe. It has abided instead about changing the move- comes hand in hand with a strategy the parents. This finding is further by the 3Ps principle – remaining ment to respond to the hopes that on how to implement it, and hence proven by another outcome of the a participatory process, being could be potentially entrusted in with a vision on how to make go- survey, which is that once asked focused on positive recommen- it - they will need to find ways to vernment and public institutions about how the millennials them- dations and, in essence, trying to reconnect and reengage. What effective in their work again. selves would start a campaign - the be committed to contribute to the is at stake is their future as the top scores are noted by through an renewal and strengthening of the political movement - and it is not Millennials evaluate politics article in a newspaper or through progressive family. Although it has a matter of tomorrow or the next alongside specific criteria. The an online blog. To that end, the just seen a major event that sum- vote. To the contrary, it starts now. most important factor that in- only way for the progressives to marised the findings collected so fluences their voting is without redesign their campaign to effec- far, in the shape of the recent FEPS More data can be obtained exception what they think about a tively rally the younger generation Flagship event “Call to Europe”, it is through a study: The Future Starts leader of a respective party. Then is to show that they understand certain that the most crucial test is now! 10 Cornerstones for a Dialogue they also weigh up their opinions politics as a dialogue; the words the one that is at hand now. It’s es- between the Progressive Family and seeing the candidates in action, matter, as through them the ideas sentially down to a question – how the Millennials Generation, by A. namely while they are giving inter- are developed and promises to be far the progressives will be able to Skrzypek with support of M. Freitas, views or taking part in a debate. kept are articulated. draw the conclusions, denounce published by FEPS in June 2016 What contradicts the cynicism in These are just 3 out of numerous the myths of a disengaged and on millennialdialogue.com

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BEYOND EUROPE

YOUTH, LATIN AMERICA, AND PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT

by Ricardo Lagos Why do the youth of today feel so distanced from the stances of the progressive world?

written material. Considering that rity, and failed to enact political our messages tend to be sent via expansion “à la Keynes” when the traditional methods of commu- inflation came. The result of this nication, it would be perhaps too was heightened unemployment, easy to conclude that this is why especially for the youth. the youth don’t connect with them. In Latin America, the middle class ne answer could be An alternative reason could be has had a remarkable expansion. that the technology that we weren’t able to understand Some are so vulnerable after Othey use is changing that globalisation produces certain leaving behind poverty that they their expression. The youth of forms of income concentration, will go back to it. Others, as a result today choose to be informed by meaning that the middle class suf- of growth, are the young people various social networks, such as fer the most. The students of this that aspire to receive higher edu- Twitter and Facebook to instantly class subsequently have a difficult cation. The youth are able to gain communicate facts. Surveys say time obtaining work, and this hap- access to it because of their achie- that in the last US presidential pens even in the most developed vements, but are unable to pay. > ABOUT election (2012), 65% of youth countries. But there’s another rea- Furthermore, other young people Ricardo Lagos is a lawyer, eco- received their information prin- son. The 2008 recession did not feel discriminated against be- nomist and social democrat poli- cipally through social networks, have a coherent answer from the cause they see the lack of social tician, who served as President of rather than the more traditional progressive world. Instead it opted mobility between those from mo- Chile from 2000 to 2006. mediums of television, radio and to promote the politics of auste- dest homes and those from more

Ɲ SANTIAGO, CHILE - Young Chilean students during a protest for education equality.

affluent ones. It is rare to see the they are unable to find work in mands. Therefore, public policies youth surpass the level of edu- their specific fields. have to respond to a new scenario cation received by their parents. In Latin America, an estimated as a result of economic growth. For those who can’t afford higher 40% of young people between However, it is important to remem- education or feel that the educa- the ages of 18 and 24 are in higher ber that there are also other factors tion they receive is of a poor quality, education. In some more advanced that lead to protest, for example, their response is to take to the countries, the sum is more like the corruption that appears in streets and protest. These young 60%, and in Chile, it is more ex- many of our countries. The youth people are demanding different treme with a total of 83% of this of course feel distanced from these educational policies from those age group in higher education. practices, and the political figures that existed when university was However, this 83% is the same that tolerate them. only available to a select few. group that goes out to protest, For the most part, these demands because the education they receive How do we gain back young from the Latin American youth are is of an inferior quality. people’s trust? Latin American not met. However, in some coun- How does one react to this situa- political parties have low levels tries, the market has been allowed tion, whilst simultaneously bringing of citizen approval and many of to adjust to the expansion of higher about a realistic and progressive our political institutions are losing education, but students often find policy? No one can disagree with legitimacy. Reversing this trend that, after completing their studies, these young people’s justified de- is the task that lies ahead of us.

