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A CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES {'

SIXTH EDITION

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ICHTHYOLOGISTS AND HERPETOLOGISTS

1953 A S97,h $ 3 6~(!.. 1qs3

Composed and printed by The University of Chicago Press Chicago · Illinois • U.S.A. PREFACE IDE from childhood interest, my own work in herpetology be­ gan in 1915 with collecting and observation in Natchitoches A Parish, Louisiana, as I have elsewhere written. I was thus ex­ tremely conscious of the importance of the standardization of nomen­ clature provided by the first Stejneger and Barbour Check List in 1917, and could not fail to observe the stimulation to more critical systematic studies afforded by the successive later editions. With the death of Leonhard Stejneger, as the fifth edition was about to appear, the time became ripe, I thought, for the American Society of Ichthy­ ologists and Herpetologists to take over further editions as a proper societal function. As then president, I appointed a committee to take charge of check list operations. It was extremely disappointing to find that the committee machinery, through some years of nominal existence, failed to function. It was this experience that led me to recommend that a new edition of the Check List be placed in the hands of a single individual. This course of necessity carries with it the continued involvement of a personal equation, which was in some respects sufficiently evident in the successive editions under the editorship of Stejneger and Barbour. Finally, in the full realiza­ tion that an individual editor would be exposed to bitter criticism alike for what he did and did not do, I was moved to undertake this labor, which, however vulnerable, has not been without love. K. P. S.

V

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

REFERENCES 6

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS !:J

CLASS AMPHIBIA 11 Order Caudata 11 Family Cryptobranchidae 11 Family Proteidae . 12 Family Sirenidae . 14 Family Ambystomidae 16 Family Salamandridae 23 Family Amphiumidae 27 Family Plethodontidae 28 Order Salientia . 57 Family Ascaphidae 57 Family Pelobatidae 57 Family Leptodactylidae 59 Family Bufonidae 61 Family Hylidae . 67 Family Microhylidae 76 Family Ranidae 78

CLASS REPTILIA 86 Order Chelonia 86 Family Chelydridae 86 Family Kinosternidae 87 Family Emydidae 91 Family Testudinidae . 104 Family Chelonidae 105 Family Trionychidae . 108 Family Dermochelidae 110 Order Crocodilia 111 Family Crocodilidae . 111 Order Sauria 112 Family Gekkonidae0 112

0 See also "Introduced Forms." vii viii CONTENTS

Family Iguanidae 114 Family Anguidae 137 Family Helodermatidae 141 Family Anniellidae 141 Family Xantusidae 142 Family Teidae 143 Family Scincidae . 147 Family Amphisbaenidae 154 Order Serpentes 154 Family Leptotyphlopidae 154 Family Boidae 156 Family Colubridae 158 Family Elapidae 222 Family Crotalidae 223 INTRODUCED FORMS 236 INDEX 239 INTRODUCTION HE introductory remarks in the first five editions of the Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles were Tbrief prefaces only. A more extended introduction seems to be appropriate to the new edition to allow for explanation of the divergences of form and content and from taxonomic theory of the earlier editions. Much of this introductory matter might have been placed in footnotes, but these, I feel, would have been unduly ex­ tended. By far the most important sources for the new list ( after the ear­ lier editions of the Check List ) are the several handbooks now available for the North American amphibians and reptiles. A list of these works is appended, together with the list of books or papers that have been especially useful' as sources. But for certain residual matters, the illustrnted handbooks would make a formal check list superfluous. Such works represent the normal evolution for which the earlier check lists were a necessary preliminary stage. The map­ ping of ranges, essential at the handbook level, is so much more meaningful than any verbal statement of distribution that I have abandoned the effort to improve on earlier check lists in this re­ spect. For this reason, the only supplementary references supplied are to papers including maps. Reference to the several handbooks and fauna} works is assumed. The availability of the several check lists of the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico makes it possible to limit the present edition to North America north of Mexico. The inclusion of Lower California ( the Mexican state of Baja Califor­ nia) in the earlier editions was in conformity with the check lists of North American birds, and was not without justification, for the Lower Californian fauna is of the greatest importance to an under­ standing of the fauna of the Sonoran region in general. The northern tier of Mexican states, mentioned repeatedly in statements of range in the present list, are, in west-east order, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le6n and Tamaulipas; acquaintance with the names of the provinces of Canada is assumed. Mills' Cana­ dian check list is available for the limits of the fauna to the north of the United States-Canadian border. Several recent state lists have been especially useful in defining ranges whose limits fall within I 1 2 CHECK LIST their borders, but I have made no attempt to list them beyond the four cited below. As a special segment of bibliographic matter not covered by the handbooks, at the suggestion of various colleagues, the new check list brings together the synonyms as far as I have found them. This is of necessity limited strictly to a list of the synonymic names, with no effort to provide the index to the literature sometimes referred to as "synonymy," and with no attempt to pursue the partitions, combinations, and permutations of the synonymic names. The names recognized necessarily apply to form and not concept; the fact that Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster Burt is only in part equal to Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster Conant is beyond the scope of a check list. Such an analysis lies in the province of mono­ graphic revisions. I have attempted to add to the usefulness of the synonymy given by stating the type localities, and when these are vague, I have restricted them. I have not included mere variant spellings, and have followed Stejneger's practice ( and precept, in litt. ) of dropping hyphens, diaereses, and the duplicated i or y in family names. The list of synonyms may be gravely incomplete, for I have discovered omissions quite by accident in the last stages of preparation of the manuscript. It is hoped that the users of the Check List will accumulate additions in their personal copies for the use of an editor or committee in charge of a future edition. I have not attempted a comprehensive generic synonymy. The extension of trinomials to geographically representative forms, against which Stejneger so bitterly inveighs in the introduction to the filth edition of the Check List, is perhaps the most radical change from the earlier lists. I have followed the precedents estab­ lished in ornithology in this matter. I interpret Ernst Mayr's thought­ ful Systematics and the Origin of Species ( 1943) as supporting vi­ cariation per se as the principal criterion for trinomial classification within groups of species. I have long ago expressed my own opinion on this point ( 1944). The juxtaposition of closely related and geo­ graphically representative forms by means of the trinomials makes the list more meaningful as an evolutionary conspectus of a generic group, and carries with it an obvious mnemonic usefulness to the student. The revision of such classifications is the obvious province of further zoological studies. The continuing subdivision of genera leads logically to the point at which there is one monotypic genus for each species, and at this point the generic classification has lost its usefulness. The generic AMPJilBIANS AND REPTILES 3

category should be synthetic, based on similarities instead of on differences; it is essentially not analytic; and it has in any case a different conceptual basis from that of the species. Thus I deplore the fragmentation of the genus Uta in the fifth edition of the Check List; and I have not accepted the partition of Hyla ( e.g., Smilisca) or of Crotaphytus ( e.g., Gambelia). It would now be entirely logical to unite Uma and Callisaurus, on account of the transitional species Uma exul in Coahuila described by Charles M. Bogert and myself; in this case I have followed current practice. As to taxonomic theory, I should define genera as groups of species and establish them after the species have been defined. I should not attempt to set up a spe­ cial category of characters of "generic value." Monotypic genera, if maintained, assume the existence of extinct related species. A further divergence from the earlier editions is related to this more extended use of trinomial series. It is desired to emphasize the species category as inclusive of all the subspecies; and it is mged that the binomial species name be more widely used in both tech­ nical and popular writing when the distinction of the subspecies is not at issue. This also has much recent precedent, e.g., in the works of Stebbins and of Hobart M. Smith. The species includes its several subspecies; the subspecies duplicating the species name ( the "triv­ ial" name of recent usage) is typical of the species only in a nomen­ clatural sense. The fact that this nomenclaturally typical subspecies has the type locality of the species as a whole further obscures its relations of equivalence among the remaining subspecies. It was originally hoped that the ranges of the species might be stated in terms of natural regions or provinces; in testing this matter, I have found no uniformity in degree of correspondence of individ­ ual range with either biotic or physiographic provinces. Anything like a definitive delimitation of range remains to be made for most species and subspecies. The expanding species are likely to overflow the limits of any particular province, and those that are in process of decline may inhabit only a small fraction of a province. Never­ theless, as a first approximation in any study of the factors that af­ fect or limit geographic range it is evidently the physiographic prov­ inces that are to be considered. These reflect something of geological history, and often present sharply defined barriers. Next come the phytogeographic provinces, which may reflect further adjustment to more recently established climatic conditions, some of which are of course likewise conditioned by physiography. The Atlas of Amer­ ican Agriculture is especially to be recommended for its various 4 CHECK LIST

maps of climatic features and of vegetation. Since the limiting fac­ tors may be radically different on the· different sides of a given range, and limit effectively only for such time as a particular com­ bination of factors continues, the geographic range of a species must be understood in something other than static terms, as I have elsewhere attempted to show ( 1950). The reader is referred to the maps of Atwood (1940) and Fenneman (1931 and 1938), to Dice ( 1943), and especially to Goode ( 1943). The grave criticisms to which the life zone theory has been subjected apply rather to the theory than to the distribution pattern on which it was based. The studies of various states in the framework of '1ife zones" by the United States Biological Survey ( especially in North American Fauna), and by many authors concerned with distribution in moun­ tains, have by no means lost all significance because the theory of temperature summation proves to be a gross over-simplification as an explanation of the discernible pattern. A colored life zone map of the continent is most readily accessible in Goode'_s School Atlas ( 1943 ). Among more trivial matters of form, I have preferred "Linnaeus" to "von Linne," following what seems to be the preponderant prac­ tice, e.g., in the British Museum's Catalogue of the W arks of Lin­ naeus ( 1933 ) . In the matter of enclosing the names of the authors of specific (trivial) names in parentheses when these names have been trans­ ferred from one generic combination to another I have followed the thoughtfully defended suggestion of the late Wilfred H. Osgood ( 1939) that such parentheses be dropped altogether as an "outworn nomenclatural practice." The rule was quite erroneously applied to every change of combination in previous editions of the Check List. One of the most cogent arguments against the practice is the fact that there were numerous errors in every edition even in the appli­ cation of this modified rule. Too few zoologists appear to recognize that the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature were drawn up in a humorless and legalistic atmosphere, in which the presence of the "l" in Am­ blystoma or its absence in Ambystoma were treated as matters worthy of expenditure of time by zoologists. One of the necessary steps toward the rehabilitation of systematic botany and zoology in the eyes of non-systematists is to give more than lip service to the most fundamental of nomenclatural rules, that the rules are made AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 5 for all biologists and not as the basis for a glorified game to be played by scholars in ivory towers. As to the modifications of the rules of nomenclature adopted at the International Zoological Congress at Paris in 1948, in view of some widespread objections, I have in general avoided changes that would be involved by adherence to them. The dropping of the sec­ ond i when this is duplicated and a slightly greater freedom in emendation seem to be desirable. The point has now been made that the Congress of 1948 was not properly international, and the whole subject of the rules seems to be up for active discussion at Copenhagen in 1953. A flagrant example of eageflless to change well-known names is afforded by the rush to apply tl1e 1948 rules to the names of boas and pythons. The substitution of the earlier name Siredon for Ambystoma, which American authors have long con­ sciously avoided as a too flagrant disregard of usage, has been pro­ posed and adopted by Aloys Stauble ( 1942, Rev. Suisse Zool., 49: 457 ff. ) . The change of a name of such wide currency in branches of biology other than systematics is so clearly undesirable that such action should of course be reviewed by the International Commis­ sion of Zoological Nomenclature, which has been petitioned to in­ validate Siredon and place Ambystoma on the list of N omina Con­ servanda. It now seems clear that the function of the International Commission should be to rule on proposed changes prior to their adoption in the literature, rather than to leave changes of familiar names to individual authors, who follow a pattern of action long established but clearly bad. Certainly no harm to zoology can ac­ crue from the use of a familiar name pending such ruling. Much of the uncritical, over-hurried, and needlessly inadequate descriptive work in the early history of systematics was motivated by vanity and the spirit of competition rather than by the desire to advance science and to co-operate with fellow scientists. We are now engaged in an exhaustive revision of this work. The merit of our new system will have very little relation to nomenclatural problems. Its worth will be in direct ratio to the amount of understanding of the whole field of biology we bring to it. The preparation of a con­ spectus of the animal and plant kingdoms, and of the segments of that conspectus, I regard as a noble program, worthy of lifetimes of devoted study. The usefulness of such syntheses is not confined within the limited field of systematic studies; they form a foundation for all of the biological sciences, and are of interest to all literate mankind. REFERENCES HANDBOOKS BISHOP, s. C. 1943. Handbook of salamanders. The salamanders of the United States, of Canada, and of Lower California. Comstock Puhl. Co., Ithaca: xiv, 555 pp., 144 figs., 56 maps. CARR, A. F., JR. 1952. Handbook of turtles. The turtles of the United States, Cana­ da, and Baja California. Cornell Univ. Press, Itl1aca: xv, 542 pp., 82 pls., 37 text figs., 23 maps. SCHMIDT, K. P., and D. DWIGHT DAVIS 1941. Field book of snakes of the United States and Canada. Put­ nams Sons, New York: xiii, 365 pp., 34 pls., 103 text figs. SMITH, H. M. 1946. Handbook of lizards of the United States and Canada. Com­ stock Puhl. Co., Ithaca: xxi, 557 pp., 135 pls., 136 text figs. WRIGHT, A. H., and ANNA ALLEN WRIGHT 1949. Handbook of frogs and toads of the United States and Cana­ da. Comstock Puhl. Co., Ithaca: xii, 640 pp., 126 pls., 37 maps.

CHECK LISTS BROWN, BRYCE C. 1950. An annotated check list of the reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Baylor Univ. Press, Waco: xii, 257, 2 pp. MILLS, R. COLIN 1948. A check list of tl1e reptiles and amphibians of Canada. Herpetologica, 4, Suppl. 2, pp. 1-15. SMITH, H. M., and E. H. TAYLOR 1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 187: 239 pp. 1948. An annotated checklist and key to tl1e Amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 194: iv, 118 pp. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of 1exico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 199: v, 253 pp. 6 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 7

STEJNEGER, LEONHARD, and THOMAS BARBOUR 1917. A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge: 125 pp. 1923. Idem, 2nd Edition, x, 171 pp. 1933. Idem, 3rd Edition, xiv, 185 pp. 1939. Idem, 4th Edition, xvi, 207 pp. 1943. Idem, 5th Edition, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 93 : xix, 260 pp.

GEOGRAPHIC WORKS ATWOOD, WALLACE w. 1940. The physiographic provinces of North Ameiica. Ginn and Co., New York: x'Vi, 536 pp., 5 pls., 281 text figs., 1 map. DICE, LEER. 1943. The biotic provinces of No1th America. Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor: viii, 78 pp., 1 map. FENNEMAN, NEVIN M. 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hill, New York: xiii, 534 pp., 1 pl. (map), 173 text figs. 1938. Physiography of eastern United States. McGraw-Hill, New York: xiii, 714 pp., 7 pls., 197 text figs. GOODE, J. PAUL 1943. Goode's school atlas, 2nd Edition, xvi, 286 pp. SCHANTZ, H. L., and RAPHAEL ZoN 1924. Grassland and desert shrub [and] forests, in Atlas of Amer­ ioan Agriculture, Government Printing Office, Washington: 29 pp., 1 map, 60 text figs. [folio].

MISCELLANEOUS CONANT, ROGER 1951. The reptiles of Ohio, 2nd Edition. Univ. Notre Dame Press, otre Dame: pp. 1-172, 201-284, 27 pls., 77 maps. LINSDALE, JEAN M. 1940. Amphibians and reptiles in Nevada. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 73: 197-257, 29 figs.

MAYR, ERNST 1943. Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia Univ. Press, New York: xiv, 334 pp., 29 figs. 8 CHECK LIST

OSGOOD, WILFRED H. 1939. An outworn nomenclatural practice. Science, 89: 9-11. SCHMIDT, K. P. 1944. The lower systematic categories in vertebrate zoology. Ecol­ ogy, 25: 254-255. 1950. The concept of geographic range, with illustrations from amphibians and reptiles. Texas Jour. Sci., 1950: 326-334. SMITH, HOBART M. 1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ., 2: 336, 232 figs. STEBBINS, ROBERT C. 1951. Amphibians of western North America. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley: xviii, 539, 64 pls., 35 text figs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS RATEFUL acknowledgment is made to the great number of my colleagues without whose alternate encouragement and G prodding the manuscript would not have been finished. The section on the salamanders passed through the hands of Emmett Reid Dunn, and was read also by the late Sherman C. Bishop, and by Clifford H. Pope, to its great advantage. For the lizard section I have profited from the critical comments of Hobart M. Smith and of several of his students. In the first stages of preparation of the manuscript I had the faithful aid of Robe1t F. Inger; but with Mr. Inger's transfer to ichthyological studies and duties in 1949 it seemed best for him to withdraw from the project. My first draft of the manuscript was prepared at the Senckenberg Museum, while serv­ ing as exchange professor for the University of Chicago. There I had the frequent and valued advice of Robeit Meitens, one of the au­ thors of the European check list. The typing and retyping of the manuscript was the work of Mar­ garet J. Bauer and Pearl Sonoda, who have aided me greatly with the checking and rechecking of the trivia of form that assume so much importance in so purely formal a list. Lillian A. Ross, Associ­ ate Editor of Publications in Chicago Natural Hist01y Museum, has aided with advice and given generously of her time in the final prep­ aration of the manuscript for the press. Roger Conant and M. Graham Netting have gone over the entire list of common names, which forms one of the innovations of the present edition, and I have largely followed their advice. For the western fauna I have consulted C. B. Perkins and Charles E. Shaw for the reptiles, and have mainly followed Robeit C. Stebbins for the amphibians. I have had the advantage that English names have been used in the several newer handbooks. It was originally intended to expand the section for inb·oduced species into a more comprehensive account of such inb·oductions and b·ansplantations. This I have reluctantly given up, for lack of the necessary time. Much manuscript material h as b een made available to me in the course of preparation of the check list. I have to thank especially Duart Vinson Brown, of Stanford University, who sent me his un- 9 10 CHECK LIST published maps prepared as a study of the relations between the ranges of western amphibians and reptiles and accepted biotic prov­ inces; Harold Dundee, of the University of Kansas, who let me have his manuscript maps of disb·ibutions in Oklahoma; and Herndon G. Dowling, of Haverford College, whose studies of Elaphe are in ac­ tive progress, and whose conclusions I have followed. Class AMPHIBIA Order CAUDATA CRYPTOBRANCHIDAE

Cryptobranchus Leuckart Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, Isis, 1821, Liter. Anz., p. 260.-Type: gigantea = alleganiensis. Abranchus Harlan, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 233.-Type: alleghaniensis = alleganiensis; not of Van Hasselt, 1824. Menopoma Harlan, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 270.-Substi­ tute name for Abranchus. Salamandrops Wagler, 1830, Syst. Arnph., p. 209.-Type: gigantea.

Cryptohranchus alleganiensis Daudin Salamandra alleganiensis Daudin, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept. , 8: 231.-Allegheny Mountains in Virginia.1 Cryptobmnchus alleghaniensis Van der Hoeven, 1837, Tijdschr. Nat. Geschied. Physiol., 4: 384. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Hellbender.

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis Daudin [New comb.] Salamandra hon·ida Barton, 1808, Some acount of the Siren lacertina and other species of the same genus. Philadelphia, privately pub!., p. 8.­ Waters of the Ohio and Susquehanna rivers and other parts of the United States; restr. to the Muskingum River, Ohio. Salamandra gigantea Barton, 1808, Some account of the Siren . .. , p. 8.­ Substitute name for horrida. Salamandra maxima Barton, 1808, Some account of the Siren ... , p. 8.­ Substitute name for gigantea. Cryptobranchus salamandroides Leuckart, 1821, Isis, 1821, Liter. Anz., p. 260, pl. 9.-Substitute name for gigantea. Cryptobranchus terrassodactylus Wellborn, 1936, Zoo!. Anz., 114: 63.­ North America; restr. to Allegheny Mountains in Virginia. Range.-Ohio and Wabash River systems; Susquehanna River; upper courses of the Tar River, North Carolina, the Savannah River,

1 See Harper, 1940, Arner. Midl. Nat., 23: 720. 11 12 CHECK LIST

Georgia, and the Tennessee River; lower Missouri River; southeast­ ern Iowa; southeastern Kansas. Common name.-Hellbender.

Cryptohranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grohman [New comb.] Cryptobranchus bishopi Grohman, 1942, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 470: 6.-Current River at Big Spring Park, Carter County, Missouri. Range.-Greer Springs, Current and Eleven Point rivers, Missouri ( White River system); Spring Creek in Missouri and Spring River in Arkansas ( Black River system). Common name.-Ozark hellbender.

PROTEIDAE Necturus Rafinesque Necturus Rafinesque, 1819, Blainville's Jour. Phys., 88: 417.-Type: macu­ latus Rafinesque = maculosu.s Rafinesque. Menobranchus Harlan, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 233.-Type: lateralis = maculosus. Phanerobranchus Leuckart, 1821, Isis, 1821, Liter. Anz., p. 260.-Type: tetradactylus = cepedii ( Fitzinger, 1826, eue Classif. Rept., p. 66). Necturus maculosus Rafinesque Siren maculosa Rafinesque, 1818, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., 4: 41.­ Ohio River. Necturus maculosus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat. , Lexington, no. 1, p. 4. Range.-Eastem North America, in the Atlantic and Gulf drain­ ages. Common name.-Mudpuppy, waterdog.

Necturus maculosus maculosus Rafinesque Necturus [maculosus] maculosus Brimley, 1924, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 11: 167. Necturus maoulatus Rafinesque, 1819, Blainville's Jour. Phys., 88: 417.­ Substitute name for maculosus. Phanerobranchus tetradaotylus Leuckart, 1821, Isis, 1821, Liter. Anz., p. 260.-North America. Triton lateralis Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1: 5.-Vicinity of Pittsburgh. Phanerobranchus cepedii Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rept. ... , p. 66.­ North America. Menobranchus lacepedii Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., 9: 108.­ Substitute name for cepedii. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 13

Siredon hyemalis Kneeland, 1856, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 152.­ Lake Superior. Menobranchus lateralis var. latastei Garnier, 1888, Proc. Canadian Inst., ( 3), 5: 218-219.-Maitland River, Ontario. Range.-The Mississippi River system from northern Alabama and the Arkansas River northward in eastern Oklahoma and Kansas to southeastern Manitoba; the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River system, with its tributaries in Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Common name.-Mudpuppy, waterdog.

Necturus maculosus stictus Bishop Necturus maculosus stictus Bishop, 1941, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 451: 9.-Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Range.-Lake Winnebago drainage in Wisconsin. Common name.-Lake Winnebago mudpuppy.

Necturus maculosus heyeri Viosca Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 123.-Upper Calcasieu River, near Oakdale, Allen Parish, Louisiana. Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 121.-Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.2 Range.-Gulf Coast streams from eastern Texas to western Geor­ gia and Florida, north in the Appalachian streams at lower altitudes through eastern Tennessee and western North and South Carolina to Virginia. Common name.-Gulf Coast waterdog, Beyer's waterdog.

Necturus maculosus louisianensis Viosca Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51: 143.-Big Creek, a few miles from Pollock, Grant Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Red River drainage in Louisiana (known only from Grant and Rapides parishes). Common name.-Red River waterdog.

Necturus maculosus lewisi Brimley Necturus maculosus lewisi Brimley, 1924, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 11: 167.-Neuse River, near Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina. Range.-Neuse and Tar River systems in North Carolina. Common name.-Neuse River waterdog. 2 Allocation following S. C. Bishop ( in litt.). 14 CHECK LIST

Necturus lodingi Viosca Nectur-us lodingi Viosca, 1937, Copeia, 1937: 126.-Enslava Creek, near Mobile, Mobile County, Alabama. Range.-Vicinity of Mobile, Alabama. Common name.-Mobile waterdog.

Necturus punctatus Gibbes Menobranchus punctatus Gibbes, 1850, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Charleston, 1850: 159.-Dr. Schoolbred's plantation on the South Santee River, a few miles from its mouth, South Carolina. Nectur-us punctatus Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 27. Range.-Streams of Atlantic coastal plain in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Common name.-Dwarf waterdog.

SIRENIDAE Siren Linnaeus Siren Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda [not paged].-Type: lacertina.

Siren lacertina Linnaeus Siren lacertina Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, pt. 2, sign. Rrrr 5, Addenda [not paged].-In swampy Carolina; re tr. to vicinity of Charles­ ton. Phanerobranchus dipus Leuckart, 1821, Isis, 1821, Liter. Anz., p. 260.­ Substitute name for lacertina. Range.-Maryland and Virginia on the west side of Chesapeake Bay, coastal North and South Carolina, southern Georgia and Ala­ bama, and throughout Florida. Common name.-Great siren.

Siren intermedia Le Conte Siren intermedia Le Conte, 1827, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., ( 1), 5: 322.­ Southem states; restr. to Liberty County, Georgia. Range.-Southeastern United States, from South Carolina to Texas, northward to Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Dwarf siren.

Siren intermedia intermedia Le Conte Siren intermedia intermedia Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 211. AMPIITBIANS AND REPTILES 15

Range.-Coastal South Carolina through southern Georgia and northern Florida to extreme eastern Louisiana. Common·name.-Eastern dwarf siren.

Siren intermedia nettingi Goin Siren intermedia nettingi Goin, 1942, Ann . Carnegie Mus. , 29: 211.-Im­ boden., Lawrence County, Arkansas. Range.-Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana and northward through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri, western Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky; Illinois and Indiana to the Kankakee drainage. Common name.-Netting's dwarf siren.

Pseudobranchus Gray Pseudobranchus Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., (n.s.), 10: 216.-Type: striatus.

Pseudobranchus striatus Le Conte Siren striata Le Conte, 1824, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. ew York, I: 53, pl. 4.­ Riceborough, Liberty County, Georgia. Pseudobranchus striatus Gray, 182§, Ann. Phil., ( n.s. ), 10: 216. Range.-South Carolina to Florida. Common name.-Mud siren.

Pseudobranchus striatus striatus Le Conte Pseudobranchus striatus striatus Netting and Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 183, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4. Range.-Southern South Carolina through lowland Georgia. Common name.-Broad-striped mud siren.

Pseudobranchus striatus axanthus Netting and Goin Pseudobranchus striatus axanthus Netting and Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 183, pl. 1, figs. I, 2.-East edge of Paynes Prairie, at junction of Prairie Creek and River Styx, about 5 miles southeast of Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Narrow-striped mud siren.

Pseudobranchus striatus lustricolus Neill Pseudobrancht/.8, striatus lustricolus Neill, 1951, Puhl. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., I: 39, figs. 1, 2.-7.8 miles southeast of Otter Creek, Levy County, Florida. 16 CHECK LIST

Range.-Levy County and adjacent areas on the Gulf Coast of Florida. Common name.-Gulf hammock mud siren.

Pseudohranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus Goin and Crenshaw, 1949, Ann. Car­ negie Mus., 31: 277.-Seven miles south of Smithville, Lee County, Georgia. Range.-Southwestern Georgia ( Baker and Lee counties) and adjacent Florida ( Columbia, Gulf, Leon, and Liberty counties). Common name.-Slender mud siren.

AM BYSTOMIDAE Dicamptodon Strauch Dicamptodon Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7), 16, no. 4, p. 68.-Type: ensatus (by monotypy) . Chondrotus Cope, 1887, Amer. Nat., 21: 88.-Type: tenebrosum = ensatus. Dicamptodon ensatus Eschscholtz Triton ensatus Eschscholtz, 1833, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 6, pl. 22.-Vicinity of the Bay of San Francisco, California. Dicamptodon ensatus Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7 ), 16, no. 4, p. 69. Amblystoma tenebrosum Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 174.-Oregon. Amblystoma aterrimum Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 201.­ North Rocky Mountains. Range.-Extreme southwest corner of British Columbia through western Washington, Oregon, and northwestern California to Santa Cruz County; an isolated area in northern Idaho. Common name.-Paci.6.c giant salamander.

Rhyacotriton Dunn Rhyacotriton Dunn, 1920, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 56.-Type: olympicus.

Rhyacotriton olympicus Gaige Ranodon olympicus Gaige, 1917, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 40: 2, pl. 1.-Lake Cushman, Washington. Rhyacotriton olympicus Dunn, 1920, Proc. ew England Zoo!. Club, 7: 56. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 17

Range.-Pacific coastal region from the Olympic Mountains south to southern Humboldt County, California. Common name.-Mountain salamander.

Rhyacotriton olympicus olympicus Gaige Rhyacotitron olympicus olympicus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 50: 465, pl. 31, text fig. 1. Range.-West of the crest of the Cascades in Washington from the Olympic Peninsula south to the Columbia River and probably along the Oregon coast to Tillamook County. Common name.-Olympic mountain salamander.

Rhyacotriton olympicus variegatus Stebbins and Lowe Rhyacotriton olympicus variegatus Stebbins and Lowe, 1951, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 50: 471, pl. 31, text fig. 1.-1.3 miles west of Burnt Ranch Post Office, Trinity County, California. Range.-Coastal area in northwestern California, from southern Humboldt County to the Rogue River Valley, Curry County, Ore­ gon; inland in California to extreme western Trinity County [inter­ gradient with olympicus olympicus in the area intervening between the stated ranges of the subspecies]. Common name.-California mountain salamander.

