Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium and Its Allied Genera, Orchidaceae

Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium and its Allied Genera, Orchidaceae

Mikio Aoyama

Reprinted from Bulletin of The Hiroshima Botanical Garden No. ll, pp. 1-121 Hiroshima, Japan March, 1989 Karyomorphological Studies in Cymbidium

and its Allied Genera, Orchidaceae

Mikio Aoyama

ラン科シンビジウム属とその近縁属の核形態学的研究*

青山幹男**

Introduction

Cymbidium, the Orchidaceae, which consists of approximately 50 species (Seth and Cribb 1981), is widely distributed in East to Southeast Asia from Japan, Korea, China to the Himalayas and down to Indonesia and Australia. This genus is important as one of the cultivated orchids: Some terrestrial species naturaレ Iy occurred in East Asia have been cultivated for many years and have been called "oriental orchids", while some semiepiphytic species in Southeast Asia have been sources of many ornamental orchids. According to Sander's lists of orchid hybrids (1987), a large number of interspecific hybrids within the genus has been produced by artificial hybridization for horticultural purposes. These hybridization results suggest that most of the species of the genus are closely related genetically to each other. However, some species have failed to synthe- size any interspecific hybrid. Intergeneric hybrids between Cymbidium and its allied genera are extremely rare; only a few intergeneric hybrids have recently been reported (cf. Tanaka et al. 1987). Thus, genetical relationships between these species of Cymbidium and between Cymbidium and its allied genera involved interspecific and intergeneric artificial cross- failure have not yet been clarified. Chromosome numbers of most of the species of Cymbidium have been reported pre- viously (Hoffmann 1929, Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957, Tanaka 1965, Vij and Shekhar 1987, etc.). However, morphological study of somatic chromosomes has been poorly made m these reports. In the present paper 30 species in Cymbidiwn and 28 species and one hybrid in 19 genera allied to Cymbidium are karyomorphologically dealt with in order to elucidate inter- relationships and speciation.

A dissertatioli submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science of the Hiroshima University. Contribution from the Hiroshima Botanical Garden No. 40.

* * Bureau of Economic Affairs, Hiroshima City Bulletin of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden, No. ll : 1-121, 1989 2 MIKIO AOYAMA

Materials and Methods

Thirty species in Cymbidium and 28 species and one hybrid in 19 genera allied to Cym- bidium studied are listed in Table 1. These plant materials were cultivated in the Hiroshima Botanical Garden, Hiroshima City, Japan. Taxonomic treatments of the species of Cymbi- dium followed mostly Seth and Cribb (1981) and partly Maekawa (1971), while those of the allied genera followed mostly Bechtel et al. (1980) and some Holttum (1964), Hawkes (1965), Maekawa (1971), Garay and Sweet (1974), Lin (1977), De La Bathie (1981), Ste- wart et al. (1982) and Valmayor (1984). Systematic arrangement of the genus Cymbidium followed Seth and Cribb (1981), and that of the allied genera followed Dressier and Dodson (1960). Somatic chromosomes were observed in meristematic cells of root tips in the taxa studied except for rhizome tips in a saprophytic taxon. Somatic chromosomes were stained and observed by the aceto-orcein squash method of Tanaka (1959) with slight modification: Growing root and rhizome tips were cut into small pieces 1- 2 mm long and immersed in 0.002M 8-hydroxyquinoline for five hours at 18°C. Then, they were fixed in 45% acetic acid for ten minutes at 5°C. The fixed materials were hydrolyzed in 2:1 mixture of IN hydroch- loric acid and 45% acetic acid for a minute at 60°C, and were stained in 1% aceto-orcein by the usual squash method. Meiotic chromosomes were observed in pollen mother cells. Young anthers were fixed in 3:1 mixture of 99% ethanol and gracial acetic acid for an hour at 5°C. They were then stained in 1% aceto-orcein and squashed. Chromosomes at resting stage were studied morphologically by their condensed figures. They were classified into the types defined and proposed by Tanaka (1971, 1980). During the course of investigation, the spherical or rod-shaped condensed bodies over 1 [im diameter were counted and expressed as chromocentric bodies. The chromosomes in the over- all set at mitotic metaphase in each taxon were arranged in descending order in length and the numbers, 1, 2, 3, etc. represent the chromosomes, graded from longest to shortest. Lengths of the long and short arms of each chromosome were measured. Arm ratio was calculated by long arm length / short arm length, and expressed by the value of arm ratio of 1.0 to 1.7 as median, 1.8 to 3.0 as submedian, 3.1 to 7.0 as subterminal and over 7.1 as terminal according to Levan et al. (1964). The karyotype formulas were based on the chromosome lengths and positions of centromeres according to Tanaka (1980). KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE

Table 1. Localities and chromosome numbers of the species of Cymbidium and its allied genera investigated

.L o c a ,l.lt y Np ola.n otf C h ro m o s o m e S p e c ie s n u m b e r (2 n ) S u b trib e C y m b id iin a e C y m b id iu m m a cro rh iz o n J a p a n 3 8 C . la n cif o liu m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 3 8 , 3 9 C . ja v a n ic u m J a p a n , F o rm o s a , In d ia , 10 3 8 , 4 3 , 5 7 M a lay s ia C . g o e rin g ii J a p a n , C h in a , F o rm o sa 14 4 0 C . a lic ia e P h ilip p in e s 4 0 c . en sif o liu m J a p a n , C h in a , F o rm o sa 4 0 c . fa b e ri F o rm o s a 4 0 C . k a n ra n J a p a n , C h in a 4 0 , 4 1 c . J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0 C . d a y a n u m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0 C . a lo ifo liu m T h a ila n d 4 0 C . fin la y s o n ia n u m M a lay sia 4 0 C . fl o rib u n d u m J a p a n , F o rm o sa 4 0 C . ca n a lic u la tu m A u str a lia 4 0 C . ch lo r a n th u m In d o n esia 4 0 C . m a d id u m A u str a lia 4 0 C . d e v o n ia n u m I n d ia 4 0 c eleg a n s I n d ia 4 0 C . m a s te rs ii In d ia 4 0 C . w h ite a e I n d ia 4 0 C . irid io id es I n d ia , N e p a l 4 0 C . h o o k eria n u m I n d ia 4 0 C . in s ig n e T h a ila n d 4 0 C . lo n g if o liu m I n d ia 4 0 C . lo w ia n u m C h in a , T h aila n d 4 0 C . tra cy an u m T h a ila n d 4 0 C . eb u rn eu m I n d ia 4 0 c . p a rish ii B u rm a 4 0 c . ery th ro s ty lu m V ie t-N u m 4 0 C . tig rin u m B u rm a 4 0 A criop sis ja va n ic a M a la y sia 4 0 A ns ellia africa n a A fric a 4 2 A . g ig a n tea A fric a 4 2 C y m b id iella f la b ella ta M a d a g a s ca r 5 2 C . p a rd a lin a M a d a g a sc a r 5 2 D ip o d iu m p a lu d o su m M a la y sia 4 6 G ra m m a n g is ellis ii M a d a g a sc a r 5 4 G ra m m a to p h y llu m sc rip tu m P h ilip p in e s 4 0 G . sp e c io s u m M a la y sia 4 0 G . stap eliif lo r u m I n d o n e sia 4 0 Table 1. (continued)

S u b tr i b e C y r to p o d ii n a e C y r t o p o d iu m a n d e r s o n ii B r a z il 1 4 6 C . p u n c ta t u m B r a z il 2 4 6 E u l o p h ia g u in e e n s is A f r ic a 1 5 4 E . p a n ic u la ta M a d a g a s c a r 1 6 0 E . p e te r s ii A f r ic a 1 4 8 E . s tr e p to p e ta la A f r ic a 1 4 2 E u lo p h ie l la R o lf e i H y b r i d 2 5 2 E . r o e m p le r ia n a M a d a g a s c a r 1 5 2 G a l e a n d r a b a u e r i P a n a m a 1 5 6 G . 蝣 d e v o n ia n a B r a z i l 1 5 6 G e o d o r u m d e n s ifl o r u m J a p a n 1 5 4 G r a p h o r k is s c r ip ta M a d a g a s c a r 1 5 4 O e c o c la d e s s a u n d e r s ia n a A fr i c a 2 5 8 C r e m a s tr a a p p e n d ic u l a ta J a p a n 1 4 8 O r e o r c h is p a te n s J a p a n 1 4 8 W a r r e a c o s ta ri c e n s is P a n a m a 1 5 2 S u b t r ib e C o ll a b ii n a e I C h ry s o g l o s s u m o r n a tu m F o r m o s a 1 3 6 S u b t r ib e M a x i lla r ii n a e I E r io p s is b il o b a P e r u 1 4 0 S u b tr ib e G r o b y n a e I G r o b y a a m h e r s tia e B r a z il 1 5 4

Observations

Karyomorphological observations were made in chromosomes at resting stage and at mitotic prophase and metaphase stages in all the taxa studied. Meiotic chromosomes at metaphase I were observed in two taxa. The results of the observations in 30 taxa in the genus Cymbidium and 29 taxa in its allied 19 genera were described as follows:

I. Genus Cymbidium

1. Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl., (Japanese name: Mayaran), 2n=38, Tables 1 and 2, Fig.1.

Two saprophytic plants were obtained from Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. The leafless stem arisen from the rhizome was about 20 cm long and had 2-5 flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across. Petals and sepals were white in color with purple veins. Lips were also KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 5 white in color with few purple spots. Two plants showed commonly the chromosome number of 2n=38 at mitotic metaphase. Their meiotic chromosomes formed the normal configulations of the bivalents; 2n = 19 n •E These results confirmed the previous reports of Mehra and Sehgal (1978) and Vij and Shekhar (1987) for the species, and Aoyama and Tanaka (1988) for a synonym of this species, Cymbidium nipponicum. The chromosomes at resting stage were observed as numerous chromomeric granules, fibrous threads and chromatin blocks scattered throughout the nucleus. The chromatin blocks were round-, rod- and string-shaped with rough surface and varied from 0.5-2.5 fan diameter. Among them average ten chromocentric bodies over 1.0 fim diameter per nucleus were counted. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between those of the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type according to Tanaka's classification (1971). The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed several early condensed segments located in the interstitial regions of both arms. The segregated condensed-segments of each chromosome were later joined to each other following the progress of cell division. Late condensed segments were observed in the proximal and distal regions of the chromosomes.

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E 2 }il!trih#!>i»m1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 3 4 35 37 38

Fig. 1. Cymbidium macrorhizon, 2n=38. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and 3 urnin B-E. 6 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosomes of 2n = 38 at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.4 fan) to the shortest (2.7 fan) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromosomes in the complement, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. The other ten chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23-24, 29-30, 35-38) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. Two chromosomes (Nos. 29-30) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, and formed small satellites. According to the definition of the karyotype proposed by Tanaka (1980), this species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype due to the gradual decrease of the chromosome lengths in the alignment from the longest to the shortest chromosomes and a symmetric karyotype due to the low arm ratios.

2. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook., (Japanese name : Nagiran), 2n =38 and 39, Tables 1 and 3, Fig. 2.

Nine plants were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform and

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Fig. 2. Cymbidium lancifolium, 2n = 38. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fun in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 7 had two or three lanceolate leaves near the apex. Leaf margins were slightly dentate near the pointed end. Flowers were white and 3.5 cm across. Eight plants showed the chromosome number of 2n = 38, while the other plant showed the chromosome number of 2n = 39. However, these cytotypes displayed no difference in external morphology. The chromosome number of 2n =38 confirmed Tanaka (1965), Mehra and Sehgal (1978), Aoyama and Tanaka (1988), and that of 2n=39 confirmed Aoyama and Tanaka (1988).

1) Karyotype of the plants with 2n=38 chromosomes

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. However, the chromatin blocks were slightly smaller in size than those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between those of the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.2 /an) to the shortest (1.3 jum) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another five chromosomes (Nos. 2, 9, 22, 29-30) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 10, 20) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.3 and 4.7. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

2) Karyotype of the plant with 2n=39 chromosomes

One plant with 2n=39 chromosomes was obtained from Kouzushima Is., Tokyo Prefec- ture, Japan. Chromosome morphology at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar to those of the 2n=38 plants. Chromosome morphology at mitotic metaphase was also similar to that of 2n=38 plants. However, aneuploidal extra chromosome was not determined.

3. Cymbidium javanicum Blume, (Japanese name: Akizakinagiran), 2n =38, 43 and 57, Tables 1, 4, 5 and 6, Figs. 3, 4 and 5,

Since this species was quite similar to the above species, Seth and Cribb (1981) treated this species into synonym for Cym. lancifolium, although Maekawa (1971) separated this species from Cym. lancifolium with respect to its smooth leaf margin. Three plants from In- dia and Malaysia set white flowers, while seven plants from Japan and Formosa set pale green flowers. Eight plants showed the chromosome number of 2n=38, a plant 2n=43 and the other plant 2n = 57. A plant with 2n = 38 chromosomes displayed normal meiotic chromosome configulation at metaphase I with the complete set of bivalents, 2n=19n - These results sup- port Aoyama and Tanaka (1988). 8 MIKIO AOYAMA

1) Karyotype of the plants with 2n=38 chromosomes

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between those of the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 38 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.8 \xm) to the shortest (1.6 [im) chromosomes. Among the 38 chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another three chromosomes (Nos. 27, 37-38) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.5, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 21-22, 28-29) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.2 and 4.5. This.species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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(imufumtituit1 2 8 4 S « ? g 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 IS 17 18 19 20 1 11111SI11HIfI»i•Et 21 22 23 24 » 28 31 82 83 Si SS 37 38

Fig. 3. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=38. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A and 3 fan inB-E.

2) Karyotype of the plant with 2n=43 chromosomes

One plant with 2n=43 chromosomes was obtained from Tsushima Is., Nagasaki Prefec- ture, Japan. Among the 2n ^ 43 chromosomes, five small chromosomes formed darkly stained chromocentric bodies at resting stage, and condensed earlier at mitotic prophase than the other chromosomes. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE

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SllimiUiSliSIitat21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Ett«41 42 43

Fig. 4. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=43. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E.

The 2n = 43 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.0 [mi) to the shortest (1.4 ^m) chromosomes. Among the 43 chromosomes, 30 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another six chromosomes (Nos. 15-17, 32-33, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.1 and 2.8, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 18-20, 37) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.3 and 4.2. Three small chromosomes (Nos. 41-43) were one-armed and consisted of only long arms, and thus, were terminal centromeric. These observations suggested that the five small chromosomes were regarded as B- chromosomes and the chromosome number of this plant could be 2n=43=38+5B.

3) Karyotype of the plant with 2n=57 chromosomes

One plant with 2n=57 chromosomes was obtained from Yakushima Is., Kagoshima Pre- fecture, Japan. At resting stage, about 14 chromocentric bodies was counted and were larger than those of 2n=38 plants. Chromosome morphology at mitotic prophase was similar to that of 2n= 38 plants. In the 2n = 57 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (6.0 fim) to the shortest (2.4 fim) chromosomes. Among the 57 chromosomes, 41 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another 10 MIKIO AOYAMA

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2 1 ttitUUmiUSiJii22 28 24 2 7 28 29 30 31 34 36 88 37 38 89 40

E ilSiiisttiuisiii4 1 42 43 44 « 48 « 48 SO 51 64 W 56 57 Fig. 5. Cymbidium javanicum, 2n=57. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E.

12 chromosomes (Nos. 22-24, 27, 30, 37, 43-45, 49-51) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 28-29, 38-39) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.6 and 4.3. Three medium- and small-sized chromosomes were somewhat similar to each other with respect to their arm ratios. Thus, this plant was considered to be triploid with the basic chromosome number of x= 19.

4. Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f., (Japanese name: Syunran), 2n =40, Tables 1 and 7, Fig. 6.

Among the 14 plants studied, seven were obtained from Japan, five plants including three cultivated forms from China and two plants from Formosa. The plants from Japan set green flowers and the petal apices were obtuse. The plants from China had green flowers KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE ll and the petal apices were acute. In contrast, the plants from Formosa had pale brown flowers and the petal apices were acute. The choromosome number of 14 plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage were observed as chromomeric granules, fibrous threads and chromatin blocks scattered throughout the nucleus. Chromatin blocks were irregular sizes and forms and varied from 0.5-3.5 jim in diameter. They were larger in size and number than those of Cym. macrorhizon. Among them, approximately 30 chromocentric bodies over 1.0 /an diameter were counted every nucleus. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. Chromosome morphology at mitotic prophase differed from that of Cym. macrorhizon, since many early condensed segments were formed in the interstitial regions of both arms of the chromosomes of this species. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.9 fim) to the shortest (2.0 pan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another five chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23, 29-30) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.3, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 25-26) were subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.8. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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1 2 S 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 28 24 25 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 83 M 8S 86 37 S8 89 40 Fig. 6. Cymbidium goeringii, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E. 12 MIKIO AOYAMA

5. Cymbidium aliciae Quisumbing, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 8, Fig. 7.

Two plants were obtained from the Philippines. Their leaves were 30 cm long and almost erect. Inflorescences were erect with 5-8 flowers. Flowers were white in color and 4 cmwide across. The chromosome number of 2n =40 observed in the two plants of Cym. aliciae was recorded here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.5 jum) to the shortest (1.2 /«n) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another ten chromosomes (Nos. 1-2, 9-10, 31-32, 37-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.6, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 21-22) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.6 and 6.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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Fig. 7. Cymbidium aliciae, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 fim in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 13

6. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw., (Japanese name: Surugaran), 2n = 40, Tables 1 and 9,Fig.8.

Six plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan, China and Formosa. Leaves were thin and smooth margin. Leaf size was about 50 cm long and 1.0 cm wide. In- florescences were erect with 3-5 flowers. Flowers varied in color creamy white, yellowish green and pale brown and were 4 cm wide across. The chromosome number of the six plants was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, and confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym.goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. In the 2n=40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.1 /an) to the shortest (2.2 /an) chromosomes was observed. Among the 40 chromosomes, 34 were median centromereic with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. The other six chromosomes (Nos. 10, 19-20, 24, 32, 37) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.9 and 2.7. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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((Uiviiuditdiiii1 2 S 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 IB 16 17 18 19 20

E UtMKMIttllMifita 22 25 26 27 80 31 32 88 34 87 88 89 40 Fig. 8. Cymbidium ensifolium, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E. 14 MIKIO AOYAMA

7. Cymbidiumfaberi Rolfe, (Japanese name: Ikkei-kyuka), 2n=40, Tables 1 and 10, Fig. 9.

A plant was obtained from Formosa. Leaves were thin and slightly serrate near the tips. Leaf sizes were about 50 cm long and 0.8 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 5-8 flowers. Flowers were green in color and were 4 cm wide across. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous reports by Tanaka (1964) and Love and Love (1964). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (6.6 fim) to the shortest (2.3 jum) chromosomes in the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Among the 40 chromosomes, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Another ten chromosomes (Nos. 13-14, 24, 32-33, 35, 37-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.7, while the other two chromosomes (Nos. 28-29) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 4.3 and 3.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

* £*ft«5Xl,w, . ,"%i'Jia.i. , *. ^fW^if a æfiftk.1rt^Lrå «y*.*V J K2 -•E. ^ V.*1 P*a*- _c I 1 I2 ({kOMIMlUUl8 8 10 ll 12 IS 14 IB 16 17 18 19

E! 2 1 HiitfiiUimtiiu22 2 4 25 38 27 28 8 9 31 S 3 34 « 87 38 40 Fig. 9. Cymbidium faberi, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 jim. in B-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 15

8. Cymbidium kanran Makino, (Japanese name: Kanran), 2n=40 and 41, Tables 1, ll and 12, Figs. 10 and ll.

Eight plants were obtained from Japan, China and Formosa. Leaves were narrow and grassy or sometimes up to 50 cm long and 0.6 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 4-7 flowers. Flowers were green, pale brown or reddish brown in color and were 5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were narrow and acuminate. The chromosome numbers of the materials were counted as follows; 2n=40 in seven plants and 2n =41 in one plant. No difference in external morphology was found between these two cytotypes. The chromosome number of 2n=40 confirmed Wimber (1957), Tana- ka (1965), and so on, while that of 2n=41 was a first report to this species.

1) Karyotype of the plants with 2n=40 chromosomes

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iDimouuimti)1 2 S 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 ]8 19 20

JiCIICIiOilliUilsil21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 SS 84 S6 36 87 38 89 40

Fig. 10. Cymbidium kanran, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 4 mm in A and 3 faa in B-E. 16 MIKIO AOYAMA somes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Another 12 chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 25-28, 31-36) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.9 and 2.8, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 37-38) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.3 and 4.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype due to relative chromosome length and a symmetric karyotype due to the low arm ratios.

2) Karyotype of the plant with 2n=41 chromosomes

One plant with 2n=41 chromosomes was obtained from Kouchi Prefecture, Japan. The chromosomes at resting stage were similar in morphology to those of the 2n =40 plants of this species. The chromosomes of the mitotic prophase complement formed several early- condensed segments located in interstitial regions of both arms except for one chromosome condensed extremely earlier than the others. In the 2n = 41 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (4.7 fim) to the shortest (2.0 /an) chromosomes. This complement consisted of 40 two-armed chromosomes and a one-armed chromosome. Among the

? *•E' •E•E^ rif* <*•E' .åc- ^: ~r>. A5a\Y.\ «å '? 'å V i / * /V-4^ 1 fir : : V ^ A ,/. •E »*V /.^ _b *'~ ; _C r r1

UltOIUlMltUilll1 2 S 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 U 14 U 16 V! 18 19 20

iittitiMiiitiiiiiiii2 X 22 23 M 26 » 27 28 i» 80 31 82 83 M « 86 87 40 41

Fig. ll. Cymbidium kanran, 2n=41. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 30 mm in A and 3 jim in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 17

41 chromosomes, 27 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5. Another ll chromosomes (Nos. 17, 22, 25, 29-36) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8, and two chromosomes (Nos. 37-38), which had minute secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, were subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.8. The last one-armed chromosome (No. 41) was terminal. These obeservations suggest that the one-armed chromosome could be a supernumerary chromosome and thus, the chromosome number of this plant could be 2n=41 =40+ l supernumerary chromosome.

9. Cymbidium sinense (Andr.) Willd, (Japanese name: Housairan), 2n=40, Tables 1 and 13,Fig.12.

Three plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Leaves were waxy and rather broad with entire margins, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 5-7 flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across and were reddish brown in color except for yellowish green in the cultivated form. The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous reports (cf. Tanaka and Kamemoto 1981).

f*"*Z^tm"«*L **J

-B «*V^ _C _D

Illbmiiummii10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 E umtMimiuiitn2 1 22 23 24 26 26 27 3 1 32 3 4 86 37 38 S9 40

Fig. 12. Cymbidium sinense, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 14 mm in A and 3 /an in B-E. 18 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.3 jum) to the shortest (1.9 jum) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. Another three chromosomes (Nos. 14, 34, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.1 and 2.7, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 13, 27-28, 33) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.1 to 6.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

10. -Cymbidium dayanum Rchb. f., (Japanese name: Hekkaran), 2n = 40, Tables 1 and 14,Fig.13.

Two plants were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 60 cm long and 1.2 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with approximately ten flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wid across and white colored with deep purple stripes. The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Mutsuura and Nakahira (1960) and Tanaka (1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type.

_ B _ C _D

illllttllllttlllllll1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 E ICIICItlllltCllllllt 21 22 23 24 27 28 31 32 34 35 37 38 89 40 Fig. 13. Cymbidium dayanum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 13 mm in A and 3 fan inB-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 19

The 2n=40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a degradation in the chromosome alignment from the longest (3.3 ^m) to the shortest (1.6 fan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 35-36) were submedian with the arm ratio of 2.3. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

ll. Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 15, Fig. 14.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were thick, fleshy, about 40 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with many flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across and creamy white-colored with purple-colored, broad stripes on their petals and sepals and numerous purple-colored veins on their lips. The chromosome number of the materials was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous reports of this species and its synonym Cym. pendulum (cf. Tanaka and Kamemoto 1981).

ummiimmoK1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 otiimxhtimiii21 22 23 24 2 7 26 3 O S1 S2 » 3* 88 86 87 89 40 Fig. 14. Cymbidium aloifolium, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 /an inB-E. 20 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosomes at resting stage formed larger condensed blocks than those of Cym. goeringii. Approximately 35 chromocentric bodies were counted in each nucleus. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase performed an alignment of gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.9 fan) to the shortest (2.9 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and six (Nos. 10, 27-28, 36-37, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.9 and 2.3. The other two chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 8.5 and 7.7. Two chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

12. Cymbidiumfinlaysonianum Wall., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 16, Fig. 15.

Two plants were obtained from Malaysia. Leaves were thick, fleshy, about 50 cm long and'3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with well-spaced about ten flowers. Flow- ers were 4 cm wide across and dull yellow in color. Lip was white with a crescent-shaped purple patch.

Minmmmmm9 10 ll 12 13 14 I S 18 17 18 19

E 3 ItltUiltClittffiiiii 5 36 37 89 40 n 22 28 24 27 28 30 31 fig. is. cymmamm;iniaysonianum,.zn-w. A, tlowers. a, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in A and 3 fan in B-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 21

The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Mehlquist (1952), Pancho (1965), and so on. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. aloifolium described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. A gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.3 /an) to the shortest (1.9 (xm) chromosomes was observed in the 2n=40 chromosome complement. Among the 40 chromosomes, 38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5. The other two chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.8 and 3.6. These two chromosomes had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, and formed small satellites. Thus, this species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

13. Cymbidium floribundum Lindl., (Japanese name: Kinryouhen), 2n =40, Tables 1 and 17,Fig.16.

Three plants including a cultivated form were obtained from Japan and Formosa. Leaves were coriaceous, linear, about 30 cm long and 1.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were sub-

o arr*-s V 4#I*

"tT-\"

_ c _D

fHSfSiHtSmiicfici1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

EJUIttlllt9ISfJ»!9«S*21 22 23 24 25 26 Z7 28 29 80 31 32 83 34 8S 86 37 S8 38 40

Fig. 16. Cymbidium floribundwn, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 pm in B-E. 22 MIKIO AOYAMA erect with many flowers. Flowers were 2.5 cm wide across and reddish brown or pale yellowish brown in color. The chromosome number of the materials was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous report in the species by Aoyama et al. (1986) and that in Cym. pumi- lum, a synonim of this species by Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.8 /an) to the shortest (1.4 fita) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and six (Nos. 26, 33-36, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8. The other three chromosomes (Nos. 21-22, 25) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.6 and 3.8. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

14. Cymbidium canaliculatum R. Br., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 18, Fig. 17.

Two plants were obtained from Australia. Leaves were thick, graish green in color, about 20 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with many flowers. Flowers ^ &

I*- -I *•E r _B _c _D

1 2 3 i 5 6 I 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

E tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiui22 23 24 25 26 27 29 80 31 34 35 37 38 89 40 Fig. 17. Cymbidium canaliculatum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates ll mm in A and 3 fmi in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 23 were 2.5 cm wide across and dull red in color. The chromosome number of the two plants of Cym. canaliculatum was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.1 /an) to the shortest (2.6 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and eight (Nos. 17-18, 26-27, 29-30, 39-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.5. The other three chromosomes (Nos. 16, 35-36) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.4 and 6.0. Two medium-sized chromosomes (Nos. 9-10) had secondary constrictions on the proximal regions of their short arms. Their satellites were both 1.0 jjxo. in length. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype. Two satellited chromosomes (Nos. 9-10) characterized the karyotype of Cym. canaliculatum.

15. Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 19, Fig. 18.

Two plants were obtained from Indonesia. Leaves were erect, about 30 cm long and 2.0 cmwide. Inflorescences were also erect with 15-20 flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across

t #% I * * *r* .!"å *•E;•E '-.. -~ :•Eå f•E *u ' 4. >> "X" f *•E ft ii»f»f tj-t v m .m *f tfm _B _c __D

tUumiftitiiMsttt1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 1 0 ll 12 13 14 I S 16 17 18 19 20

El 21 22 28 24 26 27 80 31 32 SS 34 8S 86 37 89 40

Fig. 18. Cymbidium chloranthum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 um in B-E. 24 MIKIO AOYAMA

and yellowish green in color with small purple spots on their lips. The chromosome number of the two plants of the species was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which was recorded here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage formed many smaller condensed blocks than those of Cym. goeringii. Approximately 15 chromocentric bodies over 1.0 /an in diameter were counted in each nucleus. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.0 /an) to the shortest (1.0 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm raios between 1.0 and 1.7, while the other five chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 23, 27-28) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.4/ This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

16. Cymbidium madidum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 20, Fig. 19.

One plant was obtained from Australia. Pseudobulbs were conical-ovoid and large upto 10 cm long. Leaves were suberect, about 70 cm long 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with 30-50 flowers. Flowers were yellowish brown in color and 2.5 cm wide across.

l% "**& J I ' 1*

1%k \ \

i _,B _D

Juiimnmmun8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 E miltilii??ilifttitt 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 85 36 37 38 89 40 Fig. 19. Cymbidium madidum, 2n=.4O. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 50 mm in A and 3 /an in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 25

The chromosome number of the plant was 2n= 40 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time for this species. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.8 fim) to the shortest (1.3 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 26 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and seven chromosomes (Nos. 9, ll-12, 15-17, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.2. The other seven chromosomes (Nos. 18, 27-28, 33-36) were subterminal with arm ratios between 3.2 and 6.3. Two small-sized chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) had secondary constrictions on the interstitial regions of their long arms. The satellites were both 0.5 fim long. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype. Twosatellited chromosomes (Nos. 31-32) characterized the karyotype of this species Cym. madidum.

17. Cymbidium devonianum Paxt., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 21, Fig. 20.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were broadly, coriaceous, upto 30 cm long and 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were pendulous with many flowers. Flowers were reddish brown in color and about 3 cm wide across.