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BEYOND EUROPE

> ABOUT Beatrice Maneshi, Project Di- rector and Mattia Yaghmai, Research Associate of Fanack

©AP/Ebrahim Noroozi ©AP/Ebrahim Academy (an independent online media organisation committed to Ɲ TEHRAN, IRAN – Iranian youth celebrate as the nuclear deal publishing balanced and infor- was reached between Iran and the six world powers. med analysis about the Middle East and North Africa). IRAN’S MILLENNIALS: THE BURGEONING GENERATION

by Beatrice Maneshi and Mattia Yaghmai

ran’s millennials (Nasl-e Se- to ask “Where did my vote go?”. various blogs - this dissemination of Through the use of internet-based vvom meaning the ‘Third Ge- The 2009 election, which ushered information to the Iranian popula- activism, millennials galvanised neration’ in Farsi) includes the in the political-fraught, second tion and international community successfully behind the election of generations born in the post-Is- Ahmadinejad administration, not was made possible. the free-market oriented Rouhani lamic Revolutionary decades. only resulted in the arrest of his Iranian youth have found ways to administration; and the latest polls ITheir presence in society is first and liberal opponent Mousavi (and the bypass ever-increasing govern- illustrate a swing toward a more foremost impressive in its sheer nu- mass arrest of thousands of his ment censorship, thus continuing liberal parliament. mber, composing more than 60% supporters), but also sent a stark their political conversations and of Iran’s population of 75 million. message to Iran’s next generation movements online. Ironically, The latest results increasingly sug- that their political involvement was Iranian authorities have had to gest that this generation does not This youthful group has grown up unwelcome, as the price for parti- recognise that their outreach to share the same Islamic-Revolu- in the reformist Khatami admi- cipation would be high. the population is best achieved tionary consciousness, nor ethos, nistration (1997-2005) and pain- The ability for there to be mass through an active online presence of their parents. Perhaps now fully entered adulthood under mobilisation during the 2009 elec- on those very platforms that they more than ever, many youths are the conservative Ahmadinejad tions, dubbed the “Green Revolu- themselves have banned. motivated to change the political administration (2005-2013). The tion”, and the spread of information system by working within, rather generation's first serious move- during protests was made possible A massive brain drain with a high than against it. The challenge ment toward shifting politics was by the use of technology and ins- cost for political activism has left in the coming years will be how met with a violent response - mass tantaneous communication. With many youth sceptical about a pos- millennials can remodel the aging arrests and fatalities in 2009. more than 30 million internet users sibility for large-scale change in the power structures in the Iranian Demonstrators, mostly made of on government-banned digital country. Instead, millennials are in- government, in order to have better millennials, poured onto the street platforms, such as Facebook, Twit- creasingly turning towards bringing representation that reflects their in their millions across the country, ter and YouTube - not withstanding small changes within the system. desires and needs.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 48 FOCUS

POWER2YOUTH: YOUTH IN SOUTH EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

> ABOUT COUNTRIES Maria Cristina Paciello and Daniela Pioppi are POWE- R2YOUTH coordinators and Senior Fellows at IAI (Istituto Affari Inter- nazionali). www.power2youth.eu

by Maria Cristina Paciello and Daniela Pioppi

Over the last two decades, “youth” has become increasingly central to policy, development, media and public debates across the world. The South East Mediterranean countries are not an exception to this trend. In the region, “youth problems” had started to be a political priority on the public agenda of both national governments and international donors already in the nineties due to a combination of factors.