Ainhystoma Tschudi Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 92.-Type: subviolacea Barton ( by monotypy) = maculatu.m. Xiphonura Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 95.-Type: ieff ersonianum. Salamandroidis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 33.-Type: subviolacea Barton ( by monotypy). Amblystoma Agassiz, 1846, Nomenclator Zool. Rept., p. 2.-Emendation. Heterotriton Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 33.-Type: ingens Green ( by monotypy) = tigrinum. Plagiodon Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 9: 101.-Substi­ tute name for Ambystoma. Desmiostoma Sager, 1858, Penin. Jour. Med., 5: 428.-Type: maculatum. Camarataxis Cope, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 122.-Type: macu­ latum. Pectoglossa Mivart, 1867, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867: 698.-Type: per­ similis = ieff ersonianum. Sirenodon Desor, 1870, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 8: 269.-Type: liche­ noides Baird. 18 CHECK LIST

Linguaelapsus Cope, 1887, Amer. Nat., 21: 88.-Type: not designated; here designated as annulatum Cope. A~bystoma annulatum Cope Amblystoma annulatum Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 525.-Lo­ cality unknown; here designated as vicinity of Hot Springs, Arkansas. Ambystoma annulatum Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l, p. 8. Range.-Southern Missouri ( north to Camden County), south­ ward through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Ringed salamander.

Ambystoma cingulatum Cope Amblystoma cingulatum Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 205.­ Grahamville, South Carolina. Ambystoma cingulatum Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 8. Range.-Coastal plain of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida. Common name.-Reticulated salamander.

Ambystoma cingulatum cingulatum Cope Ambystoma cingulatum cingulatum Goin, 1950, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 31: 307, pl. 1, text figs. 1, 2. Ambystoma lepturum Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 524.-Locality unknown; designated as Jasper County, South Carolina. Range.-Colleton County, South Carolina, and Jefferson County, Georgia, west and south to Lanier County, Georgia, and Duval County, Florida. Common name.-Frosted salamander.

Ambystoma cingulatum bishopi Goi~ Ambystoma cingulatum bishopi Goin, 1950, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 31: 300, pl. 1, text figs. l , 2.-About 5 miles north of Pensacola, Escambia County, Florida. Range.-The Gulf coastal plain from Baker County, Georgia, and Calhoun County, Florida, to Mobile Bay, Alabama. Common name.-Reticulated salamander.

Ambystoma gracile Baird Siredon gracilis Baird, 1859, Paci£. R.R. Surv. Rept., 10, Williamson's Route, pt. 4, no. 4, p. 13, pl. 44, fig. 2.-Cascade Mountains, near 44° N. Lat. (Oregon). Ambystoma gracile Dunn, 1926, Copeia, 154: 136. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 19

Range.-Southern Alaska to northern California. Common name.-Northwestern salamander.

Ambystoma gracile gracile Baird Ambystoma gracile gracile Dunn, 1944, Copeia, 1944: 130. Ambystoma paroticum Baird, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 19: 200.­ Chiloweynck, British Columbia. Range.-Vancouver Island and southwestern British Columbia through coastal Washington and Oregon to northern California. Common name.-Oregon salamander.

Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Cope Amblystoma decorticatum Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 522.­ Port Simpson, British Columbia. Ambystoma gracile decorticatum Dunn, 1944, Copeia, 1944: 130. Range.-Coastal British Columbia north of the Vancouver region to May Island, Alaska (54° 30' N. Lat.). Common name.-British Columbia salamander.

Ambystoma je:ffersonianum Green Salamandra ieffersoniana Green, 1827, Contr. Maclurean Lye., 1: 4, pl. 1, fig. 1.-Near Cbartier's Creek in the vicinity of Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Washington County, Pennsylvania. Ambystoma ieffersoniana Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., (2), 1: 283. Amblystoma laterale Hallowell, 1858, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci . Phila., ( 2), 3: 352.-Borders of Lake Superior. Amblystoma fuscum Hallowell, 1858, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 3: 355.-Near Hanover College. Plethodon persimilis Gray, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859: 230.­ Siam [in error] ; designated as vicinity of New York City. Amblystoma platineum Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 19: 198.­ Cleveland, Ohio. Amblystoma jeffersonianum jeffersonianum Cope, 1875, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1: 26. Range.-Northeastern United States and southern Canada, west­ ward to northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois, southward to Maryland, and through Virginia and West Virginia in the moun­ tains; throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana; isolated occur­ rences in Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Common name.-Jefferson's salamander. 20 CHECK LIST

Amhystoma mabeei Bishop Ambystoma mabeei Bishop, 1928, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 43: 157, pl. 23, £gs. l , 2.-Low grounds of the Black River near Dunn, Harnett County, North Carolina. Range.-Southeastern coastal North Carolina th.rough South Caro­ lina to Liberty County, Georgia. Common name.-Mabee's salamander.

Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird Ambystoma macrodactyla Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), l: 299.-Astoria, Oregon. Amblystoma krausei Peters, 1882, Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1882: 145.-Flathead River, Montana. Amblystoma epixanthum Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 35: 16.­ South Boise River, Idaho. Ambystoma stejnegeri Ruthven, 1912, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 41: 517.­ Bloom.6.eld, Davis County, Iowa [in error]. Range.-Southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island, south to northern California, and eastward into Alberta, Idaho, and Mon­ tana. Common name.-Long-toed salamander.

Ambystoma maculatum Shaw Lacerta maculata Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3, pt. 1, p. 304.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Ambystoma maculatum Stejneger, 1902, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15: 239. Lacerta punctata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, l: 370.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina [not of Linnaeus, 1758]. Salamandra palustris Bechstein, 1800, in Lacepede, Naturg. Amphib., 2: 544.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Salamandra venenosa Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 8: 229.-Vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lacerta subviolacea Barton, 1804, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 6: 109, pl. 4, fig. 6.-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ambystoma carolinae Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 35.-Substi­ tute name for maculatum [reference not seen]. Ambystome argus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 9: 103. -North America ( lapsus for Ambystoma, substitute name). Range.-Eastern North America: Southern Canada from the Gaspe Peninsula and Nova Scotia west th.rough southern Ontario to upper Michigan and Wisconsin, south to the Gulf states, west to south­ eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. Common name.-Spotted salamander. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 21

Amhystoma opacum Gravenhorst Salamandra opaca Gravenhorst, 1807, Vergl. Uebersicht Zool. Syst., p. 431.­ New York. Ambystoma opaca Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 283. Salamandrafasciata Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 350.­ Probably the vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Range.-Eastern United States: New Hampshire to northern Flor­ ida, west to northwestern Indiana, southern Michigan, eastern Illi­ nois, and to Missouri ( west to Phelps County); southward to eastern Texas and the Gulf states. Common name.-Marbled salamander. Amhystoma talpoideum Holbrook Salamandra talpoidea Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 3: 117, pl. 29. -Sea Islands on the border of South Carolina. Ambystoma talpoideum Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 36. Range.-Coastal plain of South Atlantic states southward from South Carolina, through the Gulf states to Louisiana; northward in the Mississippi Basin to eastern Oklahoma and southern Illinois. Common name.-Mole salamander. Amhystoma texanum Matthes Salamandra texana Matthes, 1855, Alig. deutsche naturh. Zeitschr., ( n.s.), 1: 266.-Rio Colorado and Cumming's Creek Bottom, Fayette County, Texas; restr. to Rio Colorado bottom land. Amblystoma microstomum Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 123. -Wabash, Ohio [= Wabash River, Indiana; see Fowler and Dunn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 69: 11]. Range.-Kansas to Ohio, south to the Gulf states, east to West Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina. Common name.-Small-mouthed salamander. Amhystoma tigrinum Green Salamandra tigrina Green, 1825, J our. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1), 5: 116.­ Near Moorestown, Burlington County, New Jersey. Ambystoma tigrina Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 2), 1: 284. Range.-Most of temperate North America, except the Pacific northwest. Common name.-Tiger salamander. Amhystoma tigrinum tigrinum Green Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 156. 22 CHECK LIST

Salamandra ingens Green, 1830, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 6: 254.­ Near New Orleans, Louisiana. Salamandra lurida Sager, 1839, Amer. Jour. Sci., (1), 36: 322.-No locality. Ambystoma episcopus Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 293.­ Kemper County, Mississippi. Amblystoma bicolor Hallowell, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 215.­ Near Beesley's Point [Cape May County], New Jersey. Amblystoma consperstim Cope, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 123.­ Londongrove, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Amblystoma obscurum Baird, 1867, in Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 192.-Fort Des Moines, Iowa. Amblystoma xiphias Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 192.­ Colurnbus, Franklin County, Ohio. Amblystoma copeanum Hay, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8: 209, pl. 14.­ Irvington, Marion County ( near Indianapolis) , Indiana. Range.-Eastem United States from New York and New Jersey southward through the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, westward to Louisiana and Iowa; recorded from Essex County, Ontario, and southeastern Manitoba. Common name.-Eastern tiger salamander.

Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum Baird Siredon lichenoides melanostictum Baird, 1860, Expl. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 12, pt. 2, p. 306.-Near Fort Union, Nebraska. Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum Bishop, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 256. Ambystoma tigrinum slateri Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 159.-5 miles south­ east of Coulee Dam, Grant County, Washington. Range.-Eastern British Columbia and Alberta, southeastward through eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wy­ oming, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Common name.-Blotched tiger salamander.

Ambystoma tigrinum diaholi Dunn Ambystoma tigrfaum diaboli Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 160.-Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, North Dakota. Range.-North Dakota east and north of the Altamont Moraine, north into adjacent Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Common name.-Gray tiger salamander.

Amhystoma tigrinum mavortium Baird Ambystoma mavortia Baird, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 284.­ New Mexico. Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 158. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 23

Ambystoma proserpine Baird, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 173.­ Salado, 4 miles from San Antonio, Texas. Siredon harlanii Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 9: 181, pl. 95, figs. 1, l a.-Spring Lake, New Mexico. Siredon lichenoides Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 68.-Lake at head of Santa Fe Creek, New Mexico. Amblystoma tri.sr-uptum Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 194.­ Ocate River, New Mexico. Range.-Kansas and Oklahoma, southwestward through Texas and eastern Colorado to eastern and central New Mexico. Common name.-Yellow-barred tiger salamander. Amhystoma tigrinum nebulosum Hallowell Ambystoma nebulosum Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 209. -San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Ambystoma tigrfaum nebulosum Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 158. Range.-Colorado plateau in Utah, western Colorado, northwest­ ern New Mexico and Arizona. 3 Common name.-Clouded tiger salamander. Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Gray Ambyostoma califomiense Gray, 1853, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1853: 11, pl. 7.-Monterey, California, in error designated as vicinity of San Fran­ cisco. Ambystoma tigrinum californiense Dunn, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 157. Range.-Central western California, from Sonoma and Sacramento counties southward in the Cenb"al Valley to Kern County, and coast­ wise to Monterey County. Common name.-California tiger salamander.

SALAMANDRIDAE Diemictylus4 Rafinesque Diem·ictylus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. 1, p. 5.-Type: viridescens. Notophthalmus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. 1, p. 5.-Type: miniatus = viridescens. • Diemyctylus Hallowell, 1858, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 3: 363 (emend.).

3 Ambystoma tigrinum, possibly representing nebulosum, is recorded as abun­ dant in the Huachuca Mountains by Reed ( 1951, Nat. Hist. Misc., 79). 4 Wolterstor.lf, Willy, and Wolf Herre, 1935. Die Gattungen der Wasser­ molche der Familie Salamandridae, Arch. Naturg., (n.f.), 4, Heft 2, pp. 217- 229. 24 CHECK LIST

Diemictylus viridescens Rafinesque Trituros viridescens Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. 1, p. 5.­ Lake George, Lake Champlain. Diemyctylus viridescens Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 207. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Newt.

Diemictylus viridescens viridescens Ra£nesque Diemyctylus viridescens viridescens Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 34: 207, illus. Triturus miniatus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. l , p. 5.­ Eastem United States; restr. to borders of Lake Champlain. Salamandra symmetrica Harlan, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( l ), 5: 157.-Near Camden, South Carolina. Salamandra greeni Gray, 1831, in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., 9, Synopsis, p. 107. -Substitute name (for viridescens, cf. Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Caud., p. 22). Salamandra millepunctata Storer, 1840, Boston Jour. at. Hist., 2: 60.­ Roxbury and Amherst, Massachusetts. Triton punctatissimus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 9: 154.-Substitute name for millepunctata. Salamandra ventralis Provancher, 1875, Nat. Canadien, 7 : 251.-Yamaska, Quebec. Range.-Eastern North Ame1ica, from the St. Lawrence Basin in Quebec and southern Ontario to New Brunswick, south to South Carolina, Georgia, a~d Alabama, and west to Michigan and Indiana. Common name.-Red-spotted newt, red eft ( for the land stage). Diemictylus viridescens dorsalis Harlan [New comb.] Salamandra dorsalis Harlan, 1828, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 6: 101. -South Carolina; restr. to northeastern South Carolina. Diemyctylus viridescens vittatus Garman, 1897, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., 19: 49. .-Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina. Range.-Southeastern North Carolina and northeastern South Car­ olina. Common name ...-Brok en-striped newt. Diemictylus viridescens louisianensis Wolterstorf( Diemyctylus viridescens louisianensis Wolterstorff, 1914, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, 2: 383.-New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, from southeastern South Carolina to eastern Texas and Oklahoma, north in the Mississippi AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 25

Basin to Iowa and through Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Wiscon­ sin, the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and eastern Minne­ sota. Common name.-Variable newt.

Diemictylus viridescens perstriatus Bishop [New comb.] Triturus perstriatus Bishop, 1941, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 451: 3.-Dedge Pond, 2 miles east of Chesser's Island, Charlton County, Georgia. Range.-Southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida. Common name.-Striped newt.

Diemictylus meridionalis Cope Diemyctylus miniatus meridionalis Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 30.-Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Diemictylus meridionalis Smith, 1947, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 6. Range.-Gulf Coast of Texas from Houston to the Rio Grande and into adjacent Tamaulipas. Common 11ame.-Black-spotted newt.

Taricha Gray Taricha Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 25.-Type: torosa (by subsequent designation).

Taricha torosa Rathke Triton torosus Rathke, 1833, in Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 12, pl. 21, fig. 15.-Vicinity of San Francisco, California. Taricha torosa Herre, 1934, Blatter Aquarien-Terr. Kunde, 45: 250. Range.-Coast ranges of California from Mendocino County to the vicinity of San Diego, and the Sierra Nevada. Common name.-California newt.

Taricha torosa torosa Rathke Taricha torosa torosa Herre, Abh. Mus. Naturk. Magdeburg, 7: 91, £gs. 6, 7. Triton ermani V\liegmann, 1835, in Erman's Reise um die Ertle, Naturk. Atlas, p. 24.-San Francisco, San Mateo County, California. Taricha laevis Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 302.­ San Francisco. Taricha torosa klauberi Wolterstorff, 1935, Blatter Aquarien-Terr. Kunde, 46: 179.-Boulder Creek, San Diego County, California. 26 OHECK LIST

Range.-Coastal California from the vicinity of San Diego north to middle Mendocino County, north of San Francisco. Common name.-Coast Range newt.

Taricha torosa sierrae Twitty [New comb.] Triturus sierrae Twitty, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 65, pl. 1.-Cherokee Creek, in the hills above Chico, Butte County, California. Range.-Sierra Nevada of California in Butte, Eldorado, Mari­ posa, Tuolumne, Placer, and Fresno counties, north to Shasta County. Common 11ame.-Sierra newt.

Taricha granulosa Skilton [New comb.] Salamandra ( Triton) granulosa Skilton, 1849, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, (2), 7: 202, pl. 1.-Oregon; restr. to Willamette Falls ( = Oregon City), Clackamas County, Oregon. Range.-The Pacific coastal region from southern Alaska to Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties, California. Common name.-Rough-skinned newt.

Taricha granulosa granulosa Skilton [New comb.] Range.-From the northern boundary of California northward through coastal Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia to Ad­ miralty Island, Alaska. Common 11ame.-Rough-skinned newt.

Taricha granulosa mazamae Myers [New comb.] Triturus granulosus mazamae Myers, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 80, fig.-Higher slopes of Mount Mazama near Crater Lake, Klamath County, Oregon. Range.-Vicinity of Crater Lake, Oregon. Common 11ame.-Crater Lake newt.

Taricha granulosa twittyi Bishop [New comb.] Triturus granulosus twittyi Bishop, 1941, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 451: 16.-Saratoga, Santa Clara County, California. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 27

Range.-Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Marin and southern Mendocino counties, Califo1nia. Common name.-Twitty's newt.

Taricha granulosa similans Twitty [New comb.] Triturus similans Twitty, 1935, Copeia, 1935: 76.-Robinson Creek, Ukiah, Mendocino County, California. Range. -Mendocino and Butte counties, California. Common name.-Mendocino newt.

Taricha rivularis Twitty [New comb.] Triturus rivularis Twitty, 1935, Copeia, 1935: 73.-Gibson Creek, about 1 mile west of Ukiah, Mendocino County, California. Range.-Northern California, in Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt and probably Del Norte counties. Common narne.-Western red-bellied newt.

AMPHIUMIDAE Amphiuma Garden Amphiuma Garden, 1821, in Smith, Correspondence of Linnaeus, 1: 333, 599.-Type: means. Chrysodonta Mitchill, 1822, Amer. Med. Rec., 5: 503.-Type: larvaeformis = means. Sirenoidis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 34.-Type: didactylum. Muraenopsis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 34.-Type: tridactylum.

Amphiuma means Garden Amphiuma means Garden, 1821, in Smith, Correspondence of Linnaeus, I: 333, 599.-Type locality not stated; from the context either Charles­ ton, South Carolina, or eastern Florida; restr. to Charleston, South Caro­ lina. Range.-Southeastern North America. Common name.-Amphiuma, congo eel, lamp or lamper eel, mud eel.

Amphiuma means means Garden Amphiuma means means Goin, 1938, Herpetologica, 5: 128. Chrysodonta larvaeformis Mitchill, 1822, Amer. Med. Rec., 5: 503.-Savan­ nah, Chatham County, Georgia. 28 CHECK LIST

Amphiuma didactylum Cuvier, 1827, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14: 4.­ Substitute name for means. Range.-Southeastern Virginia south through the Atlantic coastal plain, peninsular Florida, and west to southeastern Mississippi and extreme eastern Louisana ( including the area of intergradation with tridactylum, according to Goin). Common name.-Two-toed amphiuma, two-toed mud eel.

Amphiuma means tridactylum Cuvier Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14: 7.•­ New Orleans. Amphiuma means tridactylum Goin, 1938, Herpetologica, 1: 128. Range.-Gulf coastal plain from eastern Texas through Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama; north through Arkansas and western Ten­ nessee to the adjacent areas of Missouri, Kentucky, and undoubtedly Illinois; Clark County, Indiana. Common name.-Lamp eel, lamper eel [Louisiana], three-toed amphiuma.

PLETHODONTIDAE

DESMOGNATHINAE Desmognathus Baird Desmognathus Baird, 1850, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 282.-Type: fuscus. Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop, 1947, Copeia, 1947: 163, fig. I.­ Seepage branch, 100 feet north of Peachtree Creek, 3½ miles south-south­ east of Peachtree, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-Cherokee salamander.

Desmognathus fuscus Green Salamandra fusca Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 357.­ Probably the vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Desmognathus fuscus Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 285; Grohman, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 70: 1-8, figs. 1, 2 [maps]. Range.-Eastem United States, west to eastern Oklahoma and Texas; southern New Brunswick and southern Ontario. Common name.-Dusky salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 29

Desmognathus fuscus fuscus Rafinesque Desmognathus fusca fusca Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 194. Desmognathus fuscus fuscus Dunn, 1926, Plethodontidae, p. 81. Salamandra nigra Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 1: 352.- Probably vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Salamandra sinciput-albida Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 352.-New Jersey. Triturns nebulosus Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. 1, p. 5.­ Near New York, at Harlem and Long Island. Salamandra picta Harlan, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1), 5: 136.­ Vicinity of Philadelphia. Salamandra intermixta Green, 1825, Hall's Portfolio, 20: 159.-Jeffei;son College, Pennsylvania. Salamandra frontalis Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., 9, Appendix, p. 107 ( substitute name for sinciput-albida) . Salamandra phoca Matthes, 1855, Allg. deutsche naturh. Zeitschr., ( n.s.), 1: 273.-Taylor's Creek, o_pposite the town of Miami on the west bank of the Miami River, Ohio Labout 14 miles northwest of Newport, Camp­ bell County, Kentucky]. Range.-New Brunswick to eastern Ontario and through the Appalachian region to Alabama and Georgia, westward to southern Illinois. Interdigitating with brimleyorum on the Piedmont plateau. Common name.-Northem dusky salamander.

Desmognathus fuscus welteri Barbour Desmognathus fuscus welteri Barbour, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 277.-Looney Creek, near Lynch, Harlan County, Kentucky. Range.-Eastern Kentucky and adjacent Virginia. Common name.-Black Mountain dusky salamander.

Desmognathus fuscus auriculatus Holbrook Salamandra auriculata Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 3: 115, pl. 28.-Riceborough, Liberty County, Georgia. Desmognathus fuscus auriculata Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 116. Range.-Southeastem South Carolina, southward to central Flor­ ida, and westward to southeastern Mississippi. Common name.-Coastal plain dusky salamander.

Desmognathus fuscus hrimleyorum Stejneger Desmognathus brimleyornm Stejneger, 1895, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 598. -Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. Desmognathus fuscus brimleyornm Dunn, 1926, Plethodontidae, p. 101. 30 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southeastern Virginia, southwestward to eastern Texas and northward through Arkansas. Interdigitating with fuscus on the Piedmont plateau. Common name.-Brimley's dusky salamander.

Desmognathus fuscus carri Neill Desmognathus fuscus carri Neill, 1951, Puhl. Res. Div. Allen's Reft. Inst., I: 25, figs. 1, 2.-Silver Glen Springs, in the Ocala Nationa Forest, Marion County, Florida. Range.-The Big Scrub region ( the Ocala National Forest) of Mru-ion County, Florida, southward through Hillsborough and Polk counties. Common name.-Ocala dusky salamander.

Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope Desmognathus ochrophaea Cope, 1839, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 124. -Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Range.-From the Hudson River Valley west to Lakes Ontario and Erie in New York and Pennsylvania, southward to Georgia. Common name.-Allegheny mountain salamander.

Desmognathus ochrophaeus ochrophaeus Cope Desmognathus ochrophaea ochrophaea Dunn, 1917, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53: 415. Range.-Clinton County, New York, to Ganett County, Maryland, West Virginia and adjacent Ohio, southward into Kentucky. Common name.-Allegheny mountain salamander.

Desmognathus ochrophaeus carolinensis Dunn Desmognathus ochrophaea carolinensis Dunn, 1916, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29: 74.-Spring near top of Mount Mitchell, Buncombe County, North Carolina. Desmognathus aureatagulus Weller, 1930, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci. Cin­ cinnati, 1, no. 7, [not paged].-Trail between Newfound Gap and Indian Pass, 4,400 to 5,000 feet alt., Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Desmognathus fuscus imitator Dunn, 1927, Copeia, 164: 84.-Indian Pass, Great Smoky Mountains, orth Carolina. Range.-Appalachian ranges from Virginia to northeastern Georgia. Common name.-Blue Ridge mountain salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 31

Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls Desmognathus ocoee Nicholls, 1949, Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 24: 127.-Ships Prow Rock, Ocoee Gorge, nine miles west of Ducktown, Polk County, Tennessee. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-Ocoee salamander.

Desmognathus perlapsus Neill Desmognathus perlapsus Neill, 1950, Puhl. Ross Allen Rept. Inst., I: l , fig. 1.-Tallulah Gorge, near Tallulah Falls, Rabun County, Georgia. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-Tallulah salamander.

Desmognathus monticola Dunn Desmognathus monticola Dunn, 1916, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29: 73.­ Elk Lodge, near Brevard, North Carolina; Grohman, 1945, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 58: 40, map. Desmognathus phoca Dunn, 1923, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 39 ( nee Matthes). Range.-Southwestem Pennsylvania through the Appalachian highlands to northern Georgia. Common name.-Seal salamander.

Desmognathus monticola monticola Dunn Desmognathus monticola monticola Hoffman, 1951, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. . Soc., 66: 251, pl. 17, fig. 2, map. 1. Range.-Range of monticola exclusive of the Blue Ridge Province. Common name.-Seal salamander.

Demognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman Desmognathus monticola jeffersoni Hoffman, 1951, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 66: 250, pl. 17, fig. 1, map 1. Range.-Blue Ridge Province in Virginia. Common name.-Blue Ridge seal salamander.

Desmognathus chermocki Bishop and Valentine Desmognathus chermocki Bishop and Valentine, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 39.­ Hurricane Creek, Tuscaloosa County, Alabanrn. Range.-Tuscaioosa County, Alabama. Common name.-Alabama salamander. 32 CHECK LIST

Desmognathus quadramaculatus Holbrook Salamandra quadra-maculata Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: 121, pl. 26.-Georgia, Carolina and Pennsylvania; restr. to Great Smoky Mountains ["maculo-quadrata" in text reference]. Desmognathus quaclrimaculata Stejneger, 1903, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 26: 557. Desmognathus quadramaculatus amphileucus Bishop, 1941, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 451: 12.-Demorest, Habersham County, Georgia; Pope, 1949, Nat. Hist. Misc., 44: 1. Range.-From Monrne County, West Virginia, eastward to Henry County, Virginia, and southward to northeastern Georgia, in the Appalachian Mountains. Common name.-Black-bellied saJamander.

Desmognathus wrighti King Desmognathus wrighti King, 1936, Herpetologica, 1: 57, pl. 5.-Mount Le Conte, Sevier County, Tennessee. Range.-Spruce-fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains; White Top Mountain, Virginia. Common narne.-Pygmy salamander.

Leurognathus Moore Leurognatlms Moore, 1899, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 51: 316.-Type: rrwrmoratus ( by monotypy).

Leurognathus marmorata Moore Leurognathus marmorata Moore, 1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51: 316, pl. 14.-South flank of Grandfather Mountain, Avery County, North Carolina; Pope and Hairston, 1947, Fieldiana: Zoology, 31: 155-162, £gs. 28, 29 (map). Range.-Southern part of the Blue Ridge Province, above 1,500 feet alt. Common name.-Sbovel-nosed salamander.

Leurognathus marmorata marmorata Moore Leurognathus marmorata marmorata Stejneger and Barbour, 1939, Check list, ed. 4, p. 12. Range.-Grandfather and Roan fountains in North Carolina, southwestward to the valley of the French Broad River. Common name.-Northern shovel-nosed salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 33

Leurognathus marmorata intermedia Pope Leurognathus marmorata intermedia Pope, 1928, Amer. Mus. Nov., 306: 1. - Davis Gap, Waynesville, Davis County, North Carolina. Range.-Southern part of the Blue Ridge Province, southwestward from the valley of the French Broad River to Rabun County, Georgia. Common name.-Southern shovel-nose.cl salamander.

:;.. ~ I,\ IPLETHODONTINAE Plethodon Tschudi Plethodon Tschudi, 1838, Mern. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 92.-Type: glutinosus; for distribution maps see Grohman, 1944, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 45: 265-316, figs. 1-11. Plethodon cinereus Green Salamandra cinerea Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 1: 356.­ New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Plethodon cinereus Tschudi, 1838, Mero. Soc. Sci. Tat. Neuchatel, 1838: 92. Range.-Eastem North America. Common name.-Red-backed salamander.

Plethodon cinereus cinereus Green Plethodon cinereus cinereus Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 134, fig. 30. Salamandra erythronota Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 1: 356.-New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Range.-Eastem North America, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick through Quebec and Ontario to James Bay and to eastern Minnesota; south to Georgia, at higher altitudes southward. Common name.-Red-backed salamander, lead-backed salaman­ der ( names for the two color phases ) . Plethodon cinereus angusticlavius Grohman Plethodon cinereus angusticlavius Grohman, 1944, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 45: 302.-Mud Cave, near Fairy Cave, Stone County, Missouri. Range.-Ozark plateau in southern Missomi and northern Arkan­ sas. Common name.- arrow-striped red-backed salamander.

Plethodon cinereus serratus Grohman Plethodon cinereus serratus Grohman, 1944, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 45: 306. -Rich Mountain, Polle County, Arkansas. 34 CHECK LIST

Range.-Ouachita Mountains ( western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma). Common name.-Ouachita red-backed salamander.

Plethodon dorsalis Cope Plethodon cinereus dorsalis Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 139.­ Louisville, Kentucky. Plethodon dorsalis Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check li st, ed. l , p. 15. Range.-Southern Indiana and Illinois, through western Kentucky and central Tennessee to northern Alabama. Common name.-Zigzag salamander.

Plethodon glutinosus Green Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), I: 357. -Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Plethodon glutinosus Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 92. Range.-Eastern United States, west to Texas. Common name.-Slimy salamander.

Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus Green Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus Dunn, 1920, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33: 131 Salamandra variolata Gilliams, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 460, pl. 18, fig. !.-Southern states; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Salamandra cylindracea Harlan, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1 ), 5: 156.-South Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston. Salamandra melanoleuca Wied, 1865, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 32: 130.- azareth, Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Range.-Eastern United States, from New York through the Atlan­ tic and Gulf states to eastern Texas; northward to central Illinois, Indiana, and eastern and southern Ohio, exclusive of ranges of south­ eastern coastal plain species. Common name.-Slimy salamander.