* t

,e _B. __c _D

)f)Utt>cit>ffitmf1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

E mtutita 22 23 24 26 28 27 29 30 31 32 34 36 37 38 89 40 Fig. 20. Cymbidium devonianum, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 urnin B-E. 26 MIKIO AOYAMA

The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Wimber (1957), Vij et al. (1982) and Vij and Shekhar (1987). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.2 ,um) to the shortest (1.5 ym) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and four chromosomes (Nos. 7, 35-36, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 3.0. The other three chromosomes (Nos. 8, 23-24) were subterminal with arm ratios between 4.0 and 4.3. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

18. Cymbidium elegans Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 22, Fig. 21.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and covered by leaf- bases. Leaves were linear, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Fifteen-20 leaves were formed on each pseudobulb. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowers were pale yellow in color, and did not fully open. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Vij and Shekhar (1987). Each resting nucleus contained about 20 chromocentric bodies which were smaller than

#1 «"fc J -- v~l

k ti * fk O *fs > 5u< « f jlk**% «s*: I / , l rai-w+ "-W '_* ft•E«. å •E*!*J,å ».^ »å •E^ >*> ~PiM * i??l3 "V>-Mhv Jf-^iV ..!*. -W- ',* .-X* _B _c _D

Hiixmnomms1 2 3 4 g 6 7 g 9 10 ll 12 13 U IB 16 17 38 19 20 E lUlllliiliKIIMll. a a 24 25 28 2? 80 31 3 4 8$ 37 m 40 Fig. 21. Cymbidium elegans, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and 3 fim in B-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 27 those of Cym. goeringii. The other morphological characteristics of the chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.6 fim) to the shortest (1.3 ym) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another eight chromosomes (Nos. 13-14, 21-22, 29-30, 32, 34) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.3, and the other one chromosome (No. 31) was subterminal with the arm ratioof3.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

19. Cymbidium mastersii Griff., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 23, Fig. 22.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and covered by leaf- bases. Each pseudobulb had about 25 leaves. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. The plant has not bloomed yet in our Garden. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous reports (Wimber 1957, Vij and Shekhar 1987). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were smaller than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chro-

O ft. C S .<"* r*M: ~^l-^^^ ^ _ c _D

1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

mmusnHimiii21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 S2 8S 34 8S 86 S7 38 89 40 Fig. 22. Cymbidium mastersii, 2n =40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 40 mm in A and3 umin B-E. 28 MIKIO AOYAMA mocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.4 /an) to the shortest (2.2 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, while the other ll chromosomes (Nos.5-6, ll-12, 17-18, 33-34, 37-39) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

20. Cymbidium whiteae King et Pantling, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 24, Fig. 23.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were slender and had about 25 leaves. Leaves were linear, upto 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with about ten flowers. Flowers were creamy green in color with numerous small reddish brown spots, and did not fully open. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Wimber (1957) and Vij and Shekhar (1987). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.2 fim) to the shortest (1.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5. Another six chromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 22-24, 40) were submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8, and the ?^v

Wtmiiiimmttti1 2 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 E tlOllflttllltllllwi21 22 23 24 25 26 27 31 32 34 36 37 38 39 40 Fig. 23. Cymbidium whiteae, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 pm inB-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 29 other two chromosomes (Nos. 15-16) were subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.1. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

21. Cymbidium iridioides D. Don, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 25, Fig. 24.

Three plants were obtained from India and Nepal. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto 50 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with about ten flowers. Flowers were 6 cm wide across and yellowish green in color with numerous dull red veins. The chromosome number of the plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous reports in a synonym of this species, Cym. giganteum (cf. Tanaka and Kamemoto 1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.4 fim) to the shortest (2.5 jum) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another seven chromosomes (Nos. 15-16, 33-36, 39) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.6, and the other four chromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 37-38) were subterminal with arm ratios

*•E' Z\ AS''. + V Mi _V >' %Vt « _ B I /_C _D mmonmmmt1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 Etiuosaimmtiui21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 Fig. 24. Cymbidium iridioides, 2n =40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mmin A and 3 fim inB-E. 30 MIKIO AOYAMA between 3.5 and 6.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

22. Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 26, Fig. 25.

One plant was obtained from India. Pseudobulbs were ovoid and grew upto 6 cm long. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto 50 cm long 2.5 cm wide. The plant has not bloomed yet in our Garden. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous report in the species (Vij et al. 1981) and reports in a synonym of the species Cym. grandiflorum (Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957). The Chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.7 /an) to the shortest (1.9 fan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 36 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and three chromosomes (Nos. 20, 30, 40) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. The

f i r» -•E/» r/ _ * A uM :M *jT i , M, f^"k\>m•E_» X... cw Uts&r< >r- :^v. _ ^pt _ B C .D

ituiMimtmum1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2lonumimmm1 22 23 M 25 26 27 3 0 31 34 85 36 37 38. 89 40 Fig. 25. Cymbidium hookerianum, 2n = 40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar idicates 50 mm in A and3 faninB-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 31 other chromosome (No. 19) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 4.8. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

23. Cymbidium insigne Rolfe, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 27, Fig. 26.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, upto 50 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cm wide across and pale pink in color with many reddish purple spots on their lips. The chromosome number of two plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous repots (Mehlquist 1952, Wimber 1957, Larsen 1966). The chrmosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were larger than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.8 fim) to the shortest (1.9 [im) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 31 were median centromeric and varied in arm ratio from 1.0 to 1.7. Another six chromosomes (Nos. 5-6, 8, 37-38) were submedian and varied in arm ratio from 1.9 to 2.6, and the other three chromosomes (Nos. 20, 31-32) were subterminal and varied in arm ratio from 4.0 to 5.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

jfcfifc -åv&Tt w _C "*•E_D

frtmoitmumn1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 ElHUftlCIIMIItflftl21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 84 36 86 37 38 89 40

Fig. 26. Cymbidium insigne, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 17 mm in A and 3 jxia in B-E. 32 MIKIO AOYAMA

24. Cymbidium longifolium D. Don, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 28, Fig. 27.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were linear, approximately 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were decumbent with several flowers. Flowers were 9 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were linear and yellowish green in color with brown veins. Lips were white in color with few reddish brown spots. The chromosome number of one plant was counted to be 2n =40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Sharma and Chatterji (1966) Vij and Shekhar (1987). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.0 fim) to the shortest (2.1 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 37 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and two chromosomes (Nos. 23, 38) were submedian with the arm ratios of 1.8 and 2.6. The other chromosome (No. 37) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.8. Two chromosomes (Nos. 21, 35) had small constrictions on the interstitial regions of their long arms. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

/ 'M M l*-

*v _ c _D

OUimtCfiiicim2 8 6 7 8 10 ll 12 IS 14 IS 16 17 18 IS 20 E lltlUttUtflliilitt21 22 23 24 25 26 Z7 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 S6 S6 S7 38 89 40 Fig. 27. Cyrnbidium longifolium, 2n = 40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 20 mm in A and 3 ;um in B-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 33

25. Cymbidium lowianum Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 29, Fig. 28.

Three plants were obtained from China and Thailand. Leaves were coriaceous, about 60 cmlong and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with many flowers. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color (two plants) or creamy yellow (one plant). Lips were nearly white in color with a V-shaped purple spot. The chromosome number of three plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (4.0 ym) to the shortest (2.5 fim) chromosomes in the 2n=40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase. Among the 40 chromosomes, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, ten chromosomes (Nos. 9-10, 29-32, 35-38) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and two chromosomes (Nos. 39-40) subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.7 and 5.2. Two chromosomes (Nos. 39-40) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

- M iA--s- # m . " a *&&å v-<~ i ^ .•EV * r * -. % ft v\ _ •EV-" C- -Dn mmmumium1 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 KIHnUIUIIIIMha 22 23 24 2S 26 27 a » 80 31 32 W S4 86 36 87 38 89 40 Fig. 28. Cymbidium lowianum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 18 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E. 34 MIKIO AOYAMA

26. Cymbidium tracyanum Hort., ex Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 30, Fig. 29.

Two plants were obtained from Thailand. Leaves were coriaceous, upto 60 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were nutant with about 15 flowers. Flowers fully opened were about 10 cm wide across. Petals and sepals were linear and yellowish green in color with brown veins. Lips were creamy white in color with numerous reddish brown spots. The chromosome number of two plants was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.2 ixm) to the shortest (2.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 34 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another four chromosomes (Nos. 17-18, 33-34) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.1, and the other two chromosomes (Nos. 39-40) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.8 and5.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

J0~f 1 3> -J% «•E _C -D?

(UtUiktkmm9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 IT 18 19 20

E 2 2 HUmcoiifisum1 22 4 25 2 7 28 3 1 3 3 34 86 86 37 39 40 Fig. 29. Cymbidium tracyanum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 26 mm in A and 3 /an inB-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 35

27. Cymbidium eburneum Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 31, Fig. 30.

One plant was obtained from India. Leaves were suberect, coriaceous, upto 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with 1-2 flowers. Flowers were 8 cm wide across and white in color with yellow keels on lips. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Tanaka and Kamemoto (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were smaller than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.8 //m) to the shortest (2.1 fan) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 37 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, the other three chromosomes (Nos. 31-32, 38) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and symmetric karyotype.

i£ 'i, t %. . 1 r\ '' > å i. i•ETm T «1 mm. V 2 f K æf i _ t> '« '%*t* x & * *•E? C *\i ± ;i&te.*&l£ 4 z^ ' ."*; •E * t N S J 'l«

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imnmsmositi:1 2 8 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 E nsimifSMisffttfi21 22 23 24 26 28 27 28 29 80 31 82 S3 M 8S 36 37 S8 S9 40 Fig. 30. Cymbidium eburneum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and3 urnin B-E. 36 MIKIO AOYAMA

28. Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 32, Fig. 31.

One plant was obtained from Burma. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cm wide across and white in color with large purple spots on lips. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Mehlquist (1952). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were smaller than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the' longest (4.3 fim) to the shortest (1.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 38 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1 7, while one (No. 6) was submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8, and the other one (No. 18) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype

•E > 1 "% -%% K « *å * -. % ^^ i«* -Ak, vo. <#**« %t. : r> tv WJPK&> N<.\ ^, å *4L,**k t w ^ •E*•E!/

_ _ B C _D

ktflHiutiiiiuKi1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 M 15 16 17 18 19 20

E lIlUlttltlfllltflM21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 86 86 37 38 89 40

Fig. 31. Cymbidium parishii, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 20 mm in A and 3 /xm in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 37

29. Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 33, Fig. 32.

One plant was obtained from Viet-Num. Leaves were linear, coriaceous, about 50 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with 6-10 flowers. Flowers were 6 cm wide across and white in color with reddish purple veins on lips. Sepals fully opened and were larger than petals. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Mehlquist (1949, 1952) and Wimber (1957). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromocentric bodies were smaller than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. In the 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.9 fim) to the shortest (1.6 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 33 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and the other seven chromosomes (Nos. 13, 22, 32-36) were submedian with arm.ratios between 2.0and2.8. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

» ;å *•E -&.<£r I£ -?««, ;:.å å * *j>. *&&'å å ' ', å L »JP«i* s*r 1 I J *w åfir _B - V&;* å -. D

IHMimimmim9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 E mimiimmitit!21 22 23 24 25 26 27 80 31 83 34 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 32. Cymbidium erythrostylum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 24 mm in A and3 >/min B-E 38 MIKIO AOYAMA

30. Cymbidium tigrinum Par., ex O'Brien, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 34, Fig. 33.

Three plants were obtained from Burma. Leaves were coriaceous, elliptic lanceolate, about 15 cm long and 3.0 cm wide. Inflorescences were decumbent with few flowers. Flowers were 6 cm wide across and dull yellowish green in color. Lip color was white with many reddish purple spots. The chromosome number of three plants was 2n = 40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed Vij et al.(1983). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. Average forty chromocentric bodies counted in each nucleus were greater in number than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n =40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase formed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.1 jira) to the shortest (1.4 /an) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and the other five chromosomes (Nos. 29-31, 35-36) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and2.8. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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illltltttlliitiiiati1 2 8 4 6 6 7 g 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

Eltltlltfttitiiittait22 23 24 25 26 27 29 SO 31 34 85 37 38 89 40

Fig. 33. Cymbidium tigrinum, 2n=40. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 9 mm in A and 3 ^m inB-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 39

II. Allied Genera

1. Acriopsisjavanica Reinw., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 35, Fig. 34.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia. Pseudobulbs were ovoid and about 2 cm long and had 2-3 linear leaves near the tip. Inflorescences were decumbent and branched with numerous flowers. Flowers were 1.0 cm wide across and white in color with purple stripes. Lateral sepals united to apex. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for this species for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage formed small chromatin blocks similar to those of Cym. macrorhizon. Most of the chromatin blocks were rod or string in shape with rough surface. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed several early condensed segments located mostly in the proximal regions of both arms. The chromosome features at resting stage figured intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The set of the 2n =40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.5 (xm) to the shortest (0.7 fim) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 34 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. The other six chromosomes (Nos. 3-4, 31-32, 39-40) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and2.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

Fig. 34. Acriapsis javanica, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 5 mm in A and 3 /an in B-E. 40 MIKIO AOYAMA

2. Ansellia africana Lindl., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 36, Fig. 35.

Two plants were obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were cylindrical with several nodes. Leaves were coriaceous, about 20 cm long and 2.5 cm wide and gathered at the upper parts of the pseudobulbs. Inflorescences with about ten flowers were produced near the apices of pseudobulbs. Flowers were 4.5 cm wide across and yellow in color with many maroon spots. The chromosome number of the plants was 2n=42 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here this species for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage were conspicuous. They were observed as lightly- stained chromomeric granules and fibrous threads, or darkly-stained chromatin blocks. Average 22 chromatin blocks counted in each nucleus as chromocentric bodies varied in size and shape. The chromosomes at mitotic prophase formed many early condensed segments located in the proximal and interstitial regions of both arms. Then, late condensed segments were observed in the distal regions of the chromosomes. The chromosome features at resting stage indicated intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type.

«å "" \ S it * {% ** I /

t, .#" I _B _c •E _D iiUillllllUlCIMlt 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 tt M IS 16 17 18 19 20 llliliiiiiiiiailiili 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 85 38 37 38 89 40 El •E 41 42

Fig. 35. Ansellia africana, 2n=42. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A, 3 f«n in B and E, and 4 fim in C and D. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 41

A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.0 fim) to the shortest (0.9 /an) chromosomes in the mitotic-metaphase chromosome complement of 2n = 42. Among the 42 chromosomes, 29 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7. Another eight (Nos. 1-6, 23, 25) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.7, one (No. 24) was subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.6, and the other four (Nos. 21-22, 37-38) were terminal with arm ratios between 10.0 and 15.0. Two chromosomes (Nos. 23-24) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

3. Ansellia gigantea Rchb. f., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 37, Fig. 36.

One plant was obtained from Africa. This species was morphologically quite similar to A. africana. However, the plant was relatively large in size, and had a lip with narrow mid- lobe. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 42 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous report of Tanaka (1964) for a synonym of this species, A. nilotica de- cided by Bechtel et al. (1981). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of A. africana described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of an

•E å - •E %"

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IfllllllMlSlilSltA*1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 ttt•E§»*#*»tf«*t«it0§•E 21 22 .23 24 26 a6 27 28 29 80 31 32 S3 84 8S 86 37 38 89 40 E#al 41 42 Fig. 36. Ansellia gigantea, 2n=42. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A, 3 (im in B andE,and4urninCandD. 42 MIKIO AOYAMA intermediate form between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. The 2n = 42 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.3 /wn) to the shortest (0.9 jim) chromosomes. Among the 42 chromosomes, 19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.2 and 1.7. Another 15 chromosomes (Nos. 2-3, 5-7, 14, 25-26, 29, 33-34, 39-42) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.5, two (Nos. 35-36) were subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.5 and 5.0, and the other six (Nos. 19-22, 27-28) were terminal with arm ratios between 14.0 and 20.0. Two small-sized chromosomes (Nos. 35 -36) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

4. Cymbidiellaflabellata (Thou.) Rolfe, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 38, Fig. 37.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were separated at intervals of about 10 cm distance, and were connected by creeping slender rhizomes. Inflorescences were erect with about ten flowers. Flowers were 5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color. Lips were spotted and bordered with red. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 52 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for this species for the first time.

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•EIHfitlllltlt*||IM 8 9 10 ll 12 18 M 16 IS 17 18 19 20 §####i#i§§if§l a 22 a 24 m a x m si 87 88 m 40

41 42 C 44 46 48 47 48 49 M 61 K

Fig. 37. Cymbidiella flabellata, 2n=52. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 fim inB-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 43

The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Ansellia africana described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. The 2n = 52 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (2.7 71m) to the shortest (1.0 jLtm) chromosomes. Among the 52 chromosomes, ten (Nos. 13-14, 17-19, 29-30, 33-34, 40) were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.2 and 1.7, 19 (Nos. 1-12, 20-22, 31, 35-36, 47) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, 12 (Nos. 15-16, 23-25, 32, 37-38, 41-43, 48) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.3 and 6.5, and three (Nos. 26-28) terminal with arm ratios between 7.5 and 8.0. The other eight chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. Two chromosomes (Nos. 15-16) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

5. Cymbidiella pardalina (Rchb. f.) Garay, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 39. Fig. 38.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Cymbidiella rhodochila was formerly used for this specimen (Hawkes 1965). Then, Bechtel et al. (1981) determined this specimen into C. pardalina and treated the former species name synonym. Leaves were waxy, about 60 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with several flowers. Flowers were 7 cm wide across. Petals and sepals were yellowish green in color and spotted with black all over the petals. Lips were red with black spots in the basal half. The chromosome number of the plant at mitotic metaphase was 2n=52 which was different from the number of 2n=54 observed in a synonym of the species C. rhodochila by Wimber (1957). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Ansellia africana described above, except for increase of small chromocentric bodies in number. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. In the 2n=52 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase from the longest (3.4 /«n) to the shortest (1.1 jxm) chromosomes a gradual decrease in length was observed. Among the 52 chromosomes, six (Nos. 27-28, 35-36, 41-42) were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.3 and 1.6, 16 (Nos. ll-17, 21-22, 29-30, 33-34, 37-39) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, 22 (Nos. 1-10, 18, 23-26, 31-32, 40, 43-44, 47-48) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.1 and 7.0, and two (Nos. 19-20) terminal with the arm ratio of 8.0. The other chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. Two chromosomes (Nos. 23-24) had secondary constrictions on their short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes. 44 MIKIO AOYAMA

・ 11

t I I _ c if

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fitttlHIHMtMIMI1 2 8 4 8 6 ? 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 f ififl•E•E•E•E§•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E•E 21 22 m m « 28 29 30 31 34 85 87 88 88 40 Et»#•E•E•E•E§•E•E•E# 41 42 43 44 .SI. « 47 48 49 50 61 52

Fig. 38. Cymbidiella pardalina, 2n=52. A, flowers. B, chromosomesat resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomesat mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mmin A and 3 ^m inB-E.

6. Dipodium paludosum(Griff.) Rchb. f., 2n=46, Tables 1 and 40, Fig. 39.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia. Stems were erect upto 40 cm long and complete- ly covered by leaf bases obvolute. Axillary inflorescences were erect with several flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across and white in color and spotted with pale purple. The chromosomenumberof this species was2n=46 at mitotic metaphase, which wasre- ported here for the first time. The chromosomesat resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosomefeatures at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 45

«å •E i - ** •E

_ B _ C _D Ilitfftiiiiiiiisiiff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 ll 12 18 14 18 18 IT 18 19 20 f « •E •Et 2 1 22 23 24 2S 26 i27 28 29 30 31 3 4 SS W » 40 E« •E •Eft #* 41 42 43 44 45 46

Fig. 39. Dipodium paludosum, 2n=46. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in A and 3 /«n inB-E.

The 2n = 46 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.9 ,um) to the shortest (0.9 /«n) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromosomes, 39 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, five (Nos. 14-16, 45-46) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0, and two (Nos. 9-10) subterminal with the arm ratios of 4.0 and 3.6. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

7. Grammangis ellisii (Lindl.) Rchb. f., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 41, Fig. 40.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were tetragonal fusiform upto 10 cm high, and had a few leaves near the apex. Inflorescences were suberect with 15-20 flowers. Flowers were waxy, upto 6 cm wide across and brown in color with small yellow spots. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 54 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous report for this species (Chardard 1963). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Ansellia africana described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly larger than those of A. africana. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. In the 2n = 54 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase a bimodalism in length was displayed; the first group consisted of four large chromosomes showed a degradation from the longest chromosome of 2.9 jum to the chromosome of 2.6 fim, while the other 46 MIKIO AOYAMA

>#.

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1 2 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 28 24 27 28 28 31 82 33 34 37 38 39 40 ES 41 42 48 44 45 46 4T 48 49 60 51 62 53 54 Fig. 40. Grammangis ellisii, 2n=54. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D ancLE, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 6 mm in A and 3 jmv in b-e! group consisted of 50 short chromosomes showed another degradation from the chromosome of 2.0 (m\ to the shortest (1.0 ,um) chromosome. Among the 54 chromosomes, 39 chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 2, ll-12, 15-16, 19, 27-28) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.8, and two (Nos. 36-37) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3. The other chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. This species showed a heterogeneous and bimodal karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

8. Grammatophyllum scriptum (L.) Blume, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 42, Fig. 41.

One plant was obtained from the Philippines. Pseudobulbs were flattened fusiform, and had a few leaves near the apex. Long inflorescences were suberect and curving with many flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across and yellowish green in color with numerous brown patchs. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Wimber (1957) and Pancho (1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 47

> ««# .1* %i 4 fc »».. m T 1«*

.<*

"»*'#- *_B _C ~ _D

HitItiiHtllttuiti1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 eI*IIII•EillllltlltMil 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 85 86 37 88 89 40 Fig. 41. Grammatophyllum scriptum, 2n=40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 8 mm in A and 3 fanin B-E.

the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (3.1 jxm) to the shortest (1.5 urn) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 24 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 7-8, 27-28, 35-36, 39-40) submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 3.0, and eight (Nos. 19- 22, 25-26, 31-32) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.2 and 6.3. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

9. Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume, 2n=40, Tables 1 and 43, Fig. 42.

One plant was obtained from Malaysia. Stems were cylindrical with many nodes, upto 100 cm long and 5 cm across. Leaves were linear, upto 50 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. The plant has not yet flowered in our Garden. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n= 40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous reports (Wimber 1957, Pancho 1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly smaller in size and less in number than those of Cym. goeringii. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. MIKIO AOYAMA

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 86 36 37 38 39 40

Fig. 42. Grammatophyllum speciosum, 2n = 40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 55 mm inA and 3 fim in B-E.

In the 2n=40 chromosome alignment at mitotic metaphase from the longest (1.8 jum) to the shortest (0.6 ,um) chromosomes a gradual decrease in size was observed. Among the 40 chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, two (Nos. 9-10) were submedian with the arm ratio of 1.8. The other three chromosomes did not show any position of centromere. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

10. Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum (Teijsm. et Binn.) J. J. Sin., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 44,Fig.43.

One plant was obtained from Indonesia. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform, upto 12 cmlong with a few leaves at the top. Leaves were lanceolate to about 25 cm by 6 cm. In- florescences were pendulous with 6-10 flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across and pale brown in color with many small reddish brown spots. The chromosome number of the plant for this species was 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 40 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.8 /mi) to the shortest (1.1 fxm) chromosomes. Among the 40 chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and the other five (Nos. 13-14, 23, 28-29) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 49

'•E

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«««*•E*»»*>«?tnun2 3 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 E 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Fig. 43. Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum, 2n = 40. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 24 mm in A and3 /an in B-E.

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

ll. Cyrtopodium andersonii (Andrews) R. Br., 2n=46, Tables 1 and 45, Fig. 44.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were slender cylindrical upto 60 cm

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* * ｻ V t ・ * ・・・・ i ｫ s # 4 * ・・・ 21 22 23 2 4 25 26 I 27 28 29 3 0 31 32 S3 34 8 6 36 37 38 89 40 E ft ・・・ｻ 4 1 42 43 44 46 46

Fig. 44. Cyrtopodium andersonii, 2n =46. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in A and 3 urn in B-E. 50 MIKIO AOYAMA long. Inflorescences were erect and paniculate with many flowers. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across. Sepals were yellowish green in color, and petals and lips were yellow in color. The chromosome number of the plant for this species was 2n=46 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 46 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.7 /im) to the shortest (0.8 jum) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromosomes, 23 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, eight (Nos. 3-4, ll-12, 20-21, 42-43) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and two (Nos. 18- 19) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

12. Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl., 2n=46, Tables 1 and 46, Fig. 45.

Two plants were obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were also slender cylindrical, upto 40 cm long. Leaves were linear, lanceolate, upto 30 cm long and 3 cm wide. Flowers were 3.5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color spotted with reddish brown. Lips were yellow in color with reddish brown margin. The chromosome number of the two plants of this species was 2n=46 at mitotic metaph-

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Fig. 45. Cyrtopodiumpunctatum,2n=46.A,flowers.B, chromosomesat restingstage.C, chromosomesat mitoticprophase.D andE,chromosomesatmitoticmetaphase.Barindicates10 mminA and3 fiminB-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 51

ase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were different in morphology from those of Cyrto. andersonii described above, but were similar to those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The chromosome complement of the 2n = 46 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase indicated a degaradation in chromosome length from the longest (2.2 fim) to the shortest (1.2 fim) chromosomes. Among the 46 chromosomes, 34 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, six (Nos. 29-30, 33-34, 37-38) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.2 and four (Nos. 41-44) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.3. The other chromosomes did not show their centromeres. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

13. Eulophia guineensis Lindl., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 47, Fig. 46.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were ovoid, conical and had a few leaves. Inflorescences were erect with about ten flowers. Flowers were about 5 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were recurved and purplish brown in color. Lips were rose purple colored. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase and was here reported for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage

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21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 SS 34 85 38 87 40 E 41 42 43 44 16 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 53 54

Fig. 46. Eulophia guineensis, 2n=54. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in A and 3 fan in B-E. 52 MIKIO AOYAMA

were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.7 /jm) to the shortest (0.8 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromosomes, 20 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and 18 (Nos. 3-4, 7-8, ll-18, 25-26, 31, 38, 47-48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

14. Eulophia paniculata Rolfe, 2n=60, Tables 1 and 48, Fig. 47.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were ovoid, conical with five angles and had two leaves at the top. Leaves were thick, linear upto 20 cm long and 1.2 cm wide, and had numerous white spots. The plant has not flowered yet in our Garden. The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=60 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 60 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.7 /an) to the shortest (0.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 60 chromo-

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tttlitlMiliiiiiftii1 8 J 4 8 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 tt 17 18 19 20 I li liilfiiiifiMiiif 21 2J 23 24 25 26 2? 2S 29 SO 3i 82 83 3* 3S 8S S7 38 39 « Ef l l ll l t A i l i f i i i t •E * •E •E 41 42 43 44 « 48 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 54 55 «3 57 88 59 60 Fig. 47. Eulophia paniculata, 2n=60. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and JE, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 30 mm in A and 3 |Um in B-E. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 53 somes, 38 were median centromeric with, arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 17 (Nos. 7, 21- 23, 26-27, 32-34, 38-45) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the other five (Nos. 8-ll, 46) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.5 and 3.6. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

15. Eulophiapetersii Rchb. f., 2n=48, Tables 1 and 49, Fig. 48.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, upto 10 cm long with a few leaves near the top. Leaves were thick and linear upto 30 cm long and 2 cm wide. In- florescences were erect with many flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were recurved and green in color. Lips were white colored with reddish purple veins. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 48 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed the previous report of the haploid chromosome number of n=24 (Hall 1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 48 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (5.1 /Am) to the shortest (1.2 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 48

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41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 Fig. 48. Eulophia petersii, 2n=48. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 7 mm in A and 3 /im in B-E. 54 MIKIO AOYAMA chromosomes, 19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 27 (Nos. 1-2/7-9, ll-12, 15-20, 22-26, 29-30, 35-36, 43-46, 48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the other two (Nos. 13, 47) subterminal with the arm ratios of 3.2 and3.3. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

16. Eulophia streptopetala Lindl., 2n=42, Tables 1 and 50, Fig. 49.

One plant was obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were ovoid with few leaves. Leaves were plicate, upto 30 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with about ten flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across. Sepals were yellowish green in color with brown spots. Petals were yellow colored and twisted. Lips were yellow colored with reddish brown stripes. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=42 at mitotic metaphase which was different from the previous report of 2n=40 (Hall 1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The chromosome complement with 2n= 42 at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (2.4 ^m) to the shortest (1.0 /xm) chromosomes. Among the 42 chromosomes, 30 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, ll

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tlllHItltltltllllil21 22 123 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 83 34 85 36 37 88 89 40 Eltl 41 42 Fig. 49. Eulophia streptopetala, 2n=42. A, flowers.B, chromosomesat resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomesat mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 17 mmin A and 3 fim inB-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 55

(Nos. 2, 5-6, 13-16, 20, 27, 39-40) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the other one (No. 19) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.5. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

17. Eulophiella Rolfei, 2n=52, Tables 1 and 51, Fig. 50.

This taxon is a hybrid between E. roempleriana and £. elisabethae, and has been cultivated widely. Pseudobulbs were connected to each other by creeping rhizomes. Leaves were plicate, upto 80 cm long and 8.5 cm wide. Inflorescences were suberect with large rose purple flowers. The chromosome number of the two plants was 2n=52 at mitotic metaphase which supported the author's report (Aoyama et al. 1986). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Ansellia africana described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly smaller than those of A. africana. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (2.3 jum) to the shortest (0.8 /«n) chromosomes in the 2n = 52 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase. Among the 52 chromosomes, nine chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between

__c _D Illlltlfiiiiiiitiili 9 10 ll 12 18 14 16 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 26 27 28 SO 31 34 85 87 88 89 40 Ei 4 1 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 60 51 62 Fig. 50. Eulophiella Rolfei, 2n=52. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 40 mm in A and 3 /an in B-E. 56 MIKIO AOYAMA

1.0 and 1.7, 15 (Nos. 9-18, 21-22, 37-39) submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 to 3.0, ten (Nos. 1-8, 19-20) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.7 and 5.6, and the other two (Nos. 29-30) terminal with the arm ratio of 9.0. The latter two chromosomes had secondary constricitons on the distal regions of short arms, and formed small satellites. The other 16 chromosomes showed no clearly visible position of centromere. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

18. Eulophiella roempleriana (Rchb. f.) Schltr., 2n=52, Tables 1 and 52, Fig. 51.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, upto 10 cm long and 3 cm diameter and were separated from each others. Leaves were plicate, lanceolate, upto 80 cm long and 8 cm wide. The plant has not flowered yet in our Garden. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n =52 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of E. Rolfei described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type. The 2n = 52 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.6 fim) to the shortest (0.6 ,um) chromosomes. Among the 52 chromosomes, 14 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, 14 (Nos. 1-4, 6- 7, 18-19, 29-31, 39, 42-43) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, ll (Nos. 8, ll-16, 20-22, 32) subterminal with arm ratios between 3.3 and 5.5, and one (No. 23) ter-

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Illtttlit2,* 25»k 26o *•E*m 4 1 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 « 50 51 62

Fig. 51. Eulophiella roempleriana, 2n = 52. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 60 mm inA:~. a and-j 3i /an in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 57

minal with the arm ratio of ll.0. The other 12 chromosomes did not show any clearly visible position of centromere. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and an intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes.