The attention to youth reached repressed and mistreated under Arab Spring policy solutions to its peak with the wave of anti-au- authoritarian rule. youth problems in countries such thoritarian protests in 2010-2013 All of this enthusiasm for youth as Tunisia, Morocco or Egypt ap- he region was that provoked a real explosion brought a multiplication of pear in full continuity with the on the verge of of the category of youth at all youth-targeting programmes and past. They do not address the an unprecedented levels of the public debate. The initiatives, mainly carried out by structural problems producing “youth bulge,” – so-called “Arab Spring” was lar- national governments through social inequalities and unemploy- meaning a rapid and gely portrayed as a “youth revo- international cooperation and ment in the first place, thus rein- unprecedented in- lution”, and youth became the NGOs. “Youth exclusion” became forcing what is largely perceived Tcrease in the proportion of 15 to 24 keyword to understand both the the buzzword in official docu- in the region as a failed develop- year-olds in the total population. root causes and the dynamics of ments everywhere in the region, ment model, as demonstrated Legions of young men and women the uprising, as well as the prio- requiring the development of po- by the persistence of protests in had to enter the workforce at a rity of the post-uprising political licies aimed at “youth inclusion” marginalised regions, particu- historic moment in which oppor- transition. In the political debate, and “youth empowerment”. larly by unemployed youth, as tunities were limited and public youth came to embody dyna- well as the mass phenomenon policy constrained by the struc- mism and positive change, and However, despite the pervading of youth migration. Moreover, tural adjustment programmes. the lively part of society that was political discourse on youth, post- the prevailing discourse on the

49 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 FOCUS

Ɲ PARIS, FRANCE – French youth of Tunisian descent protest for Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire, igniting the “Arab Spring”.

importance of enhancing youth ciety. The emphasis on youth as forms of social differentiation, groups, but also, and more broadly, political participation stands in “revolutionary actors” largely based for instance on class, thus to youth voicing their discontent in stark contrast with the repres- underestimated the important downplaying broader social and universities, marginalised regions sive strategies (from the use of role played by adults and by economic conflicts potentially or elsewhere. From revolutionary force to intimidation practices) adult-led organisations protes- more disruptive than the genera- heroes, “excluded” (or unsuper- increasingly pursued by state ting over issues (such as de- tional one. Considering the “youth” vised) youth are thus again potential authorities in most South Eastern cent jobs, political freedom, free as a homogeneous actor is also terrorists and troublemakers un- Mediterranean countries. access to health services and concealing the enormous inequa- dermining national cohesion and Indeed, the political instances so on) that concern not only lities between the youth themsel- the prospects for a bright future, brought by youth activism in young people, but the whole of ves, depending on different social reflecting the need of public autho- the last decades were re-appro- society. Youth groups and orga- backgrounds (for example, class, rities to restore order and stability. priated and instrumentalised by nisations were certainly pivotal urban/rural, ethnic/confessional/ national governments and inter- in recent mobilisations (as well communities, gender, etc.). Again, the explosive social conflict national agencies, producing an as in previous ones in the Arab More recently, with the spread of caused by rising inequalities and overwhelming narrative on youth world or elsewhere), but they wars and political repression in the a failed development model in the which had the paradoxical effect are a part of a broader spectrum region, the security discourse on region is reduced to a question of voiding youth claims of their of organisations, such as trade youth as a fertile ground for extre- of juvenile extremism and/or to transformative political potential. unions, peasant movements, mism and violence has re-emerged. a question of enhancing youth For instance, the framing of the faith-based movements, etc. This time, the negative construction skills to enter the job market, uprisings as being “youth-led re- of youth is applied to young vo- which can be dealt with using a bellions” had the effect of isolating The prevailing “youth” narrative lunteers to the Islamic State, and mix of repression and palliative youth agency from the larger so- has also the effect of hiding other to those who support local terrorist youth-targeting initiatives.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 50 INSPIRATION

PORTFOLIO BEYOND REFUGEES: SYRIAN ARTISTS > ABOUT Manaf Halbouni left Damascus IN EUROPE for Dresden, Germany to continue his artistic studies and avoid the mandatory two-year military service mandated by the Syrian government. He works as a sculp- by Manaf Halbouni tor – using metals, concrete and wires to convey the chaos and disorder in his life and Syria.

Ɲ Manaf Halbouni, Entwurzelt/Uprooted, 2014. Mixed media Transformation of a car into a living space for one person. Concept: Mobility in life and the desire to take root again.

51 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 INSPIRATION

Ɲ Manaf Halbouni, Projekt Monument/ Monument Project, 2016. A mobile exhibit, the “monument of resistance” is a placement of three passenger busses from Aleppo in front of cultural landmarks around Europe. At its core: the concept of how life pushes you to achieve and overcome events. Manaf is currently trying to realize this project in front of the Church of Our Lady in Dresden.