Plethodon glutinosus alhagula Grohman Plethodon glutinosus albagula Grohman, 1944, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 45: 283.-20 miles north of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Range.-Southern part of tl1e Edwards Plateau in centrnl Texas. Common name.-White-throated slin1y salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 35

Plethodon glutinosus grohmani Allen and Neill Plethodon glutinosus grobmani Allen and Neill, 1949, Herpetologica, 5: 112. -Half-mile Creek Swamp, about a half-mile northeast of Silver Springs, Marion County, Florida. Range.-Lower coastal plain of Georgia southward in Florida to Pinellas and Hillsborough counties. Common name.-Grobman's slimy salamander.

Plethodon glutinosus chlorohryonis Mittleman Plethodon glutinosus chlorobryonis Mittleman, 1951, Herpetologica, 7: 108. -13 miles north of New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina. Range.-Eastem North Carolina, on the coastal plain. Common name.-Carolina slimy salamander.

Plethodon dixi Pope and Fowler Plethodon dixi Pope and Fowler, 1949, Nat. Hist. Misc., 4 7: 1.-Dixie Caverns, Roanoke County, Virginia. Range.-Dixie Caverns and near-by caves in Roanoke County, Virginia. Common name.-Dunn's cave salamander, Dixie Caverns sala­ mander.

Plethodon jordani Blatchley Plethodon ;ordani Blatchley, 1901, 25th Ann. Rept. Dept. Geo!. Indiana, p. 762.-Mount Collins and Indian Pass at 3,000 to 5,000 feet alt., Sevier County, Tennessee; Pope and Hairston, 1948, Evolution, 2: 276, fig. 11 [map]; Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 264, fig. 1 [map]. Range.-Southern Appalachian Mountains. Common name.-Jordan's salamander.

Plethodon jordani jordani Blatchley Plethodon ;ordani ;ordani Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 262. Range.-Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. Common name.-Red-cheeked salamander.

Plethodon jordani metcalfi Brimley Plethodon metcalfi Brimley, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25: 138, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4, 7-11.-Sunburst, Haywood County, and Grandfatlier Moun­ tain, Avery County, orth Carolina; restr. to Sunburst. Plethodon ;ordani metcalfi Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 266. 36 CHECK LIST

Range.-From Tazewell County, southwestern Virginia, south­ westward through North Carolina and Tennessee to areas of inter­ gradation with jordani, shermani, and melaventris. Common name.-Metcalf's salamander.

Plethodon jordani clemsonae Brimley Plethodon clemsonae Brimley, 1927, Copeia, 164: 73.-Jocassee, Oconee County, South Carolina. Ple-thodon iordani clemsonae Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 272. Range.-Vicinity of Jocassee, Oconee County, northwestern South Carolina. Common name.-Clemson's salamander.

Plethodon jordani shermani Stejneger Plethodon shermani Stejneger, 1906, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 30: 559, fig. 1. -Wayah Bald, North Carolina. Plethodon iordani shermani Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 271. Range.-Nantahala Mountains, southwestern North Carolina. Common name.-Red-legged salamander.

Plethodon jordani melaventris Pope and Hairston Plethodon shermani melaventris Pope and Hairston, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 107.-Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina. Plethodon fordani melaventris Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 272. Range.-Westem North Carolina (Beech Gap) southward to the junction of North and South Carolina with Georgia. Common name.-Highlands salamander.

Plethodon jordani rahunensis Pope and Hairston Plethodon shermani rabunensis Pope and Hairston, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 106. -Rabun Bald, Rabun County, Georgia. Plethodon fordani rabunensis Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 272. Range.-Rabun Bald, Rabun County, and Lumpkin County, north­ eastern Georgia. Common name.-Rabun Bald salamander.

Plethodon jordani teyahalee Hairston Ple-thodon iordani teyahalee Hairston, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 269.-Teyahalee Bald (=Johanna Bald), Snowbird Mountains, Graham and Cherokee counties, North Carolina. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 37

Range.-Snowbird Mountains in Graham and Cherokee counties, North Carolina. Common name.-Teyahalee salamander.

Plethodon jordani kentucki Mittleman Plethodon kentucki Mittleman, 1951, Herpetologica, 7: 105, 1 fig.-Pine Mountain, Harlan County, Kentucky. Range.-Pike and Harlan counties, Kentucky. Common name.-Kentucky salamander. Plethodon nettingi Green Plethodon nettingi Green, 1938, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 27: 295.-Barton Knob, Randolph County, West Virginia; Brooks, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 239-244, fig. 1. Range.-Southern Cheat Mountains, in eastern West Virginia. Common name.-Cheat Mountain salamander.

Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heintze, 1933, Copeia, 1933: 121.-Ouach­ ita National Forest, Rich Mountain, Polk County, Arkansas; Pope and Pope, 1951, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 129, figs. 1, 2 (maps). Range.-Ouachita Mountains, in Polk County, Arkansas, and Le Flore County, Oklahoma. Common name.-Rich Mountain salamander.

Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope Plethodon caddoensis Pope and Pope, 1951, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 148, fig. 1 (map).-Polk Creek Mountain at 1,200 feet alt., Caddo Mountains, Montgomery County, Arkansas. Range.-Caddo Mountains, Montgomery County, Arkansas, 950 to 1,200 feet alt. Common name.-Caddo Mountain salamander.

Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman Plethodon richmondi Netting and Mittleman, 1938, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 27: 288, pl. 30, fig. 1.-Huntington, Cabell County, West Virginia. Range.-From Cenb-e County, Pennsylvania, southward to Wayne County, West Virginia, eastward into western Virginia; Carter and Fayette counties, Kentucky, and west to Cincinnati, Yellow Springs, and Montgomery County in southwestern Ohio. Common name.-Ravine salamander. 38 CHECK LIST

Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn, 1917, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 69: 23, pl. 4.-Two Lick Hills, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Range.-Northern portion of Appalachian plateau; exh·eme south­ western New York through western Pennsylvania, most of West Virginia, and into southeastern Ohio. Common name.-Wehrle's salamander.

Plethodon huldae Grohman Plethodon huldae Grobman, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 136.-Along foot trail to Hawksbill Mountain, Skyline Drive, Madison County, Vir­ ginia, 3,500 feet alt. Range.-Blue Ridge Province in suitable habitats between Poor Mountain, Roanoke County, and Stony Man Mountain, Page and Madison counties. Common name.~Northern Blue Ridge salamander.

Plethodon welleri Walker Plethodon welleri Walker, 1931, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci. Cincinnati, 2: 48. -Grandfather Mountain, above 5,000 feet, near Linville, North Caro­ lina. Range.-Grandfather and Flat Top mOLmtains, northwestern North Carolina, and White Top Mountain, southwestern Virginia. Common name.-Weller's salamander.

Pethodon yonahlossee Dunn Plethodon yonahlossee Dunn, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37: 598, pl. 57, figs. 1-3, text fig. 1.-Yonahlossee Road, about rn miles from Lin­ ville, North Carolina, at 4,200 feet alt.; Pope, 1950, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 79, fig. 1 (map). Range.-Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina from the valley of the French Broad River northeastward into Virginia and Ten nessee. Common name.-Yonahlossee salamander. Plethodon dunni Bishop Plethodon dunni Bishop, 1934, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47: 169.-Vicinity of Portland, Clackamas County, Oregon. Range.-Western Oregon and exh·eme southwestern Washington, southward to the lower Rogue River. Common name.-Dunn's salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 39

Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh Plethodon elongatus Van Denburgh, 1916, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 6: 216.-Requa, Del Norte County, California. Range.-Del oite and Humboldt counties, California, north to Curry County, Oregon. Common name.-Del Norte salamander.

Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh Plethodon vandykei Van Denburgh, 1906, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ( 4), 4: 61. -Paradise Valley, Mount Rainier Park, Washington. Range.-Olympic Mountains to the Cascades and to northern Idaho. Common name.-Van Dyke's salamander.

Plethodon vanclykei vanclykei Van Denburgh Plethodon vandykei vandykei Lowe, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 93. Range.-Cascade and Olympic Mountains, Washington. Common name.-Washington salamander.

Plethodon vandykei idahoensis Slater and Slip Plethodon idahoensis Slater and Slip, 1940, 0cc. Papers Dept. Biol. Univ. Puget Sound, 8: 38, figs. 1, 2.-Northeast comer of Coeur d'Alene Lake, Kootenai County, Idaho. Plethodon vandykei idahoensis Lowe, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 93. Range.-Mountains of northern Idaho. Common name.-Coeur d'Alene salamander.

Plethodon vehiculum Cooper Ambystoma vehiculum Cooper, 1860, Rept. Exp!. Surv. Miss. River to Paci.fie, 12, pt. 2, viii, pl. 31, fig. 4.-Astoria, Oregon. Plethodon vehiculum Bishop, 1934, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 47: 171, pl. 1, fig. 2. Plethodon intermedius Baird, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 207.­ Fort Tejon, California. Plethodon crasst1.lus Cope, 1886, Proc. Arner. Phil. Soc. , 23: 521.-California. Range.-Southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island, western Washington, and n01thwestern Oregon. Common name.-Western red-backed salamander. Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer Plethodon neomexicanus Stebbins and Riemer, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 73.- 40 CHECK LIST

12 miles west and 4 miles south of Los Alamos, 8,750 feet alt., Sandoval County, New Mexico. Range.-Jemez Mountains, northern New Mexico. Common name.-Jemez Mountains salamander.

Batrachoseps Bonaparte

0 Batrachoseps Bonaparte, 1839, Icon. Fauna Ital., 2: fasc. 26, fol. 131."" - Type: attenuatus. Plethopsis Bishop, 1937, Herpetologica, 1: 93.-Type: wrighti. Batrachoseps attenuatus Eschscholtz Salamandrina attenuata Eschscholtz, 1833, Zool. Atlas, pt. 5, p. 1, pl. 21, figs. 1-14.-Vicinity of Bay of San Francisco, California. Batrachoseps attenuatus Cooper, 1858, Pac. R. R. Surv., 12, pt. 3, Zool., p. viii, pl. 31, fig. 5. Range.-Southwestern Oregon to coastal California, including coastal islands, south into Lower California. Common name.-California slender salamander.

Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus Eschscholtz Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus Dunn, 1926, Plethodontidae, p. 224. Batrachoseps nigriventris Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 98.­ Fort Tejon, Kern County, California. Batrachoseps caudatus Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 126, pl. 81, fig. 2, text fi g. 27.-Hassler Harbor, Alaska [best regarded as an error of museum records unless substantiated]. Range.-Southwestern Oregon through western California to Los Angeles County and the slopes of the Siena Nevada in California. Common name.-Northern slender salamander.

Batrachoseps attenuatus leucopus Dunn Batrachoseps leu.copus Dunn, 1922, Copeia, 109: 60.-North Island, Los Coronados Islands. Batrachoseps attenuatus leucopus Dunn, 1926, Plethodontidae, p. 241. Range.-The Coronados Islands and the opposite mainland of California and Lower California west of the Coast Range. Common name.-Southern slender salamander.

Batrachoseps pacificus Cope Hemidactyli-um pacificus Cope, 1865, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 17: 195.­ Santa Barbara, California = Santa Barbara Island. Batrachoseps attenuatits pacificus Bishop, 1943, Salamanders, p. 323, fig. 93, map 38. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 41

Range.-Islands off Santa Barbara and Los Angeles counties, Cali­ fornia; Los Angeles-Pasadena area on the mainland. Common name.-Pacific slender salamander.

Batrachoseps pacificus pacificus Cope Batrachoseps pacificus pacificus Campbell, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 133. Range.-Islands off the coast of Santa Barbara County, California ( San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cmz, and Anacapa). Common name.-Channel Islands slender salamander.

Batrachoseps pacificus catalinae Dunn Batrachoseps catalinae Dunn, 1922, Copeia, 109: 62.-Santa Catalina Island. Batrachoseps pacificus catalinae Campbell, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 133. Range.-Santa Catalina Island, California. Common name.-Santa Catalina slender salamander.

Batrachoseps pacificus major Camp Batrachoseps ma;or Camp, 1915, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 12: 327.-Sierra Madre, 1,000 feet alt., Los Angeles County, California. Batrachoseps pacificus ma;or Campbell, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 133. Range.-Scattered localities in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, River­ side, and Orange counties in southern California. Common name.-Greater slender salamander.

Batrachoseps wrighti Bishop Plethopsis wrighti Bishop, 1937, Herpetologica, 1: 93.-8.7 miles southeast of Sandy, Clackamas County, Oregon. [Batrachoseps wrighti] Stebbins and Lowe, 1949, Copeia, 1949: 128. Range.-Linn and Clackamas counties, northwestern Oregon. Common name.-Oregon slender salamander.

Hemidactylium Tschudi Hemidactylium Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 59.­ Type: scutatum. Cotobotes Gistel, 1848, Naturgeschichte, p. 11.-Substitute name for Hemi­ dactylium. Desmodactylus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 9: 117 .­ Substitute name for Hemidactylium, Hemidactylium scutatum Schlegel Salamandra scutata Schlegel, 1838, Fauna Japonica, p. 119.-Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee. CltECK L1S1'

Hemidactylium scutatum Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 94. Salamandra melanosticta Gibbes, 1844, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 5: 89.­ Abbeville County, Abbeville District, South Carolina. Range.-Eastern United States and Canada, from southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to eastern Virginia; west through south­ ern Ontario to Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; southward, west of the Appalachians, to Alabama and Arkansas; an isolated area in South Carolina and northeastern Georgia. Comrrwn name.-Eastern four-toed salamander.

Ensatina Gray Ematina Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 48.-Type: eschscholtzi. Heredia Girard, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 140.-Type: orego- nensis. Urotropis Espada, 1870, An. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 4: 70.-Type: platensis.

Ensatina eschscholtzi Gray Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray, 1850, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., p. 48.-Cali­ fornia; restr. to Monterey; Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 48: 377-526, pls. 11- 16, 16 text figs. Range.-Pacific coastal region west of the Cascades and of the Sierra Nevada from southern British Columbia to southern California. Common name.-Eschscholtz's salamander, Redwood salamander.

Ensatina eschscholtzi eschscholtzi Gray Ensatina eschscholtzii eschscholtzii Wood, 1940, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 42: 426. Range.-Southwestern California. Common name.-Monterey salamande1.

Ensatina eschscholtzi klauheri Dunn Ensatina klauberi Dunn, 1929, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 74, A1t. 25, p. 1.-· Descanso, San Diego County, California. Ematina eschscholtzii klauberi Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 48 : 467. Range.-San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County, south to Pine Valley, San Diego Cotmty, California, mostly in the Transition Life Zone. Common name.-Klauber's blotched salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 43

Ensatina eschscholtzi croceater Cope Plethodon croceater Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 210.-Fort Tejon, California. Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool. , 48: 457. Range.-From near Keene, Tehachapi Mountains, south to Fort Tejon, Kem County, California. Common name.-Yellow-blotched salamander.

Ensatina eschscholtzi platensis Espada Urotropis platensis Espada, 1875, An. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 4: 71.-Near Montevideo, Uruguay, in errore; designated as Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California. Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 48: 434. Ensatina sierrae Storer, 1929, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 30: 448.-Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California. Range.-Westem slopes of the Sierra Nevada, mainly in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones, from northern Tehama County south to southern Tulare County, California. Common name.-Sierra Nevada salamander.

Ensatina eschscholtzi picta Wood Ensatina eschscholtzii p'icta Wood, 1940, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 42: 425.­ Klamath, Del Norte County, California. Range.-A narrow coastal area from the vicinity of Weott, Hum­ boldt County, California, north through Del Norte County to Port Orford, Curry County, Oregon. Common name.-Painted salamander.

Ensatina eschscholtzi oregonensis Girard Heredia oregonensis Girard, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 140.­ "Oregon"; restr. to Puget Sound region, Washington. Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zoo!., 48: 393. Plethodon ensatus Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19: 167 (in errore, by confusion with Dicarnptodon ensatus Eschscholtz). Range.-Southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island, south through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Range, south in coastal California, exclusive of the range of picta, to north­ ern Sonoma County. Common name.-Northern Pacific red salamander. 44 CHECK LIST

Ensatina eschscholtzi xanthoptica Stebbins Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zoo!., 48: 407, pl. 11, figs. 2, 12.-4.5 miles east of Schellville, Napa County, California. Range.-Coast Range of California between the central valley and San Francisco Bay, north to east central Sonoma County, and south to Alum Rock Park near San Jose in northern Santa Clara County, mostly in the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. Common name.-Yellow-eyed salamander.

Stereochilus Cope Stereochilus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 100.-Type: margi­ natus.

Stereochilus marginatus Hallowell Pseudotriton marginatus Hallowell, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 130.-Liberty County, Georgia. Stereochilus marginatum Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 101. Range.-Southeastern Virginia through the lower Atlantic coastal plain to eastern Georgia. Common name.-Margined salamander.

Haideotriton Carr Haideotriton Carr, 1939, 0cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 334.-Type: wallacei.

Haideotriton wallacei Carr Haideotriton wallacei Carr, 1939, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 335. - Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia. Range.-Known -only from a 200-foot well at Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia. Common name.-Georgia blind salamander.

Typhlotriton Stejneger Typhlotriton Stejneger, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15: 115.-Type: spelaeits.

Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger Typhlotriton spelaeus Stejneger, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15: 116, pl. 9. -Rock House Cave, Missouri. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 45

Range.-Ozark plateau in Missouri and Arkansas and adjacent Kansas and Oklahoma. Common name.-Veil-eyed salamander. Typhlotriton nereus Bishop Typhlotriton nereus Bishop, 1944, Copeia, 1944: 1, figs. 1-4.-York Spring, Imboden, Arkansas. Range.-Southem Missouri and northern Arkansas, with adjacent Oklahoma. Common name.-Spring blind salamander.

Typhlomolge Stejneger Typhlomolge Stejneger, 1896, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18: 620.-Type: rathbuni.

Typhlomolge rathhuni Stejneger Typhlomolge rathbtmi Stejneger, 1896, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18: 620.­ San Marcos, Hays County, Texas. Range.-Underground waters in Hays, Kendall and Comal coun­ ties, central Texas. Common name.-Texas blind salamander.

Gyrinophilus Cope Gyrinophilu.s Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 108.-Type: porphyriticus. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Green Salamandra porphyritica Green, 1827, Contr. Maclurean Lye., 1: 3, pl. 1, fig. 2.-French Creek, near Meadville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 108. Range.-Coastal New England to western New York, adjacent Ontario, and Pennsylvania; southward west of the Appalachians. Common name.-Purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus Green Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check list, ed. 3, p. 15. Salamandra salmonea Storer, 1838, in Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l , 3: 101, pl. 22.-Vermont. Range.-New England states through New York and adjacent Quebec to the Niagara Falls region in Ontario, south through north- 46 CHECK LIST em New Jersey, most of Pennsylvania, western Maryland, south­ eastern Ohio, West Vu:ginia, eastern Kentucky, and cenb·al Ten­ nessee. Common name.-Northern purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus inagnoscus Mittleman Gyrinophilus por-phyriticus inagnoscus Mittleman, 1942, Proc. New England Zoo!. Club, 20: 27, pl. 5, fig. E, text fi g. 2.-Salt Creek, 4 miles soutl1- east of Bloorningville, Good Hope Township, Hocking County, Ohio. Range.-Unglaciated southern Ohio but not found in the counties bordering the Ohio River. Common name.-Ohio purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi Weller Pseudotriton duryi Weller, 1930, Proc. Junior Soc. Nat. Sci. Cincinnati, 1, nos. 5, 6, p. 7.-Cascade Caves, about 10 miles from Grayson, Carter County, Kentucky. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check list, ed. 3, p. 15. Range.-Northeastern Kenh1cky, southern tier of counties in Ohio, and western West Virginia. Common name.-Kentucky purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus lutescens Rafinesque Triturus lutescens Rafinesque, 1832, Atlantic Jour., 1: 121.-West Kentucky. Gyrinophilus lutescens Mittleman, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 20: 33, pl. 6, fig. D. Range.-Limestone caves of Kentucky. Common name.-Neotenic purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus danielsi Blatchley Spelerpes danielsi Blatchley, 1950, 25ili Ann. Rept. Dept. Geol. Indiana, p. 60.-Mount Collins and Indian Pass, Sevier County, Tennessee. Gyr-inophilus danielsi Fowler and Dunn, 1917, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 69: 19. Range.-Southern Appalachians. Common name.-Mountain purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus danielsi danielsi Bishop Gyrinophilus danielsi danielsi Bishop, 1943, Salamanders, p. 361. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTil.ES 47

Range.-Southem section of the Blue Ridge Mountains; through extreme eastern Tennessee. Common name.-Blue Ridge purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus danielsi dunni Mittleman and Jops on Gyrinophilus dunni Mittleman and Jopson, 1941, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 101, no. 2, p. 2, pl. 1.-Clemson College campus, Clemson, Pickens County, Soutl1 Carolina. Gyrinophilus danielsi dunni Bishop, 1943, Salamanders, p. 365, fig. 108. Range.-Northwestern South Carolina, northeastern Georgia, and western North Carolina. Common name.-Carolina purple salamander.

Gyrinophilus danielsi polystictus Reese Gyrinophilus danielsi polystictus Reese, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 63: 2, figs. IA, 2 [map].-Mount Mitchell, Yancey County, North Carolina, 6,000 feet alt. Range.-Known only from altitudes above 4,500 feet on Mount Mitchell and Blackstock Knob Mountain, Yancey County, North Carolina. Common name.- Mount Mitchell purple salamander.

Pseudotriton Tschudi Pseudotriton Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. at. Neuchatel, 1838: 60.­ Type: subfiisca = ruber Sonnini. Mycetoglossiis Bonaparte, 1839, Icon. Fauna Ital., 2: fasc. 131.-Substitute name. Batrachopsis Fitzinger, 1843, Syn. Rept., p. 34.-Substitute name. Pelodytes Gistel, 1848, Naturgeschichte, p. 11.-Substitute name; not Pelody­ tes Fitzinger.

Pseudotriton montanus Baird Pseudotriton montanus Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1: 293. -Soutll Mountain, near Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Range.-Pennsylvania to Florida, westward into Kentucky and Tennessee, and to eastern Louisiana in the Gulf coastal plain. Common name.-Mud salamander.

Pseudotriton montanus montanus Baird Pseudotriton montanus montanus Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 14. 48 CHECK LIST

Spelerpes ruber sticticeps Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21 : 108.­ Georgia; restr. to Rabun County, Georgia. Range.-Atlantic coastal plain and eastern Piedmont plateau, from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, s~uthward to South Carolina. Common name.-Eastern mud salamander.

Pseudotriton montanus diastictus Bishop Pseudotriton montanus diastictus Bishop, 1941, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 451: 14, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.-Cascade Caverns, Carter County, Ken­ tucky. Range.-The unglaciated plateau region of southern Ohio, central and eastern Kentucky, southwestern West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. Common name.-Midland mud salamander.

Pseudotriton montanus flavissimus Hallowell Pseudotriton fiavissimus Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 130. -Liberty County, Georgia. Pseudotriton montanus fiavissimus Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 14. Range.-Liberty and Lowndes counties, Georgia, westward in the coastal plain through the Florida panhandle, Alabama, Mississippi, and exb·eme southeastern Louisiana. Common name.-Gulf Coast mud salamander.

Pseudotriton montanus floridanus Netting and Goin Pseudotriton montanus fioridanus Netting and Goin, 1942, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29: 175, pl. 1, fig. 5.-Seepage area along "C" Creek, University of Florida campus, Gainesville, Florida. Range.-Northern third of the Florida peninsula and adjacent Georgia. Common name.-Florida mud salamander.

Pseudotriton ruber Sonnini Salamandra rubra Sonnini, in Sonnini and Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 305.-United States; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Pseudotriton ruber Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 2), I: 286. Range.-New York to the Gulf coastal plain; not in Atlantic coastal plain. Common name.-Red salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 49

Pseudotriton ruher ruher Sonnini Pseuclotriton ruber ruber Dunn, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62: 466. Salamandra subfusca Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 351. -Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Salamandra rubriventris Green, 1818, J our. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi.la., ( 1), 1: 353.-Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Proteus neocaesariensis Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 1: 358.-New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Princeton. Range.-Southern New York southwestward to northern Georgia and Alabama, exclusive of the ranges of the mountain subspecies. Common name.-Northern red salamander.

Pseudotriton ruber schencki Brimley Spelerpes mber schencki Brimley, 1912, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 25: 139, pl. 7, figs. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20-22.-Sunburst, Haywood County, North Carolina. Pseudotriton ruber schencki Dunn, 1918, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62: 467. Range.-Southern part of the southern Blue Ridge Province, to above 5,000 feet alt. Common name.-Black-chinned red salamander.

Pseudotriton ruher nitidus Dunn Pseudotriton ruber nitidus Dunn, 1920, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33: 133.­ White Top Mountain, Virginia, at 4,000 feet alt. Range.-Tbe central part of the southern Blue Ridge Province up to 5,000 feet alt. Common name.-Blue Ridge red salamander.

Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop Pseudotriton ruber vioscai Bishop, 1928, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 247.-A spring run 10 miles west of Bogatusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Gulf coastal plain from eastern Mississippi, southeastern Tennessee, and Louisiana to Georgia and northwestern Florida. Common name.-Southem red salamander.

Aneides Baird Aneides Baird, 1849, Icon. Encycl., 2, Zool., p. 257.-Type: lugubris. Anaides Baird, 1849, Icon. Encycl., 2, Zool., p. 256.-Variant spelling. Autoclax Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 5), 19: 67.-Substitute name. 50 CHECK LIST

Aneides aeneus Cope and Packard Plethodon aeneus Cope and Packard, 1881, Amer. Nat., 15: 878.-Nickajack Cave, southern Tennessee. Aneides aeneus Dunn, 1923, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 8: 39. Range.-Appalachian system, exclusive of the Piedmont plateau, from Fayette County, southwestern Pennsylvania, and western West Virginia to southern Ohio, and to eastern Tennessee, northern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama. Common name.-Green salamander.

Aneides ferreus Cope Ana.ides ferreus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 21: 109.-Fort Umpqua, Oregon. Aneides ferreus Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check li st, ed. 1, p. 21. Range.-Northern coastal California through coastal Oregon and northwestern Washington to Cracraft Island, British Columbia ( 50° 40' N. Lat.). Common name.-Clouded salamander.

Aneides flavipunctatus Strauch Plethodon fia.vipuncta.tus Strauch, 1870, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7), 16: 71.-New Albion, California. Aneides fia.vipimctati1s Storer, 1925, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 27: 119. Range.-Southern Cascades, in Washington, to central California. Common name.-Black salamander.

Aneides flavipunctatus flavipunctatus Strauch Aneides fia.vipunctatus fia.vipunctatus Myers and Maslin, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 61: 134. Plethodon iecanus Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 35: 24.-Baird, Shasta County, California. Range.-Coastal California n01th of San Francisco through Ore­ gon, north to the Klamath Mountains and the southern Cascades. Common name.-Shasta salamander.

Aneides flavipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin Aneides fia vipunctatus niger Myers and Maslin, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 61: 132.- ear the forks of Waddell Creek, Santa Cruz County, Cali­ fornia. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 51

Range.-Western Santa Clara County, northern Santa Cruz Coun­ ty, and the southernmost part of San Mateo County, California. Common name.-Black salamander.

Aneides lugubris Hallowell Salamandra lugubris Hallowell, 1849, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4: 126.­ Monterey, California. Aneides ltigubris Baird, 1849, Icon. Encycl., 2, Zool., p. 257. Range.-Cenh·al and southern California and the Farallon Islands. Common name.-Arboreal salamander.

Aneides lugubris luguhris Hallowell5 Aneides lugubris lugubris Grinnell and Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 17: 134. Range.-Central and southern California west of the Sierra Nevada and south to San Diego County. Common name.-Arboreal salamander.

Aneides luguhris farallonensis Van Denburgh Autodax lugubris farallonensis Van Denhurgh, 1895, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ( 3), 4: 5, pl. 2.-South Farallon Island, California. Range.-The Farallon Islands. Common name.-Farallon Island salamander.

Aneides hardyi Taylor Plethodon hardii Taylor, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54: 77.-Cloudcroft, New Mexico. Aneides hardyi Lowe, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 93, £g. 1. Range.-Sacramento Mountains, southern New Mexico. Common name.-Sacramento Mountains salamander.

Eurycea Rafinesque Eurycea Ra£nesque? 1822, Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, ( n.s.), 1, no. 9, p. 3.-Type: lucifuga. Spele1pes Rafinesque, 1832, Atlantic Jour., 1: 22.-Type: lucifuga.

5 Triton tereticauda Eschscholtz, 1833, has long priority over lugubris Hallo­ well, 1849; and Storer ( 1925, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 27: 127) seems to have made a satisfactory allocation of the name without drawing the nomenclatural conclusion. I have asked the International Commission to suppress the name tereticauda to avoid changing a well-known name. 52 CHECK LIST

Cylind:rosoma Tschudi, 1838, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1838: 58.­ Type: longicauda. Saurocercus Fitzinger, 1843, Syn. Rept., p. 34.-Type: longicauda.

Eurycea hislineata Green Salamandra bislineata Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 1: 352. -Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Emycea bislineata Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 18; Mittleman, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 89, pl. 6 [map]. Range.-Eastern North America from the borders of the St. Law­ rence to the Gulf of Mexico. Common name.-Two-lined salamander.