19. Galeandra baueri Lindl., 2n=56, Tables 1 and 53, Fig. 52.

One plant was obtained from Panama. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform with a few linear leaves. Inflorescences were terminal and nutant with few flowers. Flowers were 4 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish brown in color. Lips were purple colored. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n= 56 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (1.8 /an) to the shortest (0.9 (Um) chromosomes in the 2n = 56 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase. Among the 56 chromosomes, 49 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, and

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21 22 23 24 26 27 28 30 31 34 85 37 38 89 40

E 4 1 42 43 46 46 47 48 49 60 51 53 54 66 66 Fig. 52. Galeandra baueri, 2n=56. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 14 mmin A and 3 fan inB-E. 58 MIKIO AOYAMA the other seven (Nos. 9-10, 14, 21-22, 35-36) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

20. Galeandra devoniana Lindl., 2n=56, Tables 1 and 54, Fig. 53.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform. Leaves were linear and about 15 cm.long. Inflorescences were terminal, nutant. Flowers were 6 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were pale brown in color with maroon veins. Lips were white colored with purple veins near the apex. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n =56 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly larger than those of G. baueri. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 56 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase exhibited a degradation in length from the longest (1.8 fan) to the shortest (0.8 fim) chromosomes. Among the 56 chromosomes, 19 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5, and three (Nos. 1-2, 5) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.0.

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21lliiiiliiiiiiiiiiiii22 !3 24 25 26 27 SS 29 30 S1 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 « it1111111i•Ei•E ll i •E « 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 58 64 66 66

Fig. 53. Galeandra devoniatia, 2n = 56. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 15 mm in A and 3 jim in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 59

This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

21. Geodorum densiflorum (Lam.) Schltr., (Japanese name: Tosakameotoran), 2n = 54, Tables 1 and 55, Fig. 54.

One plant was obtained from Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Pseudobulbs were ovoid with a few leaves at the apex. Leaves were plicate upto 45 cm long and 5 cm wide. Infloresc- ences were erect and nutant near the top. Flowers were clustered and white colored. The chromosome number of the plant for the species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Kulkarni and Jorapur (1979). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.3 ym) to the shortest (0.6 /an) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromosomes, 22 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, three (Nos. 3-4, 18) submedian with the arm ratio of 2.0, and two (Nos. 13-14) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.5. The other 27 chromosomes showed no clearly visible position of centromere. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

#,.

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21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 82 83 34188 86 37 38 89 40 Et *•E•E•E •E« *«*« * •E '! 41 42 43 U 46 46 47 48 4S 50 51 G2 6S S4

Fig. 54. Geodorum densiflorum, 2n=54. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 28 mm in A and 3 /mi in B-E. 60 MIKIO AOYAMA

22. Graphorkis scripta (Thouars) Kuntze, 2n=54, Tables 1 and 56, Fig. 55.

One plant was obtained from Madagascar. Pseudobulbs were fusiform. Decidious leaves were plicate, lanceolate, upto 25 cm long and 5 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect and paniculate with many flowers. Flowers were 1.5 cm wide across and yellowish green colored with maroon-colored spots. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Chromocentric bodies were slightly larger than those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n=54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a degradation in length from the longest(1.6 /an) to the shortest (0.7 ^m) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromosomes, 28 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.5, six (Nos. 1, 13-14, 34-36) submedian with the arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.6, and two (Nos. 23-24) terminal with arm ratios of 9.0 and 8.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

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ｫ・・ & å >3S^Xi W T,« -.?£* mm 蝣* - u fiti 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 _ # # •E •E # •E •E « •E •E •E 2 1 22 2 4 26 26 27 28 3 0 31 3 4|35 36 37 39 40 E» * •E * •E •E •E * •E « •E •E •E « 41 42 43 44 46 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 53 64 Fig. 55. Graphorkis scripta, 2n=54. A, a flower. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 3 mm in A and 3 /im in B-E. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 61

23. Oecoclades saundersiana (Rchb. f.) Garay et Tayler, 2n =58, Tables 1 and 57, Fig. 56.

Two plants were obtained from Africa. Pseudobulbs were slender, fusiform and had two leaves at the apex. Leaves were coriaceous, upto 20 cm long and 4 cm wide. Inflorescences were basal and erect with about 20 flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across and pale brown in color with brown veins. The chromosome number of the two plants was 2n=58 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous report in a synonym of this species, Eulophidium saundersianum by Ar- rushdi (1971). The chromocentric bodies at resting stage were slightly smaller than those of Cym. goeringii, and the early condensed segments at mitotic prophase were mostly formed in the proximal regions of both chromosome arms. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 58 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.6 /^m) to the shortest (0.9 /an) chromosomes. Among the 58 chromosomes, 54 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and the other four (Nos. 3, 37-38, 53) were submedian with arm ratios between 2.0 and 2.6. Two chromosomes (Nos. 37-38) had secondary constrictions on the distal regions of short arms, and formed small satellites. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

•E 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 In•E•E 21 22 23 24 27 28 29 31 32 34 86 37 38 39 40

El 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 60 61 52 64 86 66 57 68 Fig. 56. Oecoclades saundersiana, 2n = 58. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 fim in B-E. 62 MIKIO AOYAMA

24. Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) Makino, (Japanese name: Saihairan), 2n = 48, Tables 1 and 58, Fig. 57.

One plant was obtained from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Subterranean pseudobulbs were globose and formed a plicate leaf upto 30 cm long and 6 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with many flowers. Flowers did not open fully. Sepals and petals were creamy brown in color, and lips were rose purple in color. The chromosome number of the plant was 2n = 48 at mitotic metaphase, which confirmed Tanaka (1965). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. •E The 2n = 48 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase displayed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (1.7 ^m) to the shortest (0.9 jum) chromosomes. All of the 48 chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.4. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

fr-\v. å am k IN æf '"S . J r*V. **•E•E * *i * / •E: ( ^ å / *«'^2 ** '-:. *

j" 4 . '•EV _ B _ C _D

1 it11jt1•E•E•E•E§iimmmt•E•E2 8 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 IB 16 17 18 19 20 •Eliiiiiaiiiilfllliii 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 S2 S3 34 3E 88 37 88 89 40

41 42 43 44 46 48 47 48

Fig. 57. Cremastra appendiculata, 2n =48. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 /«n in B-E.

25. Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) Lindl., (Japanese name: Kokeiran), 2n=48, Tables 1 and 59,Fig.58.

One plant was obtained from Hirosima Prefecture, Japan. Subterranean pseudobulbs KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 63 were globose and had two linear leaves upto 20 cm long and 2 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with many flowers. Flowers were 1 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellow colored, and lips were creamy white. The chromosome number of the plant was counted to be 2n=48 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous reports by Ohno et al. (1957) and Mutsuura and Nakahira (1958). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. Two chromocentric bodies at resting stage were about 2 jxm diameter, larger than other chromocentric bodies. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 48 chromosome complement at mitotic metaphase in this species consisted of two groups of chromosomes; two large chromosomes of 2.4 and 2.2 /im and 46 small chromosomes which showed a gradual decrease in length from 1.9-0.9 fim chromosomes. Among the 48 chromosomes, 41 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, five (Nos. 8, 16-18, 48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0, and the other two (Nos. 3-4) subterminal with the arm ratios of 5.3 and 5.0. This species showed a heterogeneous and bimodal karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

t•E%»V

_ B _ C _D

Ill S 9 10 ll 12 18 14 15 16 1? 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 2 9 30 31 32 SS 34 3 6 37 3 9 40

E*m41 42 43m mm44 45 m46 •E47 48

Fig. 58. Oreorchis patens, 2n =48. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 10 mm in A and 3 fim in B-E.

26. Warrea costaricensis Schltr., 2n=52, Tables 1 and 60, Fig. 59.

One plant was obtained from Panama. Pseudobulbs were small and covered by persis- 64 MIKIO AOYAMA tent sheaths. Leaves were plicate, lanceolate upto 40 cm long and 7 cm wide. Inflorescences were erect with a few flowers. Flowers were 6 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were cop- pery brown in color. Lips were creamy yellow colored in most parts and reddish purple at thebase. The chromosome number of the plant of the species was 2n=52 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromocentric bodies were slightly larger than those of Cym. macrorhizon. The chromosome features, at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. In the chromosome complement of 2n = 52 in this species a gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (2.4 [im) to the shortest (0.9 fan) chromosomes. Among the 52 chromosomes, 32 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, and the other 20 chromosomes (Nos. 3-4, 7-10, 16-20, 33-38, 49, 51-52) were submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 3.0. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

4 ^

%; % ^ .">.r ' f *9 -r»_ x c æf_D l 1 llltli2 8 4 9 10 ll 12 13 U IB 18 17 18 ll19 20

•E•Efa§«t%tftttt#*At»**21 2Z 23 S4 25 28 27 28 29 80 31 32 33 34 S6 36 S7 S8 S9 40 E*•E&«*«•E*•E«** 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 62 Fig. 59. Warrea costaricensis, 2n = 52. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 25 mm in A and 3 jwm in B-E.

27. Chrysoglossum ornatum Blume, 2n=36, Tables 1 and 61, Fig. 60.

One plant was obtained.from Formosa. Pseudobulbs were fusiform, were separated from each other, and had a leaf on the apex. Inflorescences were erect with several flowers. KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 65

Flowers were 3 cm wide across. Sepals and petals were yellowish green in color with small brown spots. Lips were white colored with purple spots. The chromosome number of the plant of this species was 2n =36 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to those of Cym. macrorhizon described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were intermediate between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type. The 2n= 36 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase performed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (4.0 fim) to the shortest (1.5 fim) chromosomes. All of the 36 chromosomes were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

UiH>s;mni

Dltlltltlllllttll21 22 23 24 31 32 34 86 86 27 28 29

Fig. 60. Chrysoglossum ornatum, 2n=36. A, chromosomes at resting stage. B, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. C and D, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 3 /an in A-D.

28. Eriopsis biloba Lindl., 2n=40, Tables 1 and 62, Fig. 61.

One plant was obtained from Peru. Pseudobulbs were oblong, ovoid, with a few leaves near the apex. Leaves were coriaceous upto 40 cm long and 7 cm wide. Flowers were 3.5 cmwide across and yellowish brown in color bordered with maroon. The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=40 at mitotic metaphase and confirmed the previous report by Darker and Jones (1970). The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to 66 MIKIO AOYAMA those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. A gradual decrease in length was observed from the longest (3.1 fan) to the shortest (1.3 jitm) chromosomes in the mitotic-metaphase chromosome complement of 2n = 40. Among the 40 chromosomes, 21 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.7, five (Nos. 4, 17, 28-30) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.3, and seven (Nos. 19- 20, 23-25, 31-32) terminal with arm ratios between 3.5 and 5.0. However, the other seven chromosomes did not show any clearly visible position of centromere. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotyp.e and a symmetric karyotype.

inutiimiittsiatt1 2 » 10 ll 12 IS 14 15 tt 17 18 19 2Q

Etll21 22 27 28 29 80 31 83 34 35 88 37 89 40

Fig. 61. Eriopsis biloba, 2n=40. A, a specimen. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 35 mm in A and 3 /an in B-E.

29. Grobya amherstiae Lindl., 2n=54, Tables 1 and 63, Fig. 62.

One plant was obtained from Brazil. Pseudobulbs were globose with a few leaves near the apex. Leaves were linear, lanceolate upto 25 cm long and 1 cm wide. Inflorescences were decumbent with several flowers. Flowers were 3 cm wide across and pale yellow colored. Petals were reticulated with brown netted veins. The chromosome number of the plant for this species was counted to be 2n=54 at mitotic metaphase, which was reported here for the first time. The chromosomes at resting stage and mitotic prophase were similar in morphology to KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 67 those of Cym. goeringii described above. The chromosome features at resting stage were of the complex chromocenter type. The 2n = 54 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase showed a gradual decrease in length from the longest (2.1/im) to the shortest (0.7 /an) chromosomes. Among the 54 chromosomes, 35 were median centromeric with arm ratios between 1.0 and 1.6, 18 (Nos. 2-10, 12-19, 48) submedian with arm ratios between 1.8 and 2.6, and the other one (No. 1) subterminal with the arm ratio of 3.2. This species showed a homogeneous and gradual karyotype and a symmetric karyotype.

t I m

* i: '. "Jfc

V* å *å -*

_ l> _ B C •E_LD l •E•E•E#•E« i 9 10 ll 12 14 IB 18 IT 18 » I H i U I M 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 88 37 38 38 40 %•E •E •E 9 e#4 1 a42 •E43 •E 45 46 47 48 49 60 51 62 58 M

Fig. 62. Grobya amherstiae, 2n=54. A, flowers. B, chromosomes at resting stage. C, chromosomes at mitotic prophase. D and E, chromosomes at mitotic metaphase. Bar indicates 12 mm in A and 3 /*m in B-E.

Discussion

I. Karyomorphological characteristics

1. Chromosome numbers

Among chromosome numbers of 30 species of Cymbidium and 28 species and one hybrid of its 19 allied genera studied (Table 1), those of four species of Cymbidium and 16 species of its 13 allied genera were recorded here for the first time; 2n=36 for Chrysoglossum ornatum; 2n = 40 for Acriopsis javanica, Cym. aliciae, Cym. canaliculatum, Cym. chloranthum, Cym. madidum and Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum; 2n = 42 for Ansellia afrieana; 2n = 46 for Cyrtopodium andersonii, Cyrto. punctatum and Dipodium paludosum; 2n = 52 for Cymbidiella flabellata, Eulophiella roempleriana and Warrea constaricensis; 2n = 54 for 68 MIKIO AOYAMA

Eulophia guineensis, Graphorkis scripta and Grobya amherstiae; 2n = 56 for Galeandra baueri and Gal. devoniana; 2n = 60 for Eulophia paniculata. The present chromosome counts of 2n=38, 43 and 57 in Cym. javanicum reaffirmed the previous report by Aoyama and Tanaka (1988), and those of 2n= 52 in Cymbidiella pardalina and 2n=42 in Eulophia streptopetala corrected the previous reports by Wimber (1957) and Hall (1965). Thus, the chromosome numbers of Cymbidium indicated an aneuploid series with 2n= 38, 39, 40, 41, 43 and 57. The majority of the species of Cymbidium studied had 2n=40 chromosomes excepting three species with the 2n=38 chromosomes have been found. The chromosome numbers of 2n = 39 and 43 seemed to contain one and five supernumerary chromosomes; 2n =38 + 1 supernumerary chromosome and 2n =38 + 5 supernumerary chromosomes. Similarly, the chromosome number of 2n = 41 means 2n = 40 + 1 supernumerary chromosome. The 2n=57 seemed to be triploid with the basic chromosome number of x= 19. Thus, two groups with respect to the different chromosome numbers of 2n= 38 and 40 could be seen in Cymbidium. The chromosome numbers of ten species in six genera belonged to subtribe Cymbidiinae except for Cymbidium were varied with 2n=40, 42, 46 and 54, although same chromosome number was seen in the species of each genus studied. In contrast, the chromosome numbers of 15 species and one hybrid in ten genera belonged to subtribe Cyrtopodiinae varied with 2n=42, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58 and 60. The same chromosome numbers were counted in the species in three genera, while the different chromosome numbers of 2n=42, 48, 54 and 60 were counted in the four species of Eulophia. The chromosome number of one species belonged to subtribe Collabiinae was the lowest number of 2n=36 among the chromosome numbers given during the course of investigation. The chromosome number of one species belonged to subtribe Maxillariinae was 2n =40, while that of one species belonged to subtribe Grobynae was 2n=54.

2. Morphology of the chromosomes at resting stage

The chromosomes at resting stage throughout the taxa studied were observed as chromomeric granules, fibrous threads and chromatin blocks. The chromatin blocks were highly variable in number, size and shape. Three different karyotypes were recognized following Tanaka (1971): The intermediate type between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type, which was characterized by their smaller and fewer chromocentric bodies, was observed in 16 taxa in 12 genera. The complex chromocenter type characterized by their many larger chromocentric bodies was observed in 36 taxa in seven genera. The intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type characterized by large and darkly stained chromocentric bodies, and lightly stained chromomeric granules and fibrous threads was observed in seven taxa in four genera. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 69

3. Morphology of the chromosomes at mitotic prophase

The chromosomes at mitotic prophase of Cymbidium formed many early condensed segments at the interstitial regions of both chromosome arms. They got joined with each other during to the progress of cell division. The distal regions of the chromosomes showed mostly delayed condensations. Morphological characteristics of the chromosomes at mitotic prophase in the genera allied to Cymbidium were similar to those of Cymbidium. However, the short arms of sub- telocentric and telocentric chromosomes were usually condensed later than the long arms. In the species carrying small chromosomes such as Acriopsis javanica and Dipodium paludosum the early condensed segments were located in the proximal and interstitial regions of their chromosomes.

4. Morphology of the chromosomes at mitotic metaphase

Among the 59 taxa in the 20 genera studied, only Grammangis ellisii which had four distinguishably large chromosomes and Oreorchis patens which two distinguishably large chromosomes exhibited heterogeneous and bimodal karyotypes. The other 57 taxa showed homogeneous and gradual karyotypes. The average chromosome length in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in Cymbidium was as 3.0 nm. The extremes of the chromosome lengths were the longest chromosome of 4.5 //m in Cym. faberi and the shortest chromosome of 1.9 jttm in Cym. chloranthum. In contrast, the average chromosome length in the chromosome complemants at mitotic metaphase in ten taxa in six genera belonged to subtribe Cymbidiinae except for Cymbidium was 1.6 jian. The extremes of the chromosome length were the longest chromosome of 2.2 /jxn in Grammatophyllum scriptum and the shortest chromosome of 1.0 jum in Acriopsis javanica. The average chromosome lengths in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in 16 taxa in ten genera belonged to subtribe Cyrtopodiinae was 1.3 (an. The extremes of the chromosome lengths were the longest chromosome of 2.5 (an in Eulophia petersii and the shortest chromosome of 0.8 (jxn in Geodorum densiflorum. In the other three taxa of Chrysoglossum ornatum (subtribe Collabiinae), Eriopsis biloba (subtribe Maxillariinae) and Grobya amherstiae (subtribe Grobynae), the average chromosome lengths were 2.5, 2.0 and 1.2 (im, respectively. The average arm ratio in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in Cymbi- dium was 1.5. The arm ratios ranged from 2.1 in Cym. madidum to 1.2 in Cym. dayanum, Cym.finlaysonianum, Cym. eburneum and Cym. parishii. The average arm ratio in the species studied in subtribe Cymbidiinae except for Cymbidium was 2.2. The arm ratios ranged from 4.1 in Cymbidiella flabellata to 1.2 in Acriopsis javanica. The average arm ratio in the chromosome complements at mitotic metaphase in the species studied in subtribe Cyrtopo- diinae was 1.7. The arm ratios ranged from 3.1 in Eulophiella Rolfei to 1.1 in Cremastra appendiculata. In the other three taxa of Chrysoglossum ornatum, Eriopsis biloba and Grobya amherstiae, the average arm ratios were 1.2, 1.9 and 1.5, respectively. 70 MIKIO AOYAMA

Among the 59 taxa studied, 53 taxa showed symmetric karyotypes and the other six taxa (two taxa of Ansellia, two taxa of Cymbidiella and two taxa of Eulophiella) showed intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes. Secondary constrictions mostly located near the distal regions of short arms were observed in 15 taxa in five genera. Their satellites were small in size. The secondary constrictions of Cym. canaliculatum were located at the proximal regions of the short arms of certain chromosomes at mitotic metaphase, and those of Cym. madidum were located at the interstitial regions of the long arms. Thus, these two taxa were quite different in position of secondary constriction from the other taxa studied. Their satellites were large.

5. Karyomorphological types

With respect to chromosome morphology at resting stage and chromosome length and arm ratio at mitotic metaphase, the karyotypes observed in the 59 taxa were grouped into seven types described as follows: Type A. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types at resting stage; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype at mitotic metaphase; average chromosome length of over 2.0 ;um; 2n=36 and 38. This type was observed in four taxa in two genera; Cym. macrorhizon, Cym. javanicum, Cym. lancifolium and Chrysoglossum ornatum. Type B. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /im; 2n=40, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56 and 60. This type was observed in ll taxa in nine genera; Acriopsis javanica, Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E. paniculata, Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta, Cremastra appendiculata and Warrea costaricensis. Type C. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 ;um; 2n=48. This type was observed only in Oreorchis patens.. Type D. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of over 2.0 jira.; 2n = 40 and 48. This type was observed in 29 taxa in four genera; Cymbidiwn goeringii, Cym, aliciae, Cym. ensifolium, Cym. faberi, Cym. kanran, Cym. sinense, Cym. dayanum, Cym. aloifolium, Cym. finlaysonianum, Cym. floribundum, Cym. canaliculatum, Cym. madidum, Cym. devonianum, Cym. elegans, Cym. mastersii, Cym. whiteae, Cym. iridioides, Cym. hookerianum, Cym. insigne, Cym. longifolium, Cym. lowianum, Cym. tracyanum, Cym. eburneum, Cym. parishii, Cym. erythrostylum, Cym. tigrinum, Grammatophyllum scriptum, Eulophia petersii and Eriopsis biloba. Type E. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome- length of less than 2.0 fim; 2n=40, 42, 46, 54 and 58. This type was observed in seven taxa in six genera; Cymbidium chloranthum, Grammatophyllum speciosum, G. stapeliiflorum, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Eulophia streptopetala, Oecoclades KARYOTYPES IN CYMBIDIUM ANDITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 71 saundersiana and Grobya amherstiae. Type F. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /mi; 2n=54. This type was observed only in Grammangis ellisii. Type G. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type; homogeneous, gradual and intermediate karyotype between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotypes; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /im; 2n=42 and 52. This type was observed in six taxa in three genera; Ansellia africana, A. gigantea, Cymbi- diella flabellata, C. pardalina, Eulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana.

II. Cytotaxonomical investigations in Cymbidium and its allied genera

1. Genus Cymbidium

Schlechter (1924) first studied the systematic classification of Cymbidium. He described Cyperorchis separated from Cymbidium by the distinct characters of slender column and lip united at its base to the sides of the column. Then, he divided Cymbidium into eight sections and Cyperorchis into four sections. Hunt (1970) treated Cyperorchis into a subgenus rank of Cymbidium, equal rank to the Schlechter's sections. In contrast, Seth and Cribb (1981) reviewed and classified three subgenera and the previous nine sections and addition- al three sections in Cymbidium by the distinct characters such as number of pollinia, lip uni- ty and so on. As compared with Seth and Cribb's system (1981), karyomorphological relationships on 30 taxa of Cymbidium were studied and discussed as follows:

1) Subgenus Jensoa

Among nine taxa studied in this subgenus, Cym. macrorhizon in section Pachirizanthe and Cym. lancifolium and Cym. javanicum in section Geocymbidium had the 2n = 38 chromosome number and the intermediate karyotype between the simple and complex chromocenter types at resting stage, and were classified into type A. The other six taxa in section Maxillarianthe and section Jensoa had the 2n = 40 chromosome number and the complex chromocenter type at resting stage, and were classified into type D. Cymbidium aliciae belonged to section Jensoa was chracterized by lower average chromosome length and higher average arm ratio than the other taxa. Supernumerary chromosomes were observed in three taxa in this subgenus. The triploid chromosome number was counted in a plant of Cym. javanicum. Thus, the species studied in this subgenus could be divided karyomorphologically into two different groups. Those two groups were quite different in chromosome number and karyotype at resting stage from each other. 72 MIKIO AOYAMA

2) Subgenus Cymbidium

Among six sections of this subgenus of Seth and Cribb's system (1981), five were investigated using their eight taxa. All of the taxa had the 2n =40 chromosome number and showed the complex chromocenter type at resting stage. Cymbidium chloranthum had the average chromosome length of 1.9 fim. It was classified karyomorphologically into type E, while the other seven taxa were classified into type D. Cymbidium canaliculatum and Cym. madidum in section Austrocymbidium had secondary constrictions on the proximal regions of the short arms of certain two chromosomes and the interstitial regions of the long arms of certain two chromosomes, respectively. These satellited chromosomes in the two taxa were very conspicuous, since the secondary constrictions of the other taxa were located near the distal regions of the short arms of certain chTomosomes. Cymbidium chloranthum in this section showed the shortest average chromosome length among the members of Cymbidium studied. Thus, this subgenus included the taxa with karyomorphological uniformity except for one taxon, although section Austrocymbidium of this subgenus had taxa varied in position of secondary constriction and chromosome length.

3) Subgenus Cyperorchis

The eight taxa investigated in five sections had the 2n = 40 chromosome number and showed the complex chromocenter type at resting stage. Two taxa in section Eburnea showed commonly the average arm ratio of 1.2, which was lower in value than the other taxa in the other sections. Thus, this subgenus included the taxa with quite high karyomorphological uniformity.

2. Allied genera

Various phylogenetic arrangements on Cymbidium and its allied genera have been proposed by some workers: Schlechter (1926) treated that Cymbidium was placed in subtribe Cymbidiinae and was related to Ansellia, Dipodium, Grammatophyllum and so on. Dressier and Dodson (1960) and Dressier (1974) supported besically Schlechter's system (1926), but changed rankings of some genera between subtribe Cymbidiinae and other subtribes. In contrast, Dressier (1981) treated that Cymbidium placed in subtribe Cymbidiinae was com- bined together with some other genera in the subtribe into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. Thus, they were considered to be closely related to Cyrtopodium, Eulophia, Galeandra and so on. As compared with Dressier and Dodson's system (1960), karyomorphological relationships on 29 taxa in 19 genera allied to Cymbidium were studied and discussed as follows: KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 73

1) Subtribe Cymbidiinae

Among the ten taxa in six genera in this subtribe, four taxa in two genera had the chromosome number of 2n=40, two taxa in a genus 2n=42, a taxon in a genus 2n=46, two taxa in a genus 2n=52 and a taxon in a genus 2n=54. Their chromosome morphologies at resting stage and mitotic metaphase were different from each other in this subtribe. The karyotype of Grammatophyllum scriptum was classified into type D which was commonly observed in most of the taxa of Cymbidium, while that of Grammatophyllum speciosum and G. stapeliiflorum was classified into type E which was observed in Cym. chloranthum. However, the other genera showed different karyotypes from Cymbidium were listed as follows; Acriopsis javanica and Dipodium paludosum for type B, Grammangis ellisii for type F. Two taxa of Ansellia and two taxa of Cymbidiella were placed in type G. Thus, this subtribe included complex genera varying karyomorphologically. Gramma- tophyllum seemed the most close relative of Cymbidium according to the similarity of karyotypes.

2) Subtribe Cyrtopodiinae

Among the 16 taxa in ten genera in this subtribe, a taxon in a genus had the chromosome number of 2n=42, two taxa in a genus 2n=46, three taxa in three genera 2n=48, three taxa in two genera 2n=52, two taxa in a genus 2n=56, one taxon in a genus 2n=58 and one taxon in a genus 2n = 60. Their chromosome morphologies at resting stage and mitotic metaphase were different from each other in this subtribe. This subtribe showed relatively higher chromosome numbers but smaller arm ratios than those of subtribe Cymbi- diinae. The karyotype of Eulophia petersii was classified into type D which was commonly observed in most of the taxa of Cymbidium, while that of Eulophia streptopetala and Cyrto- podium andersonii was classified into type E which was observed in Cym. chloranthum. However, the other taxa showed different karyotypes from Cymbidium were listed as follows; Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E. paniculata, Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta, Cremastra appendiculata and Warrea costaricensis for type B, Oreorchis patens for type C and Eulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana for type G. Thus, this subtribe included complex genera varying karyomorphologically. Four taxa in Eulophia were different in chromosome number and karyotype from each other, and this genus was karyomorphologically heterogeneous.

3) Subtribe Collabiinae

According to Dressler's system (1974, 1981), Chrysoglossum in this subtribe was transferred into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae which included Cymbidium. The chromosome number of Chrysoglossum ornatum was 2n = 36, the lowest among the chromosome numbers in the taxa investigated. The karyotype of this taxon was classified into type A which was 74 MIKIO AOYAMA observed in Cym. macrorhizon.

4) Subtribe Maxillariinae

According to Dressler's system (1974, 1981), Eriopsis in this subtribe was transferred into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. The chromosome number of Eriopsis biloba was 2n=40, and the karyotype was classified into type D which was observed in most of the taxa of Cymbi- dium studied.

5) Subtribe Grobynae

Dressier (1974, 1981) transferred Grobya from this subtribe into subtribe Cyrtopodiinae. The chromosome number of Grobya amherstiae was 2n =54, and the karyotype was classified into type E which was observed in Cym. chloranthum.

As a conclusion of the karyomorphological studeis on 59 taxa of Cymbidium and its allied genera, the taxa were different from in chromosome number and karyotype each other. The chromosomes at resting stage in all of the taxa showed karyomorphologically the complex chromocenter type and its variations on the basis of the features of chromocentric bodies. Thus, the karyomorphological comparisons of the resting nuclei and the prophase and metaphase chromosomes are necessary to justify phylogenetic relationships among the species of Cymbidium and its allied genera.