Ɲ Manaf Halbouni, Trauermauer/The Mourning Wall, 2012. Mixed media/video installation. A concrete wall with an excerpt from the Koran in the front and a large monitor in the back, showcasing videos from the Syrian Revolution. Red and white candles adorn the exhibit.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 52 INSPIRATION

by Khaled Takreti

Ɲ Khaled Takreti, Mes condoléances/My Condolences, 2015.

> ABOUT Khaled Takreti was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He comes from a Syrian family from Damascus. Khaled lives today in Paris. He is a leading Syrian artist whose pop aesthetic has in- fluenced a subsequent generation of contemporary Arab painters. Ori- ginally trained as an architect at the University of Damascus, he is reco- gnized for his innovative approach to portraiture. Khaled doesn’t offer formal descriptions for his art, inviting audiences to make their own interpretations of his work. Ɲ Khaled Takreti, Then What?, 2016.

53 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 INSPIRATION

Ɲ Khaled Takreti, J’ai faim/I’m Hungry, 2015.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 54 INSPIRATION

Ɲ Khaled Takreti, LOL, 2015.

Ɲ Khaled Takreti, The Second Marriage, 2016.

55 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 INSPIRATION

ESSAY A PROGRESSIVE POLICY FOR OUR NEIGHBOURHOODS UNITED IN DIVERSITY

by Javier Moreno It is a paradox that our European Union, so scorned from within, especially by extremists of all backgrounds, remains a centre of peace, stability and hope that attracts human beings that flee violence and misery, and sometimes both. Given the political and economic situation in the neighbourhood of Europe, those who despair, whether they are refugees or economic migrants, will continue to arrive in our continent and, for the most part, are here to stay.

e should ac- cannot be for or against globalisa- cept and take tion, nor for or against immigration, responsibility but that we must manage them for these two responsibly in emergencies as well Wrealities. We should develop, in as in the middle and long term. partnership with third countries of origin or transit, a holistic and To achieve this, we must change coordinated European immigra- the narrative imposed on a large tion policy. The counterbalance part of our citizens by the extreme of the fight against illegal im- right and populists, who link mi- migration must be a legal route grants to criminality, terrorism and and the integration of migrants in insecurity. They raise the spectre of our societies. We, Socialists and hatred, menace, invasion, fear of Democrats, will have risen to the others, and intolerance, which all challenge if we understand that we create a feeling of stigmatisation

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 56 INSPIRATION

that is increasingly widespread. Following that, and as soon as It is imperative that we respond they arrive in our communities, loud and clear by working on migrants must be able to access amplifying our voice to impose our education or training adapted to approach. Let’s demonstrate and their needs and enabling them proclaim that we are in a win-win to thrive in our societies and get situation. Migrants who try to find a decent job. Municipal autho- a decent life with us contribute to rities, NGOs, associations and > ABOUT our economic prosperity (many neighbours must promote their Javier Moreno is the current Se- recent economic studies have pro- participation in the social life of mi- cretary General of the S&D Group. ved it once more) and to our de- grants, through cultural exchanges mographic needs by rejuvenating and sporting events. our populations. They enrich our To achieve this, we must recreate societies culturally, socially and the conditions for job growth, the even politically. The recent election redistribution of wealth and the of the London mayor is a perfect development of social wellbeing, example of it. so that the neediest and those Former Chilean President, Ricardo excluded from our societies are Lagos, said that, in the end, the not made to compete with the answer to the global challenges migrants we are welcoming. This of our planet is to be found mainly growth is essential and enabled at the local level. Immigration is a Spain to welcome near 5 million global phenomenon, and we must, migrants at the beginning of the therefore, develop a comprehen- century, which in turn contri- sive approach based on solidarity buted to the wealth of the country and respect for human dignity, in a positive cycle. along with a division of responsibi- The scale of the challenge requires lities amongst European, national the deployment of all Funds and and local levels. The integration European, national and local ins- of migrants must be the ultimate truments, and that we consider goal. That is why mayors and local creating an investment plan for authorities play an essential role. third countries as well as issuing First, we should work to give them Eurobonds for immigration. back their dignity and hope of finding a decent life again. We We, Socialists and Democrats, should guarantee access to should continue to work so that healthcare and housing. Many immigration is no longer an obli- of them, especially those most gation but a right, and that mi- vulnerable, such as women grants have the same rights and and children, have experienced duties as our citizens. We must moral, physical or sexual abuse. invest in making migrants accep- We must pay particular attention ted and integrated into our cities to them, especially unaccompa- and communities. nied minors (which, according to Let’s unite in diversity. The result recent estimates, number over will be tolerant and multicultural 90,000), physically challenged societies, and a win against ex- people and all those who suffer tremists, xenophobes and racists from psychosocial problems. of all stripes.