Eurycea hislineata hislineata Green Eurycea bislineata bislineata Dunn, 1920, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33: 134. Salamandra -flavissima Harlan, 1826, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 286.-Pennsyl­ vania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Salamandra haldemani Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: 125, pl. 28.-Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania; restr. to Harrisburg. Salamandra dorsata Valenciennes, 1854, in Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, Erpet. Gen., 9: 93.-No locality; designated as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Spelerpes bilineatus borealis Baird, 1889, in Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 165.-Lake Oquassa, Maine= Lake Mooselookmegantic, Franklin County. Emycea bislineata ma;or Trapido and Clausen, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 118.­ Ouiatchouan River, Lake St. John County, Quebec. Range.-New Brnnswick, Maine, southern Quebec, and eastern Ontario; southward through Virginia and West Virginia. Common name.-Northern two-lined salamander.

Eurycea hislineata rivicola Mittleman Eurycea bislineata rivicola Mittleman, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 93, pl. 6.-Echo Canyon, McCormick's Creek State Park, Owen County, Indiana. Range.-Extreme western West Virginia at low altitudes, westward to central and northern Illinois and southwestern Michigan, south­ ward to northern Alabama. Common name.-Mid-west two-lined salamander.

Eurycea hislineata wilderae Dunn Eurycea bislineata wilderae Dunn, 1920, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33: 134.­ White Top Mountain, Virginia, 4,000 feet alt. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 53

Range.-Southem Blue Ridge Province, from White Top Moun­ tain, Virginia, southward to Georgia. Common name.-Blue Ridge two-lined salamander.

Eurycea hislineata cirrigera Green Salamandracirrigera Green, 1830, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., (1), 6: 253. -New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana. Eurycea bislineata cirrigera Dunn, 1920, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33: 135. Range.-North Carolina south through most of South Carolina and Georgia, most of Alabama, northwestern Florida, southern Mis­ sissippi, and eastern Louisiana. Common name.-Soutbern two-lined salamander.

Eurycea longicauda Green Salamandra longicauda Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 1: 351.-New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Princeton. Eurycea longicauda Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 19. Range.-Southem New York southwestward to Oklahoma and southward through the Atlantic and Gulf s'tates. Common name.-Long-tailed salamander.

Eurycea longicauda longicauda Green Eurycea longicauda longicattda Bailey, 1937, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 364: 8. Range.-Appalachian highlands from southern New York into Tennessee, thence westward to southeastern Missouri. Common name.-Long-tailed salamander.

Eurycea longicauda guttolineata Holbrook Salamandra guttolineata Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., 2: 61, pl. 12.­ Greenville, Greenville County, South Carolina. Eurycea longicauda guttolineata Bailey, 1937, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 364: 8. Range.-Coastal plain and piedmont from Maryland southwest­ ward to Mississippi and eastern Louisiana; absent in peninsulal' Florida. Common name.-Three-lined salamander. Eurycea longicauda melanopleura Cope Spelerpes melanopleura Cope, 1893, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 45: 383.­ Raley's Creek, head of White River, Missouri. 54 CHECK LIST

Eurycea longiwuda melanopleura Bishop, 1941, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 451: 20. Spelerpes stejnegeri Eigenrnann, 1901, Trans. Arner. Micro. Soc., 22: 189, pl. 28.-Rock House Cave, Missouri. Range.-Ozark plateau and Ouachita Mountains, in Missouri, Arkansas, and adjacent Oklahoma. Common name.-Black-sided salamander.

Eurycea longicauda pernix Mittleman Eurycea longicauda pemix Mittleman, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21, pl. 20.-Jimmie Strahl Creek, Brown County State Park, 2)f miles southeast of ashville, Indiana. Range.-Southern Indiana, adjacent Illinois and Kentucky to western Tennessee. Common name.-Midland long-tailed salamander.

Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque Emycea lucifuga Rannesque, 1822, Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, ( n.s.), 1, no. 9, p. 3.- ear Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky. Gyrinophilus maculicaudus Cope, 1890, Arner. Nat., 24: 967.-Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana. Range.-Southern Indiana and extreme southern Ohio through Kentucky, southern West Virginia, western Virginia, Tennessee, and northern Alabama; isolated areas in southern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas. Common name.-Cave salamander.

Eurycea multiplicata Cope Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 21: 106.­ Red River; restr. to vicinity of Fort Towson, Choctaw County, eastern Oklahoma. Eurycea multiplicata Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 20. Range.-Southern Missom·i, Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, and eastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Many-ribbed salamander.

Eurycea multiplicata multiplicata Cope [New comb.] Range.-Southeastern Oklahoma and the Ouachita Mountain re­ gion of Arkansas. Common name.-Many-ribbed salamander. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 55

Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Moore and Hughes Ettrycea griseogaster Moore and Hughes, 1941, Copeia, 1941: 139.-Swims­ ner's Creek, near its junction with the Illinois River, 10 miles north of Gore, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster Dundee ( in Utt. ). Range.-The Oklahoma Ozarks and southwestern Missouri, south­ ward to the Arkansas River. Common name.-Gray-bellied salamander.

Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes Eurycea tynerensis Moore and Hughes, 1939, Amer. Midl. Nat., 22: 697, fig . 1.-Tyoer Creek, tributary of Barron Folk Creek, near Procter, Adair County, Oklahoma. Range.-Eastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Oklahoma neotenic salamander.

Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright Eurycea neotenes Bishop and Wright, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50: 142. -Culebra Creek, 5 miles north of Helotes, Bexar County, Texas. Range.-Springs along the escarpment of the Edwards Plateau in Texas.

Eurycea neotenes neotenes Bishop and Wright [New comb.] Range.-Bexar County, Texas. Common name.-Bexar County neotenic salamander.

Eurycea neotenes nana Bishop [New comb.] Eurycea nana Bishop, 1941, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 451: 6, pl. l, fig. 1.-Head of San Marcos River, Hays County, Texas. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-San Marcos neotenic salamander.

Eurycea neotenes latitans Smith and Potter [New comb.] Eurycea latitans Smith and Potter, 1946, Herpetologica, 3: 105.-Cascade Cavern, 4.6 miles southeast of Boerne, Kendall County, Texas. Range.-Kendall County, Texas. Common name.-Cascade Cavern neotenic salamander. 56 CHECK LIST

Eurycea neotenes pterophila Burger, Smith, and Potter [New comb.] Eurycea pterophila Burger, Smith, and Potter, 1950, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 63: 51, pl. 5, fig. F, pl. 6, figs. D, E, pl. 7.-Fem Bank Spring, 6.3 miles northeast of Wimberley, Hays County, Texas. Range.-Confined to the type locality, in Hays County, Texas. Common name.-Fern Bank neotenic salamander.

Manculus Cope Manculus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 95.-Type: quadri­ digitatus.

Manculus quadridigitatus Holbrook Salamandra quadridigitata Holbrook, 1942, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 5: 65, pl. 21.-South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida: restr. to vicinity of Charles­ ton, South Carolina. Manciilus quadridigitatus Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 101. Manculus remifer Cope, 1871, Rept. Peabody Acad. Salem, 1870: 84.­ Jacksonville, Florida. Manculus quadridigitatiis paliidicolus Mittleman, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 220.-Pollock, Grant Parish, Louisiana. Manculus quadridigitatus uvidus Mittleman, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 221, map.-Gayle, Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Coastal plain of the Atlantic and Gulf states from North Carolina to eastern Texas, except southern Florida; north into south­ eastern Oklahoma and southwestern Arkansas. Common name.-Dwarf four-toed salamander.

Hydromantes Gistel Hydromantes Gistel, 1848, Naturg. Thiers., p. 11.-Type: genei Schlegel. Geotriton Bonaparte, 1837, Icon. Fauna Ital., 2, fasc. 19.-Type: fuscus ( not of Bonaparte, 1832).

Hydromantes platycephalus Camp Spelerpes platycephalus Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zoo!., 17: 11.­ Head of Lyell Canon, 10,800 feet alt., Yosemite National Park, Cali­ fornia. Hydromantes platycephalus Dunn, 1923, Proc. New England Zoo!. Club, 8: 40. Range.-High altitudes in the Sierra Nevada from Alpine County south to northern Tulare County, California. Common name.-Mount Lyell salamander. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 57

Order SALIENTIA ASCAPHIDAE Ascaphus Stejneger Ascaphus Stejneger', 1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21: 899.-Type: truei.

Ascaphus truei Stejneger Ascaphus truei Stejneger, 1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 21: 900, pl. 89, text figs. 1-4.-Humptulips, Gray's Harbor County, Washington. Range.-The Olympic peninsula, northern Cascades, and Rocky Mountains, southward from British Columbia to Humboldt County, California, and into Idaho and Montana in the Rockies. Common name.-Tailed frog.

Ascaphus truei truei Stejneger Ascaphus truei tmei Mittleman and Myers, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 62. Range.-Oregon, Washington, and southern B1itish Columbia, in the Cascade, Sierra, and Paci£c border provinces. Common name.-Olympic tailed frog.

Ascaphus truei californicus Mittleman and Myers Ascaphus truei californicus Mittleman and Myers, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 63.-Near Klamath, Del Norte County, California. Range.-Del Norte, Humboldt, and Siskiyou counties, California. Common name.-California tailed frog.

Ascaphus truei montanus Mittleman and Myers Ascaphus truei montanus Mittleman and Myers, 1949, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 62: 64.-Tributary of Lincoln Creek, Glacier National Park, Flathead County, Montana. Range.-Northern Rocky Mountains Province, in Idaho, western Montana, and adjacent British Columbia. Common name.-Rocky Mountain tailed frog.

PELOBA TIDAE Scaphiopus Holbrook Scaphiopus Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 1: 85.-Type: solitarius = holbrookii. Spea Cope, 1866, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 6: 81.-Typc: bombifro11s. 58 CHECK LIST

Scaphiopus holhrooki Harlan Rana holbrookii Harlan, 1835, Med. Phys. Res., p. 105.-South Carolina; restr. to Charleston. Scaphiopus holbrookii Baird, 1859, Expl. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 10, pt. 4, no. 4, p. 12. Range.-Eastern United States, southward to Florida, and west­ ward to Texas. Common name.-Eastern spadefoot toad.

Scaphiopus holhrooki holhrooki Harlan Scaphiopus holbrookii holbrookii Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 26. Scaphiopus solitarius Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, I: 85, pl. 12.­ Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Eastern United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Louisiana, eastern Texas, and Arkansas, north in the mid­ west to West Virginia, and southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Common name.-Spadefoot toad, eastern spadefoot.

Scaphiopus holhrooki alhus Garman Scaphiopus albus Garman, 1877, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Buffalo, 25: 194.-Key West, Florida. Scaphiopus holbrookii albus Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 26. Range.-Florida Keys, and extreme southern peninsular Florida. Common name.-Key West spadefoot.

Scaphiopus holhrooki hurteri Strecker Scaphiopus hurterii Strecker, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23: 116.-Waco, Texas. Scaphiopus holbrookii hurterii Wright and Wright, 1933, Frogs, p. 44. Range.-Cenh·al and eastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, and west­ ern Arkansas. Common name.-Hurter's spadefoot. Scaphiopus couchi Baird Scaphiopus couchii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 62.-Rio Nasas, Coahuila, and Matamoros, Tamaulipas; restr. to Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Range.-The Great Plains, North Dakota west to Idaho, south to southern Texas and New Mexico. Common name.-Great Plains spadefoot. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 59

Scaphiopus homhifrons Cope Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15: 53.­ Fort Union, Missouri River near 48 ° N. Lat., Platte River 200 miles west of Fort Kearney, and the Llano Estacado of Texas; restr. to Fort Union. Range.-Great Plains, west to Idaho and New Mexico, and from the Dakotas to northwestern Texas. Common name.-Central plains spadefoot.

Scaphiopus hammondi Baird Scaphiopus hammondii Bai.rd, 1839, Expl. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 10, pt. 4, no. 4, p. 12, pl. 28, fig. 2.-Fort Reading, California. Range.-The Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions eastward to Oklahoma, westward to the interior valleys and coast of Califor­ nia, and southward on the Mexican plateau. Common name.-Hammond's spadefoot.

Scaphiopus hammondi hammondi Baird Spea stagnalis Cope, 1875, in Yarrow, U. S. Geol. Surv. W. 100th Meridian, 5: 525, pl. 25, figs . 6--8 .-Northwestern New Mexico. Range.-Western Texas to southwestern and western California, north into Colorado; adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Western spadefoot.

Scaphiopus hammondi intermontanus Cope Scaphiopus intermontanus Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 35: 15. -Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah, and Pyramid Lake, Storey County, Nevada; restr. to Salt Lake City. Range.-Great Basin, north to Idaho and British Columbia, south to northwestern Arizona. Common name.-Great Basin spadefoot.

LEPTODACTYLIDAE Leptodactylus Fitzinger Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rept., p. 88.-Type: typhonia ( of South America) . Leptodactylus lahialis Cope Cystignathus labialis Cope, 1877, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 90.-Mexico; restr. to Tampico, Tamaulipas. Leptodactylus labialis Brocchi, 1881 , Miss. Sci. Mex. , pt. 3, sec. 2, livr. 1, p. 20, pl. 5, fig. 1. 60 CHECK LIST

Range.-Extreme southern Texas, south to Central America. Common name.-Mexican white-lipped frog.

Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron Eleutherodactylus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen., 8: 620.-Type: martinicensis ( of the West Indies).

Eleutherodactylus latrans Cope Lithodytes latrans Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 25.-Helotes, Bexar County, Texas. Eleutherodactylus latrans Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l, p. 34. Range.-Border of the Edwards Plateau in cenb·al Texas, Bexar County to the Big Bend and southeastern New Mexico. Common name.-Robber frog, barking frog.

Eleutherodactylus augusti Duges Hy lodes augusti Duges, 1879, in Brocchi, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, ( 7), 3: 21. -Guanajuato, Mexico. Eleutherodactylus augusti Slevin, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 140. Range.-Cenb·al Mexico north to southern Arizona in the high­ lands. Common name·.-western barking frog.

Syrrhophus Cope Syrrhophus Cope, 1878, Amer. Nat., 12: 253.-Type: marnockii.

Syrrhophus campi Stejneger Syrrhophus campi Stejneger, 1915, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28: 131.-Browns­ ville, Texas. Range.-The lower Rio Grande bottom lands. Common name.-Camp's frog.

Syrrhophus marnocki Cope Syrrhophus marnockii Cope, 1878, Amer. Nat., 12: 253.-Near San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Syrrhophus gaigeae Schmidt and Smith, 1944, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 29: 80.-The Basin, Big Bend National Park, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Western Texas, from San Marcos to the Big Bend region. Common name.-Cliff frog. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 61

BUFONIDAE Bufo Laurenti Bufo Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept., p. 25.-Type: Rana bufo Linnaeus (by tautonymy). Bufo alvarius Girard Bufo alvarius Girard, in Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, p. 26, pl. 41, figs. 1-6.-Valley of the Gila and Colorado rivers; restr. to Colo­ rado River bottom lands below Yuma, Arizona. Range.-Lower Colorado River in California and Arizona, the Imperial Valley, southern Arizona, and south into Sonora. Common name.-Colorado River toad.

Bufo horeas Baird and Girard Bufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 174.­ Columbia River and Puget Sound, Washington; restr. to vicinity of Puget Sound. Range.-Western North America from southern Alaska to Lower California. Common name.-Western toad.

Bufo horeas horeas Baird and Girard Bufo boreas boreas Stejneger and Barbour, Check list, ed. 1, p. 27. Bufo columbiensis Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 378.-Columbia River; restr. to vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia River. Bufo pictus Cope, 1875, in Yarrow, U. S. Geogr. Surv. W. 100th Meridian, 5: 522, pl. 25, figs. 4, 5.-No type locality given; designated as Provo, Utah. Range.-Western British Columbia and southern Alaska, south through Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, most of Montana and Wy­ oming, and into northern California, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. Common name.-Boreal toad, Columbian toad.

Bufo horeas exsul Myers Bufo exsul Myers, 1942, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 460: 3, pis. 1, 2.-Deep Springs, Inyo County, California. Range.-Deep Springs Valley, Inyo County, California. Common name.-Black toad, Inyo County toad. Bufo horeas nelsoni Stejneger Bufo boreas nelsoni Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 220, pl. 3, figs. 4a, 4b.-Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada. 62 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southern and eastern Nye County, northern Lincoln County, Nevada, to Owens Valley, California. Common name.-Amargosa toad.

Bufo horeas halophilus Baird and Girard Bufo halophilus Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 301. -Benicia, Solano County, California. Bufo bo-reas halophilus Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 27. Range.-Extreme western Nevada, the cenhal valleys of Califor­ nia, and coastal California south to Lower California. Common name.-Aikali toad.

Bufo canorus Camp Bufo canorus Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17: 59.-Porcupine Flat, Yosemite National Park, California. Range.-The high Sierra Nevada of California, from Alpine Coun­ ty to Fresno County. Common name.-Yosemite toad.

Bufo cognatus Say Bufo cognatus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 2: 190.-Arkansas River, Powers County, Colorado. Bufo dipternus Cope, 1879, Amer. Nat., 13: 437.-North of Missouri River, east of Fort Benton, Chouteau County, Montana. Range.-Great Plains, from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan to Texas; west into Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona; south into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Great Plains toad.

Bufo compactilis Wiegmann Bufo compactilis Wiegmann, 1833, Isis, 1833: 661.-Mexico; restr. to vicin­ ity of city of Mexico. Range.-Mexican plateau, central and southern Texas, western Oklahoma, and westward through New Mexico. [The typical sub­ species con£ned to Mexico.] Common name.-Sonora toad.

Bufo compactilis speciosus Girard Bufo speciosus Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 85.-Rio Bravo [= Rio Grande] and New Leon. Bufo compactilis speciosus Smith, 1947, Herpetologica, 4: 8, fig . 1 (map). AMPlilBIANS AND REPTILES 63

Range.-Northern Nuevo Leon, northward to western Oklahoma and New Mexico. Common name.-Northern Sonora toad.

Bufo dehilis Girard Bufo debilis Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 87.-Lower part of the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and in Tamaulipas, Mexico; restr. to vicinity of Brownsville, Texas; Sanders and Smith, 1951, Field and Laboratory, 19: 142, fig. 1 (map). Range.-Southwestern Kansas and southeastern Colorado to cen­ tral Texas and northern Tamaulipas, westward through southern Arizona and northern Mexico. Common name.-Green toad.

Bufo dehilis dehilis Girard Bufo debilis debilis Smith, 1950, Misc. Puhl. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2: 75. Range.-Southwestern Kansas southward through western Okla­ homa ( exclusive of the western Panhandle), and through central Texas to the lower Rio Grande region and adjacent Tamaulipas. Common name.-Little green toad.

Bufo dehilis insidior Girard Bufo insidior Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 88.-Chihuahua, Chihuahua. Bufo debilis insidior Smith, 1950, Misc. Puhl. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2: 75. Range.-Southeastern Colorado and southwestern Kansas south­ ward through Oklahoma and Texas, west of the range of debilis debilis, and through New Mexico to southeastern Arizona and ad­ jacent Mexico. Common name.-Western green toad.

Bufo dehilis retiformis Sanders and Smith Bufo debilis retiformis Sanders and Smith, 1951, Field and Laboratory, 19: 153, pl. 3, text fig. 1.-14.4 miles south of Ajo, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Southwestern Arizona, probably into adjacent Sonora. Common name.-Pima green toad. 64 CHECK LIST

Bufo marinus Linnaeus6 Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 211.-America; restr. to Surinam. Bufo marinus Schneider, 1799, Hist. A.mph., I: 219. Range.-Brownsville area in exb:eme southern Texas, ranging through the Gulf coastal plain of Mexico. Widespread in tropical America and widely introduced throughout the world where sugar cane is planted. Common name.-Marine toad.

Bufo punctatus Bai.rd and Girard Btifo punctatus Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 173. -Rio San Pedro (= Devil's River), Val Verde County, Texas. Range.-Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona, southern Nevada and southeastern California, into the adjacent slates of Mexico. Common name.-Red-spotted toad.

Bufo microscaphus Cope Bufo microscaphus Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 301.-Ari­ zona and the upper Colorado region; restr. to Fort Mohave, Mohave County, Arizona, by Shannon. Range.-Northwestem Arizona and adjacent Utah and Nevada; southwestern California. Common name.-Southwestern toad.

Bufo microscaphus microscaphus Cope Bufo microscaphus microscaphus Stebbins, 1951, A.mph. West. N. Amer., p. 274, pis. 18, 58, text fig. 29 [maps]. Range.-Northwestem Arizona, north of the Gila River, into ad­ jacent Utah and Nevada. Common name.-Fort Mojave toad, Arizona toad.

Bufo microscaphus californicus Camp Bufo cognatus californicus Camp, 1915, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 12: 331.­ Santa Paula, Ventura County, California.

6 The distinction by Smith and Taylor, 1948, of the Mexican Bufo horribilis Wiegmann from Bufo marinus Linnaeus ( type locality restricted to Surinam) is unsupported by any review of the Bufo marinus complex. Contrary to their statement, abundant material of marinus sensu lat. is available in museum col­ lections. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 65

Bufo microscaphus califomicus Stebbins, 1951, Amph. West. N. Amer., p. 274, pls. 18, 58 [map]. Range.-Coastal California from northern San Luis Obispo County into northern Lower California. Common name.7'California toad.

Bufo quercicus Holbrook Bufo quercicus Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: 109, pl. 22.­ Charleston, South Carolina, and Smithville, North Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Chilophryne dialopha Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14: 341.­ Sandwich Islands, in errore; designated as Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Coastal North Carolina and through South Carolina and Georgia, throughout Florida, and into coastal Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Common name.-Oak toad.

Bufo terrestris Bonnaterre Rana terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., Erp., p. 8.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Bufo terrestris Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 29. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Common Ame1ican toad, American toad.

Bufo terrestris terrestris Bonnaterre Bufo terrestris terrestris Netting and Goin, 1946, Copeia, 1946 : 107. Rana lentiginosa Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3: 173, pl. 53.-Carolina and Vir­ ginia; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Bufo musicus Sonnini and Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 127.-Caro­ lina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Extreme southeastern Virginia, south through the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains to eastern Louisiana; throughout Florida. Common name.-Southern toad.

Bufo terrestris americanus Holbrook Bufo americanus Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 1: 75, pl. 9.­ Maine through all the Atlantic states; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Bufo terrestr-is americanus Netting and Goin, 1946, Copeia, 1946: 107. Range.-Eastern North America from the Maritime Provinces through Quebec and Ontario into Minnesota; southward to the 66 CHECK LIST northern borders of the Gulf states, except Louisiana and Texas; southwest into Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eas'tern Kansas. Common name.-American toad.

Bufo terrestris copei Yarrow and Henshaw Bufo americanus copel Yarrow and Henshaw, 1878, Report Rept. Batr. Calif. Ariz. Nev., p. 207.-James Bay, Ontario. Bufo terrestris copei Netting and Goin, 1946, Copeia, 1946 : 107. Range.-Northern Ontario and Quebec. Common name.-Hudson Bay toad.

Bufo valliceps Wiegmann Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833, Isis, 26: 657.-Mexico; restr. to Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz. Bufo granulosus Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 173. -Between Indianola and San Antonio, Texas; restr. to Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas (not of Spix). Bufo nebulifer Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 87.-Substitute name for granulosus Baird and Girard. Range.-Southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and coastal Texas; south into Mexico. Common name.-Gulf Coast toad.

Bufo woodhousei Girard Bufo woodhousii Girard, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 86.-New Mexico; restr. to San Francisco Mountains, Coconimo County, Arizona. Range.-The Great Plains region and eastward to the Atlantic coast, mainly in sandy areas. Common name.-Woodhouse's toad.

Bufo woodhousei woodhousei Girard Bufo woodhousii woodhousii Smith, 1934, Amer. Midi. Nat., 15: 449; Shan­ non, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 301, fig. 1 (map). Bufo frontosus Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 301.-Territory of Arizona; restr. to Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-The Great Plains, Rocky Mountain region, and eastern part of Great Basin, southward into the northern tier of stat~s in Mexico. Common name.-Woodhouse's toad. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 67

Bufo woodhousei fowleri Hinckley Bufo fowleri Hinckley, 1882, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. , 21 : 308.-Milton, Norfolk County, Massachusetts. Bufo woodhousii fowleri Smith, 1934, Amer. Midi. Nat., 15: 456. Range.-Eastern North America from New Hampshire southward; absent from the lower coastal plain in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida; westward into eastern Texas, eastern Arkansas, and along the Missouri River to the Kansas border of Missouri; southeastern Ohio, southern Illinois, southern Michigan, and the enclosed states. Common name.-Fowler's toad.

Bufo woodhousei hemiophrys Cope [New comb.] Bufo hemiophrys Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. , 23: 515.-Northem boundary of Montana = Pembina, Pembina County, and Turtle Moun­ tains, Rokette County, North Dakota; restr. to Turtle Mountains. Range.-Extreme northern North Dakota; western Ontario, Mani­ toba, Saskatchewan, and eastern Alberta. Common name.-Dakota toad.

Bufo woodhousei velatus Bragg and Sanders Bufo woodhousii velatus Bragg and Sanders, 1951, Wasmann Jour. Biol., 9: 366, figs. 1-4.-Elkhart, Anderson County, Texas. Range.-Southeastern Texas and adjacent areas in Louisana, Ar­ kansas, and Oklahoma. Common name.-East Texas toad.

HYLIDAE Acris Dumeril and Bibron Acris Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen., 8: 506.-Type: gryllus. Acris gryllus Le Conte Rana gryllus Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, I: 282.-Not stated; designated as Riceboro, Liberty County, Georgia. Acris gryllus Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen., 8: 506. Range.-Eastern North America, west to the Rocky Mountains. Common name.-Cricket frog. Acris gryllus gryllus Le Conte Acris gryllus gryllus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 30. 68 CHECK LIST

Acris gryllus var. bufonia Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 337. -New Orleans, Louisiana. Range.-Coastal plain of South Atlantic and Gulf states, Virginia to Louisiana, exclusive of peninsular Florida, north along the Mis­ sissippi to Tennessee. Common name.-Coast marsh cricket frog.

Acris gryllus crepitans Baird Acris crepitans Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 59.-Northern states; restr. to Potomac River at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. Acris gryllus crepitans Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 30. Range.-Eastern United States, reaching the Atlantic coast from New England to Virginia, west to tl1e Mississippi, south to Louisi­ ana, mainly exclusive of the range of Acris gryllus gryllus. Common name.-Short-legged cricket frog.

Acris gryllus hlanchardi Harper Acris gryllus blanchardi Harper, 1947, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 60: 39.­ Smallen's Cave, at Ozark, Christian County, Missouri. Range.-lnterior plains and interior highlands of the United States, from South Dakota to southern Michigan, west to the Rockies, south to Texas, and west to Arizona. Common name.-Blanchard's cricket frog.

Acris gryllus paludicola Burger, Smith, and Smith Acris gryllus paludicola Burger, Smith, and Smith, 1949, Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 24: 131.-Sabine Pass, Jefferson County, Texas. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-Texas coast cricket frog.

Acris gryllus dorsalis Harlan Rana dorsalis Harlan, 1827, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1 ), 5: 340.-Lower 100 miles of St. John's River, Florida. Acris gryllus dorsalis Netting and Goin, 1945, Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci., 8: 304, pl. 1. Acris acheta Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 59.-Key West, Florida. Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida cricket frog. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 69

Hyla Laurenti Hyla Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept., p. 32.-Type: viridi.s = arborea (of Europe). Hyla andersoni Baird Hyla andersonii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 60.-Anderson, Anderson County, South Carolina, in errore; designated as Aiken County, South Carolina. _Range.-Southern New Jersey; an isolated population at Southern Pines, North Carolina; occurrence at Anderson, South Carolina, doubted; coastal plain, Georgia. Common name.-Pine Barrens trne frog.

Hyla arenicolor Cope Hyla affenis Baird (nee Spix) , 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 61.­ Northem Sonora. Hyla arenicolor Cope, 1866, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 6: 84.-Substi­ tute name for affenis Baird. Hyla copii Boulenger, 1887, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), 20: 53.-El Paso, El Paso County, Texas. Range.-Western Texas through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Nevada and southwestern California (north to San Luis Obispo County); south into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Canyon tree frog.

Hyla baudini Dumeril and Bibron Hyla baudinii Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen. , 8: 564.-Mexico; restr. to Mexico City. Hyla vanvlieti Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 61.-Brownsville, Texas. Range.-Extreme southern Texas, south through eastern Mexico. Common name.-Mexican tree frog.

Hyla cinerea Schneider7 Calamita cinereus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph., 1: 174.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Hyla cinerea Garman, 1891, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 3: 189. Range.-Southeastern United States. Common name.-Green h·ee frog.

7 I am unable to find Calamita carolinensis Pennant, listed by Schneider, Gunther, Boulenger, and Cope. They refer to Arctic Zoology, vol. 2, p. 331. Sherbom's Index records no Calamita carolinensi.s Pennant. 70 CHECK LIST

Hyla cinerea cinerea Schneider Hyla cinerea cinerea Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 30. Hyla bilineata Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3: 136.-Warm parts of North Amer­ ica; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Hyla lateralis Daudin, 1802, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 180.-Charleston, South Carolina. Hyla semifasciata Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 307.­ Texas; restr. to vicinity of Houston, Texas. Range.-Lowlands of the Atlantic and Gulf states from Virginia to Texas; north in the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois. Common name.-Green tree frog.

Hyla cinerea evittata Miller Hyla evittata Miller, 1899, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13: 75.-Four Mile Run, Fairfax County, Virginia. Hyla cinerea evittata Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 30. Range.-The Delmarva Peninsula, eastern Maryland, and adjacent Virginia. Common name.- orthern green tree frog.