Summary

Karyomorphological observations were made in 30 taxa in Cymbidium and 29 taxa in its allied 19 genera (Table 1). The chromosome numbers of four taxa in Cymbidium and 16 taxa in its allied 13 genera were reported here for the first time. The chromosome numbers of Cymbidiella pardalina (2n = 52) and Eulophia streptopetala (2n = 42) counted here were different from the previous reports, while those of the other 26 taxa of Cymbidium and ll taxa of ten genera verified the previous reports. The chromosomes at resting stage classified into the chromocenter type were found in all of the 30 taxa in Cymbidium and 29 taxa in the allied genera investigated. The chromocenter type was divided into three subdivisions by difference in chromocentric bodies; (1) intermediate type between the simple chromocenter type and the complex chromocenter type found in 16 taxa in 12 genera, (2) complex chromocenter type found in 36 taxa in seven genera and (3) intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type found in seven taxa in four genera. Most of the taxa showed homogeneous and gradual karyotypes. Grammangis ellisii and Oreorchis patens had two and four extremely large chromosomes, respectively, and thus showed heterogeneous and bimodal karyotypes. KARYOTYPESIN CYMBIDIUM AND ITS ALLIED GENERA, ORCHIDACEAE 75

The highest average chromosome length in the taxa of Cymbidium studied at mitotic metaphase was 4.5 jxm found in Cym. faberi while the lowest was 1.9 ^m in Cym. chloranthum. Most of the 30 taxa of Cymbidium studied had the average chromosome length of 3.0 ;Um at mitotic metaphase. The highest average chromosome length at mitotic metaphase in the 29 taxa in the 19 allied genera studied was 2.5 [im found in Eulophia petersii and Chrysoglossum ornatum, while the lowest was 0.8 (xva in Geodorum densiflorum. The highest average arm ratio at mitotic metaphase calculated was 2.1 found in Cym. madidum and the lowest was 1.2 in four taxa of Cymbidium. Most of the 30 taxa of Cymbidium studied had the average arm ratio of 1.5 calculated at mitotic metaphase. The highest average arm ratio calculated at mitotic metaphase in the 29 taxa in the 19 allied genera was 4.1 found in Cymbidiella flabellata, while the lowest was 1.1 in Cre- mastra appendiculata. Secondary constrictions were observed near the distal regions of the short arms of certain chromosomes in 15 taxa in five genera, while the secondary constriction in Cym. canaliculatum was located at the proximal region of the short arm and that in Cym. madidum in the interstitial region of the long arm. With respect to karyomorphological features the 59 taxa studied here could be grouped into seven types as follows: Type A. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of over 2.0 ;Um; 2n = 36 and 38; and represented by Cym. macrorhizon, Cym. lancifolium, Cym. javanicum and Chrysoglossum ornatum. Type B. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 ^m; 2n=40, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56 and 60; and represented by Acriopsis javanica, Cyrtopodium punctatum, Dipodium paludosum, Eulophia guineensis, E. paniculata, Galeandra baueri, G. devoniana, Geodorum densiflorum, Graphorkis scripta, Cremas- tra appendiculata and Warrea costaricensis. Type C. Intermediate type between the simple and complex chromocenter types; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 jira; 2n=48; and represented by Oreorchis patens. Type D. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of over 2.0 jxva; 2n = 40 and 48; and represented by Cymbidium 26 spp., Grammatophyllum scriptum, Eulophia petersii and Eriopsis biloba. Type E. The complex chromocenter type; homogeneous, gradual and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 jim; 2n=40, 42, 46, 54 and 58; and represented by Cym. chloranthum, Grammatophyllum speciosum, G. stapeliiflorum, Cyrtopodium andersonii, Eulophia streptopetala, Oecoclades saundersiana and Grobya amherstiae. Type F. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type; heterogeneous, bimodal and symmetric karyotype; average chromosome 76 MIKIO AOYAMA

length of less than 2.0 fim; 2n=54; and represented by Grammangis ellisii. Type G. Intermediate type between the complex chromocenter type and the prochromosome type; homogeneous, gradual and intermediate between the symmetric and the asymmetric karyotype; average chromosome length of less than 2.0 /an; 2n = 42 and 52; and represented by Ansellia africana, A. gigantea, Cymbidiella flabellata, C. pardalina, Eulophiella Rolfei and E. roempleriana. 9. The karyomorphological types described above were compared with the taxonomical treatments of Cymbidium by Seth and Cribb (1981) and its allied genera by Dressier and Dodson (1960). 1) Genus Cymbidium Among nine taxa in subgenus Jensoa, three taxa placed in two section Pachirizanthe and Geocymbidium showed the karyomorphological type A and the other six taxa placed in two sections Maxillarianthe and Jensoa showed the karyomorphological type D. Seven taxa in subgenus Cymbidium except for Cym. chloranthum and 13 taxa in subgenus Cyperorchis showed the karyomorphological type D, but, Cym. chloranthum showed the karyomorphological type E. 2) Allied 19 genera Five karyomorphological types, B, D, E, F and G were found in the ten taxa placed in subtribe Cymbidiinae. The type B was found in two taxa placed in two different genera, the type D in one taxon the type E in two taxa within a genus, the type F in one taxon, and the type G in two taxa placed in two different genera. Five karyomorphological types, B, C, D, E and G were found in the 16 taxa placed in subtribe Cyr- topodiinae. The type B was found in ll taxa in eight genera, the type C in one taxon, the type D in one taxon, the type E in one taxon and the type G in two taxa within a genus. Chrysoglossum ornatum placed in subtribe Collabiinae, Eriopsis biloba placed in subtribe Maxillariinae and Grobya amherstiae placed in subtribe Grobynae showed the type A, the type D and the type E, respectively.

Acknowledgements

This work has been carried out under the direction of Professor Dr. Ryuso Tanaka of Hiroshima University, to whom the author wishes to express his sincerest gratitude. The author wishes similarly to express his cordial thanks to Dr. Katsuhiko Kondo, Associate Pro- fessor of Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University and Dr. Kohji Karasawa, Director of the Hiroshima Botanical Garden, for their valuable suggestions during the course of this study.

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R e l a t i v e A r m Chromosome Length(jum) Relative Arm C h r o m o s o m e L e n g th ( ,u m ) F o r m length ratio Form le n g t h r a ti o

1 2 . 6 + 2 . 8 - 5 . 4 3 . 6 1 . 0 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 .2 3 . 7 1 . 4 m 2 2 . 1 + 3 . 3 = 5 . 4 3 . 6 1 . 5 2 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 3 . 6 1 . 8 s m 3 2 . 6 + 2 . 6 = 5 . 2 3 . 5 1 . 0 3 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 .9 3 . 3 1 . 0 m 4 2 . 1 + 3 . 0 = 5 . 1 3 . 4 1 . 4 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 .8 3 . 2 1 . 0 m 5 2 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 0 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 .8 3 . 2 1 . 1 m 6 1 . 9 + 2 . 8 = 4 . 7 3 . ] 1 . 4 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 3 . 2 ] . ] n i 7 1 . 8 + 2 . 9 = 4 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 6 7 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 4 m 8 1 . 8 + 2 . 8 - 4 . 6 3 . 1 1 . 5 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 0 Il l 9 1 . 9 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 5 3 . 0 1 . 3 9 0 . 9 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 7 3 . 1 2 . 0 s m 1 0 2 . 0 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 4 2 . 9 1 . 2 1 0 0 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 6 3 . 0 3 . 3 s t l l 1 . 9 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 4 2 . 9 1 . 3 n 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 .6 3 . 0 1 . 3 m 1 2 1 . 9 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 3 2 . 9 1 . 2 1 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 .6 3 . 0 1 . 0 m 1 3 1 . 8 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 3 2 . 9 1 . 3 1 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 .6 3 . 0 1 . 0 m 1 4 2 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 2 2 . 8 1 . 0 1 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 9 1 . 2 in 1 5 1 . 1 + 2 . 9 - 4 . 0 2 . 7 2 . 6 1 5 1 . 0 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 5 2 .9 1 . 5 m 1 6 1 . 0 + 3 . 0 = 4 . 0 2 . 7 3 . 0 1 6 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 7 1 . 1 m 1 7 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 . 7 1 . 0 1 7 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 7 1 . 1 m o 1 8 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 . 6 1 . 1 1 8 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 7 1 . 1 m > 1 9 1 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 0 1 9 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 .4 2 . 7 1 . 1 m o 2 0 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 0 1 . 0 + 1 .4 = 2 . 4 2 . 7 1 . 4 m 2 1 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 1 0 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 2 .3 2 . 6 4 . 7 s t 2 2 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 - 3 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 2 0 . 6 + 1 . 6 = 2 .2 2 . 5 2 . 6 s m > 2 3 1 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 7 2 . 5 1 . 8 2 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 5 1 . 7 m 2 4 1 . 3 + 2 .4 = 3 . 7 2 . 5 1 . 8 2 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 .4 1 . 6 m 2 5 1 . 4 + 2 .4 = 3 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 7 2 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 .4 1 . 6 m

2 6 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 6 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 = 2 . 0 2 . 3 1 . 0 m 2 7 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 6 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 = 2 . 0 2 . 3 1 . 0 m 2 8 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 3 1 . 3 2 8 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 .0 2 . 3 1 . 2 m

2 9 1 . 6 + 1 . 5 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 5 * 2 . 3 2 . 1 2 9 0 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 2 .0 2 . 3 3 . 0 s m 3 0 0 . 5 + 1 . 4 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 2 * 2 . 1 2 . 5 3 0 0 . 5 + 1 .4 = 1 .9 2 . 2 2 . 8 s m 3 1 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 5 3 1 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 .9 2 . 2 1 . 1 m

3 2 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 5 3 2 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 2 m 3 3 1 . 2 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 6 3 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 2 m 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 7 3 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 2 m 3 5 1 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 2 in 3 6 1 . 0 + 2 . 0 - 3 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 7 1 . 5 i n 3 7 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 8 1 . 9 2 . 5 3 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 .5 1 . 7 1 . 5 m 3 8 1 . 9 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 7 1 . 8 2 . 0 3 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 .3 1 . 5 1 . 6 m

* '•EChromosome with secondary constriction Table 4. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 5. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium javanicum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=38 javanicum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=43

Relative Arm Relative Le ngthGum) Length(^m) Arm length ratio length ratio

3 . 8 1 .3 1 1.4+1 .9=3.3 1 1.9+2 .1=4.0 3 . 7 1 . 1 3 . 7 1 . 2 3 . 6 2 1.4+1 .8=3.2 2 1.8+2 .1=3.9 1 . 1 3 . 3 1 . 0 3 1.4+1 .5=2.9 3 1.6+2. .1=3.7 3 . 4 1 . 3 3 . 3 1 .0 4 1.4+1 .5=2.9 4 1.6H .8=3.4 3 . 1 1 . 1 3 . 2 1 . 1 3 . 1 5 1.3+1 .5=2.8 5 1.5H .9=3.4 1 . 2 3 . 2 1 .0 3 . 1 1 . 6 6 1.4+1 .4=2.8 6 1,3+2. .1=3.4 3 . 2 3 . 0 1 . 2 7 1.3+1 .5=2.8 1 . 1 7 1.5+1 .8=3.3 3 3 . 1 1 .4 3 . 0 1 . 5 8 1.1+1 .6=2.7 8 1.3- .0=3.3 3 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 5 o 9 1.3+1 .3=2.6 9 1.3- .0=3.3 3 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 5 10 1.1+1 .5=2.6 1 . 3 10 1.3- .0=3.3 3 . 0 1 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 2 1.0+1 .6=2.6 ll 1.4+1 .8=3.2 ll 2 . 8 1 . 0 2 . 9 1 .2 U 1.5+1 .6=3.1 1.1+1 .4=2.5 12 2 . 8 1 . 3 2 . 9 1 . 5 13 1.3+1 .8=3.1 13 1.0+1 .5=2.5 2 . 8 g 1 . 3 2 . 7 1 . 1 14 1.3+1 .8=3.1 14 1.1+1 .3=2.4 2 . 7 2 . 2 2 . 7 1 .4 15 0.9+2 .0=2.9 15 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 6 2 . 1 > 2 . 7 1 . 1 16 0.9+1 .9=2.8 16 1.1+1 .3=2.4 2 . 6 2 . 1 2 . 7 1 . 4 17 0.9+1 .9=2.8 d 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 4 3 . 3 17 18 0.6+2 .0=2.6 2 .7 1 . 4 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 4 4 . 2 18 19 0.5+2 .1=2.6 2 .6 1 . 3 1.0+1 .3=2.3 2 . 4 4 . 2 19 20 0.5+2 .1=2.6 2 . 5 1 .4 20 0.9+1 .3=2.2 21 1.3i .4=2.7 Z . 5 1 . 0 2 . 5 4 . 5 21 0.4+1 .8=2.2 22 l.H .4=2.5 2 . 3 1 . 2 2 . 5 4 . 5 22 0.4+1 .8=2.2 23 0.9- .4=2.3 2 . 1 1 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 7 23 0.8+1 .4=2.2 24 0.9- .4=2.3 2 . 1 1 . 5 w 2 .4 a 1 . 1 24 1.0+1 .1=2.1 25 0.9 .4=2.3 2 . 1 1 . 5 2 .4 1 . 1 2 . 0 1 . 4 w. 25 1.0+1 .1=2.1 26 0.9 .3=2.2 o 2 .4 26 1.0+1 .1=2.1 1 . 1 27 .4=2.2 2 . 0 1 . 7 2 .4 2 . 5 27 0.6+1 .5=2.1 28 .1=2.1 1 . 9 1 . 1 2 .4 1 . 9 1 . 1 28 0.5+1 .6=2.1 3 . 2 29 1.0+1 .1=2.1 I> 2 .3 4 . 0 l . 'J 1 . 6 29 0.4+1 .6=2.0 30 0.8+1 .3=2.1 2 .3 1 . 9 1 . 6 30 0.9+1 .1=2.0 1 . 2 31 0.8+1 .3=2.1 o 1 . 8 2 . 3 31 0.9+1 .1=2.0 2 .3 1 . 2 32 0.6+1 .4=2.0 1 . 7 2 . 8 o 32 0.9+1 .1=2.0 2 .3 1 . 2 33 0.5+1 .4=1.9 1 . 7 1 . 3 0.8+1 .1=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 3 34 0.8+1 1=1.9 9 33 1 . 7 1 . 3 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 2 35 0.8+1 .1=1.9 > 34 1 . 7 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 5 36 0.8+1 .0=1.8 0.6+0 .9=1.5 o 35 1 . 7 3 . 5 1 . 7 1 . 5 37 0.4+1 .4=1.8 36 0.6+0 .9=1.5 1 . 5 2 . 2 1 . 6 1 . 8 38 0.5+1 .1=1.6 37 0.5+0, .9=1.4 1 . 5 1 . 0 1 .6 1 . 8 39 0.8+0 8=1.6 0.5+0 .9=1.4 1 . 3 1 . 3 38 40 0.6+0 8=1.4 41 5=1.5 1 . 4 1 . 4 42 -+11-1 5=1.5 43 H 4=1.4 1 . 3 Table 6. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium 00 javanicum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=57 Table 6. continued

Relative Arm 1 . 4 1 . 1 Length(,ura) 41 1.4+1.6=3.0 length ratio 1 . 3 42 1.1+1.8=2.9 1 .6 1 2 . 6 + 3 . 4 = 6 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 3 43 1.0+1.9=2.9 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 . 9 2 2 . 6 + 2 .8 = 5 . 4 2 . 5 1 . 0 44 1.0+1.9=2.9 1 . 3 3 2 . 6 + 2 . 8 = 5 . 4 2 . 5 1 . 0 45 1.0+1.9=2.9 1 .9 4 2 . 6 + 2 . 6 = 5 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 0 46 1.1+1.8=2.9 1 . 3 1 .6 5 2 . 6 + 2 . 6 = 5 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 0 47 1.4+1.4=2.8 1 . 3 1 .0 6 2 . 1 + 3 . 0 = 5 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 4 48 1.3+1.5=2.8 1 .3 1 . 1 7 2 . 0 + 3 . 1 = 5 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 5 49 0.8+2.1=2.9 1 . 3 2 .6 8 2 . 4 + 2 . 6 = 5 . 0 2 . 3 1 . 0 50 1.0+1.8=2.8 1 . 3 1 .8 1 . 1 9 2 . 3 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 9 2 . 2 51 0.9+1.9=2.8 1 . 3 2 . 1 1 0 2 . 0 + 2 . 9 = 4 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 4 52 1.3+1.4=2.7 1 .2 1 .0 l l 1 . 9 + 3 .0 = 4 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 5 53 1.1+1.6=2.7 1 . 2 1 .4 1 2 2 . 0 + 2 .8 = 4 . 8 2 . 2 1 . 4 54 1.0+1.6=2.6 1 . 2 1 .6 1 3 2 . 3 + 2 .4 = 4 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 0 55 1.0+1.6=2.6 1 . 2 1 .6 1 4 1 . 9 + 2 . 8 = 4 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 4 56 1.0+1.5=2.5 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 5 1 . 8 + 2 .8 = 4 . 6 Z . I 1 . 5 57 0.9+1.5=2.4 1 . 1 1 .6 1 6 2 . 1 + 2 .4 = 4 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 1 5 1 7 2 . 1 + 2 .4 = 4 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 1 * * Chromosome with secondary constriction o 1 8 1 . 9 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 3 > 1 9 2 . 0 + 2 .4 = 4 .4 2 . 0 1 . 2 o 2 0 1 . 8 + 2 .6 = 4 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 4 > 2 1 1 . 8 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 3 2 . 0 1 . 3 2 2 1 . 4 + 2 .8 - 4 . 2 1 . 9 2 . 0 > 2 3 1 . 1 + 3 . 0 = 4 . 1 1 . 9 2 . 7

2 4 1 . 0 + 2 .8 = 3 . 8 1 . 7 2 . 8

2 5 1 . 6 + 2 .4 = 4 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 5

2 6 1 . 5 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 6

2 7 1 . 5 + 2 . 2 = 3 . 7 1 . 7 1 . 4

2 8 0 . 8 + 3 . 0 = 3 . 8 1 . 7 3 . 7

2 9 0 . 8 + 2 .9 = 3 . 7 1 . 7 3 . 6

3 0 1 . 0 + 2 .6 = 3 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6

3 1 1 . 2 + 2 .4 = 3 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 0

3 2 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 3

3 3 1 . 4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5

3 4 1 . 3 + 2 . 1 = 3 .4 1 . 6 1 . 6

3 5 1 . 5 + 1 .8 = 3 . 3 1 . 5 1 . 2

3 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 4

3 7 1 . 0 + 2 . 6 = 3 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6

3 8 ) . 1 + 0 . 5 + 2 . 6 = 3 . 2 1 . 5 4 . 3

3 9 0 . 6 + 2 .6 = 3 . 2 1 . 5 4 . 3

4 0 1 . 3 + 2 .0 = 3 . 3 1 . 5 1 . 5 Table 7. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 8. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium goeringii at mitotic mctaphasc, 2n-40 aliciae at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e l a t i v e A r m C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h ( jU m ) Relative Arm l e n g t h r a ti o Lengthdum) length ratio > 1 2 . 4 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 9 3 .6 1 . 0 3 . 9 2 . 1 1 1.1+2 4=3.5 2 2 . 4 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 8 3 .6 1 . 0 3 . 8 2 . 0 2 1.1+2 3=3.4 3 2 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 7 3 . 5 1 . 2 3 . 8 1 . 6 3 1.3+2 .1=3.4 4 2 . 1 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 5 3 .3 1 . 1 3 . 5 1 . 2 4 1.4+1 =3.2 5 2 . 0 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 5 3 . 3 1 . 2 3 . 5 1 . 2 5 1.4+1 =3.2 6 2 . 1 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 4 3 . 3 1 . 0 3 . 5 1 . 4 6 1.3+1 .9=3.2 7 1 . 8 + 2 . 6 = 4 .4 3 .3 1 . 4 3 . 4 1 . 0 7 1.5+1 .6=3.1 8 2 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 4 .2 3 . 1 1 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 0 8 1.5+1 .5=3.0 9 1 . 8 + 2 . 4 = 4 .2 3 . 1 1 . 3 3 . 1 1 . 8 9 1.0+1 =2.8 1 0 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 3 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 . 8 10 1.0+1 .8=2.8 l l 2 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 4 .0 3 . 0 1 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 0 I ll 1.3+1 .4=2.7 1 2 2 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 4 .0 3 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 8 1 . 5 12 1.0+1 .5=2.5 1 3 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 .9 2 . 9 1 . 0 2 . 6 1 . 4 13 1.0+1 .4=2.4 d 1 4 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 .9 2 . 9 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 3 14 1.0+1 .3=2.3 1 5 1 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 3 .7 2 . 7 2 . 3 2 . 6 3 . 8 15 0.5+1 =2.4 > 1 6 1 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 3 .7 2 . 7 2 . 3 2 . 5 3 . 6 16 0.5+1 =2.3 1 7 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 .6 2 . 7 1 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 5 17 0.9+1 .4=2.3 1 8 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 0 18 1.1+1 1=2.2 1 9 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 . 4 1 . 4 19 0.9+1 .3=2.2 2 0 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 . 4 1 . 7 20 0.8+1 .4=2.2 > 2 1 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 . 4 4 . 5 21 0.4+1 .8=2.2 r 2 2 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 . 3 6 . 0 22 0.3+1 =2.1 2 3 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 w 23 1.0+1 .1=2.1 a 2 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 7 2 . 3 1 . 6 24 0.8+1 .3=2.1 a- 2 5 0 . 6 + 2 . 3 = 2 . 9 2 . 1 3 . 8 2 . 2 1 . 2 25 0.9+1 .1=2.0 w 2 6 0 . 6 + 2 . 3 = 2 . 9 2 . 1 3 . 8 2 . 2 1 . 2 25 26 0.9+1 1=2.0 2 7 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 0 2 . 1 1 . 3 tn 27 0.8+1 .1=1.9 2 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 3 28 0.8+1 .1=1.9 > 2 9 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 3 29 0.8+1 .1=1.9 O 3 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 8 z . o 1 . 2 30 0.8+1 .0=1.8 3 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 6 31 0.5+1 .3=1.8 o 3 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 6 s 32 0.5+1 .3=1.8 3 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 2 33 0.8+1 .0=1.8 3 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 7 2 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 8 1 . 6 34 0.6+1 .0=1.6 > 1 . 0 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 5 1 . 9 1 .5 1 . 8 3 5 35 0.8+0 :=1.6 1 . 0 3 6 1 . 0 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 4 1 . 8 1 . 4 1 . 8 1 . 0 36 0.8+0 :=1.6 > 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 1 3 7 37 0.5+1 .0=1.5 1 . 7 2 . 0 pa 1 . 6 3 8 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 1 . 6 38 0.5+0 .9=1.4 1 . 5 1 . 8 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 3 2 . 0 3 9 39 0.4+0 =1.2 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 . 3 2 . 0 4 0 40 0 .4+0 =1.2 Table 9. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 10. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium ensifolium at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 fabei at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 2

Relative Arm Lengtlj(fim) Relative Arm Lengthdum) length ratio Form length ratio

3 . 8 3 .3 + 3 . 3 = 6 . 6 3 . 7 1 . 0 2.3+2 .8=5.1 1 . 2 1 3 . 1 + 3 . 3 = 6 . 4 3 . 6 1 . 0 2.1+2 .6=4.7 3 . 5 1 . 2 2 3 . 4 1 . 1 2 .9 + 3 . 5 = 6 .4 3 . 6 1 . 2 2.1+2 .5=4.6 3 3 . 4 2 .9 + 3 . 4 = 6 . 3 3 . 5 1 . 1 2.0+2 .6=4.6 1 . 3 4 2 .8 + 3 . 3 = 6 . 1 3 . 4 1 . 1 1.8+2 .4=4.2 3 . 1 1 . 3 5 3 . 0 2 . 5 + 3 . 3 = 5 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 3 1.8+2 .3=4.1 1 . 2 6 2 . 3 + 3 . 5 = 5 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 5 1.8+2 .3=4.1 3 . 0 1 . 2 7 2 . 5 + 3 . 3 = 5 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 3 2.0+2 .0=4.0 3 . 0 1 . 0 8 2 . 8 + 2 . 9 = 5 . 7 蝣3 . 2 1 . 0 1.6+2 .4=4.0 3 . 0 1 . 5 9 3 . 0 2 . 3 + 3 . 3 = 5 . 6 3 . 1 1 . 4 10 1.1+2 .9=4.0 2 . 6 10 2 . 3 + 3 . 3 = 5 . 6 3 . 1 1 . 4 ll 1.9+2 .0=3.9 2 . 9 1 . 0 ll 2 . 9 2 . 6 + 2 . 9 = 5 . 5 3 . 1 1 . 1 12 1.8+2 .1=3.9 1 . 1 12 1 . 8 + 3 . 5 = 5 . 3 2 . 9 1 . 9 13 1.6+2 .3=3.9 2 . 9 1 .4 13 1 . 5 + 3 . 6 = 5 . 1 2 . 8 2 . 4 14 1.6+2 .3=3.9 2 . 9 1 .4 14 2 . 5 + 2 : 8 = 5 . 3 2 . 9 1 . 1 15 1.3+2 .3=3.6 2 . 7 1 . 7 15 2 . 0 + 2 . 8 = 4 . 8 2 . 7 1 . 4 16 1.5+2 3.5 2 . 6 1 . 3 16 2 . 6 1 . 3 2 . 0 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 3 o 17 1.5+2 .0=3.5 17 2 . 5 1 . 9 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 3 > 18 1.6+1 .8=3.4 1 . 1 18 2 . 5 2 .7 2 . 1 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 0 o 19 0.9+2 .5=3.4 19 2 . 0 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 2 20 0.9+2 .4=3.3 2 . 4 2 . 6 20 2 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 1 21 1.3+2 .0=3.3 2 . 4 1 . 5 21 1 . 8 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 2 2 . 3 1 . 3 22 1.3+2 .0=3.3 2 . 4 1 . 5 22 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 23 1.4+1 .8=3.2 2 . 4 1 .2 23 2 . 4 1 . 1 + 3 . 0 = 4 . 1 2 . 3 2 . 7 24 1.1+2 .1=3.2 1 .9 24 1 . 9 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 1 25 1.5+1 å 3.1 2 . 3 1 .0 25 1 . 6 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 5 26 1.5+1 .5=3.0 2 . 2 1 .0 26 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 27 1.5+1 .5=3.0 2 . 2 1 .0 27 0 . 7 + 3 . 0 = 3 . 7 2 . 1 4 . 3 28 1.3+1 .6=2.9 2 . 2 1 .2 28 0 . 8 + 2 . 9 = 3 . 7 2 . 1 3 . 6 29 1.4+1 .4=2.8 2 . 1 1 .0 29 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 1 . 9 1 . 3 30 1.3+1 .5=2.8 2 . 1 1 . 1 30 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 1 . 9 1 . 3 31 1.3+1 .5=2.8 2 . 1 1 . 1 31 1 . 1 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 5 1 . 9 2 . 1 32 0.9+1 .9=2.8 2 . 1 2 . 1 32 1 . 1 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 4 1 . 9 2 . 0 33 1.1+1 .5=2.6 1 . 9 1 . 3 33 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 1 . 8 1 . 5 34 1.0+1 .6=2.6 1 . 9 1 . 6 34 1 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 1 1 . 7 2 . 1 35 1.1+1 .4=2.5 1 . 9 1 . 2 35 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 1 . 6 1 . 6 36 1.1+1 .1=2.2 1 . 6 1 . 0 36 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 1 . 6 1 . 9 37 0.8+1 .6=2.4 1 . 8 2 . 0 37 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 1 . 6 1 . 9 38 0.8+1 .4=2.2 1 . 6 1 . 7 38 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 1 . 4 2 . 2 39 1.1+1 .1=2.2 1 . 6 1 . 0 39 0 . 8 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 3 1 . 3 1 . 8 40 1.1+1 .1=2.2 1 . 6 1 . 0 40 Table ll. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 12. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium kanran at mitotic metaphase, 2n =40 kanran at mitotic metaphase, 2n=41

Relative Arm Relative Arm Ch romosome Length(^m) Form Chromosome Length(^m) length ratio length ratio >

3 .5 1 . 0 2 . 3 + 2 .4 = 4 .7 1 . 0 1 2.4+2 5=4.9 3 .3 1 . 0 2 . 1 + 2 .4 = 4 . 5 1 . 1 2 2.3+2 4=4.7 O 3 . 1 1 . 0 2 . 1 + 2 .4 = 4 . 5 1 . 1 3 2.1+2 3=4.4 3 . 1 1 . 0 2 . 1 + 2 . 3 = 4 .4 1 . 0 4 2.1+2 3=4.4 3 . 1 1 . 2 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 1 . 0 5 2.0+2 4=4.4 3 .0 1 . 2 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 1 . 0 6 1.9+2 4=4.3 3 .0 1 . 0 1 . 6 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 9 1 . 4 7 2.1+2 1=4.2 3 . 0 1 . 2 8 1 . 6 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 4 8 1.9+2 3=4.2 o 2 . 9 1 . 2 9 1 . 5 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 8 2 . 8 1 . 5 9 1.8+2 .3=4.1 2 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 1 . 3 10 2.0+2 0=4.0 Cd 2 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 .4 1 . 1 ll 2.0+2 0=4.0 2 . 8 1 . 1 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 .4 1 . 4 3 12 1.8+2 .1=3.9 2 . 8 1 . 4 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 1 . 2 d 13 1.6+2 .3=3.9 2 . 8 1 . 6 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 1 . 2 14 1.5+2 .4=3.9 2 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 3 1 . 3 15 1.3+2 .6=3.9 > 2 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 1 . 5 16 1.3+2 .6=3.9 2 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 3 2 . 3 17 1.8+2 =3.8 o 2 . 5 1 . 1 1 . 6 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 2 1 . 0 H 18 1.6+1 =3.5 2 . 5 1 . 1 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 2 1 . 2 19 1.6+1 =3.5 2 . 5 1 . 1 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 2 1 . 2 > 20 1.6+1 .9=3.5 2 . 5 1 . 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 1 . 4 21 1.6+1 .9=3.5 2 . 5 1 . 3 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 1 . 8 22 1.5+2 .0=3.5 2 . 5 1 . 3 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 1 . 0 w 23 1.5+2 .0=3.5 a 2 . 4 1 . 2 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 1 . 0 24 1.5+1 .9=3.4 2 . 3 2 . 3 0 . 8 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 1 2 .8 o 25 1.0+2 .3=3.3 tn 2 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 1 . 1 26 1.1+2 .1=3.2 2 . 3 1 . 9 2 7 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 1 m 27 1.1+2 .1=3.2 2 . 3 2 . 5 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 1 .0 28 0.9+2 .3=3.2 > 2 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 2 + 0 . 7 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 0 * 2 .3 29 1.5+1 .6=3.1 2 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 2 + 0 . 7 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 0 * 2 .3 O 30 1.5+1 .6=3.1 2 . 2 2 . 1 0 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 9 2 .2 31 1.0+2 .1=3.1 2 . 2 2 . 8 0 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 9 2 .2 32 0.8+2 .3=3.1 S 2 . 1 2 . 3 0 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 9 2 .2 33 0.9+2 .1=3.0 3 2 . 1 2 . 2 0 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 8 2 . 5 34 0.9+2 .0=2.9 > 2 . 0 2 . 1 3 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 1 . 9 2 .2 35 0.9+1 .9=2.8 o 1 . 8 2 . 2 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 2 . 2 36 0.8+1 =2.6 S2 1 . 8 3 . 3 3 7 0 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 4 1 . 8 3 .8 37 0.6+2 .0=2.6 tn 1 . 8 4 . 2 0 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 4 3 . 8 38 0.5+2 .1=2.6 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 1 39 1.0+1 .3=2.3 1 . 6 1 . 3 1 . 0 4 0 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 2 40 1 .0+1 .0=2.0 1 . 4 ffi 4 1 d + 2 . 6 = 2 . 6 1 . 9

d o t , * '. c h r o m o s o m e w it h s e c o n d a r y c o n s tr ic t io n Table 13. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 14. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium sinense at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 dayanum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