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CARTOON

Rytis DAUKANTAS

Rytis Daukantas is an architect and cartoonist from Lithuania. Since 1999 his political cartoons and illustrations were published in various international news- WHAT KIND OF FUTURE papers and magazines. He is the creator of The virtual Cold FOR MILLENNIALS? War Cartoon Museum.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 58 INSPIRATION

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59 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 INSPIRATION

TO READ

INEQUALITY POLITICS AGAINST WHAT CAN BE DONE? DOMINATION by Anthony B. Atkinson, by Ian Shapiro, Harvard University HUP, 2015 Press, Cambridge, 2016

“What can be done” is the under- lying question asked by Anthony Atkinson's book, addressing the Atkinson isn’t prone to nostalgia At a time when confusion domi- first part of the book as exposing issue of how national and internatio- often seen in speeches from the nates and fuels passions in Europe, the fundamentals of the American nal political relations are organised. radical left. Instead, she advocates American political literature makes progressive conception of demo- In Atkinson’s book, this question fea- an adaptation of the structures that for a useful read. Indeed, rather cracy, inspired by the “Fede- tures in the title and centres around have made the success of the social than engaging in mythology, it pre- ralist Papers”. Shapiro’s effort to the issue of inequality, whose impor- market economy. The challenge fers to address the more fundamen- apply this to current world issues tance for the stability of states was with this adaptation is that the world tal political question once exposed echoes the work of Robert Reich rediscovered by Thomas Piketty. will not longer be characterised by by Lenin: “what is to be done?” published last year under the title What is interesting with Atkinson’s traditional forms of employment. “Saving Capitalism”. approach is that she escapes the The second is the reactivation of a Yale professor Ian Shapiro belongs common temptation of fiscal po- political proposition defended by to a pragmatic and pluralist intel- Without a doubt the more original pulism. However, she does make the Tony Blair. It consists of endowing lectual tradition headed by John aspect of the book is the section scientific investigation on the notion children reaching majority with Dewey and Robert Dahl. From the on international relations in which of inequality and acknowledges personal financial capital corres- former, he takes the necessary Shapiro defends two arguments. the profound modification of wealth ponding to a fraction of the interge- avoidance of Marxist and Chris- distribution to the detriment of the nerational collective inheritance. tian Telos in social development First, and in perfect coherence majority of European and American Atkinson does not entirely reject and focuses on the perfectibility with his pluralist leanings, he citizens. Her suggestion then isn’t the classic neoliberal argument that of democratic institutions. From criticises efforts towards esta- to confiscate the wealth accumu- any political authority must reduce the latter, he defends the idea that blishing a world government. For lated by a minority, as a justicia- public debt, as it constitutes an fantasies of unity are dangerous Shapiro, international relations list trend would have it. Instead, inheritance for future generations. and that our interest lies in ma- should be based on a federation she seeks to correct the logic and Instead, she pleads for a broader naging the multiplicity of divisions. of free states as Kant described. mechanism of its distribution. vision. On the one hand, the financial There is no Prometheus-like ambi- evaluation of that inheritance should Thus, the definition of politics as Second, Shapiro reactivates tion with Atkinson, but a series of not constitute a public debt and an enterprise against domination George Kennan’s containment concrete propositions inspired by must be integrated into investment does not originate with Michel Fou- doctrine. The point here isn’t to the English-speaking world’s utilita- spending. On the other hand, a part cault. There is no criticism of an pursue a hostile policy towards rian and reformist traditions as well of that inheritance would benefit omnipresent “biopower” in Shapiro Russia but to reproduce a wait- as quantitative economic studies. from becoming individualised in the but a reminder that democracy, and-see approach betting on the Two key features in her study form of individual transfers with the short of having an ultimate goal, is collapse of the enemy, particularly deserve particular mention. aim to contribute to beneficiaries’ above all a permanent enterprise with the Islamic State. The strate- The first is a reminder of the his- start in life. Surprisingly, this section that seeks to avoid functional obe- gy is to block their extension, torical efficiency of welfare states of the book, fundamental for the dience to authority degenerating rather than overthrowing them. and social dialogue by unions in future of Millenials, is not tied up with into subjugation. This pragmatic option constitutes the reduction of inequalities in the the issue of universal basic income, It is entirely possible, at the risk of a third way between neo-conser- 20th century, at least until the 1970s. addressed in other parts of the text. being reductive, to describe the vatism and naïve pacifism.