Hyla crucifer Wied Hyla cru.cifer Wied, 1838, Reise Nord Amer. , I, pt. 5, p. 275.-Leavenworth, Leavenworth County, Kansas. Range.-Eastern Nortl1 America. Common name.-Spring peeper.

Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied Hy/a crucifer crucifer Harper, 1939, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 27: 1. Hylodes pickeringii Storer, 1839, Rep. Comm. Zool. Surv. Massachusetts, Reptiles, p. 240.-Danvers, Essex County, Massachusetts. Range.-Eastern North America, from the lower St. Lawrence River west to 1innesota, south to eastern Texas and the northern half of Georgia; not recorded from Louisiana. Common name.-Nortl1ern spring peeper.

Hyla crucifer bartramiana Harper Hyla crucifer bartramiana Harper, 1939, ot. at. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 27: !.-Folkston, Charleston County, Georgia. Range.-Southern Georgia and northern Florida. Common name.-Southern spring peeper. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 71

Hyla eximia Baird Hyla eximia Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 61.-Valley of Mexico, Mexico. Range.-Plateau of Mexico, north into Arizona. Common name.-Baird's Mexican hyla.

Hyla eximia wrightorum Taylor Hyla wrightorum Taylor, 1939, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 25: 436.-Eleven miles south of Springerville, Apache County, Arizona. Range.-Arizona, south on the adjacent Mexican plateau. Comnwn name.-Arizona tree frog.

Hyla femoralis Sonnini and Latreille Hyla femoralis Sonnini and Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 181.-Caro­ lina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Lower coastal plain from southeastern Virginia to eastern Louisiana; absent in southern Florida. Common name.-Piny woods tree frog.

Hyla gratiosa Le Conte Hyla gratiosa Le Conte, 1856, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 8: 146, pl. 6.­ Lower country of Georgia; restr. to Liberty County, Georgia. Range.-Lower coastal plain from North Carolina to eastern Lou­ isiana; absent in southern Florida. Common name.-Barking tree frog.

Hyla ocularis Bose and Daudin Hyla ocularis Bose and Daudin, 1801, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., Deterville ed., 2: 187.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina; Harper, 1939, Amer. Midi. Nat., 22: 134, figs. 1-5 (map). Chorophilus angulatus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 30.-South Carolina and Georgia; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Coastal plain from North Carolina to southern Florida and eastern Texas. Common name.-Least h·ee frog.

Hyla phaeocrypta Cope Hyla versicolor phaeocrypta Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 34: 375.­ Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois. Hyla phaeocrypta Viosca, 1923, Copeia, 122: 96. 72 CHECK LIST

Range.-South Carolina and Georgia, west to eastern Louisiana, north through Alabama and Mississippi to southern Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Bird-voiced tree frog.

Hyla phaeocrypta phaeocrypta Cope Hyl,a phaeocrypta phaeocrypta Neill, 1948, Herpetologica, 4: 175. Hyla avivoca Viosca, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41: 89.-Mandeville, Louisiana. Range.-Gulf coastal plain, north to southern Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Western bird-voiced tree frog.

Hyla phaeocrypta ogechiensis Neill Hyla phaeocrypta ogechiensis Neill, 1948, Herpetologica, 4: 175.-0geechee River, at Midville, Burke County, Georgia. Range.-South Carolina to Jefferson, Emanuel, Richmond, and Burke counties in Georgia. Common name.-Eastern bird-voiced b·ee frog.

Hyla regilla Baird and Girard Hyl.a regilla Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 174.­ Sacramento River, California, and Puget Sound; restr. to Sacramento County, California. Hyla scapularis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 183.-Ore­ gon Territory; restr. to Vancouver, Washington. Hyla nebulosa Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 96.-Tejon Pass, Kem County, California ( not of Spix). Hyla scapularis hypochondriaca Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 97.-Tejon Pass, Kem County, California. Hyl,a cadaverina Cope, 1866, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 6: 84.-Sub­ stitute name for nebulosa Hallowell. Range.-Pacillc coastal region, Cascades and Sierra Nevada; north­ ern Rocky Mountains in Idaho; south into northern Lower Cali­ fornia. Common name.-Pacillc b·ee frog.

Hyla squirella Sonnini and Lab·eille Hyla squirella Sonnini and Latreille, 1802, Hist. at. Rept., 2: 181.-Caro­ lina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Hyla fl,avigula Glass, 1946, Herpetologica, 3: 101.-Aransas ational Wild Life Refuge, Aransas County, Texas. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 73

Range.-Lower coastal plain from southern Virginia to Texas, north in the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Squinel tree frog.

Hyla versicolor Le Conte Hyla versicolor Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1: 281.­ - Northern states; restr. to vicinity of New York. Range.-Eastern North America, westward to the Great Plains. Common name.-Common tree frog, gray b·ee frog.

Hyla versicolor versicolor Le Conte Hyla versicolor versicolor Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 31. Hyla richardi Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 60.-Cambridge, Essex County, Massachusetts. Range.-Eastern North America, from southern Maine to northern Florida, west through Ontario to Manitoba and Minnesota, south through the tier of states west of the Mississippi to extreme south­ eastern Texas. Common name.-Gray b·ee frog.

Hyla versicolor chrysoscelis Cope Hyla femoralis chrysoscelis Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 29.­ Dallas, Dallas County, Texas. Hyla versicolor chrysoscelis Strecker, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23: 117. Range.-Eastern Texas. Common name.-Southern gray b·ee frog.

Hyla versicolor sandersi Smith and Brown Hyla versicolor sandersi Smith and Brown, 1947, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 60: 47.-Eight miles south of Somerset, Atascosa County, Texas. Range.-Cenb·al Texas along the escarpment of the Edwards Plateau. Common name.-Central Texas tree frog.

Pseudacris Fitzinger Pseudacris Fitzinger, 1843, Syn. Rept., p. 31.-Type: nigrita. Chorophilus Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 59.-Type: nigritus. Helocaetes Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 59.-Type: not desig- nated; here designated as trise1'iata Wied. 74 CHECK LIST

Pseudacris hrachyphona Cope Chorophilus feriarum brachyphonus Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 341.-West Pennsylvania near the Kiskiminitas River, Westmoreland County. Pseudacris brachyphona Walker, 1932, Ohio Jour. Sci., 32: 379. Range.-Eastern Ohio and Kentucky, western Pennsylvania, Mary­ land, Virginia, and West Virginia; south through Tennessee to north­ ern Alabama and Mississippi. Common name.-Mountain chorus frog, chorus frog.

Pseudacris hrimleyi Brandt and Walker Pseudacris brimleyi Brandt and Walker, 1933, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 272: 2.-Washington, North Carolina. Range.-Lower coastal plain from southeastern Virginia to the lower Ogeechee River, northern Georgia. Common name.-Brimley's chorus frog, Dismal Swamp chorus frog.

Pseudacris clarki Bai.rd H elocaetes clarkii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 60.-Galveston and Indianola, Texas; restr. to Galveston. Pseudacris clarkii Smith, 1934, Amer. Midl. Nat., 15: 462. Range.-Cenh·al Kansas, south through Oklahoma and Texas to the Gulf. Common name.-Spotted chorus frog.

Pseudacris nigrita Le Conte Rana nigrita Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, I: 282.-No locality stated; designated as Liberty County, Georgia. Pseudacris nigrita Gunther, 1858, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 97. Range.-Northwest Territory in Canada throughout the Great Plains region; eastward in the United States to the Atlantic. Common name.-Swamp tree frog, chorus frog.

Pseudacris nigrita nigrita Le Conte Pseudacri-s nigrita nigrita Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 46. Range.-Coastal plain from North Carolina south to northern Florida and west to Mississippi. Common name.-Southern chorus frog. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 75

Pseudacris nigrita feriarum Baird Helocaetes feriarum Bai.rd, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 60.-Carlisle County, Pennsylvania. Pseudacris nigrita feriarum Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check list, ed. 3, p. 31. Chorophilus triseriatus corporalis Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 30.­ Nomen nudum [New Jersey]. Range.-Southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania through Mary­ land and the Delaware peninsula and the upper coastal plain to northern Georgia and to southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. Common name.-Upland chorus frog.

Pseudacris nigrita triseriata Wied Hyla triseriata Wied, 1838, Reise Nord Amer., I, pt. 4, p. 249.-Mount Vernon, Ohio River, Indiana. Pseudacris nigrita triseriata Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check list, ed. 3, p. 32. Hylodes maculatus Agassiz, 1850, Lake Superior ... , p. 378, pl. 6, £gs. 1-3. -Region of Lake Superior; restr. to vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie. Range.-Western New York through the mid-western states to southern Canada and west to the Rocky Mountains and Colorado plateau; south into central Texas. Common name.-Western chorus frog, swamp tree frog.

Pseudacris nigrita septentrionalis Boulenger Chorophilus septentrionalis Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 335, pl. 23, fig. 1.-Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territory. Pseudacris nigrita septentrionalis Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 46. Range.-Tundra border in northwestern Canada, southward in the adjacent taiga zone, presumably with a gradual transition to triseri­ ata. Common name.-Boreal chorus frog.

Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa Cope Chorophilus verrucosus Cope, 1877, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 87.-Volusia = National Gardens, Volusia County, Florida. Pseudacris nigrita verrucosa Brady and Harper, 1935, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48: 108 . Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida chorus frog. 76 CHECK LIST

Pseudacris ornata Holbrook Rana ornata Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, I: 97, pl. 16.-Between the Cooper and Ashley rivers, four miles from Charleston, South Carolina. Pseudacris ornata Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l, p. 31. Litoria occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 301.-San Francisco, in errore; designated as Liberty County, Georgia. Range.-Lower Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, south through peninsular Florida, west to Mississippi. Common name.-Ornate chorus frog.

Pseudacris streckeri Wright and Wright Pseu.dacris streckeri Wright and Wright, 1933, Handbook of Frogs, ed. 1, p. 102, pl. 25.-Type locality not mentioned; designated as Waco, Mc­ Lennan County, Texas. Range.-Central Oklahoma southward ,through central Texas and into extreme southwestern Arkansas; southern Illinois. Common name.-Strecker's chorus frog.

Pseudacris streckeri streckeri Wright and Wright Pseudacris streckeri streckeri Smith, 1951, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 191. Range.-Central Oklahoma southward through central Texas and into southwestern Arkansas. Common name.-Strecker's chorus frog.

Pseudacris streckeri illinoisensis Smith Pseu.dacris streckeri illinoisensis Smith, 1951, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 190, pl. 1.-3 miles north of Meredosia, Morgan County, Illinois. Range.-Morgan and Cass counties, Illinois; presumably sand areas of southern Illinois and adjacent Missouri. Common name.-Illinois chorus frog.

MICROHYLIDAE Microhyla Tschudi Microhyla Tschudi, 1839, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 2: 86.-Type: achatina (of Java). Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 33.-Type: rugosa = carol·i­ nensis. Microhyla carolinensis Holbrook Engystoma carolinensis Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 1: 83, pl. 2. -Charleston, South Carolina. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 77

Miorohyla carolinensis Parker, 1934, Monogr. Microhylidae, p. 146. Range.-Southeastern United States westward through Texas and northern Mexico to Sonora. Common name.-Narrow-mouthed toad.

Microhyla carolinensis carolinensis Holbrook Miorohyla carolinensis carolinensis Hecht and Matalas, 1946, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1315: 7, figs. 2, 9-12. Engystoma rogosum Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen., 8: 744.­ Southem parts of North America; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Southeastem United States from Maryland to Key West, westward and northward to Illinois and Missouri ( with extreme southern Iowa and extreme southeastern Kansas), and to Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. Common name.-Narrow-mouthed toad.

Microhyla carolinensis olivacea Hallowell Engystoma olivaceum Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 252.­ Kansas and Nebraska; restr. to vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas. Microhyla carolinensis olivacea Hecht and Matalas, 1946, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1315: 12, figs. 3, 4. Engystoma areolata Strecker, 1909, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22: 118.-Guada­ lupe River bottom, Victoria, Victoria County, Texas. Range.-Extreme southeastern Nebraska through Kansas, Okla­ homa, and central Texas; southward in northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad.

Microhyla carolinensis mazatlanensis Taylor Microhyla mazatlanensis Taylor, 1943, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 29: 355.­ Two miles east of Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Microhyla carolinensis mazatlanensis Hecht and Matalas, 1946, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1315: 14, figs. 5, 6. Range.-Extreme southeastern Arizona southward to Sinaloa. Common name.-Sinaloa narrow-mouthed toad.

Hypopachus Keferstein Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, 1867: 351.­ Type: seebachi~ variolosus [of Costa Rica] . Hypopachus cuneus Cope Hypopachus cuneus Cope, 1889, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 11: 395.-San Diego, Duval County, Texas. 78 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southern Texas and Gulf coastal plain of Mexico. Comnwn name.-Mexican narrow-mouthed toad.

Hypopachus cuneus cuneus Cope Hypopachus cuneus cuneus Taylor, 1940, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 26: 516, pl. 62, fig. A, pl. 63, figs. 7, 7a. Range.-Southern Texas, south into adjacent Mexico. [A second subspecies in Mexico.] Common name.-Brownsville nan-ow-mouthed toad.

RANIDAE Rana Linnaeus Rana Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 210.-Type: temporaria. Rana areolata Baird and Girard Rana areolata Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 173.­ Indianola, Texas. Range.-Western Gulf coastal plain, north in the Mississippi Basin to southeastern Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana. Common name.-Crawfish frog.

Rana areolata areolata Baird and Girard Rana areolata areolata Goin and Netting, 1940, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 28: 143. Range.-Matagorda County, Texas, north to southwestern Arkan­ sas and southeastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Southem crawfish frog.

Rana areolata circulosa Rice Rana areolata circulosa Rice, 1878, in Jordan, Man. Vert. N. Amer., ed. 2, p. 355.-Northem Illinois, in errore; restr. to vicinity of Olney, Richland County, Illinois. Range.-Northern Louisiana north in the Mississippi lowlands on both sides of the river to central Illinois and Indiana; most of Ar­ kansas and Missouri; southeastern Kansas and northeastern Okla­ homa. Comnwn name.-Northern crawfish frog.

Rana capito Le Conte Rana capita Le Conte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 425, pl. 5.­ Riceborough, Liberty County, Georgia. AMPIUBIANS AND REPTILES 79

Range.-Atlantic coastal plain from North Carolina to Florida and westward to Louisiana. Common name.-Gopher frog.

Rana capito capito Le Conte [New comb.] Rana areolata aesopus Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 517.-Mi­ canopy, Florida. Range.-Cenb"al Florida, north in the lower coastal plain to south­ eastern North Carolina. Common name.-Florida gopher frog.

Rana capito sevosa Goin and Netting [New comb.] Rana sevosa Goin and Netting, 1940, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 28: 137, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.-Slidell, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Eastern Louisiana through southern Mississippi and Ala­ bama. Common name.-Dark gopher frog.

Rana catesbeiana Shaw Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3: 106, pl. 33.-South Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Rana mugiens Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amphib., p. 175.-North Amer­ ica; restr. to vicinity of New York City. Rana scapularis Harlan, 1825, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 59.-Pennsylvania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Rana conspersa Le Conte, 1855, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 425.­ Riceborough, Liberty County, Georgia. Range.-Eastern North America, except southern third of Florida; north to the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, southern Ontario, and southeastern Manitoba; west through most of Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, and through Texas to the lower Rio Grande. Common name.-Bullfrog. Rana clamitans Latreille Rana clamitans Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 157.-Charleston, South Carolina. Rana fontinalis Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, I: 282.­ Maine to Virginia; restr. to vicinity of New York City. Ranaria melanota Raflnesque, 1820, Ann. Nat., Lexington, no. 25.-Lake Champlain. 80 CHECK LIST

Rana flaviviridis Harlan, 1825, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 58.-Vicinity of Phila­ delphia. Rana horiconensis Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 3: 91, pl. 18.­ Outlet of Lake George, New York. Rana nigricans Agassiz, 1850, Lake Superior, p. 379, pl. 6, figs. 4, 5.­ Northem shores of Lake Superior. Rana clamata Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 419, pl. 51, figs. 2, 3, pl. 75, figs. 19, 33, text fig. 107 (emendation). Range.-Eastern United States from the Maritime Provinces oi Canada and Newfoundland to eastern Minnesota, and south to the Gulf Coast, west to exb·eme eastern Kansas and Oklahoma; absent in southern Florida. Common name.-Green frog.

Rana grylio Stejneger Rana grylio Stejneger, 1901, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24: 212.-Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Range.-Lower Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains from eastern Texas to peninsular Florida, southeastern Georgia, and adjacent South Carolina. Common name.-Pig frog.

Rana heckscheri Wright Rana heckscheri Wright, 1924, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37: 143, pl. 11, pl. 12, fig. 2.-Alligator Swamp, Callahan, Florida. Range.-Coastal South Carolina and Georgia, south into northern Florida and west to southern Mississippi. Common name.-River swamp bullfrog.

Rana septentrionalis Baird Rana septentrionalis Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 61.­ Northem Minnesota; restr. to Lake Itasca. Rana sinuata Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 61.-Sackett's Harbor, New York. Range.-Eastern Canada through Quebec and Ontario to Hudson Bay and Manitoba; south into northern New York, Michigan, Wis­ consin, and Minnesota. Common name.-Mink frog.

Rana virgatipes Cope Rana virgatipes Cope, 1891, Amer. Nat., 25: 1017.-Mare Run, near Great Egg Harbor, Atlantic County, New Jersey. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 81

Range.-Lower Atlantic coastal plain, southern New Jersey to southeastern Georgia. Common name.-Carpenter frog.

Rana sylvatica Le Conte Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, I: 282.­ Locality not stated; designated as vicinity of New York City. Range.-Northern North America, south to Arkansas and Georgia. Common name.-Wood frog.

Rana sylvatica sylvatica Le Conte Rana sylvatica sylvatica Schmidt, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 378. Rana pennsylvanica Harlan, 1825, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 58.-Nomen nudum. Rana silvatica Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 447, fig. 115 ( emen­ dation) . Range.-Eastem North America, north to Labrador, south to Georgia in the Appalachians, west to southern Illinois and Ar­ kansas. Common name.-Eastern wood frog.

Rana sylvatica cantabrigensis Baird Rana cantabrigensis Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 62.-Cam­ bridge, Massachusetts, in errore; designated as Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. Rana sylvatica cantabrigensis Schmidt, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 377. Rana cantabrigensis latiremis Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 520.­ Lake Alloknagic, Alaska. Range.-Mouth of the Yukon and the Mackenzie delta to western Ontario; south into northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the North­ ern Peninsula of Michigan. Common name.-Northern wood frog.

Rana tarahumarae Boulenger Rana tarahumarae Boulenger, 1917, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 20: 416.­ Sierra Tarahumare, Sonora. Range.-Southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona; south in the Sierra Madre in Sonora and Chihuahua. Common name.-Tarahumare frog. 82 CHECK LIST

Rana pipiens8 Schreber Rana pipiens Schreber, 1782, Naturforscher, 18: 185, pl. 4.-New York and Raccoon Landing, Gloucester County, New Jersey; restr. to White Plains, New York. Range.-Eastern North America, north to 60° N. Lat. in the west, west to the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin, south into eastern Mexico and to Central America. Common name.-Leopard frog.

Rana pipiens pipiens Schreber Rana pipiens pipiens Wright and Wright, 1933, Handbook of Frogs and Toads, pp. 34, 176, pl. 71. Rana utricularitis Harlan, 1825, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 60.-Pennsylvania and New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.-Eastern North America, south to New Jersey and the Ohio River. C ommon name.-Northern leopard frog.

Rana pipiens sphenocephala Cope Rana halecina sphenocephala Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 517.­ Near St. John's River, Florida. Rana pipiens sphenocephala Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 58. Rana oxyrhyncha Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 9: 142.­ Florida ( not of Sundevall, 1849, for an African species). Range.-Southeastern United States on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, west into eastern Texas and Oklahoma, north to southern Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Southern leopard frog.

s The nomenclature and classification of this species and its geographic forms are insufficiently established. John A. Moore has shown that numerous popu­ lations of this species are genetically distinguishable within the continuous east­ ern range, a mosaic of minor geographic variants that obviously should not be treated as subspecies. Aside from the rejection of tl1e long current early names virescens Kalm and halecina Kalm (as not binominal) even the now familiar allocation of the name pip-iens to the northern populations would be upset if the type locality be designated as Raccoon Landing, Gloucester County, New Jer­ sey. It seems possible to designate instead a locality in New York, as above. With some deviation as to trinomials, and fully aware that tlie relations of tlie leopard frogs west of tlie Mississippi are very inadequately clarified, I follow Wright and Wright ( 1949, Handbook of Frogs, p. 498, maps 33 and 34). I reject Rana burnsi and Rana kandiyohi as obviously based on mutations, not at all established as subspecies. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 83

Rana pipiens brachycephala Cope Rana virescens brachycephala Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 403, fig. 101.-Yellowstone River. Rana pipiens brachycephala Mittleman and Gier, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 22: 7. Rana onca Cope, 1875, in Wheeler's Rept. Expl. W. 100th Meridian, p. 528. Rana burnsi Weed, 1922, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35: 108.-New London, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. Rana kandiyohi Weed, 1922, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35: 109.-New London, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. Rana noblei Schmidt, 1925, Amer. Mus. Nov., 175: 1.-Yunnanfu, Yunnan, China, in errore. Range.-Western Manitoba, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri, north to 60° N. Lat. and west to eastern British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon; south to meet the ranges of fish eri and berlandieri. Common name.-Western leopard frog.

Rana pipiens berlandieri Baird Rana berlandieri Baird, 1854, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, Rept., p. 27, pl. 36, figs. 7-10.-Southem Texas. Rana pipiens berlandieri Schmidt, 1941, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 22: 487. Rana austricola Cope, 1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 398.-No locality; type locality designated as Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Range.-Rio Grande Basin, south in eastern Mexico to Cenh·al America. Common name.-Rio Grande leopard frog.

Rana pipiens fisheri Stejneger Rana fisheri Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 227.-Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada. Range.-Vegas Valley, Clark County, Nevada. Common name.-Vegas Valley leopard frog.

Rana palustris Le Conte Rana palustris Le Conte, 1825, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, I: 282.­ Locality not stated; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Rana pardalis Harlan, 1825, Amer. Jour. Sci., 10: 59.-"Middle states; com­ mon in the vicinity of Philadelphia." Range.-Eastern North America, from Quebec through Ontario to Minnesota, south to northern South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, 84 CHECK LIST

and south in Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern Texas nearly to the Gulf. Common name.-Pickerel frog.

Rana hoyli Baird Rana boylii Baird, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 62.-Eldorado County, California. Range.-Eastern Oregon to California. Common name.-Yellow-legged frog.

Rana hoyli hoyli Baird Rana boylii boylii Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 117. Range.-Central and northern California north in eastern Oregon, south to Los Angeles County. Common name.-California yellow-legged frog.

Rana hoyli muscosa Camp Rana boylii muscosa Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 118.-Arroyo Seco Canyon, about 1,300 feet alt., near Pasadena, California. Range.-San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains in California. Common name.-San Bernardino yellow-legged frog.

Rana hoyli sierrae Camp Rana boylii sierrae Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 120.-Matlack Lake, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, California. Range.-Southern half of the Siena Nevada above 7,000 feet alt. Common name.-Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog.

Rana aurora Baird and Girard Rana aurora Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 174.­ Puget Sound. Range.-British Columbia to southern California. Common name.-Red-Iegged frog.

Rana aurora aurora Baird and Girard Rana aurora aurora Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 123. Range.-Coastal region and inland to the Rocky Mountains in southern British Columbia, south at lower altitudes west of the Co- AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 85 lumbia River and south through western Oregon to northern coastal California. Common name.-Oregon red-legged frog. Rana aurora cascadae Slater Rana cascadae Slater, 1939, Herpetologica, 1: 1.-Elysian Fields, Rainier National Park, Washington, 5,700 feet alt. Range.-Eastem Olympic peninsula and Cascade Mountains. Re­ corded from Pottsville, Idaho. Common name.-Cascade Range frog. Rana aurora draytoni Baird and Girard Rana draytonii Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 174. -San Francisco and the Columbia River; restr. to vicinity of San Fran­ cisco. Rana aurora draytonii Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 115. Range.-Cenb-al and southern California; rare and local west of the Sierras. Common name.-California red-legged frog.

Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 378.­ Puget Sound, Washington. Range.-North cenb·al Utah, northern Nevada, and western Wy­ oming west and north to southern Alaska. Common name.-Westem spotted frog, red-bellied frog.

Rana pretiosa pretiosa Baird and Girard Rana pretiosa pretiosa Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 38. Range.-Northwestern California to southern Alaska, eastward in British Columbia to Alberta and Saskatchewan, south in the Rocky Mountains to western Wyoming and the Wasatch Mountains in Utah; north of the Columbia and Snake rivers in Washington and Idaho. Common name.-Western spotted frog.

Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson, 1913, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26: 53, pl. 3, fi gs. 2-3.-Anne Creek, Elko County, Nevada. Range.-Northern Great Basin, in Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada, reaching southeastern Washington and northeastern California. Common na1ne. -Grcat Basin spotted frog. Class REPTILIA

Subclass ANAPSIDA Order CHELONIA

Suborder THECOPHORA CHELYDRIDAE Chelydra Schweigger Chelydra Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. aturg. Math., I : 292. - Type: serpentina.

Chelydra serpentina Linnaeus Testudo serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 199.-"Warmer regions" [of North America]; restr. to vicinity of New York City. Chelydra serpentina Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Math., 1: 292. Range.-North America, east of the Rocky Mountains. Common name.-Snapping turtle.

Chelydra serpentina serpentina Linnaeus Chelydra serpentina serpentina Stejneger, 1914, Copeia, 1914, no. 6, p. [4]. Chelydra lacertina Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Matl1., 1: 293.-Type locality unknown; designated as vicinity of New York City. Testudo longicauda Shaw, 1831, in Gray, Syn. Rept., pt. 1, p. 36 (in synony­ my) .-No type locality; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Chelydra emarginata Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 417.-Mobile, Alabama, and New Orleans, Louisiana; restr. to Mobile. Range.-Eastern and central orth America from ova Scotia and Quebec westward through Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Albeita, and southward, east of the Rocky Mountains, to the Gulf and to northern Florida. Common name.-Snapping turtle, common snapping turtle. Chelydra serpentina osceola Stejneger Chelydra osceola Stejneger, 1918, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31: 39.-Clear­ water, Pinellas County, Florida. Chelydra serpentina osceola Rust, 1934, Blatter Aquarien-Terr. Kunde, 45: 59. 86 AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 87

Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida snapping turtle.

Macrochelys Gray Macrochelys Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855: 200.-Type: tem­ minckii.

Macrochelys temmincki Troost Chelonura temminckii Troost, 1835, in Harlan's Med. Phys. Res., p. 158, footnote.-Tributary stream of the Mississippi above Memphis, Tennessee. Macrochelys temminckii Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855: 200. Range.-Southern Georgia and northwestern Florida to southern Texas; northward in streams of the Mississippi Basin to southeastern Kansas, and the lower Missouri and Ohio rivers. Common name.-Alligator snapping turtle.

KINOSTERNIDAE Sternotherus Gray Stemotherus Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil., (n.s.), 10: 211.-Type: odoratus.

Sternotherus odoratus Latreille Testudo odorata Latreille, 1801, Hist. Nat. Rept., 1: 122.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Stemothaerus odoratus Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 2: 307. Testudo glutinata Daudin, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 194, pl. 24, fig. 4.­ North America; restr. to vicinity of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Terrapene boscii Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27.- orth America; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kinostemum guttatum Le Conte, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 185.­ Pennsylvania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 425; 2: pl. 5, figs. 20-22.-Osage River, Missouri, Williamson County, Texas, and be­ tween San Antonio and Medina River, Texas; restr. to San Antonio. Range.-Eastern and southern United States from Quebec, On­ tario, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, southward through the tier of states west of the Mississippi to eastern and southern Texas, and southeast to Florida. Common name.-Stink-pot, common musk turtle.

Sternotherus carinatus Gray Aromochelys carinatus Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855: 199.­ Louisiana; restr. to vicinity of New Orleans. 88 CHECK LIST

Stemothems carinatus Stejneger, 1923, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62, Art. 6, p. 2. Range.-Eastern United States, west to eastern Texas. Common nmne.-Keel-backed musk turtle.

Sternotherus carinatus carinatus Gray Goniochelys triquetra Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I: 423; 2: 642. -Lake Concordia, Louisiana. Range.-Arkansas, Oklahoma, eastern Texas and Louisiana; east­ ward into Mississippi and Tennessee. Common name. -Mississippi musk turtle.

Sternotherus carinatus peltifer Smith and Glass Sternotherus peltifer Smith and Glass, 1947, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 37: 22. -Bassfield, Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi. Range.-Southern Mississippi, northward to eastern Tennessee. Common name.-Tennessee musk turtle.

Sternotherus carinatus minor Agassiz Goniochelys minor Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I: 424.-Mobile, Alabama, Columbus, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana; restr. to Columbus, Georgia. Sternotherus minor Stejneger, 1923, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 62, Art. 6, p. 2. Range.-Central and northern Florida, westward to Mobile, and through Georgia and Alabama into Tennessee. Common name.-Loggerhead musk turtle.

Kinosternon Spix Kinosternon Spix, 1824, Test. Brasil, p. 17.-Type: longicaudatum = scorpi­ oides.