Lengih(^m) Relative Arm Length(f«n) Relative Arm length ratio length ratio

2.4+2 9=5.3 3 . 8 1 . 2 1 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 3 . 3 1 . 2 3 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 3 . 1 1 . 3 2.4+2 8=5.2 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2.4+2 4=4.8 3 . 5 1 . 0 3 3 . 1 1 . 3 2.3+2 4=4.7 3 . 4 1 . 0 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 1 2.3+2 3=4.6 3 . 3 1 . 0 5 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 0 2.1+2 4=4.5 3 . 2 1 . 1 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 3 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 2.0+2 5=4.5 7 3 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 2 2.1+2 3=4.4 8 2.1+2 3=4.4 3 . 2 1 . 0 9 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 蝣 2 . 9 1 . 2 10 1.9+2 5=4.4 3 . 2 1 . 3 10 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 2 3 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 ll 2.1+2 1=4.2 ll 12 2.0+2. 1=4.1 3 . 0 1 . 0 12 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 8 1 . 1 13 1.0+3. 1=4.1 13 3 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 0 14 1.0+3 0=4.1 14 2 .8 1 . 0 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 0 15 1.9+2 0=3.9 15 2 . 7 1 . 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 3 16 1.9+1 9=3.8 16 O 2 . 7 1 . 3 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 3 17 1.6+2 1=3.7 17 18 1.6+1. 9=3.5 2 . 5 1 . 1 18 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 0 19 1.6+1 9=3.5 2 . 5 1 . 1 19 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 0 2 .4 1 . 6 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 3 20 1.3+2 1=3.4 20 21 1.6+1. 6=3.2 2 . 3 1 . 0 21 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 2 > 22 1.5+1 6=3.1 22 2 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 1 23 1.4+1 7=3.1 23 24 1.3+1. =3.1 2 . 2 1 . 3 24 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 4 25 1.5+1. 5=3.0 25 2 . 2 1 . 1 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 3 26 1.4+1 6=3.0 26 2 .2 4 . 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 3 27 0.6+2 4=3.0 27 2 .2 6 . 5 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 3 28 0.4+2. 6=3.0 28 2 . 1 1 . 0 . 9 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 5 29 1.4+1. 5=2.9 29 2 . 1 1 . 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 30 1.4+1. 5=2.9 30 2 . 1 1 . 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 31 1.1+1. =2.9 31 1 .9 1 . 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 32 1.1+1 5=2.6 32 1 .9 4 . 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 33 0.5+2 2=2.7 33 1 .8 2 . 5 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 0 34 0.7+1. =2.5 34 1 .8 1 . 5 0 . 6 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 3 35 1.0+1. 5=2.5 35 1 . 6 1 . 0 0 . 6 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 3 36 1.1+1. 1=2.2 36 1 . 6 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 9 1 . 9 37 1.0+1. 2=2.2 1 . 2 37 1 . 1 1 .4 1 . 0 0 . 9 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0 38 1.0+1. 0=2.0 38 1 .4 蝣1 . 2 0 . 9 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0 39 0.9+1. 1=2.0 39 0 . 8 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 0 40 0 .6+1. 3=1.9 1 .4 2 . 1 40 Table 15. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 16. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium aloifolium at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 finlaysonianwn at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e la t iv e A r m C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h ( jw m ) Relative Arm l e n g t h Lengthdum) r a t i o length ratio

1 2 . 3 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 9 3 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 3 3 . 6 1 . 1

2 2 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 7 3 . 0 1 .0 2 1 . 9 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 2 3 . 5 1 . 2

3 2 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 2 3 1 . 9 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 1

4 2 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 7 3 . 0 1 .0 4 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 3 . 3 1 . 0

5 2 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 2 5 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 1

6 2 . 1 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 1 6 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 1

7 2 . 0 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 3 7 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 3 . 2 1 . 1

8 2 . 0 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 2 8 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 3

9 2 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 3 2 . 7 1 . 1 9 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 6 3 . 0 1 . 2

1 0 1 . 4 + 2 . 9 = 4 . 3 2 . 7 2 . 0 1 0 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 6 3 . 0 1 . 2

l l 2 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 0 l l 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 6 3 . 0 1 . 2

1 2 1 . 8 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 3 1 2 1 . 4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 2 . 9 1 . 5

2 . 8 1 . 3 1 3 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0 1 3 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 3

1 4 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0 1 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 3

1 5 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0 1 5 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 5

2 . 7 1 . 2 1 6 1 . 6 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 1 2 .6 1 . 5 1 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 2

1 7 2 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 4 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 0 1 7 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0

1 8 2 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 4 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 0 1 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 3

2 . 5 1 . 0 1 9 1 . 5 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 6 1 9 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0

2 0 1 . 4 + 2 . 5 = 3 . 9 2 .5 1 . 7 2 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 1

2 1 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 2 .5 1 . 0 2 1 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 0

2 . 3 1 . 0 2 2 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 .4 1 . 1 2 2 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 2 3 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 1 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 4 1 . 5 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 8 2 .4 1 . 5 2 4 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 2 5 1 . 5 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 8 2 .4 1 . 5 2 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 1 . 1

2 6 1 . 4 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 8 2 .4 1 . 7 2 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 7 1 . 3 + 2 . 5 = 3 . 8 2 .4 1 . 9 2 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 0 2 8 1 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 3 . 7 2 .4 2 . 3 2 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 6

2 9 1 . 4 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 7 2 .4 1 . 6 2 9 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 2 2 . 0 3 0 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 .3 1 . 0 3 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 1 . 1

3 1 1 . 1 + 0 . 3 + 3 . 4 = 3 . 8 * 2 .4 8 . 5 3 1 ) . 1 + 0 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 4 2 . 0 3 . 8

3 2 1 . 1 + 0 . 3 + 3 . 1 = 3 . 5 * 2 .2 7 . 7 3 2 0 . 1 + 0 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 3 l . C 3 . 6

3 3 1 . 6 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 5 2 .2 1 . 1 3 3 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 1

3 4 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 .2 1 . 3 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 . 0

3 5 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 .2 1 . 3 3 5 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 . 0

3 6 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 2 2 .0 1 . 9 3 6 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 8 1 . 1

3 7 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 2 2 .0 I Q 3 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 = 2 .0 1 . 7 1 . 0

3 8 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 1 .9 1 . 7 3 8 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 .0 1 . 7 1 . 2

3 9 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 1 .8 1 . 2 3 9 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 .0 1 . 7 1 . 2

4 0 0 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 9 1 .8 2 . 2 4 0 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 .9 1 . 6 1 . 1 00

* ; Chromosome with secondary constriction * : Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 17. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 18. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium 00 floribundum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 canaliculatum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 co

Chromosome Length(/im) Relative Arm Relative Arm length ratio Chromosome Length(^m) length ratio

3 . 9 1 1.5+2 .3=3.8 1 . 5 1 1 . 8 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 1 3 . 1 1 .2 3 . 6 2 1.5+2 .1=3.6 1 . 4 2 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 1 3 1.5+1 .8=3.3 3 . 3 1 . 2 3 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 3 . 2 4 1.4+1 3.2 1 . 2 4 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 5 1.4+1 .8=3.2 3 . 2 1 . 2 5 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 9 1 . 1 6 1.4+1 =3.2 3 . 2 1 . 2 6 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 9 1 . 1 7 1.3+1 .9=3.2 3 . 2 1 . 4 7 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 9 1 . 1 8 1.5+1 .6=3.1 3 . 1 1 . 0 8 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 7 ' 2 . 8 1 . 0 9 1.5+1 .6=3.1 3 . 1 1 . 0 9 1 . 0 + 0 . 4 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 7 * 2 . 8 1 . 6 10 1.3+1 .8=3.1 3 . 1 1 . 3 1 0 1 . 0 + 0 . 3 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 6 * 2 . 7 1 .7 ll 1.4+1 .6=3.0 3 . 0 1 . 1 l l 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 2 12 1.3+1 .5=2.8 2 . 8 1 . 1 1 2 1 . 3 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 7 13 1.0+1 .6=2.6 2 . 6 1 . 6 1 3 1 . 3 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 7 14 1.1+1 .4=2.5 2 . 5 1 . 2 1 4 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 3 15 1.1+1 .4=2.5 2 . 5 1 . 2 1 5 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 3 g 2 . 4 5 16 1.1+1 .3=2.4 1 . 1 1 6 0 . 8 + 2 . 7 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 3 . 4 17 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 4 1 . 4 1 7 1 . 0 + 2 . 5 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 5 o 2 . 4 1 . 4 1 8 1 . 0 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 4 > 18 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 6 2 . 4 19 0.9+1 .5=2.4 2 . 4 1 . 6 1 9 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 .4 2 . 6 1 . 1 o 20 0.9+1 .5=2.4 2 .4 1 . 6 2 0 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 .4 2 . 6 1 . 1 > 21 0.5+1 .9=2.4 2 .4 3 . 8 2 1 1 . 3 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 6 22 0.5+1 .9=2.4 2 .4 3 . 8 2 2 1 . 3 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 6 > 23 1.0+1 .3=2.3 2 . 3 1 . 3 2 3 1 . 3 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 6 24 1.0+1. 3=2.3 2 . 3 1 . 3 2 4 1 .4 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 2 25 0.5+1. 8=2.3 2 . 3 3 . 6 2 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 4 0.6+1. 6=2.2 2 . 2 2 . 6 2 6 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 8 0.8+1 3=2.1 2 . 1 1 . 6 2 7 1 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 0 2 . 3 2 . 0 0.8+1. 3=2.1 2 . 1 1 . 6 2 8 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 .0 2 . 3 1 . 7 0.8+1. =2.1 2 . 1 1 . 6 2 9 0 . 9 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 0 2 . 3 2 . 3 0.8+1. 3=2.1 2 . 1 1 . 6 3 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 0.9+1. 1=2.0 2 . 0 1 . 2 3 1 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 6 0.9+1. 0=1.9 1 . 9 1 . 1 3 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 6 0.6+1. 4=2.0 2 . 0 2 . 3 3 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 2 0.6+1. 3=1.9 1 . 9 2 . 1 3 4 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 0.6+1. 3=1.9 1 . 9 2 . 1 3 5 0 . 4 + 2 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 6 . 0 0.5+1. 4=1.9 1 . 9 2 . 8 3 6 0 . 4 + 2 . 4 = 2 .8 2 . 1 6 . 0 0.8+1. 0=1.8 1 . 8 1 . 2 3 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 1 1 . 1 0.8+0. 9=1.7 1 . 7 1 . 1 3 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 0 1 . 0 0.8+0. 9=1.7 1 . 7 1 . 1 3 9 ) . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 2 . 0 2 . 2 0 .5+0. 9=1.4 1 . 4 1 . 8 4 0 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 2 . 0 2 . 2

* : Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 19. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 20. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium chloranthum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 madidum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

Length(^m) Relative Arm Length(^m) Relative Arm length ratio length ratio

1 .8 + 2 .0 = 3 .8 1 1.3+1. 7=3.0 3 . 9 1 . 3 1 3 . 7 1 . 1 2 1.1+1. 9=3.0 3 . 9 1 . 7 2 1 .5 + 1 .9 = 3 .4 3 . 3 1 . 2 3 3 1.3+1, 5=2.8 3 . 7 1 . 1 1 .5 + 1 .8 = 3 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 2 3 . 5 1 . 0 4 1 .4 + 1 .9 = 3 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 3 4 1.3+1. 4=2.7 3 . 5 1 . 0 5 1 .3 + 2 .0 = 3 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 5 5 1.3+1. 4=2.7 6 1.1+1. 3=2.4 3 . 1 1 . 1 6 1 .3 + 2 .0 = 3 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 5 7 1.1+1. 3=2.4 3 . 1 1 . 1 7 1 .3 + 2 .0 = 3 . 3 3 . 2 1 . 5 3 . 1 1 . 6 8 1 .3 + 1 . 9 = 3 .2 3 . 1 1 . 4 8 0.9+1. 5=2.4 9 1.1+1 2=2.3 3 . 0 1 . 0 9 1 .1 + 2 .0 = 3 .1 3 . 0 1 . 8 10 1.0+1 3=2.3 3 . 0 1 . 3 10 1 .1 + 1 . 9 = 3 .0 2 . 9 1 . 7 2 . 9 1 . 0 l l 1 .0 + 2 . 1 = 3 .1 3 . 0 2 . 1 ll 1.1+1 1=2.2 2 . 8 1 . 1 1 2 1 .0 + 2 . 0 = 3 .0 2 . 9 2 . 0 12 1.0+1 1=2.1 2 . 8 1 . 1 1 3 1 .1 + 1 . 9 = 3 .0 2 . 9 1 . 7 13 1.0+1 1=2.1 2 . 8 1 . 3 14 1 .3 + 1 .6 = 2 .9 2 . 8 1 . 2 14 0.9+1 2=2.1 2 . 6 1 . 8 1 5 0 .9 + 2 .0 = 2 .9 2 . 8 2 . 2 15 0.7+1 3=2.0 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 6 0 .9 + 2 .0 = 2 .9 2 . 8 2 . 2 16 0.6+1 3=1.9 2 . 6 1 . 5 1 7 0 .9 + 1 .9 = 2 .8 2 . 7 2 . 1 17 0.8+1 2=2.0 2 . 4 1 . 0 1 8 0 .6 + 2 .0 = 2 .6 2 . 5 3 . 3 18 0.9+0 9=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 0 1 9 1 .1 + 1 .5 = 2 .6 2 . 5 1 . 3 19 0.9+0 .9=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 0 1 .1 + 1 .5 = 2 .6 2 . 5 1 . 3 20 0.9+0 9=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 1 1 .0 + 1 .5 = 2 .5 2 . 4 1 . 5 21 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 2 0 .9 + 1 .6 = 2 .5 2 . 4 1 . 7 22 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 2 1 . 8 2 3 0 .9 + 1 .6 = 2 .5 2 . 4 1 . 7 23 0.6+1 .1=1.7 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 4 1 .0 + 1 .4 = 2 .4 2 . 3 1 . 4 24 0.8+0, .9=1.7 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 5 1 .1 + 1 .3 = 2 .4 2 . 3 1 . 1 25 0.8+0, .9=1.7 2 . 2 1 . 4 2 6 1 .0 + 1 .3 = 2 .3 2 . 2 26 0.7+1 .0=1.7 1 . 3 2 . 2 2 . 4 2 7 1 .3 + 1 .9 = 2 .2 2 . 1 6 . 3 27 0.5+1 .2=1.7 2 . 2 2 . 4 2 8 1 .3 + 1 .9 = 2 .2 2 . 1 6 . 3 28 0.5+1 .2=1.7 2 . 1 1 . 2 2 9 1 .1 + 1 .1 = 2 .2 2 . 1 1 . 0 29 0.7+0 .9=1.6 2 . 1 1 . 6 3 0 0 .8 + 1 .3 = 2 .1 2 . 0 1 . 6 30 0.6+1 .0=1.6 2 . 0 1 . 1 3 1 0 .8 + 0 .8 + 0 .5 = 2 .1 2 . 0 31 0.7+0 1.5 1 . 6 2 . 0 3 2 1 .8 + 0 .8 + 0 .5 = 2 .1 32 0.7+0 .8=1.5 1 . 1 2 . 0 1 . 6 2 . 0 1 . 5 3 3 0 .5 + 1 .6 = 2 .1 2 . 0 33 0.6+0 .9=1.5 3 . 2 3 4 0 .5 + 1 .6 = 2 .1 34 0.6+0 .9=1.5 2 . 0 1 .5 2 . 0 3 . 2 3 5 35 0.6+0 .9=1.5 2 . 0 1 . 5 0 .3 + 1 .8 = 2 .1 2 . 0 6 . 0 1 .6 3 6 0 .3 + 1 .8 = 2 .1 2 . 0 36 0.5+0 .8=1.3 1 . 7 6 . 0 3 ? 0 .9 + 1 .1 = 2 .0 37 0.5+0 =1.3 1 . 7 1 .6 1 . 9 1 . 2 1 . 6 1 .0 3 8 0 .5 + 1 .0 = 1 .5 1 . 5 2 . 0 38 0.6+0 .6=1.2 0 .5 + 0 .8 = 1 .3 39 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 4 1 .2 3 9 1 . 3 1 . 6 1 . 3 1 .0 1 . 3 1 . 6 00 0.5+0 .5=1.0 4 0 0 .5 + 0 .8 = 1 .3

* : Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 21. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 22. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium O devonianum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 elegans at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e l a ti v e A r m Relative Arm C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h ( jU m ) F o r m Chromosome Length(,um) le n g t h length ratio r a t io

1.8+2. 4=4.2 4 . 0 1 . 3 1 1 . 6 + 2 . 0 = 3 .6 3 . 7 1 . 2 m 1.8+2. 0=3.8 3 . 6 1 . 1 2 1 . 6 + 1 . 9 = 3 .5 3 . 6 1 . 1 m 1.4+2. 3=3.7 3 . 5 1 . 6 3 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 .2 3 . 3 1 . 2 m 1.5+1. 9=3.4 3 . 2 1 . 2 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 .2 3 . 3 1 . 2 m 1.4+2. 0=3.4 3 . 2 1 .4 5 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 .2 3 . 3 1 . 2 m 3 . 0 1 . 0 1.6+1. 6=3.2 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 .2 3 . 3 1 . 4 m 0.8+2 4=3.2 3 . 0 3 . 0 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 3 . 2 1 . 3 m 3 . 0 4 . 3 0.6+2. 6=3.2 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 2 m 3 . 0 1 . 2 1.4+1. 8=3.2 9 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 2 i n 2 . 9 1 . 0 10 1.5+1. 6=3.1 1 0 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 2 m 2 . 8 1 . 1 ll 1.4+1. 6=3.0 l l 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 .8 2 . 9 1 . 0 m 2 . 8 1 . 1 12 1.4+1. 6=3.0 1 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 .8 2 . 9 1 . 1 m 2 . 7 1 . 2 13 1.3+1. 6=2.9 1 3 0 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 2 .8 2 . 9 2 . 1 s m 2 . 7 1 . 2 14 1.3+1. 6=2.9 1 4 0 . 9 + 1 . 8 = 2 .7 2 . 8 2 . 0 s m 2 . 7 1 . 6 15 1.1+1 8=2.9 1 5 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 .7 2 . 8 1 . 4 n i 2 . 6 1 . 0 16 1.4+1. 4=2.8 1 6 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 3 m 2 . 6 1 . 1 o 17 1.3+1. 5=2.8 1 7 0 . 9 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 7 m > 2 . 6 1 . 0 18 1.3+1. 4=2.7 1 8 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 6 m o 2 . 6 1 . 0 l . i 19 1.3+1. 4=2.7 I S 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 .4 2 . 4 m 2 . 5 1 . 3 20 1.1+1. 5=2.6 2 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 1 m > 2 . 5 1 . 6 21 1.0+1. 6=2.6 2 1 0 . 8 + 1 . 6 = 2 .4 2 . 4 2 . 0 s m 2 . 5 1 . 6 > 22 1.0+1. 6=2.6 2 2 0 . 8 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 8 s m 2 . 4 4 . 0 23 0.5+2 0=2.5 2 3 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 3 m 2 . 4 4 . 0 24 0.5+2. 0=2.5 2 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 m 2 . 3 1 . 6 25 0.9+1. 5=2.4 2 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 m 2 . 3 1 . 6 26 0.9+1. 5=2.4 2 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 m 2 . 2 1 . 3 27 1.0+1 3=2.3 2 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 7 m 2 . 2 1 . 3 28 1.0+1. 3=2.3 2 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 1 m 2 . 1 29 0.9+1. 3=2.2 1 . 4 2 9 0 . 6 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 5 s tn 2 . 1 1 . 7 30 0.8+1 4=2.2 3 0 0 . 6 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 5 s m 2 . 0 1 . 6 31 0.8+1. 3=2.1 3 1 0 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 2 s t 2 . 0 32 0.8+1 3=2.1 1 . 6 3 2 0 . 6 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 3 s m 2 . 0 1 . 6 33 0.8+1. 3=2.1 3 3 0 . 9 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 1 . 2 m 34 0.9+1 1=2.0 1 . 9 1 . 2 3 4 0 . 6 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 3 s m 35 0.5+1. 4=1.9 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 5 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 9 1 . 9 ] . 1 m 36 0.5+1. 4=1.9 1 . 8 2 . 8 3 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 .3 m 1 . 8 37 0.9+1 0=1.9 1 . 1 3 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 .3 m 38 0.9+1. 0=1.9 1 . 8 1 . 1 3 8 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 .5 m 39 0.8+0 9=1.7 1 . 6 1 . 1 3 9 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 .5 m 40 0 .5+1. 0=1.5 1 . 4 2 . 0 4 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 3 1 .6 m Table 23. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 24. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium mastersii at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 whiteae at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e la t iv e A r m C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h G u m ) Relative Arm l e n g t h Length(,um) r a t i o length ratio Form > 1 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 1 3 . 4 1 . 1 1.5+1 .7=3.2 2 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 .2 3 . 4 1 . 0 1.6+1 .6=3.2 3 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 .2 3 . 2 1 . 0 1.5+1 .5=3.0 I <1 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 .4 3 . 2 1 . 1 1.4+1 .6=3.0 5 0 . 9 + 2 . 5 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 2 .7 3 . 2 1 . 1 1.4+1 .6=3.0 6 1 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 2 .3 3 . 1 1 . 2 1.3+1 .6=2.9 7 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 .2 3 . 1 1 . 2 1.3+1 .6=2.9 8 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 1 .2 3 . 0 1 . 0 1.4+1 .4=2.8 9 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 1 .3 3 . 0 1 . 8 9 1.0+1 .8=2.8 1 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 2 3 . 0 1 . 8 2 10 1.0+1 .8=2.8 ] 1 1 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 3 2 . 8 2 .3 2 . 9 1 . 0 w ll 1.3+1 .4=2.7 1 2 0 . 9 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 2 2 . 7 2 . 5 2 . 9 1 . 0 12 1.3+1 .4=2.7 3 1 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 2 . 7 1 .4 2 . 7 1 . 3 13 1.1+1 .5=2.6 u 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 .3 2 . 6 1 . 2 14 1.1+1 .4=2.5 1 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 .3 2 . 6 15 0.6+1 .9=2.5 3 . 1 > 1 6 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 .0 2 . 6 3 . 1 16 0.6+1 .9=2.5 z 1 7 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 .8 2 . 5 17 1.1+1 .3=2.4 1 . 1 o 1 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 .9 2 . 5 18 1.1+1 .3=2.4 1 . 1 1 9 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 1 19 1.1+1 .3=2.4 2 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 3 20 1.0+1 .3=2.3 > 2 1 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 .7 2 . 4 1 . 5 21 0.9+1 .4=2.3 r 2 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 .7 2 . 4 1 . 8 22 0.8+1 .5=2.3 w 2 3 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 8 23 0.8+1 .5=2.3 a 2 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 .0 2 . 4 1 . 8 24 0.8+1 .5=2.3 W'O 2 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 .2 2 . 4 1 . 3 25 1.0+1 .3=2.3 2S 2 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 .2 Z . 3 26 1.1+1 1=2.2 1 . 0 W 2 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 .2 2 . 2 27 1.0+1 1=2.1 1 . 1 2 8 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 .0 2 . 2 1 . 3 28 0.9+1 .2=2.1 > 2 9 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 1 29 1.0+1 .1=2.1 3 0 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 30 1.0+1 .1=2.1 2 . 2 1 . 1 o 3 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 1 O 31 0.9+1 .1=2.0 1 . 2 3 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 1 32 0.9+1 .1=2.0 1 . 2 S 3 3 1 . 0 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 .8 33 0.8+1 .2=2.0 2 . 1 1 . 5 a 3 4 1 . 0 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 .8 2 . 0 34 0.9+1 .0=1.9 1 . 1 > 3 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 35 0.9+1 .0=1.9 2 . 0 1 . 1 o 3 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 3 1 .0 w 36 0.9+0 .9=1.8 1 . 9 1 . 0 > 3 7 0 . 7 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 2 .5 37 0.8+0 9=1.7 1 . 8 1 . 1 en 3 8 0 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 4 2 . 0 3 .0 38 0.8+0 9=1.7 1 . 8 1 . 1 3 9 0 . 8 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 3 1 . 9 1 .8 39 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 5 1 . 3 4 0 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 .7 40 0 .5+0 9=1.4 1 . 5 1 . 8 Table 25. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 26. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium iridioides at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 hookerianum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 to

Relative Arm Length(/*m) Form Chromosome Length(^m) Relative Arm length ratio length ratio

3 .3 1 . 3 1 1.6+2 1=3.7 1 1.8+2.6=4.4 3 . 2 1 . 4 3 .3 1 . 0 2 . 9 2 1.8+1 .9=3.7 1.9+2.1=4.0 1 . 1 3 . 2 1 . 2 2 2 . 9 3 1.6+2 0=3.6 3 1.5+2.4=3.9 1 . 6 3 .2 1 . 0 4 1.8+1 8=3.6 4 1.9+1.9=3.8 2 . 8 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 . 1 2 . 8 5 1.6+1 9=3.5 5 1.8+2.0=3.8 1 . 1 3 . 1 1 . 3 6 1.5+2 .0=3.5 6 1.8+1.9=3.7 2 . 7 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 . 3 7 1.5+2 .0=3.5 7 1.8+1.9=3.7 2 . 7 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 . 3 8 1.5+2 0=3.5 8 1.8+1.9=3.7 2 . 7 1 . 0 3 .0 1 . '2 9 1.5+1 .9=3.4 9 0.8+2.9=3.7 2 . 7 3 . 6 2 .8 1 . 0 10 1.6+1 .6=3.2 10 0.8+2.8=3.6 2 . 6 3 . 5 2 .8 1 . 0 ll 1.6+1 .6=3.2 ll 1.6+2.0=3.6 2 . 6 1 . 2 2 . 8 1 . 6 12 1.2+2 0=3.2 12 1.6+1.9=3.5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 .8 1 . 6 13 1.2+2 0=3.2 13 1.6+1.9=3.5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 .7 1 . 0 14 1.5+1 6=3.1 14 1.5+2.0=3.5 2 . 6 1 . 3 2 .6 1 . 0 15 1.5+1 5=3.0 15 1.0+2.6=3.6 2 . 6 2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 1 16 1.4+1 6-3.0 1.0+2.4=3.4 2 . 5 2 . 4 2 . 6 16 1 . 0 2 . 6 o 17 1.4+1 5=2.9 1.4+2.1=3.5 1 . 5 2 .6 1 . 2 17 2 . 5 > 18 1.3+1 6=2.9 18 1.5+1.9=3.4 1 . 2 2 .6 4 . 8 o 19 0.5+2 4=2.9 19 1.5+1.9=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 . 5 1 . 8 1.0+1 .8=2.8 2 . 5 1 . 2 > 20 20 1.5+1.9=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 1 21 1.3+1 .5=2.8 21 1.5+1.9=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 0 > 22 1.3+1 .4=2.7 22 1.5+1.9=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 .4 1 . 0 23 1.3+1 .4=2.7 23 1.4+2.0=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 4 2 .3 1 . 6 24 1.0+1 .6=2.6 24 1.4+2.0=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 4 2 . 3 1 . 6 25 1.0+1 .6=2.6 25 1.5+1.9=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 5 26 1.1+1 .4=2.5 26 1.5+1.9=3.4 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 5 27 1.0+1 .5=2.5 27 1.3+2.1=3.4 2 . 5 1 . 6 2 .2 1 . 5 28 1.0+1 .5=2.5 28 1.4+1.9=3.3 2 . 4 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 7 29 0.9+1 .6=2.5 29 1.5+1.8=3.3 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 . 1 3 . 0 30 0.6+1 .8-2.4 30 1.5+1.8=3.3 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 1 31 1.1+1 .3=2.4 31 1.3+1.9=3.2 2 . 3 1 . 4 2 . 1 1 . 1 32 1.1+1 .3=2.4 32 1.3+1.8=3.1 2 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 1 I . ! 33 1.1+1 .3=2.4 33 1.1+2.1=3.2 2 . 3 1 . 9 2 . 0 1 . 3 34 1.0+1 .3=2.3 34 1.1+2.0=3.1 2 . 3 1 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 5 35 0.9+1 .4=2.3 35 1.1+2.0=3.1 2 . 3 1 . 8 1 .8 1 . 1 36 1.0+1 .1=2.1 36 1.0+2.0=3.0 2 . 2 2 . 0 1 .8 1 . 1 å 37 2 . 2 6 . 5 1.0+1 .1=2.1 37 0.4+2.6=3.0 1 . 8 1 . 1 38 1.0+1 .1=2.1 38 0.4+2.4=2.8 2 . 0 6 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 1 39 1.0+1 .1=2.1 39 1.0+1.9=2.9 2 . 1 1 . 9 1 .7 2 . 1 40 0.6+1 .3=1.9 40 0.9+1.6=2.5 1 . 8 1 . 7 Table 27. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 28. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium instgne at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 longifolium at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e l a t iv e A r m Relative Arm C h r o m o s o m e L e n g th ( ,u m ) Ch romoso me Length(^m) Form l e n g t h length ratio r a t io