Autumn 2016 - The Progressive Post #2 60 INSPIRATION

TO THINK

RIGHT-WING THE POPULIST SIGNAL A STRONG SAFETY FOR FREEDOM, EXTREMISM WHY POLITICS NET CREATES JUSTICE AND IN EUROPE AND DEMOCRACY FLEXIBILITY IN THE SOLIDARITY: NEED TO CHANGE LABOUR MARKET HISTORY OF SOCIAL Author: Friedrich Ebert Foundation DEMOCRACY IN Editor: Ralf Melzer, Sebastian Serafin Author: Claudia Chwalisz Author: Per Kongshøj Madsen, CZECH LANDS Editor: Policy Network Professor of Economics & chairman Right-wing extremism is a problem & Barrow Cadbury Trust of the ECLM & Erik Bjørsted, Editors: Patrik Eichler, with pan-European dimensions. Chief economist of the ECLM Radka Šustrová In 2011, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stif- tung (Friedrich Ebert Foundation) This publication is about the tur- In Denmark, the flexibility level on The publication is a catalogue of released a study that compared bulent political scene unfolding in the labour market is one of the the exhibition to the 135th anni- group-focused enmities in eight Britain and across western Europe. highest in the world. Hiring and versary of the Social Democracy European countries. The study re- About the rise of populists as a firing practices can be carried out in the Czech lands. It introduces vealed that approximately half of product of disillusionment with from one day to another providing the history of the Czech Social all respondents thought that their political parties and elections, the Danish economy with high Democratic Party from its founda- countries had too many immi- of people feeling like they do not adaptability during periods of tion until its formation of the Go- grants. About a third believed in have a voice in the decisions being economic crisis and growth – and vernment in 2013. The important the existence of a natural hierarchy taken by those who are meant to ensuring a minimum of margi- topics of the Social Democracy among differing ethnic groups. In represent them. It focuses not on nalisation. What is sometimes can be found there: for example the sample from Poland, state- the economic and cultural deter- forgotten is that the high flexibility the fight for the universal suffrage, ments conveying secondary an- minants of populism, but on why level did not come for free. It is the resistance to the Nazis, the ti-Semitism met with almost 70% large swathes of voters feel that fostered by a solid social safety communist dissent or the renais- approval. How widespread and politics does not work and how accompanied by active labour sance during the Velvet Revolu- deeply - imbedded are far-right this fuels support for insurgent market policies. In fact, the safety tion. The publication contains a lot ideologies and organizations in parties and actors. net and the active policies are of illustrations and accompanying Europe? How have right-wing ex- fundamental preconditions for texts in three languages (Czech, tremist and populist parties and the high flexibility level. English and German). movements fared? What are their historical roots, and what is the basis of their continuing attraction? Read and download the Read and download publications online on the publication online on progressivepost.eu/populismtracker progressivepost.eu/inspirations

61 The Progressive Post #2 - Autumn 2016 INSPIRATION

TO COOK EU Country Culinary Profile: SWEDEN HETA NÖTTER Ring in the fall with these simple Balsamic-Spiced and iconic recipes Nuts and Seeds from the country that joined the European Swedish snack Union in 1995. of warm toasted cashews, almonds, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, dressed SALLAD PÅ ROSTADE in balsamic. GRÖNSAKER

POTATISSALLAD MED KÅLRABBI OCH DILL Kohlrabi Potato Salad Iconic Swedish food:

sautéed kohlrabi, fresh dill, and boiled potatoes Élodie Da Silva Costa DaÉlodie Silva

warmed © in melted Grilled Vegetable Salad butter Smoky grilled salad with beets Asparagus Eggplant Cauliflower Find more recipes online at Fennel progressivepost.eu/inspiration

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