Kinosternon bauri Garman Cinosternum baurii Garman, 1891, Bull. Essex Inst., 23: 141.-Key West, Florida. Kinosternon baurii Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 111. Range.-Peninsular and northern Florida. Common name.-Sb·iped mud turtle.

Kinosternon hauri hauri Garman Kinostemon baurii baurii Stejneger and Barbour, 1939, Check list, ed. 4, p. 155. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 89

Range.-Florida, except the Panhandle, and exclusive "Jf the range of bauri palmarum. Common name.-Sb:iped mud turtle.

Kinosternon hauri pahnarum Stejneger Kinosternon bauri palmarum Stejneger, 1925, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 15: 463.-Royal Palm State Park, Dade County, Florida . • Range.-Royal Palm State Park, northward into Collier County, Florida. Common name.-Paradise Key mud turtle.

Kinosternon hirtipes Wagler Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph., p. 137, pl. 5, £gs . 29, 30.-Mexico; res tr. to lakes near Mexico City. Range.-The Mexican plateau, nortl1ward to western Texas. Common name.-Mexican mud turtle.

Kinosternon hirtipes murrayi Glass and Hartweg Kinosternon mtwrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 50, fi g. 1.­ Harper Ranch, 37 miles south of Marfa, Presidio County, Texas. Range.-Big Bend region of Texas. Cornnwn name.-Big Bend mud h1rtle.

Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz Platythyra fiavescens Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 430; 2: pl. 5, £gs. 12-15.-Texas, Arizona; restr. to ·waco, Texas. Kinosternon flavescens Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 111. Range.-Texas to Aiizona, northward to Utah and Colorado, and through Oklahoma and Kansas to Nebraska; southern Illinois. Common name.-Yellow mud turtle.

Kinosternon flavescens flavescens Agassiz Kinosternon flav escens flavescens Carr, 1952, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 94, pl. 15, map 5. Range.-Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, northward to southern Utah and Colorado, and through Oklahoma and Kansas to Ne­ braska. Common name.-Yellow mud turtle. 90 CHECK LIST

Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith Kinosternon fiavescens spooneri Philip W. Smith, 1951, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 9: 195, pl. 2.-Henderson County State Forest, 7 miles north of Oquawka, Illinois. Range.-Sand prairie region along the Illinois River, near Havana, Illinois. Common name.-Illinois yellow mud turtle.

Kinosternon suhruhrum Lacepede Testudo subrubra Lacepede, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., 1, synops. method. tab!., pp. 618, 619.-Pennsylvania; restr. to vicinity of Phila­ delphia. Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l, p. 112. Range.-Eastern United States. Common name.-Common mud turtle.

Kinosternon suhruhrum suhruhrum Lacepede Kinosternon subrubrnm su.brubrum Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 112. . Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin, 1789, Syst. at., 1: 1042.-Pennsylvania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Kinosternon oblongum Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 33.-Arnerica; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Kinostemon doubledayU Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 33.-California, in errore; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Kinosternon punctatt11n Gray, 1855, Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., 1: 45, pl. 20c, figs. 3, 4.-East Florida. Swanka fasciata Gray, 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., 1: 68.·­ Origin unknown; type locality designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.-Eastern United States from Connecticut southward to northern Florida; westward through New York, Ontario, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and southward in the mid-west to Tennessee. Common name.-Common mud turtle.

K.inoslernon suhruhrum steindachneri Siebenrock Cinosternum steindachneri Siebenrock, 1906, Zool. Anz., 30: 727, fig.­ Orlando, Florida. Kinosternon subrubmm steindachneri Carr, 1940, Univ. Fla. Pub!., 3, no. 1, p. 99. Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida mud turtle. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 91

Kinosternon suhrubrum hippocrepis Gray Kinosternon hippoC1'epis Gray, 1856, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1855: 198.­ New Orleans. Kinostemon subrubrum hippocrepis Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 112. Kinosternon louisianae Baur, 1893, Arner. Nat., 27: 676.-New Orleans, Louisiana. Range.-Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, northward through Oklahoma and Arkansas to southeastern Mis­ sow·i, western Tennessee, and Kentucky. Common name.-Mississippi mud turtle.

K.inosternon sonoriense Le Conte Kinostemum sonoriense Le Conte, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 184. -Tucson, Arizona. Kinostemttm henrici Le Conte, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 4.­ New Mexico; restr. to vicinity of Las Cruces. Range.-Southwestern Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southeastern California; adjacent states of Mexico. Common name.-Sonora mud tw-tle.

EMYDIDAE Clemmys Ritgen Clemmys Ritgen, 1828, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 14: 272.-Type: puncta.ta = guttata. Clemmys guttata Schneider Testudo guttata Schneider, 1792, Sehr. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 10: 264. -Type locality not stated; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Clemmys guttata Strauch, 1862, Mern. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ( 7), 5, no. 7, p. 107. Testudo anonyma Schneider, 1792, in Schoepff, Hist. Test., pt. l , p. 28 [in synonymy]. Geoclemmys sebae Gray, 1869, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869: 188.-No type locality; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.-Eastern North America from Quebec and Maine west­ ward th.rough Ontario, Michigan, and Wisconsin; in the east to West Virginia, and in tl1e west through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Common name.-Spotted turtle. Clemmys muhlenbergi Schoepff Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff, 1801, Hist. Test., pt. 6, p. 132, pl. 31.-­ Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

F FORT HA 92 CHECK LIST

Clemmys muhlenbergii Fitzinger, 1835, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1: 124. Emys biguttata Say, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4: 212.-Not stated; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Clemmys nuchalis Dunn, 1917, Bull. Amer. Mus. at. Hist., 37: 624, fig. 6. -Yonahlossee Road, about 3 miles from Linville, North Carolina, 4,200 feet alt. Range.-Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn­ sylvania, Maryland, and Virginia into western North Carolina, main­ ly in bogs. Common narne.-Muhlenberg's turtle; bog turtle.

Clemmys marmorata Baird and Girard Emys marmorata Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 177.-Puget Sound, Washington. Clemmys marmorata Strauch, 1862, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7), 5, no. 7, p. 108. Range.-Western United States, west of the Cascades and the Siena Nevada. Common name.-Pacific pond turtle.

Clemmys marmorata marmorata Baird and Girard Clemmys marmorata marmorata Seeliger, 1945, Copeia, 1945: 158, fi gs. 4, 5. Emys nigra Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pl:iila., 7: 91.-Poso Creek, Kern County, California. Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch, 1862, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ( 7), 5, no. 7, p. 114, pl.-Sacramento River, California. Range.-Pacific coastal regions, from southern British Columbia southward to the San Francisco Bay region. Common name.-Pacific pond turtle.

Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger Clemmys mar11wrata pallida Seeliger, 1945, Copeia, 1945: 158, figs. 4, 5.­ Lower Coyote Creek, near Alamitos, Orange County, California. Range.-San Francisco Bay region to San Diego County, with an intergradient population ( with m. marrnorata) on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Common name.-San Diego pond turtle, southern California pond turtle.

Clemmys insculpta Le Conte Testudo insculpta Le Conte, 1830, Ann. Lye. at. Hist. New York, 3: 112.­ Northern United States; restr. to vicinity of ew York City. AMPlilBIANS AND REPTILES 93

Clemmys insculpta Fitzinger, 1835, Ann. Mus. Wien, I: 124. Emys speciosa Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., p. 26.­ New Jersey. Emys inscripta "Le Conte" in Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., pt. l , p. 26.-Lapsus for insculpta. Range.-Eastern North America from Nova Scotia to Virginia, westward through cenh·al Michigan and central Wisconsin to Iowa. Common name.-Wood turtle.

Emys hlandingi Holbrook Cistudo blandingii Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 3: 35, pl. 5.­ Fox River, Illinois. Emys blandingii Strauch, 1862, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, ( 7), 5, no. 7, p. 28. Range.-A prairie peninsula endemic, ranging from Iowa and southern Minnesota through southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois and Indiana, southern Michigan and Ontario, eastward into Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. Occur­ rence in the east in isolated colonies. Common name.-Blanding's turtle; semibox turtle.

Terrapene Merrem Terrapene Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27.-Type: clausa = caro­ lina. Terrapene carolina Linnaeus Testudo carolina9 Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 198.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Terrapene carolina Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 2: 309. Range.-Eastern United States, west to the Great Plains. Common name.-Box twtle, common box turtle.

Terrapene carolina carolina Linnaeus Terrapene carolina carolina Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 115. Testudo carinata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., I: 198.-"In calidis regionibus"; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre, 1789, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., Erp., p. 29.­ Philadelphia. Testudo incarcerata-striata Bonnaterre, 1789, Tabl. Encycl. Meth., Erp., p. 29.-North America; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia.

9 With various emendations and misspellings: carolinina, caroliniana, caro­ linae, carolinensis, "caritana." 94 CHECK LIST

Testudo clausa Gmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, I: 1042.-North America; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Testudo virgulata Latreille, 1801, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 100, pl. 4, fig. 2.­ Charleston, South Carolina. Emys schneideri Schweigger, 1814, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Math., I: 317, 442.-Origin unknown; type locality restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Monoclida kentukensis Ra£nesque, 1822, Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, (n.s.), I, no. 21, p. 5, col. 5.-Kentucky. Terrapene maculata Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 2: 309.-Type locality unknown; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Terrapene nebulosa Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 2: 310.-Type locality unknown; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Emys kinosternoides Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., pt. 1, p. 32.-Type locality un­ known; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Cistudo virginea Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I: 445; 2: pl. 4, £gs. 17-19, pl. 7, £gs. 10-14.-New England, westward as far as Michi­ gan ... ; restr. to vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Range.-Eastern United States from Maine throughout the At­ lantic states to Georgia; Ontario and Michigan to Ohio and Indiana, southern Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Common name.-Eastern box turtle, common box turtle.

Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor Terrapene bauri Taylor, 1895, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 576.-Florida; restr. to Orlando, Florida. Terrapene carolina bauri Carr, 1940, Univ. Fla. Publ., 3, no. 1, p. 100. Range.-Northeastern and peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida box turtle.

Terrapene carolina major Agassiz Cistudo major Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I: 445.-Mobile, Ala­ bama; Florida; restr. to Mobile. Terrapene carolina major Carr, 1940, Univ. Fla. Publ., 3, no. 1, p. 101. Range.-Western Florida (the Panhandle) and southern Georgia along the Gulf Coast to eastern Texas. Common name.-Gulf Coast box turtle.

Terrapene carolina triunguis Agassiz Cistudo triunguis Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I: 445.-New Orleans, Louisiana. Terrapene carolina triunguis Strecker, 1910, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 23: 121. Range.-Southern South Carolina throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains to eastern Texas, exclusive of Florida; northward AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 95 in the Mississippi Basin through Oklahoma and Arkansas to eastern Kansas and Missouri; Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern Illinois. Common name.-Three-toed box turtle.

Terrapene ornata Agassiz Cistudo ornata Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 445.-The upper Missouri River, and Iowa; restr. to junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers. Terrapene ornata Baur, 1891, Science, 17: 191. Range.-Great Plains, eastward to Indiana, southward from Wy­ oming and South Dakota to northern Mexico. Common name.-Ornate box turtle.

Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz Terrapene ornata ornata Smith and Ramsey, 1952, Wasman Jour. Biol., 10: 48. Terrapene ornata var. cimarronensis Cragin, 1894, Colorado College Studies, 5: 37.-Red Beds of Cimarron Basin, Oklahoma. Range.-Great Plains, with isolated populations eastward in Wis­ consin, Illinois, and Indiana; northern limit in Wyoming and South Dakota, southward to the Gulf and westward in New Mexico and Arizona; adjacent northern Mexico ( exclusive of the Trans-Pecos range of Terrapene ornata luteola). Common name.-Ornate box turtle, Great Plains box turtle.

Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey, 1952, Wasman Jour. Biol., 10: 45, pl. 1.-17 miles south of Van Horn, Culberson County, Texas. Range.-An area in Trans-Pecos Texas, limited on the west by the Hueco Mountains, on the east by the Guadalupe, Delaware, and Davis Mountains, on the south by the Finlay, Eagle, and Van Horn Mountains and the Sierra Blanca and Sierra Vieja, and on the north by the Sierra Diablo. Common name.-Salt Basin box turtle.

Malaclemys Gray Malaclemys Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 28.-Type: concentrica. Malaclemys terrapin SchoepH Testudo terrapin Schoepff, 1793, Hist. Test., Fasc. 3, p. 64, pl. 15.-Phila­ delphia market and coastal waters of Long Island; restr. to coastal waters of Long Island. 96 CHECK LIST

Malaclemys terrapin Bangs, 1896, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27: 159. Range.-Coastal marshes from New England to Texas. Common name.-Diarnondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin terrapin Schoepff Malaclemys terrapin terrapin Lindholm, 1929, Zoo!. An z., 81: 294 [cited for combination only]. Testuclo concentrica Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3 : 43, pl. 9.-Philadelphia markets. Testudo oceUata Link, 1807, Naturh. Samml. Rostuck, pt. 2, p. 52.-North America; restr. to "Philadelphia markets." Emys macrocephala Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 26.-Type locality unknown; designated as Philadelphia markets. Malaclemys titberculifera Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 29.-Cali­ fornia, in errore; designated as Philadelphia market. Range.-Coastal strip, mainly in brackish water, from Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, including Delaware and Chesapeake bays. Common name.-Nortbern diamondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin centrata Latreille Testi1clo centrata Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 1: 145.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Malaclemmys terrapin centrata Mittleman, 1945, Copeia, 1944: 248. Emys concentrica and livicla Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 27.-Nortb America; restr. to vicinity of Charles ton, South Carolina. Range.-Coastal waters, Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Flor­ ida. Common name.-Southeastern diamondback terrapin, southern diamondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum Fowler Malaclemys littoralis rhizophorarum Fowler, 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 58: 112, pl. 4.-Boca Grande Key, Lee County, Florida. M[alaclemmys] terrapin rhizophorarum Carr, 1946, Copeia, 1946: 171, fig. 1. Range.-Florida Keys. Common name.-Mangrove tenapin, Florida Key diamondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota Hay Malaclemmys macrospilota Hay, 1904, BuU . U. S. Bur. Fisheri es, 24: 16, pls. 6, 7, 11, text fig. 1.-Charlotte Harbor, Florida. AMPIDBIANS AND REPTILES 97

Mal,ademys terrapin macrospilota Carr, 1952, Handbook of Turtles, p. 178. Range.-West coast of Florida. Common name.-Florida diamondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin pileata Wied Emys pileata Wied, 1865, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 32: 17, pl. 1, figs . 2, 3.-New Orleans, Louisiana. Malaclemmys pileata Hay, 1904, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, 24: 17. Malaclemys terrapin pileata Carr, 1952, Handbook of Turtles, p. 182. Range.-Gulf coast from the mouths of the Mississippi eastward to the Panhandle of Florida. Common name.-Mississippi diamondback terrapin.

Malaclemys terrapin littoralis Hay Malaclemmys litoralis Hay, 1904, Bull . U. S. Bur. Fisheries, 24: 18, pls. 8, 9, 12, figs. 2, 3. Malaclemys terrapin littoralis Carr, 1952, Handbook of Turtles, p. 184. Range.-Gulf coast, from the mouths of the Mississippi we tward along the coast of Texas. Common name.-Texas diamondback tenapin.

Graptemys Agassiz Graptemys Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 436.-Type: geo­ graphica. Graptemys geographica Le Sueur Testudo geographica Le Sueur, 1817, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1: 86, pl. 5.-Marsh on border of Lake Erie. Graptemys geographica Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 436. Range.-Mississippi and St. Lawrence basins, from Iowa through southern Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario to Lake George, New York, and Vermont; southeastern Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; eastern Virginia, West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee; eastern Oklahoma and Texas. Common narne.-Geographic turtle, common map h1rtle.

Graptemys pulchra Baur Graptemys pulchra Baur, 1893, Arner. Nat., 27: 675.-Lake near Mont­ gomery, Alabama. Range.-Vicinity of Montgomery, Alabama. Common name.-Alabama map turtle, Alabama sawback turtle. 98 CHECK LIST

Graptemys oculifera Baur Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur, 1890, Science, ( 1), 16: 262.-Mandeville, Louisiana. Graptemys oculifera Baur, 1893, Amer. Nat., 27: 675. Range.-Southeastern Louisiana. Common name.-Ringed sawback turtle.

Graptemys pseudogeographica Gray Emys pseudogeographica Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 31.-Wabash River, New Harmony, Indiana. Graptemys pseudogeographica Gray, 1863, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 12: 180. Range.-Central United States. Common name.-False map turtle.

Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica Gray Graptemys pseudogeographica pseudogeographica Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 117. Emys lesueurii Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 31.-Wabash River, New Har­ mony, Indiana. Range.-Mississippi Basin; Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Ten­ nessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana; Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and Iowa; eastern Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Okla­ homa. Common name.-False map turtle, Le Sueur's map turtle, midland sawback turtle.

Graptemys pseudogeographica kohni Baur Malacoclemmys kohnii Baur, 1890, Science, ( 1 ), 16: 263.-Bayou Lafourche, Bayou Teche, and St. Martinsville, Louisiana. Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 117. Range.-GuH strip from Pensacola to eastern Texas. Common name.-Bayou map turtle, Mississippi sawback tmtle.

Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger, 1925, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 15: 463.-Austin, Texas. Range.-Central Texas, Austin to Edwards County. Common name.-Texas map turtle, Texas sawback turtle. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 99

Graptemys harhouri Carr and Marchand Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 20: 98, pis. 14, 15.-Chipola River, near Marianna, Jackson County, Florida. Range.-Jackson and Calhoun counties, Florida, in the Chipola River. Common name.-Barbour's map turtle, Chipola map turtle, Bar­ bour's sawback turtle.

Chrysemys Gray Chrysemys Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 27.-Type: picta . • Chrysemys picta Schneider Testudo picta Schneider, 1783, Naturg. Schildkr., p. 348.-England, in errore; designated as vicinity of New York City. Chrysemys picta Gray, 1856, Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, p. 32. Range.-Eastern United States, northwestward to the Puget Sound region. Common name.-Painted turtle.

Chrysemys picta picta Schneider Chrysemys picta picta Bishop and Schmidt, 1931, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18: 136. Chrysemys cinerea Bonnaterre, 1789, Encycl. Meth., Erp., p. 25.-Type locality unknown; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.-Eastern Nortl1 America, from New Brunswick and Que­ bec throughout ew England, eastern New York, and tl1e Atlantic states to Florida. Common name.-Eastern painted turtle.

Chrysemys picta marginata Agassiz Chrysemys marginata Agassiz, 1857, Contr. at. Hist. U. S., 1: 439; 2: pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 5, figs. 1-4.-Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, and Indiana; restr. to northern Indiana. Chrysemys picta marginata Bishop and Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 18: 136. Range.-Western New York and Pennsylvania through Ohio and Indiana to northern Illinois and southeastern Wisconsin. Common name.-Midland painted tm:tle. 100 CHECK LIST

Chrysemys picta belli Gray Emys bellii Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 31.-Type locality not stated; desig­ nated as Puget Sound, Washington. Chrysemys picta bellii Bishop and Schmidt, 1931, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18: 136. Emys oregoniensis Harlan, 1837, Amer. Jour. Sci., 31: 382, pl.-Near Co­ lumbia River. [Various emendations and misspellings.] Chrysemys nuttalli Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 2: 642.-Junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. Chrysemys pulchra Gray, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 4), 11: 147.- orth America; restr. to upper Mississippi River. Range.-Northwestem Illinois, northern Wisconsin, and Upper Peninsula of Michigan westward to British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon; southwestward to Texas and New Mexico. Common name.-Western painted turtle.

Chrysemys picta dorsalis Agassiz Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz, 1857, Contr. at. Hist. U. S., l: 440.-Missis­ sippi and Louisiana; restr. to vicinity of New Orleans. Chrysemys picta dorsalis Bishop and Schmidt, 1931, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 18: 136. Range.-Mississippi Basin, northward to southern Illinois. Common name.-Southern painted turtle.

Pseudemys Gray Pseudemys Gray, 1856, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1855: 197.-Type: con­ cinna.

Pseudemys floridana Le Conte Testudo floridana Le Conte, 1830, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 100.­ St. John's River, Florida. Psei,demys floridana Baur, 1893, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 31: 223. Range.-Eastern North America, west to Texas. Common name.-Southern tenapin.

Pseudemys floridana floridana Le Conte Pseudemys floridana floridana Carr, 1935, Copeia, 1935: 147. Range.-Nmthern Florida and adjacent Atlantic coastal plain. Common name.-Florida terrapin, coastal plain turtle. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 101

Pseudemys floridana concinna Le Conte Testudo concinna Le Conte, 1830, Ann. Lye. Nat. His t. New York, 3: 106.­ Rivers of Georgia and Carolina above Augusta and Columbia; restr. to vicinity of Columbia, South Carolina. Pseudemys floridana concinna Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 286, pl. 53, text figs. 18, 19, map 19. Emys annulifera Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 32.- o locality stated; type locality designated as Columbia, South Carolina. Emys conemna Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 1: pl. 19 [err. sculp.]. Pseudemys elonae Brimley, 1928, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 44: 67, pl. l , pl. 2, fig. 1.-Cape Fear drainage near Elon College, Guilford County, North Carolina. Range.-Atlantic coastal plain from Maryland to Alabama, mostly above the fall line, and into eastern Tennessee. Common name.-Le Conte's terrapin, river turtle.

Pseudemys floridana hieroglyphica Holbrook Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l , 1: 47, pl. 2.­ Cumberland River, Tennessee. Pseudemys fl oridana hieroglyphica Carr, 1851, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 304, pl. 57, map 19. Emys labyrinthica Dumeril, 1851, Cat. Meth. Rept. , p. 13.-Wabash River. Range.-Mississippi Valley, northward to southern Illinois and Indiana. Common name.-Hieroglyphic terrapin, midwest terrapin, hiero­ glyphic turtle.

Pseudemys floridana hoyi Agassiz Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz, 1851, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 433.-South­ westem Missouri; restr. to vicinity of Springfield, Missouri. Pseudemys floridana hoyi Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 307, pl. 58, text figs. 19, 20, map 19. Range.-Southeastern Kansas, Missouri south of the Missouri Riv­ er, southward to northeastern Texas and Louisiana. Common name.-Missouri terrapin, Hoy's turtle.

Pseudemys floridana mobilensis Holbrook Emys mobilansis Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l , 2: 53, pl. 9.­ Mobile, Alabama. Pseudemys -fl,oridana mobilensis Can , 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 301, pl. 56, text fig. 18, map 19. Pseudemys alabamensis Baur, 1893, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 31: 224.­ Mobile Bay, Alabama. 102 CHECK LIST

Pseudemys vioscana Brimley, 1928, Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 44: 66, pl. 2, fig. 2.-Lake Des Allemands, Louisiana. Range.-Gulf coastal plain, from Florida to eastern Texas. Common name.-Mobile terrapin, Mobile turtle.

Pseudemys fl.oridana suwannensis Carr Pseudemys fioridana suwannensis Carr, 1937, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 348: 4, pl. 1.-Suwannee River at Manatee Springs, Levy-Dixie County line, Florida. Range.-Suwanee River drainage, Florida. Common name.-Suwanee terrapin, Suwanee turtle.

Pseudemys fl.oridana peninsularis Carr Pseudemys fioridana peninsularis Carr, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 105.-Crystal Springs, Pasco County, Florida. Range.-Peninsular Florida, from southern Marion County to Key Largo. Common name.-Florida peninsula terrapin, peninsular turtle.

Pseudemys fl.oridana texana Baur Pseudemys texana Baur, 1893, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 31: 223.-San An­ tonio, Texas. Pseudemys fioridana texana Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Arner. Turtles, p. 312, pl. 60, text figs. 18, 19, map 19. Range.-Central and southwestern Texas. Common name.-Texan terrapin, Texas turtle.

Pseudemys scripta Schoepff Testudo scripta Schoepff, 1792, Hist. Test. , pts. 1, 2, p. 16, pl. 3, figs . 4, 5.­ No locality stated; designated type locality, Charleston, South Carolina. Pseudemys scripta Jordan, 1899, Man. Vert. Anim. U. S., ed. 8, p. 209. Range.-Southeastern North America. Common name.-Pond terrapin.

Pseudemys scripta scripta Schoepff Pseudemys scripta scripta Carr, 1937, Herpetologica, I: 76, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2. Emys sanguinolenta Gray, 1856, Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, pp. 26, 81, pl. 15.- 1orth America; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Trachemys scabra Agassiz, 1857, Con tr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 434; 2: pl. 2, fi gs. 13- 15 ( not of Linnaeus). Range.-Northern Florida to Princess Anne County, Virginia. Conimon name.-Yellow-bellied turtle, pond tenapin. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 103

Pseudemys scripta troosti Holbrook Emys troostii Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l , I: 55, pl. 4.-Cumber­ land River, Tennessee. Pseudemys scripta troostii Carr, 1937, Herpetologica, I: 76, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6. Emys cumberlandensis Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: 35, pl. 8. -Cumberland River, Tennessee. Range.-Upper reaches of Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Common name.-Troost's terrapin, Cumberland turtle.

Pseudemys scripta elegans Wied Emys elegaris Wied, 1838, Reise Nord Amer., I: 213.-Fox River at New Hannony, Indiana. Pseudemys scripta elegans Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 248. Emys holbrookii Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 23.-Louisiana. Trachemys lineata Gray, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 4), 11: 147.-North America; restr. to New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana. Range.-Mississippi Basin, westward into Texas, northward to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and southeastern Ohio. Common name.-Painted terrapin, elegant terrapin, red-eared turtle.

Pseudemys scripta gaigeae Hartweg Pseudemys scripta gaigeae H artweg, 1938, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 397: 1.-Boquillas, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Middle Rio Grande Basin. Common name.-Big Bend terrapin, Rio Grande turtle.

Pseudemys ruhriventris Le Conte Testudo rubriventris Le Conte, 1830, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 101. -Delaware River, near Trenton, New Jersey. Psei,.demys rnbriventris Jordan, 1899, Man. Vert. Anim. U. S., ed. 8, p. 209. Range.-Massachusetts to Virginia in the coastal plain. Common name.-Red-bellied turtle, red-bellied terrapin.

Pseudemys ruhriventris ruhriventris Le Conte Pseudemys rtibriventris mbriventris Babcock, 1937, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 293. Emys ir-rigata Dumeril and Bibron, 1835, Erpet. Gen., 2: 276.-United States; restricted to vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey. Emys rivulata Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 22.-North America; restricted to vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey. 104 CHECK LIST

Range.-The Atlantic coastal plain from ew York to south central Virginia. Common name.-Red-bellied turtle.

Pseudemys ruhriventris bangsi Babcock Pseudemys rubrive11tris bangsi Babcock, 1937, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 293.-Boot Pond, Pl ymouth County, Massachusetts. Range.-Confined to Plymouth County, Massachusetts. Common name.-Plymouth tmtle, Plymouth terrapin.

Pseudemys nelsoni Carr Pseudemys nelsoni Carr, 1938, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 307.­ Fellsmere, Indian River County, Florida. Range.-Peni.nsular Florida. Common name.-Florida red-bellied turtle, Florida red-bellied terrapin.

Deirochelys Agassiz Deirochelys Agassiz, 1857, Contr. 1at. Hist. U. S., 1: 441.-Type: mticu­ urta = reticularia. Deirochelys reticularia Latreille Testudo reticularia Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept. , 1: 124.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Deirochelys reticularia Gray, 1870, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., p. 39. Testudo ret-iculata Daudin, 1802, Hist. at. Rept., 2: 144, pl. 21, fig. 3.­ Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from Beaufort, North Carolina, to eastern Texas; northward in the Mississippi Valley to Tennessee, Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Cbicken turtle.

TESTUDINIDAE Gopherus Rafinesque Gopherus Rafinesque, 1832, Atlantic Jour., I: 64.-Type: polyphemus. Gopherus polyphemus Daudi.n Testudo polyphem11s Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 256.-Borders of the Savannah and Alatamaba rivers; restr. to vicinity of Savannah, Georgia. Gopherus polypliemus Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 161. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 105

Testudo depressa Guerin, 1829, Icon. Regne Anim., Rept., pl. 1, £g. I.­ North America; restr. to vicinity of Savannah, Georgia. Testudo gopher Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 4.-North America; restr. to vicinity of Savannah, Georgia. Range.-Coastal plain from South Carolina to Florida, westward to the Mississippi River and northward into southern Arkansas. Common name.-Gopher turtle, "gopher," gopher tortoise.

Gopherus herlandieri Agassiz Xernbates berlandieri Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 447; 2: pl. 3, £gs. 17- 19.-Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. Gopherus berlandieri Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 161. Range.-Southern Texas and adjacent Mexico. Cornman name.-Berlandier's gopher turtle, Berlandier's tortoise.

Gopherus agassizi Cooper Xerobates agassizii Cooper, 1863, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2: 120.-Mountains near Fort Mojave, California. Gopherus agassizii Stejneger, 1895, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 161. Range.-Southeastern California, western Arizona, and southern Nevada. C01nmon name.-Western gopher turtle, desert tortoise.

CHELONIDAE Chelonia Latreille Chelonia Latreille, 1801, Hist. Nat. Rept., 1: 22.-Type: mydas. Chelonia mydas Linnaeus Testudo mydas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 197.-Ascension Island, etc.; restr. to Ascension Island. Chelonia mydas Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Math., 1: 412. Range.-Tropical oceans in littoral waters. Common name.-Green turtle.