2.3+2 .5=4.8 3 . 8 1 . 0 1 2 . 4 + 2 . 6 = 5 . 0 3 . 8 1 . 0 1.9+2, =4.7 3 . 8 1 . 4 2 2 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 4 .7 3 . 5 1 . 0 3 . 5 1 . 7 1.6+2 =4.4 3 2 . 0 + 2 . 3 = 4 .3 3 . 2 1 . 1 1.8+2 .3=4.1 3 . 3 1 . 2 4 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 3 . 1 1 . 0 1.3+2 .8=4.1 3 . 3 2 . 1 5 1 . 6 + 2 . 4 = 4 .0 3 . 0 1 . 5 3 . 3 2 . 1 6 1.3+2 .=4.1 1 . 6 + 2 .4 = 4 .0 3 . 0 1 . 5 1.5+2 .3=3.8 3 . 0 1 . 5 7 1 . 5 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 6 1.3+2 .5=3.8 3 . 0 1 . 9 8 1 .4 + 2 . 5 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 7 2 . 9 1 . 4 1.5+2 .1=3.6 9 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 0 10 1.5+2 .1=3.6 2 . 9 1 . 4 1 0 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 4 ll 1.5+2 .1=3.6 l l 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 .9 2 . 9 1 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 0 12 1.8+1 =3.6 1 2 1 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 3 .8 2 . 9 1 . 0 13 1.6+1 .9=3.5 2 . 8 1 . 1 1 3 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 .8 2 . 9 1 . 1 2 . 8 1 . 3 14 1.5+2. =3.5 1 4 1 . 5 + 2 . 3 = 3 .8 2 . 9 1 . 5 2 . 8 1 . 5 15 1.4+2. .1=3.5 1 5 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 .7 2 . 8 1 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 1 16 1.6+1 .8=3.4 1 6 1 . 4 + 2 . 3 = 3 .7 2 . 8 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 1 17 1.6+1. 8=3.4 1 7 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 1 18 1.6+1. 8=3.4 1 8 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 .4 2 . 6 1 . 1 19 1.0+2. 1=3.1 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 9 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 .4 2 . 6 1 . 4 20 0.5+2. 6=3.1 2 . 5 5 . 2 2 0 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 .3 2 . 5 1 . 2 21 1.4+1 .6=3.0 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 1 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 .3 2 . 5 1 . 2 22 1.5+1 .5=3.0 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 2 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 .3 2 . 5 1 . 5 23 1.1+1 .9=3.0 2 . 4 1 . 7 2 3 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 0 24 1.4+1 .5=2.9 2 4 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 .0 2 . 3 1 . 0 25 1.3+1 .4=2.7 2 . 2 1 . 0 2 5 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 .0 2 . 3 1 . 1 26 1.3+1 =2.7 2 . 2 1 . 0 2 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 0 : . i 1 . 0 27 1.3+1 .3=2.6 2 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 2 28 1.1+1 5=2.6 2 . 1 1 . 3 2 8 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 2 29 1.1+1 4=2.5 2 . 0 1 . 2 2 9 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 6 2 . 0 1 . 5 30 1.0+1 5=2.5 3 0 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 .8 2 . 1 1 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 0 31 0.5+2 0=2.5 3 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 .8 2 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 8 4 . 7 32 0.4+1 .9=2.3 3 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 .8 2 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 1 33 1.1+1 .3=2.4 3 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 .7 2 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 6 34 0.9+1 .5=2.4 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 .6 2 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6 35 0.9+1 5=2.4 3 5 1 . 0 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 5 1 . 9 1 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 7 36 0.8+1. 4=2.2 3 6 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 1 . 7 1 . 3 1 . 8 2 . 6 37 0.6+1 6=2.2 3 7 0 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 4 1 . 8 3 . 8 1 . 7 38 0.6+1 5=2.1 2 . 5 3 8 0 . 6 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 2 1 . 7 2 . 6 1 . 8 39 0.8+1 4=2.2 1 . 7 3 9 0 . 9 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 2 1 .7 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 3 40 0.8+1 1=1.9 4 0 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 Table 29. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 30. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidiutn lowianum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 tracyanum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 £

R e l a t iv e A r m Length(,wm) Relative Arm C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h ( ju m ) F o r m length ratio l e n g t h r a t io

1 . 6 + 2 .4 = 4 . 0 3 . 0 1 . 5 1 1 2 . 3 + 2 . 9 = 5 . 2 3 . 6 1 .2 m 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 1 2 2 2 . 0 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 6 3 . 2 1 .3 m 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 1 3 3 1 . 8 + 2 . 8 = 4 . 6 3 . 2 1 .5 m 1 . 6 + 2 . 3 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 4 4 4 2 . 0 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 6 3 . 2 1 .3 m 1 . 5 + 2 .4 = 3 . 9 2 . 9 1 . 6 5 5 2 . 0 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 5 3 . 2 1 . 2 m 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 3 6 6 2 . 0 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 5 3 . 2 1 . 2 m 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 0 7 7 1 . 9 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 5 3 . 2 1 .3 m 1 . 8 + 1 .9 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 0 8 8 2 . 0 + 2 . 4 = 4 . 4 3 . 1 1 .2 m 1 . 1 + 2 .6 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 2 . '3 9 9 1 . 6 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 2 2 . 9 1 .6 m 1 . 1 + 2 . 6 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 2 . 3 10 1 0 1 . 5 + 2 . 6 = 4 . 1 2 . 9 1 .7 m 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 7 2 . 7 1 . 0 ll l l 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 .9 1 .0 m 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 0 12 1 2 2 . 0 + 2 . 1 = 4 . 1 2 .9 1 . 0 m 1 . 5 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 4 13 1 3 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 2 .7 1 . 0 m 1 . 6 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 14 1 4 1 . 8 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 9 2 .7 1 . 1 m 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 3 15 1 5 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 . 7 1 . 1 m 1 . 5 + 2 .0 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 3 16 1 6 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 2 .7 1 . 1 m 1 .4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 5 o 17 1 7 1 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 7 2 .6 1 . 8 s m 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 5 1 . 2 > 18 1 8 1 . 1 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 5 2 . 5 2 . 1 s m 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 5 1 . 2 19 1 9 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 5 1 . 0 m 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 4 2 . 5 1 . 4 20 2 0 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 3 m 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 5 21 2 1 1 . 4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 5 m 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 3 > 22 2 2 1 . 4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 2 . 5 1 . 5 m 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 5 23 2 3 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 .4 2 . 4 1 . 1 m 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 4 24 2 4 1 . 3 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 6 m 1 . 3 + 1 .9 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 4 25 2 5 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 .3 2 . 3 1 . 3 m 1 . 3 + 1 .9 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 4 26 2 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 9 = 3 .3 2 . 3 1 . 3 m 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 4 27 2 7 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 0 m 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 8 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 0 m 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 1 . 9 2 9 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 0 m 0 . 8 + 2 .4 - 3 . 2 2 . 4 3 . 0 30 3 0 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 0 m 0 . 8 + 2 .4 = 3 . 2 2 . 4 3 . 0 31 3 1 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 . 2 1 . 3 m 1 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 8 32 3 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 0 2 . 1 1 . 7 m 1 . 3 + 1 .8 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 3 33 3 3 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 0 1 . 9 s m 1 . 1 + 1 .8 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 6 34 3 4 0 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 8 2 . 0 2 . 1 s t n 1 . 1 + 2 .0 = 3 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 8 35 3 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 1 . 9 1 . 0 m 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 3 6 5 . 9 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 5 1 . 8 1 . 7 m 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 3 7 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 1 . 7 1 . 6 m 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 2 . 2 1 . 9 3 8 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 1 . 7 1 . 6 m 0 . 4 + 2 . 3 = 2 . 7 * 2 . 0 5 . 7 39 3 9 0 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 4 1 . 7 3 . 8 s t ) . 4 + 2 . 1 = 2 . 5 * 1 . 9 5 . 2 40 4 0 0 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 4 1 . 7 5 .0 s t

* : Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 31. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 32. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium eburneum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 parishii at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

R e l a t i v e A r m R e la t iv e A r m C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h ( ju m ) C h r o m o s o m e L e n g t h (> m ) le n g t h r a ti o l e n g t h r a t i o

1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 1 3 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 8 + 2 . 5 = 4 . 3 3 . 5 1 . 3 2 1 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 1 2 1 . 9 + 2 . 3 = 4 . 2 3 . 4 1 . 2 3 3 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 7 3 . 1 1 . 0 3 1 . 8 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 7 3 . 0 o 1 . 0

4 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 3 . 1 i . 3 4 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 7 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 5 5 2 .9 1 . 0 5 1 . 6 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 3 w 6 1 . 5 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 5 2 .9 1 . 3 6 1 . 3 + 2 . 4 = 3 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 8 on

7 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 .8 1 . 2 7 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 0 8 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 2 .8 1 . 1 8 1 . 5 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 o 0 2 .8 1 . 1 9 1 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 0

1 0 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 .8 1 . 2 1 0 1 .8 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 0 COS l l 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 4 2 .8 1 . 4 l l 1 .6 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 5 2 . 9 1 . 1

1 2 1 . 4 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 4 2 .8 1 . 4 1 2 1 .4 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 5 2 . 9 1 . 5 3 1 3 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 2 .7 1 . 2 1 3 1 .4 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 4 d 1 . 5 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 3 1 4 2 .7 1 . 2 1 4 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 2 1 5 1 . 5 + 1 . 7 = 3 . 2 2 .7 1 . 1 1 5 1 .6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 1 > 1 6 1 . 5 + 1 . 7 = 3 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 1 1 6 1 .6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 1 •Ez 1 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 2 2 .7 1 . 4 1 7 1 .6 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 4 2 . 8 1 . 1 a 1 8 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 .6 1 . 0 1 8 0 .8 + 2 . 6 = 3 .4 2 . 8 3 . 2

1 9 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 .6 1 . 0 1 9 1 .6 + 1 . 7 = 3 . 3 2 . 7 1 . 0 2 0 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0 2 0 1 . 3 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 3 2 . 7 1 . 5 > 2 1 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 0 2 1 1 . 5 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 0

2 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 3 2 2 1 . 4 + 1 . 7 = 3 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 2 2 3 1 . 3 + 1 . 8 = 3 . 1 2 .6 1 . 3 2 3 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 0 i 2 4 1 . 3 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 . 2 2 4 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 a 2 . 5 1 . 1

2 5 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 5 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 1 ow.

2 6 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 9 2 . 4 1 . 0

2 7 1 . 2 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 8 蝣 2 . 3 1 . 3 2 7 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 8 1 . 2 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 8 1 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 0 I> 2 9 1 . 2 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 9 1 . 3 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 1 . 0 3 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 1 .4 3 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 1 1 . 3 o 3 1 0 . 9 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 7 2 . 2 2 . 0 3 1 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 1 1 . 3 O

3 2 0 . 7 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 2 . 5 3 2 1 . 0 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 4 s 3 3 1 . 2 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 6 2 . 2 1 . 1 3 3 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 6 5 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 . 0

3 5 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 . 7 3 6 1 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 5 2 . 1 1 .2 3 6 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 1 > 3 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 1 .7 3 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 1

3 8 0 . 7 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 2 1 . 8 2 . 1 3 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 1

3 9 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 1 . 9 1 .3 3 9 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 1 . 5 1 . 2

4 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 1 4 0 0 . 7 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 7 1 . 4 1 . 4 Table 33. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium Table 34. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidium erythrostylum at raitotic metaphase, 2n=40 tigrinum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 ON

R e la t iv e A r m Length(/4m) Relative Arm Chromosome l e n g t h r a t i o Chromosome Length(^m) Form length ratio

1 1 .9 + 2 .0 = 3 .9 4 . 0 1 .0 3 . 6 1 1.5+1. 6=3.1 1 . 0 2 1 .6 + 1 .8 = 3 .4 3 . 5 1 . 1 3 . 4 2 1.4+1 5=2.9 1 . 0 3 1 .6 + 1 .8 = 3 .4 3 . 5 1 . 1 3 . 2 3 1.3+1 4=2.7 1 . 0 4 1 . 6 + 1 .8 = 3 .4 3 . 5 1 . 1 3 . 2 4 1.3+1 4=2.7 1 . 0 5 1 .3 + 2 .0 = 3 .3 3 . 4 1 . 5 5 1.1+1 6=2.7 3 . 2 1 . 4 6 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 .0 3 . ] 1 . 1 6 1.1+1 5=2.6 3 . 0 1 . 3 7 1 .4 + 1 .5 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 0 7 1.1+1 5=2.6 3 . 0 1 . 3 8 1 . 3 + 1 .6 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 2 8 1.1+1 5=2.6 3 . 0 1 . 3 9 1 . 1 + 1 .8 = 2 .9 3 . 0 1 . 6 9 1.3+1. 3=2.6 3 . 0 1 . 0 1 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 .7 2 . 8 1 . 4 10 1.3+1 3=2.6 3 . 0 1 . 0 l l 1 . 1 + 1 .6 = 2 .7 2 . 8 1 . 4 ll 1.1+1 4=2.5 2 . 9 1 . 2 12 1 .3 + 1 .4 = 2 .7 2 . 8 1 . 0 12 1.1+1. 3=2.4 2 . 8 1 . 1 13 0 .9 + 1 .8 = 2 .7 2 . 8 2 . 0 13 1.1+1 3=2.4 2 . 8 1 . 1 14 1 . 1 + 1 .4 = 2 .5 2 . 5 1 . 2 14 1.1+1 1=2.2 2 . 6 1 . 0 15 1 .1 + 1 .4 = 2 .5 2 . 5 1 . 2 15 1.1+1 1=2.2 2 . 6 1 . 0 16 1 . 1 + 1 .3 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 . 6 16 0.9+1 3=2.2 1 . 4 17 1 .0 + 1 .4 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 4 2 . 6 s 1 . 7 o 17 0.8+1 4=2.2 18 1 .0 + 1 .4 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 4 > 18 0.8+1 4=2.2 2 . 6 1 . 7 19 1 .1 + 1 .3 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 1 o 19 1.0+1. 1=2.1 20 1 .0 + 1 .4 = 2 .4 2 . 4 1 . 4 20 1.0+1. 1=2.1 2 . 5 1 . 1 > 2 1 1.9 + 1 .5 = 2 .4 2 . 4 l . d 21 1.0+1. 1=2.1 2 . 5 1 . 1 2 2 0 .8 + 1 .6 = 2 .4 2 . 4 2 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 6 > 22 0.8+1. 3=2.1 2 3 1 .0 + 1 .3 = 2 .3 2 . 3 1 . 3 23 0.9+1 1=2.0 2 . 3 1 . 2 2 4 0 .9 + 1 .4 = 2 .3 2 . 3 1 . 5 24 1.0+1. 0=2.0 2 . 3 1 . 0 2 5 1.8 + 1 .4 = 2 .2 2 . 2 1 . 7 25 0.9+1 0=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 6 0 .8 + 1 .4 = 2 .2 2 . 2 1 . 7 26 0.8+1. 1=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 3 2 7 1 .1 + 1 .1 = 2 .2 2 . 2 1 . 0 27 0.8+1 1=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 3 2 8 1 .0 + 1 .1 = 2 .1 2 . 1 1 . 1 28 0.8+1. 1=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 3 2 9 1 .0 + 1 .1 = 2 .1 2 . 1 1 . 1 29 0.5+1. 4=1.9 2 . 2 2 . 8 3 0 1.8 + 1 .3 = 2 .1 2 . 1 1 . 6 30 0.5+1. 4=1.9 2 . 2 2 . 8 3 1 0 .9 + 1 .1 = 2 .0 2 . 0 1 . 2 31 0.6+1 3=1.9 2 . 2 2 . 1 3 2 0 .6 + 1 .5 = 2 .1 2 . 1 2 . 5 32 0.9+0 9=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 0 3 3 1.6 + 1 .4 = 2 .0 2 . 0 2 . 3 33 0.8+1. 0=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 4 0 .6 + 1 .3 = 1 .9 1 . 9 : . i 34 0.8+1 0=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 5 0 .5 + 1 .4 = 1 .9 1 . 9 2 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 8 35 0.6+1. 1=1.7 3 6 0 .5 + 1 .4 = 1 .9 1 . 9 2 . 8 1 . 8 2 . 0 36 0.5+1 0=1.5 3 7 0 .9 + 1 .0 = 1 .9 1 . 9 1 . 1 37 0.8+0 9=1.7 2 . 0 1 . 1 3 8 0 .9 + 0 .9 = 1 .8 1 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 3 38 0.6+0 8=1.4 3 9 0 .8 + 1 .0 = 1 .8 1 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 1 . 3 39 0.6+0 8=1.4 4 0 .6 + 1 .0 = 1 .6 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 3 40 0.6+0 8=1.4 Table 35. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Acriopsis Table 36. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Ansellia javanica at mitotic metaphase, 2n =40 africana at mitotic metaphase, 2n-42

Relative Arm Lengthfjum) Chromosome Length(^m) Relative Arm length ratio length ratio

3 . 6 1 . 1 1 0.7+0. =1.5 1 1 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 0 4 . 1 2 . 0 3 . 6 1 . 1 2 0.7+0. 8=1.5 2 1 . 0 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 9 3 . 9 1 . 9 3 . 6 2 . 0 3 1 . 0 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 8 3 0.5+1. 0=1.5 3 . 8 1 . 8 3 . 6 2 . 0 4 0 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 8 4 0.5+1. 0=1.5 3 . 8 2 . 1 3 . 6 1 . 5 5 0 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 8 3 . 8 2 . 1 5 0.6+0. 9=1.5 3 . 3 1 . 0 6 0 . 9 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 6 3 . 5 1 . 8 6 0.7+0. 7=1.4 3 . 1 1 . 1 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 3 . 5 1 . 6 7 0.6+0. 7=1.3 3 . 1 1 . 6 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 3 . 5 1 . 6 8 0.5+0. 8=1.3 3 . 1 1 . 6 9 0 . 9 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 5 3 . 4 1 . 7 0.5+0. 8=1.3 9 3 . 4 2 . 9 1 0 0 . 9 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 5 1 . 7 0.6+0. 6=1.2 1 . 0 10 3 . 3 1 . 6 2 . 9 1 . 0 l l 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 0.6+0. 6=1.2 ll 1 2 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 3 . 3 1 . 6 0.6+0. 6=1.2 2 . 9 1 . 0 12 1 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 3 . 0 1 . 7 2 . 9 1 . 0 13 0.6+0. 6=1.2 1 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 2 14 0.5+0. 6=1.1 1 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 2 15 0.5+0. 6=1.1 1 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 2 = 2 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 2 16 0.5+0. 6=1.1 1 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 2 = 2 . 0 2 . 7 1 . 5 2 . 4 1 . 5 17 0.4+0. 6=1.0 1 8 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 9 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 .4 1 . 5 18 0.4+0. 6=1.0 1 9 0 . 9 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 8 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 .4 1 . 5 19 0.4+0. 6=1.0 2 0 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 0 20 0.5+0. 5=1.0 2 1 0 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 6 2 . 2 1 5 . 0 2 .4 1 . 0 21 0.5+0. 5=1.0 2 2 0 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 1 . 5 2 . 0 1 4 . 0 22 0.5+0. 5=1.0 2 .4 1 . 0 2 3 1 . 1 + 0 . 3 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 7 23 0.5+0. 5=1.0 2 .4 1 . 0 2 4 . 2 + 0 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 3 . 6 24 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 2 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 8 25 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 2 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 8 1 . 6 2 7 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 26 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 2 2 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 27 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 2 2 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 28 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 29 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 3 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 30 0.4+0. 5=0.9 2 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 2 2 . 1 2 . 0 3 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 0.3+0. 6=0.9 31 3 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 32 0.3+0. 6=0.9 2 . 1 2 . 0 3 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 .9 1 . 0 33 0.4+0. 4=0.8 3 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 . 9 1 . 6 34 0.3+0. 5=0.8 3 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 .9 1 . 6 35 0.3+0. 5=0.8 3 7 0 . 1 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 0 1 .7 1 . 3 36 0.3+0. 4=0.7 3 8 0 . 1 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 0 . 0 1 .7 1 . 3 37 0.3+0. 4=0.7 3 9 ) . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 1 .7 1 . 3 38 0.3+0. 4=0.7 4 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 .7 2 . 5 39 0.2+0. 5=0.7 4 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 .7 2 . 5 0.2+0. 5=0.7 4 2 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 2 1 . 2 <1

* : Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 37. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Ansellia Table 38. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidiella vo gigantea at mitotic metaphase, 2n=42 flabellata at mitotic metaphase, 2n=52

Relative Arm Length(juni ) Relative Arm Chromosome Lengthdum) length ratio length ratio

J 1 .4 + 1 . 9 - 3 . 3 4 . 0 1 . 3 1 0 . 9 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 7 3 . 0 2 . 0 s m

2 1 . 1 + 2 . 1 = 3 . 2 3 . 9 1 . 9 2 0 . 9 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 8 s m

3 1 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 0 3 . 7 2 . 0 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 2 . 2 s m 4 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 3 . 5 1 . 6 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 6 2 .8 2 . 2 s m 5 0 . 9 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 8 3 . 4 2 . 1 5 0 . 8 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 5 2 .7 2 . 1 s m 6 0 . 8 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 8 3 . 4 2 . 5 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 5 2 .7 2 . 1 s m 3 . 4 2 . 5 7 0 .8 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 8 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 5 2 .7 2 . 1 s m 3 . 3 1 . 4 8 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 7 8 0 . 8 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 5 蝣 2 .7 2 . 1 s m 9 1 . 1 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 7 3 . 3 1 : 4 9 0 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 4 2 .6 3 . 0 s tn 1 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 3 . 2 1 . 6 1 0 0 . 7 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 3 2 . 5 2 . 2 s m l l 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 3 . 2 1 . 6 l l 0 . 6 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 1 2 .3 2 . 5 s m 1 2 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 3 . 2 1 . 6 1 2 0 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 0 2 . 2 3 . 0 s m 1 3 0 . 9 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 5 1 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 2 = 2 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 5 m 1 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 8 1 4 0 . 8 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 3 m 1 5 0 . 9 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 4 1 5 0 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 0 * 2 . 2 4 . 0 s t g 1 6 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 7 1 6 0 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 9 * 2 . 1 3 . 7 s t 1 7 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 2 . 7 1 . 7 o 1 7 0 . 7 + 1 . 2 = 1 .9 2 . 1 1 . 7 m 1 8 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 . 6 1 . 6 > 1 8 0 . 7 + 1 . 2 = 1 .9 2 . 1 1 . 7 1 9 0 . 1 + 2 . 0 = 2 . 1 2 . 6 2 0 . 0 m 1 9 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 .8 2 . 0 1 . 2 m o 2 0 0 . 1 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 0 2 . 4 1 9 . 0 2 0 0 . 6 + 1 . 2 = 1 .8 2 . 0 2 . 0 s m 2 1 0 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 1 . 9 2 . 3 1 8 . 0 > 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 2 0 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 1 . 9 2 . 3 1 8 . 0 2 1 0 . 6 + 1 . 2 = 1 .8 s m 2 . 0 2 . 6 > 2 3 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 2 0 . 5 + 1 . 3 = 1 .8 s m 0 . 4 + 1 . 4 = 1 .8 2 . 0 3 . 5 2 4 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 0 1 . 6 2 3 s t 2 5 0 . 6 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 7 2 . 1 1 . 8 2 4 0 .4 + 1 . 4 = 1 . 8 2 . 0 3 . 5 s t

2 6 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 1 . 8 2 . 0 2 5 0 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 8 2 . 0 5 . 0 s t

2 7 0 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 1 . 5 1 . 8 1 4 . 0 2 6 0 . 2 + 1 . 6 = 1 . 8 2 . 0 8 .0 t 2 8 0 . 1 + 1 . 4 = 1 . 5 1 . 8 1 4 . 0 2 7 0 . 2 + 1 . 6 = 1 . 8 2 . 0 8 .0 t 2 9 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 1 . 8 2 . 0 2 8 D . 2 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 7 1 . 9 7 .5 t

1 . 7 1 . 3 3 0 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 9 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 1 . 8 1 .6 m 3 1 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 1 . 7 1 . 3 3 0 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 1 . 8 1 .6 m 3 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 1 . 7 1 . 3 3 1 0 . 4 + 1 . 2 = 1 . 6 1 . 8 3 .0 s m 1 . 7 1 . 8 3 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 3 2 0 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 1 . 6 1 . 8 4 .3 s t 3 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 1 . 7 1 . 8 3 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5 m 3 5 ) . 1 + 0 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 3 1 . 6 5 . 5 3 4 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5 m 3 6 蝣0 . 1 + 0 . 1 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 2 1 . 5 5 . 0 3 5 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 2 .0 s m 3 7 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 3 i . : 3 6 0 . 4 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 2 . 7 s m 3 8 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 2 1 . 5 3 7 0 . 3 + 1 . 2 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 4 . 0 s t 3 9 0 . 3 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 0 1 . 2 2 . 3 3 8 0 . 2 + 1 . 3 = 1 . 5 1 .6 6 . 5 s t 4 0 0 . 3 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 0 1 . 2 2 . 3 3 9 - h i . 4 = 1 . 4 1 .5 B 4 1 0 . 3 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 0 1 . 2 2 . 3 4 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 .4 1 . 6 m 4 2 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 1 2 . 0

* * Chromosome with secondary constriction Table 39. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cymbidiella pardalina at mitotic metaphase, 2n=52 Table 38. continued

1 . 4 3 . 3 R e la tiv e A rm w C h ro m o s o m e L e n g th (jum ) F o rm 41 0.3+1.0=1.3 len gth > 1 . 4 3 . 3 r atio 42 0.3+1.0=1.3 JO 1 . 4 5 . 5 H j 43 0.2+1.1=1.3 1 0 .6 + 2 .8 = 3 .4 3 .4 4 .6 st 1 . 4 o 44 -+1.3=1.3 2 0 .7 + 2 .5 = 3 .2 3 .2 3 .5 st H 1 . 4 45 -hi.3=1.3 3 0 .6 + 2 .6 = 3 .2 3 .2 4 .3 st 1 . 4 *o 46 -+1.3=1.3 4 0 .6 + 2 .5 = 3 .1 3 .1 4 .1 st fl 1 . 3 2 . 0 47 0.4+0.8=1.2 5 0 .7 + 2 .2 = 2 .9 2 .9 3 .1 st (/ > r . 2 4 . 5 HH 48 0.2+0.9=1.1 6 0 .6 + 2 .3 = 2 .9 2 .9 3 .8 st z 1 . 2 49 -+1.1=1.1 7 0 .5 + 2 .2 = 2 .7 2 .7 4 .4 st 1 . 2 o 50 -H.1=1.1 8 0 .5 + 2 .1 = 2 .6 2 .6 4 .2 st k ; 1 . 2 51 -+1.1=1.1 9 0 .4 + 2 .1 = 2 .5 2 .5 5 .2 st s 1 . 1 52 -+1.0=1.0 -. . 1 0 0 .4 + 2 .0 = 2 .4 2 .4 5 .0 st w l l 0 .7 + 1 .7 = 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 SiS a * •EChromosome with secondary constriction 1 2 0 .7 + 1 .7 = 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 sm c 1 3 0 .7 + 1 .6 = 2 .3 2 .3 2 .2 sm ｣

1 4 0 .7 + 1 .6 = 2 .3 2 .3 2 .2 sm > 1 5 0 .6 + 1 .7 = 2 .3 2 .3 2 .8 sm z 1 6 0 .6 + 1 .6 = 2 .2 2 .2 2 .6 sm o 1 7 0 .6 + 1 .5 = 2 .1 2 .1 2 .5 . I- I sm H 1 8 0 .4 + 1 .7 = 2 .1 2 . 1 4 .2 st c/3 1 9 0 .2 + 1 .8 = 2 .0 2 .0 9 .0 t > 2 0 0 .2 + 1 .8 = 2 .0 2 .0 9 .0 t r r 2 1 0 .7 + 1 .3 = 2 .0 2 .0 1 .8 sm K H w 2 2 0 .5 + 1 .5 = 2 .0 2 .0 3 .0 sm O 2 3 ).3 + 1 .6 = 1 .9 * 1 .9 5 .3 st o 2 4 0 .3 + 1 .6 = 1 .9 * 1 .9 5 .3 st w 2 5 0 .4 + 1 .3 = 1 .7 1 .7 3 .2 st 2 2 6 0 .3 + 1 .4 = 1 .7 1 .7 4 .6 st f d * J 2 7 0 .7 + 1 .0 = 1 .7 1 .7 1 .4 m > 2 8 0 .6 + 1 .0 = 1 .6 1 .6 1 .6 m o 2 9 0 .4 + 1 .2 = 1 .6 1 .6 3 .0 sm JO 3 0 0 .4 + 1 .2 = 1 .6 1 .6 3 .0 sm o 3 1 0 .3 + 1 .3 = 1 .6 1 .6 4 .3 st fi I- I 3 2 0 .2 + 1 .4 = 1 .6 1 .6 7 .0 st o 3 3 0 .5 + 1 . 1 = 1 .6 1 .6 2 .2 sm > 3 4 0 .5 + 1 .0 = 1 .5 1 .5 2 .0 sm o w 3 5 0 .6 + 0 .9 = 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 m > 3 6 0 .6 + 0 .9 = 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 in M 3 7 0 .5 + 1 .0 = 1 .5 1 .5 2 .0 sm

3 8 0 .4 + 1 .0 = 1 .4 1 .4 2 .5 sm 3 9 0 .4 + 1 .0 = 1 .4 1 .4 2 .5 sm VD 4 0 0 .3 + 1 . 1 = 1 .4 1 .4 3 .6 st vo Table 40. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Dipodium paludosum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=46 o Table 39. continued

1 . 4 1 . 3 41 0.6+0.8=1.4 Chromosome Length(,um) Relative Arm 42 0.6+0.8=1.4 1 . 4 1 . 3 length ratio 1 . 4 3 . 6 0.3+1.1=1.4 3 . 3 1 . 1 43 0.9+1 .0=1.9 1 . 4 3 . 6 0.3+1.1=1.4 2 . 8 1 . 2 44 0.7+0 .9=1.6 1 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 2 45 -+1.3=1.3 0.7+0 .9=1.6 1 . 3 2 . 6 1 . 1 46 -+1.3=1.3 0.7+0 .8=1.5 1 . 2 5 . 0 2 . 6 1 . 1 47 0.2+1.0=1.2 0.7+0. =1.5 1 . 2 5 . 0 48 0.2+1.0=1.2 0.7+0 .8=1.5 2 . 6 1 . 1 1 . 2 2 . 6 1 . 5 49 -+1.2=1.2 0.6+0 9=1.5 1 . 2 50 -+1.2=1.2 0.6+0 8=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 3 1 . 2 51 -hi.2=1.2 0.3+1 2=1.5 2 . 6 4 . 0 1 . 1 9 2 . 4 3 . 6 52 -+1.1=1.1 10 0.3+1 1=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 3 ll 0.6+0 8=1.4 * å Chromosome with secondary constriction 12 0.6+0 8=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 3 13 0.6+0 8=1.4 14 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 8 15 0.5+' .9=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 8 2 .4 1 . 8 16 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 6 o 17 0.5+0 8=1.3 2 . 2 1 . 1 > 18 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 2 1 . 1 19 0.6+0 7=1.3 o 2 . 2 1 . 1 20 0.6+0 7=1.3 > 2 . 2 1 . 1 21 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 2 1 . 1 > 22 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 1 1 . 0 23 0.6+0 6=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 0 24 0.6+0, 6=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 0 25 0.6+0 6=1.2 26 0.6+0 6=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 0 2 . 1 1 . 4 27 0.5+0 7=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 4 28 0.5+0 7=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 4 29 0.5+0 7=1.2 2 . 1 30 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 2 31 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 32 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 33 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 34 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 35 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 2 36 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 9 1 . 2 37 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 38 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 0 39 0.5+0 5=1.0 1 . 7 1 . 7 1 . 0 40 0.5+0 5=1.0 Table 41. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Grammangis ellisii at mitotic metaphase, 2n=54 T a b l e 4 0 . c o n t i n u e d

4 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 0 Relative Arm Chromosome Length(^m) 4 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 0 length ratio 4 3 ) . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 5 1.4+1 5=2.9 3 . 4 1 . 0 4 4 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 5 1 1.0+1. =2.9 3 . 4 1 . 9 4 5 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 0 2 1.2+1. 5=2.7 3 . 2 1 . 2 4 6 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 0 3 4 1.2+1. 4=2.6 3 . 1 1 . 1 5 1.0+1. 0=2.0 2 . 4 1 . 0 6 0.9+1, 1=2.0 2 . 4 1 . 2 7 0.8+1 2=2.0 2 . 4 1 . 5 S 0.8+1. 1=1.9 2 . 2 . 1 . 3 9 0.7+1 2=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 7 10 0.7+1 2=1.9 2 . 2 1 . 7 ll 0.6+1 3=1.9 2 . 2 2 . 1 12 0.5+1 4=1.9 2 . 2 2 . 8 13 0.7+1. 1=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 5 14 0.7+1. 1=1.8 2 . 1 1 . 5 15 0.6+1. 2=1.8 2 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 0 16 0.6+1. 2=1.8 17 0.7+1. 0=1.7 2 . 0 1 . 4 18 0.7+1. 0=1.7 2 . 0 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 8 19 0.6+1 1-1.7 20 0.7+0 9=1.6 1 . 9 1 . 2 > 21 0.7+0, 8=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 1 22 0.7+0 8=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 1 23 0.7+0 8=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 1 a 24 0.6+0 9=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 5 25 0.6+0. 9=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 5 26 0.6+0. 9=1.5 1 . 8 1 . 5 27 0.5+1. 0=1.5 1 . 8 2 . 0 28 0.4+1. 1=1.5 1 . 8 2 . 7 29 0.7+0. 7=1.4 1 . 6 1 . 0 0.7+0. 7=1.4 1 . 6 1 . 0 Io 30 31 0.6+0. 8=1.4 1 . 6 1 . 3 O 32 0.6+0. 8=1.4 1 . 6 1 . 3 1 . 6 1 . 3 33 0.6+0. 8=1.4 O 1 . 6 1 . 3 > 34 0.6+0. 8=1.4 O 35 0.6+0. 8=1.4 1 . 6 1 . 3 W 36 0.3+1. 0=1.3 1 . 5 3 . 3 > 1 . 5 3 . 3 37 0.3+1. 0=1.3 38 0.6+0. 7=1.3 1 . 5 1 . 1 39 0.5+0. 8=1.3 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5 1 . 6 40 0.5+0. 8=1.3 Table 42. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Grammatophyllwn I-l scriptum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 tO

Table 41. continued 41 0. 5 + 0. 8= 1. 3 1. 5 1. 6 m Chromosome Lengt'h(um) Relative Arm 42 0.5+0.8=1.3 1.5 1.6 m 'ength ratio

43 -+1.3=1.3 1.5 - - ! 1.5+1.6=3.1 3 .4 1 . 0 44 -+1.3=1.3 1.5 - - 2 1.5+1.6=3.1 3 .4 1 . 0 45 0.5+0.7=1.2 1.4 1.4 m 3 1.3+1.6=2.9 3 . 2 1 . 2 46 0.5+0.7=1.2 1.4 1.4 m 4 1.3+1.5=2 8 3 . 1 1 . 1 47 0.4+0.7=1.1 1.3 1.7 m 5 1.3+1.5=2.8 3 . 1 1 . 1 48 0.4+0.7=1.1 1.3 1.7 m 6 1.1+1.5=2.6 2 . 9 1 .3 49 0.4+0.7=1.1 1.3 1.7 m 7 0.9+1.8=2.7 3 .0 2 . 0 50 0.4+0.7=1.1 1.3 1.7 m 8 0 9+1 8=2 7 3 .0 2 . 0

51 -+1.1=1.1 1.3 - - g l!l+l!s=2!e 2 . 9 1 . 3

52 -+1.0=1.0 1.2 - - 10 1.0+1.6=2.6 2 . 9 1 . 6 53 -+1.0=1.0 1.2 - n 1.1+1.4=2.5 2 . 8 1 . 2 54 0.4+0.6=1.0 1.2 1.5 m j2 1.0+1.5=2.5 2 . 8 1 . 5 13 0.9+1.6=2.5 2 . 8 1 .7 i/i i n-i-i ^-i a 2 . 7 1 .4 i -.n+i 4=? i 2 . 7 1 .4 W 2 . 7 0.9+1.5=2.4 1 . 6 i n-t-i 3=? å * 2 . 6 1 . 3 18 1.1+1.1=2.2 2.42 . 4 11.0.0 m 2

2 . 6 19 0.4+1.9=2.3 2.6 4.74 .7 st •E> 20 0.4+1.8=2.2 2.42 . 4 4.54 . 5 st g 0.4+1.8=2.2 2 . 4 4 . 5 ' 22 0.3+1.9=2.2 2 . 4 6 .3 23 0.9+1.3=2.2 2 . 4 1 .4 24 1.0+1.1=2.1 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 3 25 0.5+1.6=2.1 3 . 2 26 0.5+1.6=2.1 2 . 3 3 .2 27 0.5+1.5=2.0 2 . 2 3 .0 28 0.5+1.5=2.0 2 . 2 3 .0 29 1.0+1.1=2.1 2 . 3 1 . 1 30 0.9+1.0=1.9 2 . 1 1 . 1 31 0.3+1.6=1.9 2 . 1 5 .3 32 0.3+1.6=1.9 2 . 1 5 . 3 33 0.8+1.1=1.9 2 . 1 1 . 3 34 0.8+1.0=1.8 2 . 0 1 . 2 35 0.5+1.3=1.8 2 . 0 2 .6 36 0.5+1.3=1.8 2 . 0 2 .6 37 0.8+0.9=1.7 1 . 9 1 . 1 38 0.6+1.0=1.6 1 . 8 1 .6 39 0.5+1.0=1.5 1 . 7 2 . 0 40 0.5+1.0=1.5 1 . 7 2 . 0 Table 43. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Grammatophyllum Table 44. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Grammatophyllum speciosum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 stapeliiflorum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40

Relative Arm Length(/mi) Relative Arm Length(jum) length ratio length ratio

1 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 2 0.8+1 0=1.8 3 . 8 1 . 2 2 ) . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 2 0.8+0 9=1.7 3 . 5 1 . 1 3 0 .8 + 0 . 9 = 1 .7 2 . 9 1 . 1 0.7+1 .0=1.7 3 . 5 1 . 4 4 ) .7 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 7 2 . 9 1 . 4 0.6+1 .0=1.6 3 . 3 1 . 6 5 0 .7 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 7 2 . 9 1 . 4 0.7+0 .8=1.5 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 .8 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 0 0.7+0 =1.5 3 . 1 1 . 1 D 7 5 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 6 0.6+0 =1.4 2 . 9 1 . 3 8 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 6 0.6+0 =1.4 2 . 9 1 . 3 9 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 6 0.5+0 .9=1.4 2 . 9 1 . 8 1 0 1 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 6 10 0.5+0 .9=1.4 2 . 9 1 . 8 l l 5 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 7 1 . 6 ll 0.6+0 1.4 2 . 9 1 . 3 1 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 . 7 1 . 1 1 2 12 0.6+0 .7=1.3 1 3 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 0 13 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 7 1 . 1 1 4 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 0 14 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 7 1 . 1 1 5 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 15 0.5+0 .8=1.3 2 . 7 1 . 6 1 6 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 16 0.5+0. .8=1.3 2 . 7 1 , 6 ) . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 4 1 7 17 0.5+0, .7=1.2 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 4 1 8 0.5+0 7=1.2 18 ) . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 4 1 3 19 0.5+0 7=1.2 0 . 7 + 0 .8 = 1 .5 2 . 6 1 . 1 2 . 5 1 . 4 2 0 20 0.5+0 .7=1.2 2 1 ) . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 5 21 0.5+0 .7=1.2 2 . 5 1 . 4 2 2 J . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 5 22 0.5+0 .7=1.2 2 . 5 1 . 4 2 3 ) . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 .4 2 . 4 1 . 8 23 0.6+0 1.2 2 . 5 1 . 0 ) . 7 + 0 . 7 = 1 .4 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 . 5 1 . 0 2 4 24 0.«+0. .6=1.2 2 5 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 .4 2 . 4 1 . 3 25 0.5+0 .6=1.1 2 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 4 1 .3 2 . 3 1 . 2 2 6 0.5+0 .6=1.1 26 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 2 2 7 Z7 0.5+0 .6=1.1 2 8 ) . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 2 . 4 1 .8 28 0.5+0 .6=1.1 2 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 2 . 4 1 . 8 2 . 3 1 . 2 2 9 29 0.5+0 .6=1.1 ) . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 2 3 0 0.5+0 .6=1.1 30 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 0 3 1 0.5+0 5=1.0 31 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 5 3 2 32 0.4+0 .6=1.0 3 3 ) . 5 + C . 8 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 6 0.4+0 .6=1.0 2 . 1 1 . 5 33 ) . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 2 .2 1 . 6 1 . 9 1 . 2 3 4 0.4+0 .5=0.9 34 ) . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 6 1 . 9 1 . 2 3 5 35 0.4+0. .5=0.9 3 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 2 . 2 1 . 6 0.4+0. .4=0.8 1 . 7 1 . 0 36 2 . 1 1 . 0 1 . 0 3 ? 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 37 0.4+0 .4=0.8 1 . 7 3 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 4 38 HO .8=0.8 1 . 7 3 9 ) . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 4 39 .7=0.7 1 . 5 4 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 -+0 1 . 3 o 40 -+0 .6=0.6 Table 45. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cyrtopodium andersonii at mitotic metaphase, 2n=46

Table 45. continued

1 . 6 Chromosome Length(^m) Relative Arm 41 0.4+0.5=0.9 1 . 2 length ratio 1 . 6 1 . 2 42 0.4+0.5=0.9 1 . 6 3 . 2 2 . 0 43 2 . 0 0.6+1 .2=1.8 0.3+0.6=0.9 1 . 6 2 . 0 3 . 2 2 . 0 0.6+1 .2=1.8 44 0.3+0.6=0.9 1 . 4 1 . 6 3 . 0 1 . 8 0.6+1 .1=1.7 45 0.3+0.5=0.8 1 . 4 3 . 0 1 . 1 1 . 6 0.8+0 .9=1.7 46 0.3+0.5=0.8 2 . 9 1 . 2 0.7+0 .9=1.6 2 . 9 1 . 6 0.6+1 .0=1.6 2 . 9 1 . 2 0.7+0 .9=1.6 2 . 7 1 . 1 0.7+0 .8=1.5 2 . 5 1 . 3 0.6+0 .8=1.4 2 . 5 1 . 8 10 0.5+0 .9=1.4 2 . 3 1 . 6 ll 0.5+0 8=1.3 2 . 3 12 0.6+0 ,7=1.3 1 . 1 13 0.6+0 .7=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 3 14 0.6+0 .7=1.3 1 . 1 15 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 1 16 0.6+0 .7=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 1 o 17 0.6+0 .7=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 1 > 18 0.6+0 .7=1.3 2 . 3 2 . 2 19 0.4+0 .9=1.3 2 . 3 2 . 2 20 0.4+0 9=1.3 2 . 1 2 . 0 I 21 0.4+0 .8=1.2 22 0.4+0 .8=1.2 2 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 1 1 . 0 23 0.6+0 .6=1.2 2 . 0 1 . 2 24 0.5+0 6=1.1 2 . 0 25 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 2 2 . 0 1 . 7 26 0.4+0 .7=1.1 2 . 0 27 0.4+0 .7=1.1 1 . 7 28 0.4+0 7=1.1 2 . 0 1 . 7 2 . 0 29 1=1.1 2 . 0 30 -hi .1=1.1 -+1 2 . 0 31 .1=1.1 -+1 2 . 0 32 1=1.1 -+1 2 . 0 33 hi 1=1.1 34 0.5+0 .5=1.0 1 . 8 1 . 0 35 0.4+0 .6=1.0 1 . 8 1 . 5 36 0.3+0 .7=1.0 1 . 8 2 . 3 37 0.2+0 8=1.0 1 . 8 4 . 0 38 .0=1.0 1 . 8 39 .0=1.0 1 . 8

-H- -+1 1 . 8 40 +1 .0=1.0 Table 46. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cyrtopodium punctatum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=46

T a b le 4 6 . c o n t in u e d

Relative 4 1 0 . 3 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 3 1 . 7 3 . 3 Chromosome Length(jum) Arm length ratio 4 2 0 . 3 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 3 1 . 7 3 . 3

2 .9 1 . 2 4 3 0 . 3 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 3 1 . 7 3 . 3 1.0+1 .2=2.2 4 4 0 . 3 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 3 1 . 7 3 . 3 0.9+1 .2=2.1 2 .8 1 . 3 2 .8 1 . 6 4 5 - h i . 3 = 1 . 3 1 . 7 0.8+1 .3=2.1 2 .7 4 6 - h i . 2 = 1 . 2 1 . 6 0.9+1 .1=2.0 1 . 2 2 .7 1 . 2 0.9+1 .1=2.0 2 . 5 1 . 1 0.9+1 1.9 2 .5 0.8+1 .1=1.9 1 . 3 2 .5 1 . 3 0.8+1 .1=1.9 2 . 5 0.9+1 .0=1.9 1 . 1 10 0.7+1 .1=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 5 2 . 4 ll 0.7+1 .1=1.8 1 . 5 12 0.9+0 .9=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 0 13 0.9+0 .9=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 0 2 . 4 14 0.9+0 .9=1.8 1 . 0 15 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 16 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 17 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 18 0.8+1 0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . : 19 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 20 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 2 21 0.8+1 .0=1.8 2 . 4 1 .2 22 0.8+0 9=1.7 2 . 3 1 . 1 23 0.8+0 9=1.7 2 . 3 1 . 1 24 0.8+0 9=1.7 2 . 3 1 . 1 25 0.7+1 0=1.7 2 . 3 1 .4 26 0.7+0 9=1.6 2 . 1 1 .2 27 0.6+1 0=1.6 2 . 1 1 .6 28 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 0 1 .5 29 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 0 2 .0 30 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 0 2 . 0 31 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 32 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 33 0.5+0 9=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 8 1 . 9 1 . 8 34 0.5+0 9=1.4 35 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 . 7 1 . 6 36 0.5+0 8=1.3 1 . 9 1 . 8 37 0.5+0 9=1.4 1 . 7 2 . 2 38 0.4+0 9=1.3 39 0.5+0 8=1.3 1 . 7 1 . 6 1 . 7 40 0.5+0 8=1.3 1 . 6 o Table 47. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophia guineensis at mitotic metaphase, 2n-54 o Table 47. continued

1 . 6 Chromosome Length(^m) Relative Arm Form 41 -+1.0=1.0 length ratio 1 . 6 42 -hi.0=1.0 1 . 6 1 0.7+1 0=1.7 2 . 7 1 . 4 43 -H.0=1.0 1 . 6 2 0.8+0 9=1.7 2 . 7 1 . 1 44 -HI.0=1.0 1 . 6 3 0.6+1 .1=1.7 2 . 7 1 . 8 45 -+1.0=1.0 1 . 6 4 0.5+1 .1=1.6 2 . 5 2 . 2 46 -+1.0=1.0 1 . 4 2 . 0 5 0.6+1 .0=1.6 2 . 5 1 . 6 47 0.3+0.6=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 6 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 3 1 . 5 48 0.3+0.6=0.9 1 . 4 7 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 3 2 . 0 49 -1-0.9=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 3 2 . 0 8 0.5+1 0=1.5 50 -HO.9=0.9 i : i 1 . 4 9 0.7+0 8=1.5 2 . 3 51 -+0.9=0.9 1 . 4 10 0.6+0 8=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 3 52 -+0.9=0.9 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 8 0.5+0 9=1.4 53 ll -1-0.8=0.8 1 . 2 12 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 8 54 -HO.8=0.8 2 . 2 1 . 8 13 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 2 2 . 5 14 0.4+1 0=1.4 2 . 2 2 . 5 15 0.4+1 0=1.4 16 0.4+1 0=1.4 2 . 2 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 2 o 17 0.4+0 9=1.3 > 18 0.4+0 9=1.3 2 . 0 2 . 2 2 . 0 1 . 6 o 19 0.5+0 8=1.3 1 . 9 1 . 0 20 0.6+0 6=1.2 > 21 0.6+0 6=1.2 1 . 9 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 4 22 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 9 1 . 4 23 0.5+0 7=1.2 24 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 9 1 .4 1 . 9 2 . 0 25 0.4+0 8=1.2 1 . 9 3 . 0 26 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 9 1 . 4 27 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 7 1 . 2 28 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 29 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 7 30 0.4+0 7=1.1 1 . 7 2 . 6 31 0.3+0 8=1.1 1 . 7 32 1=1.1 -+1 1 . 7 33 1=1.1 -+1 1 . 6 1 . 0 34 0.5+0 5=1.0 1 . 6 1 . 5 35 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 6 36 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 5 1 . 6 37 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 5 1 . 6 2 . 3 38 0.3+0 7=1.0 1 . 6 39 .0=1.0

- 1 . 6 -hi .0=1.0 40 hi Table 48. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophia paniculata at mitotic metaphase, 2n=60

Table 48. continued

Relative Arm 1 . 4 2 . 0 Length(^m) Form 41 0.3+0. 6=0.9 length ratio 1 . 4 2 . 0 42 0.3+0 6=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 0.7+1 .0=1.7 2 . 7 1 . 4 43 0.3+0 6=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 0.6+1 .0=1.6 2 . 5 1 . 6 44 0.3+0 6=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 0.6+0 .9=1.5 2 . 3 1 . 5 45 0.3+0. 6=0.9 1 . 4 3 . 5 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 3 1 . 5 46 0.2+0 7=0.9 1 . 3 1 . 0 0.6+0 8=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 3 47 0.4+0 4=0.8 1 . 3 1 . 6 0.6+0 8=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 3 48 0.3+0 5=0.8 1 . 3 1 . 6 0.5+0, .9=1.4 2 . 2 1 . 8 49 0.3+0 5=0.8 1 . 3 1 . 6 0.3+1 .1=1.4 2 . 2 3 . 6 50 0.3+0 5=0.8 1 . 3 1 . 6 0.3+1 .1=1.4 2 . 2 3 . 6 51 0.3+0 5=0.8 2 . 2 3 . 6 1 . 3 1 . 6 10 0.3+1 .1=1.4 52 0.3+0 5=0.8 1 . 1 1 . 3 ll 0.3+1 .1=1.4 2 . 2 3 . 6 53 0.3+0 4=0.7 1 . 1 1 . 3 12 0.5+0 1.3 2 . 0 1 . 6 54 0.3+0 4=0.7 2 . 0 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 3 13 0.6+0 .7=1.3 55 0.3+0 4=0.7 1 . 1 1 . 3 14 0.5+0. -1.3 2 . 0 1 . 6 56 0.3+0 4=0.7 2 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 . 3 15 0.5+0 =1.3 57 0.3+0 4=0.7 2 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 .3 16 0.5+0 =1.3 58 0.3+0 .4=0.7 2 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 .3 17 0.5+0 =1.3 59 0.3+0. .4=0.7 2 . 0 1 . 6 1 . 1 1 .3 18 0.5+0, =1.3 60 0.3+0 .4=0.7 1 . 9 1 . 4 19 0.5+0 .7=1.2 20 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 9 1 . 4 21 0.4+0 8=1.2 1 . 9 2 . 0 22 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 9 3 . 0 23 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 9 3 . 0 24 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 25 0.4+0 .7=1.1 26 0.3+0 .8=1.1 1 . 7 2 . 6 27 0.3+0 .8=1.1 1 . 7 2 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 5 28 0.4+0. 6=1.0 29 0.4+0. 6=1.0 1 . 6 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5 30 0.4+0. 6=1.0 1 . 6 1 . 5 31 0.4+0. 6=1.0 1 . 6 2 . 3 32 0.3+0 .7=1.0 1 . 6 2 . 3 33 0.3+0 7=1.0 1 . 6 2 . 3 34 0.3+0 7=1.0 1 . 4 1 . 2 35 0.4+0 .5=0.9 1 . 4 1 . 2 36 0.4+0 .5=0.9 1 . 4 1 . 2 37 0.4+0 5=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 38 0.3+0 6=0.9 1 . 4 2 . 0 39 0.3+0 6=0.9 0.3+0 6-0.9 1 .4 2 . 0 40 ^1o Table 49. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophia petersii at mitotic metaphase, 2n=48 g Table 49. continued

Ann 1 . 5 1 . 2 Chromosome Length(fim) Relative 41 0.8+1.0=1.8 length ratio 42 0.6+0.9=1.5 1 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 3 2 . 2 4 . 2 1 . 8 43 0.5+1.1=1.6 1.8+3 3=5.1 1 . 2 2 . 0 1.5+2 8=4.3 3 . 5 1 . 8 44 0.5+1.0=1.5 1 . 1 1 . 8 1.8+2 6=4.4 3 . 6 1 . 4 45 0.5+0.9=1.4 1 . 1 2 . 5 3 . 4 3 . 0 46 0.4+1.0=1.4 2.0+2 1=4.1 1 . 1 3 .3 1.5+2 5=4.0 3 . 3 1 . 6 47 0.3+1.0=1.3 1 . 0 3 .0 3 . 0 1 . 7 0.3+0.9=1.2 1.3+2 3=3.6 2 . 8 2 . 0 1.1+2 3=3.4 2 . 7 2 . 6 0.9+2 4=3.3 2 . 6 3 . 0 0.8+2 4=3.2 2 . 5 1 . 3 10 1.3+1. -3.1 ll 1.0+2. 0=3.0 2 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 3 12 0.6+2. 1=3.0 2 . 5 3 . 2 13 0.7+2 3=3.0 2 . 3 1 . 1 14 1.3+1 5=2.8 § 2 . 3 2 . 1 15 0.9+1 9=2.8 2 . 3 2 . 5 16 0.8+2 0=2.8 2 . 3 2 . 5 o 17 0.8+2 0=2.8 > 18 0.7+2 1=2.8 2 . 3 3 . 0 2 . 2 2 . 3 19 0.8+1 .9=2.7 20 0.8+1 .9=2.7 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 0 1 . 4 21 1.0+1 .4=2.4 2 . 0 2 . 0 > 22 0.8+1 .6=2.4 2 . 0 2 . 0 23 0.8+1 .6=2.4 2 . 0 2 . 0 24 0.8+1 .6=2.4 2 . 0 2 . 0 25 0.8+1 .6=2.4 2 . 0 2 . 0 26 0.8+1 .6=2.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 2? 1.0+1 .3=2.3 1 . 9 1 . 5 28 0.9+1 .4=2.3 1 . 9 2 . 2 29 0.7+1 .6=2.3 1 . 8 2 . 6 30 0.6+1 .6=2.2 1 . 8 1 . 0 31 1.1+1 .1=2.2 1 . 8 1 . 4 32 0.9+1 .3=2.2 1 . 7 1 . 1 33 1.0+1 .1=2.1 1 . 6 1 . 2 34 0.9+1 .1=2.0 1 . 7 2 . 0 35 0.7+1 .4=2.1 1 . 6 36 0.6+1 .3=1.9 2 . 1 1 . 6 37 0.8+1 .1=1.9 1 . 3 1 . 6 1 . 7 38 0.7+1 2=1.9 1 . 5 39 0.8+1 0=1.8 1 . 2 40 0 .8+1 0=1.8 1 . 5 1 . 2 Table 50. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophia Table 51. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophiella sireptopeiala at mitotic metaphase, 2n =42 Rolfei at mitotic metaphase, 2n=52

Relative Arm Length (^m) Relative Arm Length(jum) length ratio length ratio

1 0 .4 + 1 . 9 = 2 . 3 3 . 6 4 . 7 s t 1 0 . 9 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 4 3 .4 1 . 6 0 . 6 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 4 3 .4 3 . 0 2 0 .4 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 2 3 . 4 4 . 5 s t 2 0 . 9 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 3 3 .2 1 . 5 0 .4 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 0 3 . 1 4 . 0 3 3 s t 0 . 8 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 2 3 . 1 1 . 7 4 0 .4 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 0 3 . 1 4 . 0 s t 4 0 . 6 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 2 . 5 W 5 5 0 . 3 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 0 3 . 1 5 . 6 s t C/5 0 . 7 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 2 . 0 6 6 0 . 3 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 0 3 . 1 5 . 6 s t 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 1 7 7 0 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 9 3 . 0 3 . 7 s t 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 1 8 8 0 . 4 + 1 . 5 = 1 . 9 3 . 0 3 . 7 s t 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 1 9 9 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 2 . 5 2 . 2 s m 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 1 10 1 0 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 2 . 5 2 . 2 s m 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 6 ll l l 0 . 4 + 1 . 2 = 1 . 6 2 . 5 3 . 0 s m 0 . 8 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 1 . 6 12 1 2 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 2 . 5 2 . 2 s m 0 . 7 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 1 2 . 9 2 . 0 13 1 3 0 . 4 + 1 . 2 = 1 . 6 2 . 5 3 . 0 s m 0 . 7 + 1 . 3 = 2 .0 2 . 8 1 . 8 c 14 1 4 0 . 4 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 5 2 . 3 2 . 7 s m 0 . 6 + 1 .4 = 2 .0 2 . 8 2 . 3 15 1 5 0 . 4 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 5 2 . 3 2 . 7 s m 0 . 6 + 1 .4 = 2 .0 2 . 8 2 . 3 > 16 1 6 0 . 4 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 4 2 . 2 2 . 5 s m 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 .8 2 . 5 1 . 2 D 17 0 . 4 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 4 2 . 2 2 . 5 0 . 7 + 1 . 1 = 1 .8 2 . 5 1 . 5 1 7 s ra 18 1 8 0 . 4 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 4 2 . 2 2 . 5 s m 19 0 . 4 + 1 .4 = 1 .8 2 . 5 3 . 5 0 . 6 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 8 1 9 0 . 2 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 3 2 . 0 5 . 5 s t 20 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 0 0 . 2 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 3 2 . 0 5 . 5 s t 21 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 .2 1 . 9 2 . 0 s m 22 r 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 2 0 . 3 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 2 . 6 s m 23 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 . 4 1 . 1 2 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 2 m 24 I 0 . 8 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 6 2 . 2 1 .0 2 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 2 m 25 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 .5 2 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 1 . 7 m o 26 E 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 2 .0 2 6 H . 1 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 27 B 28 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 .3 2 7 - H . 1 = 1 . 1 1 . 7 72 2 . 0 1 .3 B 29 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 8 - H . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 > 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 .3 30 2 9 0 . 1 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 9 .0 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 .3 31 3 0 0 . 1 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 9 .0 o 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 .3 32 3 1 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 B 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 8 1 . 1 B n 33 3 2 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 8 1 . 1 34 3 3 h i . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 6 E 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 8 1 . 6 35 3 4 - K ) . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 B > 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 .4 36 3 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 2 ir 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 .4 37 3 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 .4 1 . 2 ir 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 .4 > 38 3 7 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 .4 2 . 0 s ir 0 . 3 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 2 . 6 w 39 3 8 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 .4 2 . 0 0 . 3 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 2 . 6 s ir 40 3 9 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 .4 2 . 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 5 S IT 41 4 0 - H O . 9 = 0 . 9 1 .4 a 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 5 o 42 Table 52. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eulophiella roempleriana at mitotic metaphase, 2n=52 Table 51. continued

R e lative A rm 41 1 . 4 C h ro m o so m e L e n g th (/im ) F o rm -+0.9=0.9 le n g th ra tio 42 -1-0.9=0.9 1 . 4 1 . 3 1 . 0 43 0.4+0.4=0.8 蝣1 0 .4 + 1 .2 = 1 .6 2 .8 3 .0 sm 1 . 3 1 . 0 44 0.4+0.4=0.8 z 0 .4 + 1 .2 = 1 .6 2 .8 3 .0 sm 1 . 3 1 . 0 45 0.4+0.4=0.8 3 0 .4 + 1 . 1 = 1 .5 2 .6 2 .7 sm 1 . 3 1 . 0 46 0.4+0.4=0.8 4 0 .4 + 1 . 1 = 1 .5 2 .6 2 .7 sm 1 . 3 47 -1-0.8=0.8 5 0 .6 + 0 .8 = 1 .4 2 .4 1 .3 m 1 . 3 48 -+0.8=0.8 6 0 .5 + 0 .9 = 1 .5 2 .4 1 .8 sm 1 . 3 49 -1-0.8=0.8 7 0 .4 + 1 .0 = 1 .4 2 .4 2 .5 sm 1 . 3 50 -1-0.8=0.8 8 0 .3 + 1 . 1 = 1 .4 2 .4 3 .6 st 1 . 3 51 -H0.8=0.8 9 0 .6 + 0 .7 = 1 .3 2 .2 1 .1 m 1 . 3 52 -+0.8=0.8 10 0 .6 + 0 .7 = 1 .3 2 .2 1 .1 m l l 0 .3 + 1 .0 = 1 .3 2 .2 3 .3 st * : Chromosome with secondary constriction 12 0 .3 + 1 .0 = 1 .3 2 .2 3 .3 st 13 0 .3 + 1 .0 = 1 .3 2 .2 3 .3 st 14 0 .3 + 1 .0 = 1 .3 2 .2 3 .3 st

1 5 0 .2 + 1 . 1 = 1 .3 2 .2 5 .5 st 16 0 .2 + 1 . 1 = 1 .3 2 .2 5 .5 st o 17 - + 1 . 3 = 1 .3 2 .2 > 18 0 .4 + 0 .8 = 1 .2 2 .1 2 .0 sm 19 0 .3 + 0 . 9 = 1 .2 2 .1 3 .0 sm 20 0 .2 + 1 .0 = 1 .2 2 .1 5 .0 st

2 1 0 .2 + 1 . 0 = 1 .2 : .i 5 .0 st 2 2 0 .2 + 1 . 0 = 1 .2 2 .1 5 .0 st 2 3 0 . 1 + 1 . 1 = 1 .2 2 .1 l l .0 t 24 - h i .2 = 1 .2 2 .1

2 5 0 . 5 + 0 .6 = 1 .1 1 .9 1 .2 m 2 6 0 . 5 + 0 .6 = 1 .1 1 .9 1 .2 m 2 7 0 . 5 + 0 .6 = 1 .1 1 .9 1 .2 m 2 8 0 .4 + 0 .7 = 1 .1 1 .9 1 .7 m 2 9 0 .3 + 0 .8 = 1 .1 1 .9 2 .6 sm 3 0 0 .3 + 0 .8 = 1 .1 1 .9 2 .6 sm 3 1 0 . 3 + 0 .8 = 1 .1 1 .9 2 .6 sm 3 2 0 .2 + 0 .9 = 1 .1 1 .9 4 .5 st 3 3 - + 1 .1 = 1 .1 1 .9

3 4 0 .5 + 0 .5 = 1 .0 1 .7 1 .0 m 3 5 0 .4 + 0 .6 = 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 m 3 6 0 .4 + 0 .6 = 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 m 3 7 0 .4 + 0 .6 = 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 m 3 8 0 .4 + 0 .6 = 1 .0 1 .7 1 .5 m 3 9 0 .3 + 0 .7 = 1 .0 1 .7 2 .3 sm 4 0 - 1-1 .0 = 1 .0 1 .7 Table 53. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Galeandra baueri at mitotic metaphase, 2n=56

Table 52. continued

・1 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 1 . 2 Chromosome Length(^m) Relative Ann 4 2 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 0 length ratio

4 3 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 2 . 0 1 0 . 9 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 8 2 . 5 1 . 0 4 4 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 6 2 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 4 5 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 4 1 . 6 3 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 o 4 6 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 4 4 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 4 7 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 4 5 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 M 4 8 - 1- 0 . 7 = 0 . 7 1 . 2 C/5 6 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 4 9 - H O . 6 = 0 . 6 1 . 0 7 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 2 .4 1 . 1 5 0 - H O . 6 = 0 . 6 1 . 0 8 0 . 8 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 6 2 .2 1 . 0 5 1 - + 0 . 6 = 0 . 6 1 . 0 9 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 2 . 2 2 . 2 5 2 - + 0 . 6 = 0 . 6 1 . 0 1 0 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 2 . 2 2 . 2

l l 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 1 1 2 1 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 5 2 1 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 5 1 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 8 i 1 5 0 . 7 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 0 > 1 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 3

1 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 1 . 9 1 . 3

1 8 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 .4 1 . 9 1 . 3

1 9 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 .4 1 . 9 1 . 3

2 0 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 .4 1 . 9 1 . 3

2 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 .4 1 . 9 1 . 8

2 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 9 = 1 .4 1 . 9 1 . 8

2 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 .3 1 . 8 1 . 1

2 4 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 .3 1 . 8 1 . 1

2 5 ) . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 .3 1 . 8 1 . 1

2 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 .3 1 . 8 1 . 6

2 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 8 ) . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 9 ) . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 0 3 0 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 0 o

3 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 4

3 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 4 3 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 4 g 3 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 4 > 3 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 .2 1 . 7 2 . 0 o 3 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 .2 2 . 0 w . 1 . 7 > 3 7 . 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 .2 1 . 7 1 . 0

3 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2

3 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2

4 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 Table 54. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Galeandra devoniana at mitotic metaphase, 2n=56 to Table 53. continued

1 . 5 1 . 2 41 0.5+0 .6=1.1 Chromosome Length(,uin) RelativeArm 1 . 5 1 . 2 length ratio 42 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 5 1 . 2 0.5+0 .6=1.1 2 .7 2 .0 43 0.6+1. 2=1.8 1 . 5 1 . 2 44 0.5+0 .6=1.1 0.6+1. 2=1.8 2 .7 2 .0 1 . 5 1 . 2 45 0.5+0, .6=1.1 0.7+1 1=1.8 2 .7 1 .5 1 . 5 1 . 2 46 0.5+0 .6=1.1 0.7+1 0=1.7 2 .5 1.4 1 . 5 0.5+0 1 . 2 2 .5 1.8 47 .6=1.1 0.6+1 1=1.7 1 . 5 1 . 2 2 .4 1.2 48 0.5+0 .6=1.1 0.7+0 9=1.6 1 . 5 1 . 7 2.2 1 .1 49 0.4+0 7=1.1 0.7+0 8=1.5 1 . 4 1 . 0 2 .2 1 .5 50 0.5+0 5=1.0 0.6+0 9=1.5 1 . 4 l . S 51 0.4+0 .6=1.0 6=1.6 2 .4 1 . 4 6=1.0 1 . 5 -+1 2 .4 52 0.4+0 10 6=1.6 .6=1.0 1 . 4 1 . 5 -H. 2 .1 1.3 53 0.4+0 ll 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 2 1 . 2 2 .1 54 0.4+0 5=0.9 4=1.4 1 . 2 12 1 . 2 -1-1 2 .1 55 0.4+0 5=0.9 13 4=1.4 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 .9 56 0.4+0 5=0.9 14 -HI3=1.3 -+1 1.9 1 .1 15 0.6+0,7=1.3 16 0.6+06=1.2 1 .8 1 .0 1 .8 1 .0 o 17 0.6+06=1.2 > 18 0.6+06=1.2 1 .8 1 .0 1 .8 1.0 o 19 0.6+06=1.2 1 .8 1.0 > 20 0.6+06=1.2 21 0.6+06=1.2 1 .8 1.0 1 .8 1.0 > 22 0.6+06=1.2 1 .8 1.4 23 0.5+0.7=1.2 24 2=1.2 1 .8 -+1 1 .8 25 2=1.2 1 .8 26 -hi2=1.2 27 -hi2=1.2 1 .8 1 .8 28 -HI2=1.2 -1-1 1 .8 29 2=1.2 -+1 1 .6 1.2 30 0.5+06=1.1 1 .6 1.2 31 0.5+06=1.1 1 .6 1.2 32 0.5+0.6=1.1 1 .6 1.2 33 0.5+06=1.1 1 .6 34 .1=1.1 1 .6 35 -hi.1=1.1 -+1 1 .6 36 .1=1.1 -+1 1 .6 37 .1=1.1 -+1 1 .6 38 H.1=1.1 1 .6 39 .1=1.1 -+1 1 .6 40 -+1.1=1.1 Table 55. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Geodorum densiflorum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=54

Table 54. continued

4 1 - + 1 . 1 = 1 . 1 1 . 6 Length(^m) Relative Arm 4 2 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 length ratio

4 3 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 1 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 8 1 . 1 4 4 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 6 1 . 4 4 5 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 3 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 2 2 . 6 2 . 0 4 6 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 4 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 2 2 . 6 2 . 0 4 7 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 2 4 8 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 , 5 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 2 4 9 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 7 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 2 5 0 - + 1 . 0 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 4 1 . 2 5 1 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 3 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 0 5 2 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 3 1 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 5 5 3 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 3 l l 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 5 5 4 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 1 . 3 1 2 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 5 5 5 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 3 0 . 2 + 0 . 7 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 3 . 5 5 6 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 4 0 . 2 + 0 . 7 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 3 . 5

1 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 1 . 2

1 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 1 . 2

1 7 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 1 . 2

1 8 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 2 . 0 2 . 0

1 9 - + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 2 . 0

2 0 - H O . 9 = 0 . 9 2 . 0

2 1 - M ) . 9 = 0 . 9 2 . 0

2 2 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 6

2 3 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 6 2 4 0 . 4 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0 o 2 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0 wZ' 2 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0

2 7 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 6 a

2 8 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 6

2 9 - 1- 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 3 0 - 1- 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8 o 3 1 - H O . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 2 - 1- 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 3 - 1- 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 4 - H O . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 5 - H O . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 6 - H O . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 7 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 8 - K ) . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

3 9 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 8

4 0 0 . 3 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 7 1 . 5 1 . 3 Table 56. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Graphorkis scripta at mitotic metaphase, 2n=54

Table 55. continued Relative 0.3+0.4=0.7 1.5 1.3 Length(^m) Arm 41 length ratio Form 42 -HO.7=0.7 1.5 43 -1-0.7=0.7 1.5 1 0 . 5 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 6 3 . 0 2 . 2 44 -HO.7=0.7 1.5 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 2 . 8 1 . 5 45 -HO.7=0.7 1.5 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 3 46 -1-0.7=0.7 1.5 4 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 1 47 -+0.7=0.7 1.5 5 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 4 1 . 1 48 -HO.7=0.7 1.5 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 49 -HO.6=0.6 1.3 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 50 -HO.6=0.6 1.3 8 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 0 51 -HO.6=0.6 1.3 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 .4 52 -HO.6=0.6 1.3 1 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 .4 53 -HO.6=0.6 1.3 l l 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 .4 54 -+0.6=0.6 1.3 1 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 1 . 4 1 3 0 . 4 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 2 2 . 2 2 . 0 1 4 0 . 3 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 6 § 1 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 2 1 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 2 o 1 7 > 1 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 2 . 1 1 . 2 1 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 0 o 2 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 5 > 2 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 5

2 2 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 5 > 2 3 0 . 1 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 0 1 . 9 9 . 0

2 4 0 . 1 + 0 . 8 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 8 . 0 2 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

2 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

2 7 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

2 8 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

2 9 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

3 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

3 2 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

3 3 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 1 . 2

3 4 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 2 . 0

3 5 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 7 2 . 0

3 6 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 .9 1 . 7 2 . 0

3 7 - 1- 0 . 9 = 0 .9 1 . 7

3 8 - 1- 0 . 9 = 0 .9 1 . 7

3 9 - + 0 . 9 = 0 .9 1 . 7

4 0 - + 0 . 9 = 0 .9 1 . 7 Table 57. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Oecoclades saundersiana at mitotic metaphase, 2n=58

Table 56. continued

- + 0 . 9 = 0 . 9 4 1 1 . 7 Chromosome Length (^m) Relative Arm 4 2 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 length ratio 82 4 3 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 1 0 . 8 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 6 2 . 3 1 . 0 SO

4 4 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 2 0 . 6 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 6 2 . 3 1 . 6 4 5 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 3 0 . 5 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 2 . 0 o

4 6 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 4 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 1

4 7 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 5 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 1 1 . 1

4 8 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 6 0 . 7 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 0 S

4 9 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 3

5 0 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 8 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 3

5 1 - + 0 . 8 = 0 . 8 1 . 5 9 0 . 6 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 4 2 . 0 1 . 3

5 2 - H O . 8 = 0 . 8 1 : 5 1 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 3 1 . 6

5 3 - 1- 0 . 7 = 0 . 7 1 . 3 l l 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1

5 4 - + 0 . 7 = 0 . 7 1 . 3 1 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1

1 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1

1 4 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1 1 5 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1 > 1 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 1

1 7 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6

1 8 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6

1 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6 2 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6 > 2 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 6 r

2 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 w 1 . 7 1 . 0 O 2 4 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 5 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 o 1 . 7 1 . 0 w 2 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 7 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 8 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 0

2 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4

3 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4 I

3 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4

3 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4 3 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4 I 3 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4 >a 3 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 4 n 3 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 2 >m 3 7 ) . 1 + 0 . 2 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 * 1 . 6 2 . 6

3 8 0 . 1 + 0 . 2 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 1 * 1 . 6 2 . 6

3 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 2

4 0 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 2 Table 58. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Cremastra appendiculata at mitotic metaphase, 2n=48

Table 57. continued

R e l a t iv e A r m 1 . 6 41 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 .2 L e n g t h ( ,u m ) le n g t h r a t io 42 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 6 1 .2 43 1 . 6 1 .2 0 . 7 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 4 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 1 . 6 1 .2 44 0.5+0 .6=1.1 2 0 . 7 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 7 3 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 6 45 0.5+0 1 .2 0 . 7 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 2 .6=1.1 3 46 0.5+0 1.1 1 . 6 1 . 2 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 1 . 6 4 47 1 .2 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 0.5+0 .6=1.1 5 48 1 . 6 1 .2 0 . 7 + 0 . 8 = 1 . 5 2 . 6 1 . 1 0.5+0 .6=1.1 6 49 1 . 6 1 . 2 0 .6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 1 0.5+0 6=1.1 7 1 . 6 1 . 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 蝣2 . 3 1 . 1 50 0.5+0 6=1.1 8 51 1 . 6 i : 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 1 0.5+0 6=1.1 9 52 1 . 6 1 . 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 7 = 1 . 3 2 . 3 1 . 1 0.5+0 6=1.1 10 1 . 4 2 . 3 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 53 0.3+0 7=1.0 ll 1 . 4 1 . 5 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 1 . 0 54 0.4+0 6=1.0 12 2 . 1 1 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 55 0.4+0 5=0.9 13 1 . 3 1 . 2 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 56 0.4+0 5=0.9 14 1 .3 1 . 2 0 .6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 57 0.4-1-0. 5-0.9 15 58 0 1 .3 1 . 2 0 .6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 .4+0 5=0.9 16 0 .6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 s 17 o 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 > * '.Chromosome with secondary constriction 18 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 19 o 20 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 > 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 21 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 > 22 23 0 . 6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 0 .6 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 2 2 . 1 1 . 0 24 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 25 26 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 27 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 28 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 29 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 30 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 31 0 .5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 32 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 33 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 34 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 35 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 36 1 . 9 1 . 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 37 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 38 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 2 39 1 . 9 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 40 Table 59. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Oreorchis patens at mitotic metaphase, 2n=48 Table 58. continued

4 1 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 Lengthdum) Relative Arm 4 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 length ratio 4 3 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 1.0+1 .4=2.4 4 . 2 1 . 4 4 4 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 9 1 . 2 1.0+1 .2=2.2 3 . 8 1 . 2 4 5 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 0 0.3+1 .6=1.9 3 . 3 5 . 3 4 6 0 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 0 0.3+1 .5=1.8 3 . 1 5 . 0 4 7 1 . 5 + 0 . 5 = 1 . 0 1 . 7 1 . 0 0.6+0 .9=1.5 2 . 6 1 . 5 4 8 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 : 6 1 . 2 0.6+0 .9=1.5 2 . 6 1 . 5 0.6+0 .8=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 3 0.5+0 .9=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 8 0.6+0 .8=1.4 2 . 4 1 . 3 10 0.5+0. 1.3 2 . 3 1 . 6 ll 0.5+0 .8=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 6 12 0.5+0 =1.3 2 . 3 1 . 6 13 0.5+0 .8=1.3 2 . 3 1 . 6 14 0.6+0 .6=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 0 15 0.6+0 .6=1.2 2 . 1 1 . 0 16 0.3+0 9=1.2 2 . 1 3 . 0 17 0.3+0 .9=1.2 2 . 1 3 . 0 18 0.4+0 8=1.2 2 . 1 2 . 0 1 . 9 1 . 2 19 0.5+0 6=1.1 20 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 > 21 0.5+0 .6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 r 1 . 9 1 . 2 22 0.5+0 6=1.1 m 23 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 1 . 9 o 24 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 2 O 1 . 9 1 . 2 25 0.5+0 6=1.1 26 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 w. 27 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 2 1 . 9 1 . 2 28 0.5+0 6=1.1 > 1 . 9 29 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 2 1 . 9 30 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 2 o 1 . 9 31 0.4+0 7=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 9 32 0.4+0 7=1.1 1 . 7 33 0.4+0 7=1.1 1 . 9 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 1 . 0 s 34 0.5+0 5=1.0 > 1 . 7 35 0.5+0 5=1.0 1 . 0 o 36 0.5+0 5=1.0 1 . 7 1 . 0 37 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 7 1 . 5 1 . 7 1 . 5 S 38 0.4+0 6=1.0 39 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 7 1 . 5 40 0.4+0 6=1.0 1 . 7 1 . 5 Table 60. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Warrea costaricensis at mitotic metaphase, 2n=52 Table 59, continued

1 . 7 1 . 5 41 0.4+0.6=1.0 Length(^m) Relative Arm 1 . 6 42 0.4+0.5=0.9 1 . 2 length ratio 1 . 6 1 . 2 43 0.4+0.5=0.9 3 . 3 1 . 4 1.0+1 4=2.4 1 . 6 1 . 2 1 44 0.4+0.5=0.9 2 0.9+1 4=2.3 3 . 2 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 2 45 0.4+0.5=0.9 2 . 8 1 . 8 3 0.7+1 3=2.0 1 . 6 1 . 2 46 0.4+0.5=0.9 2 . 6 2 . 1 0.6+1 3=1.9 1 .-6 1 . 2 4 47 0.4+0.5=0.9 0.8+1 1=1.9 2 . 6 1 . 4 1 . 6 2 . 0 5 0.3+0.6=0.9 2 . 5 1 . 2 6 0.8+1 0=1.8 2 . 6 2 . 1 7 0.6+1 3=1.9 2 . 5 2 . 6 8 0.5+1 3=1.8 2 . 4 1 . 8 9 0.6+1 1=1.7 2 . 4 1 . 8 10 0.6+1 1=1.7 2 . 4 1 . 4 ll 0.7+1 0=1.7 2 . 4 1 . 4 12 0.7+1 0=1.7 2 . 2 1 . 6 13 0.6+1 0=1.6 2 . 1 1 . 5 14 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 1 1 . 5 15 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 1 2 . 0 16 0.5+1 0=1.5 S 17 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 1 2 . 0 o 2 . 1 2 . 0 > 18 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 1 2 . 7 19 0.4+1 1=1.5 o 1 . 9 1 . 8 20 0.5+0 9=1.4 > 1 . 9 1 . 3 21 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 > 22 0.6+0 8=1.4 23 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 3 24 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 25 0.6+0 8=1.4 26 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 3 27 0.6+0 8=1.4 1 . 8 1 . 1 28 0.6+0 7=1.3 1 . 7 1 . 0 29 0.6+0 6=1.2 1 . 7 1 . 0 30 0.6+0 6=1.2 1 . 7 1 . 0 31 0.6+0 6=1.2 1 . 7 1 . 4 32 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 7 2 . 0 33 0.4+0 8=1.2 1 . 7 2 . 0 34 0.4+0 8=1.2 1 . 7 3 . 0 35 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 7 3 . 0 36 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 7 3 . 0 37 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 7 3 . 0 38 0.3+0 9=1.2 1 . 7 1 . 4 39 0.5+0 7=1.2 1 . 5 1 . 2 40 0 .5+0 .6=1.1 Table 61. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Chrysoglossum ornatum at mitotic metaphase, 2n=36

6 0 . c o n t i n u e d

4 1 ) . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 Relative Length(^m) Arm 4 2 0 . 5 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 1 1 . 5 1 . 2 length ratio

4 3 ) . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 .4 1 . 5 1 2 . 0 + 2 . 0 = 4 . 0 4 . 4 1 . 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 .0 1 . 4 1 . 5 4 4 2 1 . 9 + 2 . 0 = 3 . 9 4 . 3 1 . 0 4 5 ) . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 .0 1 . 4 1 . 5 3 1 . 5 + 1 . 9 = 3 . 4 3 . 7 1 . 2 4 6 ) . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 .0 1 . 4 1 . 5 4 1 . 6 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 2 3 . 5 1 . 0 4 7 ) . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 .0 1 . 4 1 . 5 5 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 0 4 8 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 .0 1 . 4 1 . 5 6 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 0 4 9 ) . 3 + 0 . 7 = 1 .0 1 . 4 2 . 3 7 1 . 5 + 1 . 5 = 3 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 0 5 0 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 .9 1 . 2 1 . 2 8 1 . 4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 1 5 1 ) . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 .9 1 - . 2 2 . 0 9 1 .4 + 1 . 6 = 3 . 0 3 . 3 1 . 1 5 2 ) . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 .9 1 . 2 2 . 0 1 0 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 3 . 2 1 . 6

l l 1 . 1 + 1 . 8 = 2 . 9 3 . 2 1 . 6

1 2 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 1

1 3 1 . 1 + 1 . 7 = 2 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 5

1 4 1 . 3 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 8 3 . 1 1 . 1

1 5 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 0

1 6 1 . 1 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 3

1 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 6

1 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 6 = 2 . 6 2 . 8 1 . 6

1 9 1 . 0 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 5 2 . 7 1 . 5

2 0 1 . 0 + 1 . 5 = 2 . 5 2 . 7 1 . 5

2 1 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 1

2 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 1

2 3 1 . 0 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 4

2 4 1 . 0 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 4 2 . 6 1 . 4

2 5 1 . 0 + 1 . 3 = 2 . 3 2 . 5 1 . 3

2 6 0 . 9 + 1 . 4 = 2 . 3 2 . 5 1 . 5

2 7 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 1

2 8 1 . 0 + 1 . 1 = 2 . 1 2 . 3 1 . 1

2 9 1 . 0 + 1 . 0 = 2 . 0 2 . 2 1 . 0

3 0 0 . 9 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 1

3 1 0 . 8 + 1 . 1 = 1 . 9 2 . 1 1 . 3

3 2 0 . 8 + 1 . 0 = 1 . 8 2 . 0 1 . 2

3 3 0 . 8 + 0 . 3 = 1 . 7 1 . 9 1 . 1

3 4 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 1 . 9 1 . 1

3 5 0 . 8 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 7 1 . 9 1 . 1

3 6 0 . 6 + 0 . 9 = 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 5 Table 62. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Eriopsis Table 63. Measurements of somatic chromosomes of Grobya biloba at mitotic metaphase, 2n=40 amherstiae at mitotic metaphase, 2n=54 s R e lative A rm C h ro m o so m e L e n gth (^ m ) F o rm Chromosome Length(nm) Relative Arm le n g th ra tio length ratio

3 . 2 3 . 2 1 1 .3 + 1 .8 = 3 . 1 3 .9 1 .3 m 1 0.5+1 6=2.1 3 . 0 2 . 3 2 1 .5 + 1 .5 = 3 .0 3 .8 1 .0 m 2 0.6+1 4=2.0 2 . 7 2 . 6 3 1 . 1 + 1 .9 = 3 .0 3 .8 1 .7 m 3 0.5+1 3=1.8 2 . 6 1 . 8 4 1 .0 + 1 .9 = 2 .9 3 .6 1 .9 sm 4 0.6+1 1=1.7 2 . 4 2 . 2 5 1 .3 + 1 .5 = 2 .8 3 .5 1 .1 m 5 0.5+1 1=1.6 2 . 4 2 . 2 6 1 .3 + 1 .4 = 2 .7 3 .4 1 .0 m 6 0.5+1 1=1.6 2 .4 2 . 2 7 1 . 1 + 1 .4 = 2 . 5 3 .1 1 .2 m 7 0.5+1 1=1.6 2 . 3 2 . 0 8 1 .1 + 1 .3 = 2 .4 3 .0 1 . 1 m 8 0.5+1 .0=1.5 2 . 3 2 . 0 9 0 . 9 + 1 .4 = 2 .3 2 .9 1 .5 m 9 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 3 2 . 0 10 1. 9 + 1 .4 = 2 .3 2 .9 1 .5 m 10 0.5+1 0=1.5 2 . 3 1 . 5 l l 0 . 9 + 1 .3 = 2 .2 2 .8 1 .4 m ll 0.6+0 9=1.5 2 . 1 1 . 8 1 2 ). 9 + 1 .3 = 2 . 2 2 .8 1 .4 m 12 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 1 . 8 13 0 . 8 + 1 .3 = 2 . 1 2 .6 1 .0 in 13 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 1 . 8 14 ).8 + 1 .3 = 2 . 1 2 .6 1 .6 m 14 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 1 . 8 1 5 0 . 9 + 1 .1 = 2 . 0 2 .5 1 .2 in 15 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 1 . 8 1 6 0 .9 + 1 .1 = 2 .0 2 .5 1 .2 m 16 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 1 . 8 1 7 0 .6 + 1 .4 = 2 .0 2 .5 2 .3 s m 17 0.5+0 .9=1.4 o 2 . 1 1 . 8 > 1 8 0 .9 + 1 .0 = 1 .9 2 .4 1 . 1 m 18 0.5+0 9=1.4 2 . 1 2 . 5 o 1 9 0 .4 + 1 .5 = 1 .9 2 .4 3 .7 st 19 0.4+1 0=1.4 2 . 0 1 . 6 2 0 ) .4 + 1 .5 = 1 .9 2 .4 3 .7 st 20 0.5+0 8=1.3 2 . 0 1 . 6 2 1 0 .8 + 1 .1 = 1 .9 2 .4 1 .3 m 21 0.5+0 8=1.3 2 . 0 1 . 1 2 2 0 .8 + 1 .0 = 1 .8 2 .3 1 .2 m 22 0.6+0 7=1.3 2 . 0 1 . 1 2 3 0 .4 + 1 .4 = 1 .8 2 .3 3 .5 st 23 0.6+0 7=1.3 1 . 8 1 . 0 2 4 0 .4 + 1 .4 = 1 .8 2 .3 3 .5 st 24 0.6+0 6=1.2 1 . 8 1 . 0 2 5 5 .3 + 1 .5 = 1 .8 2 .3 5 .0 st 25 0.6+0 .2 2 6 - + 1 .8 = 1 .8 2 .3 26 0.6+0 .2 1 . 8 1 . 0 1 . 8 1 . 0 2 7 0 .7 + 1 .0 = 1 .7 2 . 1 1 .4 m 27 0.6+0 .2 1 . 8 1 . 0 2 8 0 .6 + 1 .1 = 1 .7 2 .1 1 .8 s m 28 0.6+0 .2 1 . 8 1 . 0 2 9 0 .6 + 1 .1 = 1 .7 2 . 1 1 . 8 s m 29 0.6+0 .2 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 0 0 .6 + 1 .1 = 1 .7 2 .1 1 .8 s m 30 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 1 0 .3 + 1 .4 = 1 .7 2 .1 4 . 6 st 31 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 2 0 .3 + 1 .4 = 1 .7 2 .1 4 . 6 st 32 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 3 1.8 + 0 .8 = 1 .6 2 .0 1 .0 m 33 0.5+0 6=1.1 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 4 0 .7 + 0 .8 = 1 .5 1 .9 1 .1 m 34 0.5+0 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 5 - 1- 1 .5 = 1 .5 1 .9 35 0.5+0 3 6 - + 1 .5 = 1 .5 1 .9 36 0.5+0 1 . 7 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 2 3 7 - 1- 1 .5 = 1 .5 1 .9 37 0.5+0 3 8 - H .4 = 1 .i 1 .8 38 0.4+0 1 . 5 1 . 5 3 9 - h i .3 = 1 .3 1 .6 39 0.4+0 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 5 1 . 5 4 0 - + 1 .3 = 1 .3 1 .6 40 0.4+0 Table 63. continued

4 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 5 4 2 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 5 > 4 3 0 . 4 + 0 . 6 = 1 . 0 1 . 5 1 . 5

4 4 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 2 4 5 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 2 1 4 6 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 2 '-d 4 7 0 . 4 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 1 . 2 a(Sl 4 8 0 . 3 + 0 . 6 = 0 . 9 1 . 4 , 2 . 0 4 9 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 Z 5 0 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 5 1 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 : 2 1 . 6 o*:

5 2 0 . 3 + 0 . 5 = 0 . 8 1 . 2 1 . 6 5 3 0 . 3 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 3 a 5 4 0 . 3 + 0 . 4 = 0 . 7 1 . 1 1 . 3 o

> 2 O

Een a wo tn to > o

>Ia wo 名称広島市植物公園紀要第 11号

主管課財団法人広島市公園協会植物公園所在地広島市佐伯区倉重3 丁目495 〒731－51 T EL （0829）22－3600

発行年月日平成元年 3 月3 1 日

印刷会社名株式会社ニシキプリント