Chelonia mydas mydas Linnaeus Chelonia mydas mydas Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 345. [Synonymy omitted.] Range.-Tropical and subtropical Atlantic, in coastal waters; breeding on sea beaches in Florida, sh·aying northward along the temperate coasts. Common name.-Atlantic green tmtle. 106 ClIEGk: UST

Chelonia mydas agassizi Bocourt Chelonia ag~sizii Bocourt, 1868, Ann. Sci. at., (5), 10: 122.-Mouth of Nagualate River, Pacific coast of Guatemala. Chelonia mydas agassizii Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 357, pl. 66. Range.-Tropical Pacific coasts of the Americas, straying north­ ward to the California coast. Common name.-East Pacific green turtle.

Eretmochelys Fitzinger Eretmochelys Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. , p. 30.-Type: imbricata.

Eretmochelys imhricata Linnaeus Testudo imbricata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 350.-American seas; restr. to Belize, British Honduras. Eretmochelys imbricata Agassiz, 1857, Contr. at. Hist. U. S., 1: 381. Range.-Tropical oceans, in littoral waters. Common name.-Hawksbill tmtle.

Eretmochelys imhricata imhricata Linnaeus Eretmochelys imbrfoata imbricata Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 366, text figs. 22-24, 27-29. [Synonymy omitted.] Range.-Florida and Gulf coasts, occasionally ( as waifs) as far north as Massachusetts. Common name.-Atlantic hawksbill turtle.

Eretmochelys imhricata squamata Agassiz Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz, 18,57, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 382.­ Indian and Pacific oceans; restr. to coasts of Ceylon. Eretmochelys imbricata squamata Carr, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21: 4. Eretmochelys imbricata [subsp.] Schmidt, 1945, Marine Life 0 cc. Papers, 1: 9. Range.-Tropical P acific coasts of the Americas, northward to California waters as waifs. Common name.-Paci£c hawksbill tmtle.

Lepidochelys Fitzinger Lepidochelys Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 30.-Type: olivacea. AMPIUBIANS AND REPTILES 107

Lepidochelys olivacea Eschscholtz Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz, 1829, Zoo!. Atlas, pt. 1, p. 2, pl. 3.-Manila Bay, Philippines. Lepidochelys olivacea Girard, 1858, U. S. Exp!. Exped., Herp., p. 435. Range.-Tropical oceans, in littoral waters. Common name.-Bastard turtle, ridley.

Lepidochelys olivacea remivaga Hay [New comb.] Caretta remivaga Hay, 1908, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 34: 194, pl. 10, figs. 1-3, pl. 11, fig. 5.-Ventosa Bay, Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Range.-Tropical Pacific coasts of tl1e Americas, sh·aggling to Cal­ ifornia waters. Common name.-Pacific ridley.

Lepidochelys olivacea kempi Garman Thalassochelys ( Colpochelys) kempi Garman, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 6: 123.-Gulf of Mexico; restr. to Key West, Florida. Lepidochelys kempii Baur, 1890, Arner. Nat., 24: 487. Range.-Tropical Atlantic coasts of the Americas, straggling as far north as Massachusetts. Common name.-Ridley, Atlantic ridley, bastard tmtle.

Caretta caretta Linnaeus Testudo caretta Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 197.-About tl1 e Amer­ ican Islands; restr. to Bimini, British Bahamas. Caretta caretta Stejneger, 1904, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1902: 715. Range.-Tropical oceans, in littoral waters. Common name.-Loggerhead.

Carella carella carella Linnaeus Caretta caretta caretta Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 382. [Synonymy omitted.] Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, breeding as far north as Beaufort, North Carolina; the Atlantic Ocean. Common name.-Atlantic loggerhead turtle.

Carella carella gigas Deraniyagala Caretta gigas Deraniyagala, 1933, Ceylon Jour. Sci., (B), 18: 66, pl. 5, text figs. 4-6.-Ceylon. Caretta caretta gigas Schmidt, 1945, Marine Life 0 cc. Papers, 1: 9. 108 CHECK LIST

Range.-Coasts of tropical America, presumably as a straggler to the California coast; the b·opical Pacific and Indian oceans. Common name.-Pacific loggerhead.

TRIONYCHIDAE Trionyx Geoffroy St. Hilaire Trionyx Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14: I.­ Type: aegyptiacus = triunguis.10 Trionyx ferox Schneider Testudo ferox Schneider, 1783, Naturg. Schildkr., p. 330.-Savannah River, Georgia. Trionyx ferox Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Math., 1: 285. Range.-Eastem olih America, westward to the Rocky Moun­ tains. Common name.-Soft-shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox ferox Schneider Amyda ferox ferox eill, 1951, Pub!. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, fig. 1. Testudo mollis Lacepede, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., 1, Synops. Meth. Quadr. Ovip., table between pp. 618 and 619.-No type locality; designated (following Stejneger, 1944) as eastern Florida. Testudo verrucosa Schoepff, 1795, Hist. Test., pt. 5, p. 90.-Rivers, lakes, and ponds of eastern Florida. Trionyx bartrami Daudin, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 74.-Rivers of eastern Florida. Trionyx carinatus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14: 14, pl. 4.-Type locality unknown; designated as Savannah River, Georgia. Trionyx georgianus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, 1: 367.­ Substitute name for ferox.

10 The argument that Geoffroy St. Hilaire did not designate a type species of the genus Trionyx, in the paper describing the genus, rests on the desire to change the name current for nearly 100 years for the widespread Holarctic genus of soft-shelled turtles. St. Hilaire's words (op. cit., p. 20): "Le trionyx d'Egypte ... nous dormant une idee exacte du port et des characteres generi­ ques des trionyx ... " are an entirely adequate designation of the type of Trionyx. The attempt of Stejneger and others to require of St. Hilaire the use of the exact words of the 1930 rules regarding designation of type provides a wonderful example of the legalistic and in this case specious reasoning of nomenclaturists. As in many other changes from current nomenclature of amphibians and rep­ tiles, Stejneger's proposal appears to have been motivated by his known per­ sonal animus against Boulenger, rather than by any concern for a stable nomen­ clature. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 109

Trionyx georgicus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14: 17.-Rivers of Georgia and the Carolinas; res tr. to Savannah River, Georgia. Trionyx brongniarti Schweigger, 1812, Konigsberg. Arch. Naturg. Math., 1: 288.-Type locality unknown; designated as St. John's River, Florida. Trionyx harlani Harlan, 1835, Med. Phys. Res., p. 159.-East Florida. Range.-Southern Georgia and all of peninsular Florida. Common name.-Southern soft-shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox agassizi Baur Platypeltis agassizi Baur, 1888, Arner. Nat., 22: 1121.-Georgia. Amyda ferox agassizii Neill, 1951, Puhl. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, fig. 1. Range.-East central Georgia, to southern North Carolina. Common name.-Agassiz's soft-shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox aspera Agassiz Aspidonectes asper Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., l: 405.-Lake Concordia, Louisiana. Amyda ferox asper Neill, 1951, Pub!. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, fig. 1. Range.-Louisiana and eastward to include western Florida ( the Florida Panhandle). Common name.-Gulf Coast soft-shelled turtle, southern spiny soft-shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox emoryi Agassiz Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz, 1857, Con tr. at. Hist. U. S., l: 407; 2: pl. 6, figs . 4, 5. Amyda ferox emoryi Neill, 1951, Puhl. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, fig. 1. - Range.-Gulf drainage of Texas, and the Red River Basin. Intro­ duced in the Colorado River. Common name.-Texas soft-shelled turtle, Emory's soft-shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox spinifera Le Sueur Trionyx spiniferus Le Sueur, 1827, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 258, pl. 6.-Wabash River at New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana. Amyda ferox spinifera Neill, 1951, Pub!. Res. Di v. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, fig. 1. Trionyx ocellatus Le Sueur; 1827, Mero. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 261.­ New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana. 110 CHECK LIST

Trionyx annulifer Wied, 1838, Reise Nord Amer., 1, pt. 3, p. 140.-OWo River at Pittsburgh. Tyrse argus Gray, 1844, Cat. Tort. Brit. Mus., p. 48.-West Africa, Sierra Leone(?), in er-rore; type locality designated as New Harmony, Indiana. Aspidonectes nuchalis Agassiz, 1857, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1: 406.-Cum­ berland and Tennessee rivers; restr. to Cumberland River, near Nash­ ville. Gymnopus olivaceus Wied, 1865, No va Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 32: 55, pl. 5.-New Harmony, Indiana. Range.-Northward from Tennessee, and from the Mississippi to the Appalachians; the southern Great Lakes to Montreal. Common name.-Midland soft-shelled turtle, eastern spiny soft­ shelled turtle.

Trionyx ferox hartwegi Conant and Goin Amyda spinifera hmtwegi Conant and Goin, 1948, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 510: l , map 1. Amyda ferox ha1·twegi Neill, 1951, Pub!. Res. Div. Allen's Rept. Inst., 1: 15, £g. 1. Range.-Drainages of the western affiuents of the Mississippi, from the Arkansas River northward. Common name.-Western soft-shelled turtle, western spiny soft­ shelled turtle.

Trionyx muticus Le Sueur Trion yx muticus Le Sueur, 1827, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15: 263, pl. 7. -Wabash River at New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana. Potamochelys microcephala Gray, 1864, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1864: 87.­ Sarawak, Borneo, in errore; designated as New Harmony, Indiana. • Range.-Mississippi Basin, from Pennsylvania to South Dakota and southward to the northern headwaters of streams in the Gulf drainage. Common name.-Le Sueur's soft-shelled turtle, spineless soft­ shelled turtle.

Suborder ATHECAE DERMOCHELIDAE Dermochelys Blainville Dermochelys Blain ville, 1816, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, 1816: 111 bis [= 119]. -Type: coriacea. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 111

Dermochelys coriacea Linnaeus Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, l: 350.-Mediterranean Sea. Dermochelys coriacea Boulenger, 1889, Cat. Chelon. Brit. Mus., p. 10. Range.-Tropical oceans, probably pelagic as well as littoral. Common name.-Leatherback tmtle.

Dermochelys coriacea coriacea Linnaeus Dermochelys coriacea coriacea Carr, 1951, Handbook N. Amer. Turtles, p. 442. [Synonymy omitted.] Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coasts, occasional as far nortl1 as ova Scotia. Common name.-Leatherback turtle.

Dermochelys coriacea schlegeli Garman Sphargis coriacea var. schlegelii Garman, 1884, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 303.-Tropical Pacific and Indian oceans; restr. to coasts of Ceylon. Dermochelys coriacea subsp. Schmidt, 1945, Marine Life 0cc. Papers, l: 9. Range.-Tropical Pacific coasts of the Americas; occasional as far north as British Columbia. Common name.-Pacific leatherback turtle.

Subclass ARCHOSAURIA Order CROCODILIA11 CROCODILIDAE Crocodylus Laurenti Crocodylus Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept. , p. 53.-Type: niloticus = Lacerta crocodilus Linnaeus, in part. Crocodylus acutus Cuvier Crocodilus acutus Cuvier, 1807, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10: 55, pl. 1, fig. 3, pl. 2, fig . 5.-San Domingo [actually L'Etang Saumatre, Haiti] . Crocodilus fl.oridanus Hornaday, 1875, Amer. Nat., 9: 504, £gs. 211-213.­ Vicinity of Biscayne Bay, southeast Florida.

11 The ordinal name "Crocodilia" is to be preferred over "Loricata" of the earlier editions of the Check list because, of various other uses of this term (for example, in Mammalia, for the pangolins) and more especially because the re­ lation to the vernacular word "crocodile" makes the meaning of this term obvious. 112 CHECK LIST

Crocodylus acutus Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 41. Range.-Southern Florida and the Florida Keys; recorded from Volusia, Palm Beach, Collier, Dade, and Monroe counties. Native also in Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Cuba, swimming freely to off-shore cays from the main islands; along the Pacific coast of the Americas from Sinaloa, Mexico, to Guayaquil, Ecuador, and on the Caribbean coast from Yucatan to northern Colombia and the Magdalena Basin. Common name.-American crocodile.

Alligator Cuvier Alligator Cuvier, 1807, Ann. Mus. Hist. at. Paris, 10: 25.-Type: lucius = Lacerta alligator Blumenbach, 1788, in part = mississipiensis. Alligator mississipiensis Daudin Crocodilus mississipiensis Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 412.-Borders of the Mississippi. Alligator missisipensis [sic] Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., p. 62. Alligator mississipiensis Stejneger and Barbour, Check list, ed. 1, p. 41. Crocodilus lucius Cuvier, 1807, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10: 28.-"Missis- sipi" Hiver. Crocodilus cuvieri Leach, 1815, Zool. Misc., 2: 117, pl. 102.-Dauphin Island, Alabama. Range.-Rivers and swamps of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, from Tyrrell County, orth Carolina, to the Texas coast at Corpus Christi; formerly to the lower Rio Grande; northward in the Mississippi Basin to Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Alligator, American alligator.

Subclass SYNAPTOSAURIA Order SA URIA GEKKONIDAE Coleonyx Gray Coleonyx Gray, 1845, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , 16: 162.-Type: elegans.

Coleonyx variegatus Baird Stenodactylus variegatus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 254. -Colorado Desert. Coleonyx variegatus Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 125, 310. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES llS

Range.-Desert areas of the southwestern United States and ad­ jacent parts of Mexico. Common name.-Banded gecko.

Coleonyx variegatus variegatus Baird Coleonyx variegatus variegatus Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 138. Range.-Deserts of southeastern California from northern Inyo County southward; southern Nye County and southwestern Clark County, Nevada; Arizona from the central mountain area west and south, west of a line drawn from Casa Grande to Covered Wells. Ranging into extreme northeastern Lower California and northwest­ ern Sonora. Common name.-Desert banded gecko.

Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber Coleonyx variegatus abbotti Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 154.-Proctor Valley, San Diego County, California. Range.-Coastal and cismontane southern California, from the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, through Riverside County and all of the western part of San Diego County; an outlying occuTI"ence in Kern County. Extending into northwestern Lower California, with an apparently isolated population on Cedros Island and indications of its occurrence in the central part of the peninsula. Common name.-San Diegan banded gecko.

Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber Coleonyx variegatus utahensis Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 171.-Watercress Spring, about one mile northwest of St. George, Washington County, Utah. Range.-Washington County, Utah, exh·eme northwestern Mohave County, Arizona, and northeastern Clark County, Nevada; inter­ grading with variegatus variegatus in the southern and western periphery of this range. Common name.-Utah banded gecko.

Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber Coleonyx variegatus bogerti Klauber, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 176.-Xavier, Pima County, Arizona, about 10 miles south of Tucson. Range.-Southeastern Arizona from the vicinity of Casa Grande, Pinal County, southward to the Mexican border, northeastward to 114 CHECK LIST the Roosevelt Reservoir, and thence southeastward to the New Mexican border at Duncan, Greenlee County, Arizona. Presumably present in extreme southwestern New Mexico. Intergrading with v. variegatus to the west, about on a line drawn from Casa Grande to Covered Wells. Common name.-Tucson banded gecko.

Coleonyx variegatus brevis Stejneger [New comb.] Coleonyx brevis Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 163.-Helotes, Bexar County, Texas. Range.-Cenh·al New Mexico, southward throughout the Trans­ Pecos region of Texas, and along the Rio Grande to Kleberg County, with a northeastward extension to Bexar County. Adjacent parts of Mexico in northern Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila, and southwestward into northeastern Durango. Common name.-Texas banded gecko. ·

Phyllodactylus Gray Phyllodactylus Gray, 1830, Spicileg. Zool., p. 3.-Type: pulcher ( Dutch West Indies).

Phyllodactylus tuberculosus Wiegmann Phyllodactylus tubercttlosus Wiegmann, 1835, Nova Acta Acad. Leop.-Carol., 17: 241, pl. 18, £gs. 2, 2a.-"California"; restr. to San Diego County, California. Range.-Rocky desert areas in San Diego and Impedal counties, California. Widely distributed in Lower California and in western Mexico generally. Common name.-Mexican leaf-fingered gecko.

IGUANIDAE Anolis Daudin Anolis Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 50.-Type: bullaris = carolinensis (-fide Stejneger and Barbour, 1917). Anolis carolinensis Voigt Anolius carolinensis Voigt, 1832, Cuvier's Thierreich, 2: 71.-Carolina; re­ stricted to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Southeastern United States, Bahama Islands, and Cuba. Common name. -Green anolis, green anole, "chameleon." AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 115

Anolis carolinensis carolinensis Voigt Anolis carolinensis [carolinensis] Oliver, 1948, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1383: 13. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, from North Carolina to Florida and westward to eastern Texas; northward in the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas and Tennessee. Common name.-Anolis, anole, "chameleon."

Anolis sagrei Cocteau Anolis sagrei Cocteau, 1837, in Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen., 4: 149.- Cuba. · Range.-Island of Cuba to Cenh·al American coast, Bahamas, and Florida Keys. Common name.-De La Sagra's anolis.

Anolis sagrei stejnegeri Barbour Anolis stejnegeri Barbour, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 88.-Key West, Florida. Anolis sagrei ste;negeri Oliver, 1948, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1383: 25. Range.-Key West and adjacent keys, Monroe County, Florida. Common name.-Stejneger's anolis, Key West anole.

Dipsosaurus Hallowell Dipso-saurus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 92.-Type: dorsalis.

Dipsosaurus dorsalis Baird and Girard Crotaphytus dorsalis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 126.-Colorado Desert, California. Range.-Southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Crested lizard.

Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsalis Baird and Girard Dipsosaurus dorsalis dorsaUs Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 43. Range.-Colorado and Mojave deserts, southern Nevada and Utah; extending into southwestern and south central Arizona. Common name.-Crested lizard, desert iguana.

Crotaphytus Holbrook Crotaphytus Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 2: 79.-Type: collaris. 116 CHECK LIST

Crotaphytus collaris Say Agama collaris Say, 1823, in Long's E}q>ed. Rocky Mts., 2: 252.-Verdigris River near its union with the Arkansas River [Oklahoma]. Crotaphytus collaris Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 2: 79, pl. 10. Range.-Missouri, south of the Missouri River, westward and southward to southern California; northward in the Great Basin to Idaho. Northern states of Mexico along the border. Common name.-Collared lizard, mountain boomer.

Crotaphytus collaris collaris Say [Crotaphytus collaris collaris] Stone and Rehn, 1903, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 30. Range.,Southern Missouri and northern Arkansas to southeastern Colorado; eastern New Mexico and northern and central Texas. Common name.-Eastern collared lizard, mountain boomer.

Crotaphytus collaris haileyi Stejneger Crotaphytus baileyi Stejneger, 1890, N. Amer. Fauna, 3: 103, pl. 12, fig. !.­ Painted Desert, Arizona. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi Stone and Rehn, 1903, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 55: 30. Range.-Southern and western Texas, westward to southwestern California and northward through the Great Basin to Idaho and Oregon. Common name.-Western collared lizard.

Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner Crotaphytus collaris auriceps Fitch and Tanner, 1951, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 54: 533, figs. 1, 2 [map].-3)~ miles north-northeast of Dewey, west side of the Colorado River, Grand County, Utah. Range.-Upper Colorado and Green River basins in western Col­ orado and eastern Utah. Common name.-Yellow-headed collared lizard.

Crotaphytus reticulatus Baird Crotaphytus reUculatus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 253.­ Laredo and Ringgold Barracks, Texas. Range.-Southwestern Texas, ranging into adjacent Mexico in Tamaulipas and Nuevo Le6n. Common name.-Reticulated lizard. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 117

Crolaphytus wislizeni Baird and Girard Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Expl. Surv. Vall. Great Salt Lake, p. 340, pl. 3.-Near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Range.-The Great Basin and adjacent arid areas, southward into Mexico, and the San Joaquin Valley in California. Common name.-Leopard lizard.

Crotaphytus wislizeni wislizeni Baird and Girard [New comb.] Range.-Idaho, through the Great Basin, southward into eastern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Leopard lizard.

Crotaphytus wislizeni silus Stejneger [New comb.] Crotaphytus silus Stejneger, 1890, N. Amer. Fauna, 3: 105.-Fresno, Cali­ fornia. Gambelia wislizenii silus Smith, 1946, Handbook of Lizards, p. 164. Range.-San Joaquin Valley, California. Common name.-San Joaquin leopard lizard.

Sauromalus Dumeril Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 8: 535.-Type: ater.

Sauromalus obesus Baird Sauromalus obesus Baird, 1858, Proc. A.cad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 253.-Fort Yuma, Arizona. Range.-Rocky terrain in the southern Colorado Desert region, southeastern California to Arizona, southern Nevada, and south­ western Utah. Common name.-Chuckwalla.

Sauromalus obesus obesus Baird Sauromalus obesus obesus Shaw, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 295, map. Range.-Southeastern California, southern Nevada, and western Arizona ( south to the range of S. o. tumidus). Common name.-Chuckwalla. 118 CHECK LIST

Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw Sauromalus obesus tumidus Shaw, 1945, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 292.-Telegraph Pass, Gila Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona. Range.-Yuma, Pima, and Pinal counties, Arizona. Common name.-Gila Mountain chuckwalla.

Callisaurus Blainville CalUsaurus Blainville, 1835, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4: 286.-Type: draconoides.

Callisaurus draconoides Blainville CalUsaurus clraconoides Blainville, 1835, Ann. Mus. Hist. at. Paris, 4: 286, pl. 24, fig. 2.-California; restr. to southern Lower California. Range.-Colorado Desert region, southward through Lower Cali­ fornia. Common name.-Gridiron-tailed lizard.

Callisaurus draconoides gabbi Cope Callisaums ventralis gabbii Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 272.- orthem Lower California. Callisaurus draconoides gabbii Linsdale, 1940, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., 73: 220-221. Range.-Central Colorado Desert, from southern evada and western Arizona through southeastern California. Also adjacent Lower California. Common name.-Colorado Desert gridiron-tailed lizard.

Callisaurus draconoides myurus Richardson Callisaums ventraUs myttrus Richardson, 1915, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 48: 408.-Pyramid Lake Indian Agency, Nevada. Callisaurus dra conoides myurus Linsdale, 1940, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., 73: 221-222. Range.-Western Nevada. Common name.-Nevada gridiron-tailed lizard.

Callisaurus draconoides ventralis Hallowell Homalosaurus ventralis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 179. - ew Mexico west of the Rio Grande. Callisaurus draconoides ventralis Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 272, fig. 25. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 119

Range.- Cenhal southern Arizona. Southward in Sonora to the Guaymas region. Common name.-Arizona gridiron-tailed lizard.

Uma Baird Uma Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 10: 253.-Type: notata.. Uma notata Baird Uma notata Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi.la., 10: 253.-Mojave Desert, in errore; corrected to Colorado Desert, California; Heifetz, 1941, Copeia, 1941 : 99-111, 7 figs., [map]. Range.-Colorado and Mojave desert regions and the Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California. Common name.-Fringe-toed lizard.

Uma notata notata Baird Uma notata notata Heifetz, 1941, Copeia, 1941: 101. Uma rufopimctata Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 939.-Yuma Desert, Arizona. Range.-Colorado Desert in sand dune areas from the Coast Range in San Diego County, California, through Imperial County, California, into adjacent extreme southwestern Arizona in Yuma County. Adjacent Lower California. Common name.-Colorado Desert fringe-toed lizard.

Uma notala inornata Cope [New comb.] Uma inornata Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 939.-Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California, in errore; corrected to Riverside County, California. Range.-Coachella Valley, Riverside County, California. Common name.-Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard.

Uma notata scoparia Cope [New comb.] Uma scopar-ia Cope, 1894, Amer. Nat., 28: 435, figs . 3, 4.-Fort Buchanan, Arizona, in errore; corrected to Mojave Desert, California. Range.-Mojave Desert dune areas, California. Common name.-Mojave fringe-toed lizard.

Hollnook.ia Girard Holbrookia Girard, 1851, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 4: 201.-Type: macu­ lata. 120 CHECK LIST

Holhrookia lacerata Cope Holbrookia lacerata Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 15.-Erath County; west of the upper Brazos, Comanche County, Guadalupe River, Kendall or Comal County, Texas. Range.-Eastern border of the Edwards Plateau in Texas. South­ westward into adjacent Coahuila in Mexico. Common nmne.-Spot-tailed earless lizard.

Holbrookia maculata Girard Holbrookia maculata Girard, 1851, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 4: 201.­ Opposite Grand Island, Platte River [ ebraska]. Range.-Great Plains, southwestward to the Colorado Desert and southward in northern Mexico. Common name.-Earless lizard.

Holhrookia maculata maculata Girard Holbrookia nuzculata maculata Cope, 1900, Ano. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 293, fig. 33. Range.-Southeastern Wyoming and southern border of South Dakota through Nebraska and Kansas to northwestern Oklahoma, the Texas Panhandle, and northeastern ew Mexico. Common name.-Northern earless lizard.

Holhrookia maculata elegans Bocourt Holbrookia elegans Bocourt, 1874, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., p. 164, pl. 27 bis, figs. 8, 8a.-Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Holbrookia maculata elegans Smith and Taylor, 1950, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 199: 84 [cited for comb. only]. Holbrookia thermophila Barbour, 1921, Proc. ew England Zool. Club, 7: 79.-San Jose de Guaymas, Sonora. Range.-Desert border of the mountains in southern Arizona, Tucson area to Nogales. Southward on the coastal plain of the Gulf of California through Sonora and Sinaloa. Common name.-Western earless lizard.

Holhrookia maculata pulchra Schmidt Holbrookia pulchra Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 22: 1.-Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Holbrookia maculata pulchrn Smith, 1946, Handbook of Lizards, p. 124, pl. 19. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 121

Range.-Montane grassland region of southeastern Arizona, above about 5,000 feet alt. Common name.-Huacbuca earless lizard.

Holbrookia m aculata approximans Baird Holbrookia approximans Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 10: 253.­ Lower Rio Grande, in e1'/'ore; here designated "Upper Rio Grande." Holbrookia maculata approximans Stejneger, 1890, . Amer. Fauna, 3: 109. Holbrookia maculata flavilenta Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 36: 10.-Lake Valley, southern New Mexico. Holbrookia maculata campi Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. ov., 22: 1-2. - About 8 miles northwest of Adamana, Apache County, Arizona. Range.-Eastern Arizona and most of New Mexico, northward into adjacent Utah and Colorado, southward through Trans-Pecos Texas. Adjacent northern Mexico. Common name.-Speckled earless lizard.

Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith Holbrookia maculata ruthveni Smith, 1943, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 24: 342.-White Sands, about 12 miles southwe t of Alamogordo, New Mexico. Range.-The White Sands region, near Alamogordo, Otero County, New Mexico. Common name.-Bleached earless lizard.

Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard Holbrookia propinqua Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6 : 126.-Between Indianola and San Antonio, Texas. Holbrookia propinqua stonei Harper, 1932, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45 : 15.­ Padre Island, Texas. Range.-Gulf coastal plain, from Refugio County southward to the Rio Grande and inland to San Antonio. Adjacent coastal plain in Mexico. Common name.-Keel-scaled earless lizard.

Holbrookia texana Troschel Cophosaurus texantts Troschel, 1852, Arch. Naturg., 16, Band 1, p. 389, pl. 6.-Neubraunfels, Comal County, Texas. Holbrookia lexana Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 6: 124. 122 CHECK LIST

Range.-Central and southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and western Texas; southward in Mexico. Common name.-Greater earless lizard.

Holbrook.fa texana texana Troschel Holbrookia texana texana Peters, 1951, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 537: 5, map 1. Holbrookia affinis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 125.-Rio San Pedro= Devils River, Val Verde County, Texas. Range.-Southeastern New Mexico, central Texas, mainly on the Edwards Plateau, and southward along the Rio Grande; northeast­ ern Mexico. Common name.-Texas earless lizard.

Holbrookia texana scitula Peters Holbrookia texana scitula Peters, 1951, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 537: 8, map 1.-Mouth of a small arroyo entering the Canada del Oro, 16 miles north of Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and southwestern New Mexico through southeastern and central Arizona. Common name.-Arizona earless lizard.

Sceloporus Wiegmann Sceloporus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 369.-Type: torquat1is; Smith, 1939, Field Mus. at. Hist. , Zoo!. Ser., 26: 1-397, 31 pis., 59 text £gs. Lopherpes Ra£nesque, 1832, Atlantic Jour., 1: 144.-Type: Lopherpes dicyanelis Ra£nesque = Lacerta hyacinthina Green.

Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann Sceloporus variabili~ Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex. , p. 51.-Mexico; restr. to Vera Cruz. Range.-Southern Texas; southward throughout Mexico. Conunon name.-Rose-bellied lizard.

Sceloporus variahilis xnarmoratus Hallowell Sceloporus marmoratus Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 6: 178. -San Antonio, Texas. Sceloporus vm·iabilfa marmoratus Smitl1, 1934, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 4 7: 121. Scelopor~ delicatissimus Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 178.-San Antonio, Texas. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 123

Range.-Southern Texas; southward into northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Texas rose-bellied lizard.

Sceloporus merriami Stejneger Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17: 17.-East Painted Cave, near mouth of Pecos River, Texas. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas, eastward to the Devils River, and adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Canyon lizard.

Sceloporus merriami merriami Stejneger Sceloporus merriami merriami Smith, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50: 86. Range.-Along the Rio Grande and the Pecos and Devils rivers, on rock cliffs, and in near-by rocky terrain, from Boquillas, Brewster County, eastward. Common name.-Merriam's canyon lizard.

Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith Sceloporus merriami annulatus Smith, 1937, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50: 83.­ East slope of Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Big Bend region of Trans-Pecos Texas; eastern Coahuila, Mexico. Common name.-Big Bend canyon lizard.

Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann Sceloporus scalaris Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 370.-Mexico; restr. to Mexico City. Range.-Northem and central Mexico and southern Arizona. Common name.-Patterned swift.

Sceloporus scalaris slevini Smith Sceloporns scalaris slevini Smith, 1937, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 361: 3.-Miller Peak, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Range.-Southeastern Arizona montane grassland region; south­ ward to Durango and eastward in southern Coahuila and Nuevo Le6n. Common name.-Bunch grass lizard.

Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 370.-Mexico; restr. to southern Oaxaca. 124 CHECK LIST

Range.-Most of Mexico, northward to southern Texas. Common name.-Mesquite lizard.

Sceloporus grammicus disparilis Stejneger Sceloporos disparilfa Stejneger, 1916, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29: 227.­ Lomita Ranch, 6 miles north of Hidalgo, Hidalgo County, Texas. Sceloporus grammicus dfaparilis Smith, 1946, Handbook of Lizards, p. 193. Range.-Extreme southern Texas; widely distributed in Mexico, southward to Hidalgo and Guanajuato. Common name.- Mesquite lizard.

Sceloporus jarrovi Cope Sceloporus ;arrovii Cope, 1875, in Wheeler's Rept. Surv. W. 100th Meridian, 5: 569, pl. 23, fig. 2.-Southern Arizona. Range.-Southern Arizona and New Mexico; southward to central Vera Cruz. Common name.-Yarrow's lizard.

Sceloporus jarrovi jarrovi Cope Sceloporus ;arrovii iarrovii Smith, 1938, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24: 624.­ Southern Arizona; restr. to Huachuca Mountains. Range.-Southeastern Arizona grassland region; eastward to Hi­ dalgo County, New Mexico; southward in Mexico to Durango. Common name.- Yarrow's scaly lizard.

Sceloporus poinsetti Baird and Girard Sceloporos poinsettii Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 126.-Rio San Pedro, affiuent of the Rio Grande, and Sonora; restr. to Rio San Pedro. Range.-Southern New Mexico, cenh·al and western Texas; in Mexico, through western Nuevo Leon and Coahuila to Durango. Common name.-Red scaly lizard.

Sceloporus cyanogenys Cope Sceloporus torquatus cyanogenys Cope, 1885, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 22: 402.-Monterrey, uevo Le6n. Sceloporus cyanogenys Smith, 1938, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 24: 599. Range.-Southern Texas, along the lower Rio Grande; southward in Mexico to central Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. Common name.-Blue scaly lizard. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 125

Sceloporus olivaceus Smith Sceloporus olivaceus Smith, 1934, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 37: 263.­ Arroyo los Olmos, 3 miles southeast of Rio Grande City, Starr County, Texas. Range.-South cenh·al Oklahoma southward through the Texan prairie region to the lower Rio Grande; in Mexico to southeastern Coahuila and southern Tamaulipas. Common name.-Texas spiny lizard.

Sceloporus clarki Baird and Girard Sceloporus clarkii Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 127.-Province of Sonora; restr. to Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. Range.-Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Common name.-Clark's swift, Clark's spiny lizard.

Sceloporus clarki clarki Baird and Girard Sceloporus clarkii clarkii Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 49. Range.-Southeastern Arizona and adjacent New Mexico; south­ ward in Mexico to Guaymas. Common name.-Clark's spiny lizard.

Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger, 1893, N. Arner. Fauna, 7: 181, pl. 1, fig. 4.­ Milquatay Valley, San Diego County, California. Range.-Southern California; southward in Lower California to the Sierra de la Gigantea. Common name.-Granite spiny lizard.

Sceloporus magister Hallowell Sceloporus magister Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 93.­ Fort Yuma, California. Range.-Southwestem United States and northwestern Mexico. Common name.-Desert spiny lizard.

Sceloporus magister magister Hallowell Sceloporus magister magister Linsdale, 1932, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 38: 365. Range.-Southern California, exclusive of the western slopes, Arizona and New Mexico, northward to southern Nevada and Utah, 126 CHECK LIST and southwestern Colorado, eastward to extreme western Texas; southward in Mexico to southern Sonora and northern Durango. Common name.-Desert spiny lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus Latreille Stellio undulatus Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 40.-"Les grands bois de la Caroline"; restr. ( Smith, 1938) to Charleston,. South Carolina. Sceloporus undulattis Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 369. Range.-The eastern United States, west to the Great Basin, south­ ward into northern Mexico. Common name.-Fence lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus undulatus Lah·eille Sceloporus tmdulatus undulatus Burt, 1937, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 22: 538. Sceloporus floridanus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 254.­ Pensacola, Florida. Range.-Atlantic coastal plain from southeastern South Carolina to central Florida and westward in the Gulf coastal plain through southeastern Louisiana. Common name.-Southern fence lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus Green Lacerta hyacinthina Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1: 349.­ Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthinus Smith, 1948, Nat. Hist. Misc., 24: 1. Lacerta fasciata ( nee Linnaeus) Green, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1: 349.-Vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Lopherpes dicyanelus Rafinesque, 1832, Atlantic Jour., 1: 145.-Knobhills, near Mammoth Cave, western Kentucky. Sceloporus thayeri Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 127.-Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas. Range.-Extreme southeastern New York, southward to northern South Carolina; westward through Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and through Missouri; southward west of the range of undulatus undulatus to the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. Common name.-Northern fence lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus garmani Boulenger Sceloporus garmani Boulenger, 1882, Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London, 1882: 762.­ Pine Ridge, South Dakota. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 127

Sceloporus undulatus garmani Smith, 1938, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 387: 14, map 1. Range.-Southern South Dakota through Nebraska and Kansas to central Oklahoma. Common name.-Northern prairie lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus Baird and Girard Sceloporus consobrinus Baird and Girard, 1853, Marcy's Expl. Red River, p. 237, pl. 10, £gs. 5-12.-Red River, Beckham County, Oklahoma. Sceloporus tmdulatus consobrinus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 377, fig. 60; Smith, 1938, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 387: 10, map 1. Range.-Cenh·al and western Texas, through southern New Mexi­ co into the southeastern Arizona grasslands; southward into north­ eastern Mexico. Common name.-Southern prairie lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Stejneger Sceloporus elongatus Stejneger, 1890, N. Amer. Fauna, 3: 111.-Mohave, Painted Desert, Arizona. Sceloporus undulatus elongatus Burt, 1933, Amer. Midl. Nat., 14: 241; Smith, 1938, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 387: 15, map 1. Range.-Northwestern New Mexico, northeastern Arizona through eastern Utah and most of Colorado to southern Wyoming. Common name.-Northern plateau lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope Sceloporus tristichus Cope, 1875, in Wheeler, Expl. Surv. W. 100th Me­ ridian, Zool., 5: 571.-Taos, New Mexico. Sceloporus undulatus tristichus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 376; Smith, 1938, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 387: 15, map 1. Range.-Central New Mexico and northern Arizona, adjoining the range of elongatus, into southern Utah. Common name.-Southern plateau lizard.

Sceloporus undulatus virgatus Smith Sceloporus undulatus virgatus Smith, 1938, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 387: 11, map 1.-Santa Maria Mine, El Tigre Mountains, Sonora, Mexico. 128 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southeastern Arizona, into extreme southwestern New Mexico; southward into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-St:riped plateau lizard.

Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 175.-Benicia, California. Range.-The Pacific coastal region and the Great Basin. Common name.-Western fence lizard.

Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Baird and Girard Sceloporus occidentalis occidentalis Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 17: 65. Range.-Central and northern California, through western Oregon into western Washington. Common name.-Pacific fence lizard.

Sceloporus occidentalis becki Van Denbmgh Sceloporus becki Van Denburgh, 1905, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (3), 4: 9, pl. 4.-San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County, California. Sceloporus occidentalis becki Grinnell and Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zoo!., 17: 162. Range.-Islands off the coast of Santa Barbara County, California. Common name.-Island fence lizard.

Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Hallowell Scelororus biseriatus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. PWla., 7: 93.­ E Paso Creek, Tejon Valley, California. Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 65. Sceloportts undulatus var. bocourtii Boulenger, 1885, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., 2: 229.-Monterey, California. Range.-Eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho, through Nevada and western Utah, extending through central California to the coast, thence southward into northwestern Lower California. The Great Basin representative of the Pacific fence lizard. Common name.-Great Basin fence lizard.

Sceloporus occidentalis taylori Camp Scelopoms occidentalis taylori Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 65. -Half way between Merced Lake and Sunrise Trail, 7,500 feet, Yosem­ ite National Park, California. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 129

Range.-Yosemite National Park, in the Canadian Life Zone. Common name.-Yosemite fence lizard.

Sceloporus woodi Stejneger Sceloporus woodi Stejneger, 1918, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31: 90.-Auburn- dale, Polle County, Florida. . Range. -Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida scrub lizard.

Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard Sceloporus graciosus Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Expl. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, p. 346, pl. 5, figs. 1--3.-Valley of Great Salt Lake. Range.-The Great Basin and adjacent mountain areas, south­ westward into southern California. Common name.-Sagebrush lizard.

Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard Sceloporus graciosiis graciosus Camp, 1917, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 17: 67. Range.-Throughout Nevada and Utah and into adjacent areas of the bordering states, north into southwestern Montana; essentially the entire Great Basin. Common name.-Sagebrush lizard.

Sceloporus graciosus gracilis Baird and Girard Sceloporus gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 175.-Oregon; restr. to vicinity of Klamath Falls. Sceloporus gracioS'llS gracilis Van Denburgh, 1922, 0cc. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 10: 280. Range.-Western Washington, most of western Oregon (to the range of graciosus graciosus), southward in the Sierras in California to Ventura County. Common name.-Sierra pine lizard.

Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Cope Scelororus varidenb·urgianits Cope, 1896, Amer. Nat., 30: 834.-Summit o the Coast Range, San Diego County, California. Sceloporus graciosus vandenburgianus Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 17: 67. Range.-Coast Range in southern California from Ventura County southward into northern Lower California. Common name.-Van Denburgh's pine lizard. 130 CHECK LIST

Uta Baird and Girard Uta Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Exp!. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, p. 345.-Type: stansburiana. Uro-saurus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 92.-Type: graciosus; Mittleman, 1942, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 41: 107. Streptosaurus Mittleman, 1942, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 41: lll.-Type: mearnsi. Uta stanshuriana Baird and Girard Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Exp!. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, p. 345, pl. 5, £gs. 4-6.-Valley of Great Salt Lake. Range.-The Great Basin and Colorado Desert regions, westward into southern California, southward into northern Lower California. Common name.-Side-blotched uta.

Uta stanshuriana stanshuriana Baird and Girard Uta stansburiana stansburiana Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 51. Range.-South central Washington through the Great Basin, meet­ ing the range of Uta stansburiana stefnegeri in northern New Mexico and Arizona and southern Utah, Nevada, and California. Common name.-Northern side-blotched uta.

Uta stanshuriana hesperis Richardson Uta stansburiana hesperis Richardson, 1915, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 48: 415. -Arroyo Seco Canyon, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California. Range.-Coastal region of southern California, into northwestern Lower California. Common name.-California side-blotched uta.

Uta stanshuriana stejnegeri Schmidt Uta stansburiana stejnegeri Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 15: 1.-Mouth of Dry Canyon, Alamogordo, Otero County, New Mexico. Range.-Southern Nevada and southeastern California through Arizona and New Mexico and western Texas; southward in the ad­ jacent Mexican states. Common name.-Desert side-blotched uta.

Uta microscutata Van Denburgh Uta microscutata Van Denburgh, 1894, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 4: 298.­ San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 131

Uta parviscutata Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 324, £g. 45.-Substitute name. Range.-Borego Palm Canyon, San Diego County, California, southward through the San Pedro Martir Mountains into central Lower California. Common name.-Small-scaled uta. Uta graciosa Hallowell Uro-saurus graciosus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 92.­ "Lower California" ( = southern California); restr. to borders of Colo­ rado River at Yuma. Uta graciosa Baird, 1859, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2: pt. 2, p. 7. Range.-Bank of Colorado River, and adjacent territory in Cal­ ifornia, Arizona, and extreme southern Nevada, and in adjacent Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Long-tailed uta. Uta ornata Baird and Girard Uta omata Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 126.­ Rio San Pedro(= Devils River), Val Verde County, Texas. Range.-Rocky Mountain region and southern Great Basin. Common name.-Tree uta. Uta ornata ornata Baird and Girard Uta omata omata Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 22: 6. Range.-Central western Texas, and adjacent Coahuila and Nuevo Leon in Mexico. Common name.-Texas tree uta.

Uta ornata chiricahuae Mittleman Uta omata chiricahuae Mittleman, 1941, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 54: 165.­ Pinery Canyon, 6,000 feet alt., Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Range.-Chiricahua and Dos Cabezos mountains, southeastern Arizona. Common name.-Chiricahua h·ee uta. Uta ornata levis Stejneger Uta levis Stejneger, 1890, N. Amer. Fauna, 3: 108.-Tierra Amarilla, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Range.-Rio Arriba and northern Sandoval counties, New Mexico. Common name.-Smooth tree uta. 132 CHECK LIST

Uta ornata linearis Baird Uta ornata var. linearis Baird, 1857, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, p. 7.-Los Nogales, Sonora. Uta ornata linearis Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 22: 6. Range.-Western half of New Mexico and most of Arizona, south of 35° N. Lat.; adjacent Sonora and Chihuahua. Common name.-Lined tree uta.

Uta ornata schmidti Mittleman Uta ornata schmidti Mittleman, 1940, Herpetologica, 2: 33, pl. 3, flg. 1.-­ Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent Chihuahua and Coahuila. Common name.-Big Bend uta.

Uta ornata symmetrica Baird Uta symmetrica Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 253.-Fort Yuma, Imperial County, California. Uta ornata symmetrica Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 22: 6. Range.-Colorado River lowland in California and Arizona and adjacent Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Colorado River tree uta.

Uta ornata wrighti Schmidt Uta wrighti Schmidt, 1921, Amer. Mus. Nov., 22: 3.-Grand Gulch, 4,000- 5,000 feet alt. , San Juan County, Utah. Range.-Northern Arizona, northeastern New Mexico, southern and central Utah, and adjacent southwest corner of Colorado. Common name.-Northern cliff uta.

Uta mearnsi Stejneger Uta mearnsi Stejneger, 1894, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 589.-Summit of the Coast Range, Mexican boundary of San Diego County, California. Range.-Desert slopes of the Coast Range in San Diego County, California, and adjacent te1Tain in Lower California. Common name.-California collared uta.

Phrynosoma Wiegmann Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 367 .-Type: orbiculare; Reeve, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 817-960, pls. 89-90, text figs. 1-12 (maps). AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 133

Phrynosoma coronatum Blainville Agama (Phrynosoma) coronatum Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4: 284, pl. 25, fig. !.-"California"; restr. to La Paz, Lower California. Phrynosoma coronatum Dumeril and Bibron, 1837, Erpet. Gen., 4: 318. Range.-Southern California and the Lower California peninsula. Common name.-Crowned horned toad.12

Phrynosoma coronatum blainvillei Gray Phrynosonw blainvillii Gray, 18.39, Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 96, pl. 29, fig. 1. -"California"; restr. to San Diego, San Diego County. Phrynosoma coronatum blafaivillei Smith, 1946, Handbook Lizards,• p. 293, pl. 75, text fig . 86 A- C, map 22. Range.-Southern coastal California from southwestern San Ber­ nardino County southward into northwestern Lower California. Common name.-San Diego horned toad.

Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Van Denburgh Phrynosoma frontalis Van Denburgh, 1894, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 4: 296.-Bear Valley, San Benito County, California. Phrynosoma coronatum frontale Linsdale, 1932, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 38: 367. Range.-California west of the Sierra Nevada, from the northern Sacramento Valley to the Los Angeles Basin; isolated additional areas in Lower California west of the Sierra de Juarez and the San Pedro Martir, and on Cedros Island. Common name.-California horned toad.

Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan Aganw cornuta Harlan, 1825, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 4: 299, pl. 20.­ Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains; restr. to Fort Towson, Indian Territory [Choctaw County, Oklal10ma]. Phrynosoma cornutum Gray, 1831, Syn. Rept., in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., 9: 45. Phrynosoma bufoni.um Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 367.-Surinam, in errore; designated as San Antonio, Texas. Phrynosoma harlanii Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex., p. 54.-Mexico; restr. lo San Antonio [Texas].

12 The misnomer "homed toad" is so genuinely popular and well lmown as the vernacular name for the lizards of the genus Phrynosoma that it seems best t? ad~pt it rather than to attempt to force the use of the book name "horned lizard. 134 CHECK LIST

Phrynosoma planiceps Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 178.­ Western Texas, near the Rio Grande; restr. to vicinity of El Paso. Phrynosoma brevicorne Boulenger, 1916, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1916: 537, pl. 1.-Texas; restr. to vicinity of Laredo. Range.-Kansas, entering western Arkansas and Missomi, south­ eastern Colorado, southward and southwestward through Oklahoma and Texas ( exclusive of the eastern forested region), and New Mexico to the southeastern Arizona grasslands; adjacent northern states of Mexico. Common name.-Horned toad, Texas horned toad, horned lizard.

Phrynosoma douglassi Bell Agama douglassii Bell, 1829, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 16: 105, pl. IO.­ Banks of the Columbia River. Phrynosoma douglassi Wagler, 1930, Syst. Arnphib., p. 146. Range.-Interior of the western United States from the Canadian border southward into Mexico. Common name.-Short-horned horned toad.

Phrynosoma douglassi douglassi Bell Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 49. Phrynosoma doiiglassii var. exilis Cope, 1871, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1871: 468.-Carrington's Lake, Montana, and Fort Hall, Idaho; restr. to Fort Hall, Idaho. Phrynosoma douglassii pygmaea Yarrnw, 1882, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 5: 443. -Des Chutes River, Oregon. Range.-South cenhal British Columbia, southward through east­ ern Washington and Oregon, most of Idaho, and to northern Cal­ ifornia and Nevada. Common name.-Pigmy horned toad.

Phrynosoma douglassi hrevirostre Girard Tapaya brevirostre Girard, 1858, U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp., p. 397.-Plains of Nebraska. Phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre Smith, 1946, Handbook Lizards, p. 302, pl. 79. Range.-Northwestern Kansas, northwestward through northern Colorado to northeastern Utah; western Nebraska, western South Dakota, Wyoming, and through Montana, presumably into extreme southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Common name.-Eastern short-horned horned toad. AMPIITBIANS AND REPTILES 135

Phrynosoma douglassi ornatissimum Girard Tapaya ornatissima Girard, 1858, U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp., p . 396.-Moun­ tainous region of New Mexico. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissi.mum Yarrow, 1875, in Wheeler, Expl. Surv. W. 100th Meridian, 5: 581. Range.-Southern Colorado through New Mexico, exh·eme eastern Arizona, and southward through Trans-Pecos Texas into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Desert short-horned horned toad.

Phrynosoma douglassi hernandesi Girnrd Tapaya hemandesi Girard, 1858, U. S. fa.J>l. Exped., Herp., p. 395.-New Mexico; restr. to vicinity of Las Cruces. Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi Cope, 1900, Rept. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 413, fi g. 70. Range.-Southern Utah, extreme western Colorado, southward th.rough Arizona into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Mountain sh01t-horned horned toad.

Phrynosoma douglassi ornatum Girard Ph1·ynosoma ornatum Girard, 1858, U. S. Expl. Exped., Herp., Atlas, pl. 21, figs. 1-5.-Salt Lake. Phrynosoma douglassii ornatum Stejneger, 1919, Copeia, 1919: 3. Range.-Basin of Great Salt Lake, northeastern Nevada, and southward to Millard County, Utah. Comnwn name.-Salt Lake horned toad.

Phrynosoma m'calli Hallowell Anota m'c allii Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 182.-Colo­ rado Desert, between Vallecita [sic] and Camp Yuma, 160 miles east of San Diego, California. Phrynosoma maccalli-i Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 310. Phrynosoma m'callii Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 59. Range.-Colorado Desert, in southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, and adjacent Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Flat-tailed homed toad.

Phrynosoma moclestum Girard Phrynosoma modestum Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Expl. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, pp. 361, 365, pl. 6, figs. 4-8.-The Rio Grande, west of San Antonio, Texas; between San Antonio and El Paso. 136 CHECK LIST

Range.-Western Texas, most of New Mexico, and exh·eme south­ eastern Arizona; southward in Mexico. Common name.-Bleached horned toad.

Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Expl. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, pp. 361, 363, pl. 7, figs. 1-5.-Great Salt Lake Valley. Range.-Great Basin and Sonora desert regions. Common name.-Snub-nosed horned toad.

Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Girard Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Klauber, 1939, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, 14: 94. Range.-Great Basin and Colorado Desert, from extreme south­ eastern Washington, thrnugh southwestern Idaho, northern evada, adjacent California, and western Utah. Common name.-Great Basin horned toad.

Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum Cope Anota calidiarum Cope, 1896, Amer. Nat., 30: 833.-Death Valley, Cali­ fornia. Phrynosoma platyrhinos calidiarum Reeve, 1952, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34: 856, fig. 3. Range.-Deserts of southeastern California and adjacent Nevada and Arizona, to southwestern Utah. Common name.-Sonoran Desert horned toad.

Phrynosoma solare Gray Phrynosoma solaris Gray, 1845, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 229.-"Cali­ fomia," in errore; designated type locality: Tucson, Arizona. Phrynosoma solare Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. at. Mus., 1898: 420, fig. 73. Pl,rynosoma regale Girard, 1858, U. S. Expl. Exped., Jlcrp., p. 406.-Valleys of the Zuni and Colorado rivers. Range.-Borders of the Colorado Desert, especially the Phoenix and Tucson areas in Arizona; Lower California ( opposite Angel de la Guarda Island) and Sonora. Common na11ic.-Hcgal horned toad. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 137

ANGUIDAE Ophisaurus Daudin Ophisaurus Daudin, 1803, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, 3: 188.-Type: ventral-is.

Ophisaurus ventralis Linnaeus Anguis ventralis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. at., ed. 12, l: 391.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Ophisaurus ventralis Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 7: 352, pl. 88. Ophisaurus punctatus Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 2: 70.-Nomen nudum. Ophisaurus striatulus Cuvier, 1829, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 2: 70.-Nomen nudum. Ophisaurus lineatus Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 1), l: 391.-North America; restr. to Charles ton, South Carolina. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains from cenn·al Virginia through South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida through eastern Louisiana; extensions along river valleys as far as southeastern Oklahoma, east cenn·al Missouri, and the Piedmont of Georgia. Cornrnon narne.-Eastern glass snake.

Ophisaurus compressus Cope Ophisaurus ventralis compressus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. at. Mus., 1898: 501, £g. 90.-South Island, Georgetown County, South Carolina. Ophisaurus compressus McConkey, 1952, Nat. Hist. Misc., 102: l. Range.-Coastal areas and islands off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and sand pine scrub and adjacent fl.atwoods areas of peninsular Florida. Cornrnon name.-Coastal glass snake.

Ophisaurus attenuatus Baird Ophisaurus ventralis attenuatus Baird, 1880, in Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 18.-Texas [by implication]. Range.-Mississippi Basin and Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. Bounded by Wisconsin, Nebraska, Texas, Virginia, and Florida. Co11imon name.-Slender glass snake.

Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus Baird Ophisa11rns attenuatus attenuatu.s McConkey, 1952, Nat. Hist. Misc., 102: 2. Oph-i.saurus ventralis attenuatus var. sttlcatus Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 18.-Dall as, Texas. 138 CHECK LIST

Range.-Mississippi Basin, north to the Chicago region, west to Nebraska, and south to Louisiana; west tlu-ough central and southern Texas. Common narne.-Western slender glass snake.

Ophisaurus altenuatus longicaudus McConkey Ophisatirus attenuatus longicaudus McConkey, 1952, Nat. Hist. Misc., 102: 1.-12 miles southeast of Newton, Baker County, Georgia. Range.-South of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; northward in the east to Virginia. Comnwn name.-Eastern slender glass snake.

Gerrhonotus Wiegmann Gerrhonotus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 379.-Type: tessellatus = liocepha­ lus. Gerrhonotus coeruleus Wiegmann Gen·honotus coernleus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 380.-"Brasilia," in errore; by subsequent designation, San Francisco, California. Range.-Southern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta to California and Montana. Common name.- orthern alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus coeruleus coeruleus Wiegmann Gerrhonotus coemleus coeruleus Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 6; idem, 1938, Amer. Midl. Nat., 20: 413, fig. 5. Gerrhonotus burnetti Gray, 1839, Syn. Rept., in Griffith's Anim. Kingd., 9: 64.-Type locality unknown. Elgaria formosa Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 175. -California. Range.-Coast of central California, southern Sonoma County to Monterey, in a narrow sh·ip of Transition Life Zone. Common name.-San Francisco alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus coeruleus principis Baird and Girnrd Elgaria principis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 6: 175. -Oregon and Puget Sound; restr. to Puget Sound. G[ errhonotus] c[oeruleus] principis Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 6. Range.-Southern British Columbia, with eastern tip of Vancouver Island, most of Washington, northern Idaho, western ifontana, and coastal Oregon. Common name.-Northern alligator lizard. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 139

Gerrhonotus coeruleus shaslensis Fitch Gerrhonotus coeru.leus shastensis Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 6.-South side of Burney Creek, 3,000 feet alt., 2 miles southwest of Burney, Shasta County, California. Range.-Southern Oregon, south through California to the coast and south in the Sierra evada to northern Sonoma County. Common name.-Shasta alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus coeruleus palmeri Stejneger Gerrhonotus scincicauda palmeri Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 196.­ South Fork of King's River, Fresno County, California. G[ errhonotus] c[oeruleus] palmeri Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 6; idem, 1938, Amer. Mid!. Nat., 20: 418, £g. 5. Range.-The Sierra Nevada in California, southward to northern Kern County, mainly in Hudsonian, Canadian, and Transition Life Zones. Common name.-Sierra alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus kingi Gray Elgaria kingii Gray, 1838, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 1), 1: 390.-No locality, said to be "Mexico"; restr. to Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Gerrl~onotus kingii O'Sha~ghnessy, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 4), 12: 46; Fitch, 1938, Amer. M1dl. Nat., 20: 402, £g. 3. Elgaria nobilis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 129.­ Fort Webster, copper mines of the Gila ( Santa Rita de! Cobre), New Mexico. Elgaria marginata Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 179.­ New Mexico. Range.-Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico; ad­ jacent parts of Sonora and Chihuahua. Common name.-Sonora alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Blainville Cordylus ( Gerrhonottts) multi-cari·natus Blai n ville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4: 57.-California; restr. to vicinity of Monterey. Range.-Southern Washington through California, southward into northern Lower California. Common name.-Red-backed alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus multicarinatus Blainville Gerrhonotus multi-carinatus multi-carinatus Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 172· idem, 1938, Amer. Midi. Nat., 20: 390, £g. 1. 140 CHECK LIST

Gerrhonotus wiegmanni Gray, 1845, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., p. 54.-North­ west coast of Central America, in errore; designated type locality, San Francisco, California. Range.-California, on the west slopes of the northern Sierra e­ vada, west of the Sacramento Valley along the coast to Ventura County, and on the islands off Santa Barbara. Common name.-Red-backed alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus scincicauda Skilton TTO'pidolepis scincicauda Skilton, 1849, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, (2), 7: 202.­ The Dalles, Wasco County, Oregon. Gerrhonoti,s multi-carinatus scincicauda Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 173. Elgaria grandis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 176. -Oregon. Range.-Interior valleys between the Coast Range and the Cas­ cades in Oregon, and into southern Washington; eastward along the Columbia River into north central Oregon; southward in northwest­ ern California to the coast. Common name.-Oregon alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus webbi Baird Gerrhonotus webbii Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 10: 255.­ "From San Diego to El Paso"; restr. to vicinity of San Diego, San Diego County, California. Gerrhonot·us multi-carinatus webbii Fitch, 1934, Copeia, 1934: 173. Range.-Sonoran Life Zone of the western Sierra Nevada from Amador County, California, southward through western California into the San Pedro Martir Mountains of Lower California. Common name.-San Diego alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann Ger-rhonotus liocephalus Wiegmann, 1828, Isis, 21: 381. Range.-Southwestern Texas to southern Mexico. Common name.-Smooth-headed alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus liocephalus infernalis Baird Gerrhonotus infernalfa Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 255. Gerrhonottts 1-ioceplwlus i11fer11alis Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 517, fig. 91. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 141

Range.-Central and southwestern Texas; adjacent parts of Coa­ huila to San Luis Potosi. Common name.-Texas alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus levicollis Stejneger Barissia levicollis Stejneger, 1890, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13: 184.-"Mexican Border"; restr. to extreme southwestern New Mexico. Range.-Northern Mexico in Chihuahua and to the United States boundary. Common name.-Smooth-necked alligator lizard.

Gerrhonotus levicollis levicollis Stejneger Gerrhonotus levicollis levicollis Smith, 1946, Handbook Lizards, p. 464, pl. 132, text fig. 133, map 37. Range.-Mexican boundary in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona [perhaps not yet taken north of the Mexican boundary]. Common name.-Sierra Madre alligator lizard.

HELODERMATIDAE Heloderma Wiegmann Heloderma Wiegmann, 1829, Isis, 22: 624.-Type: horridum. Heloderma suspectum Cope Heloderma suspectum Cope, 1869, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21: 5.­ Sierra de la Union, Arizona. Range.-Southwestern Utah and southern Nevada through south­ ern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico and into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Gila monster.

ANNIELLIDAE Anniella Gray Anniella Gray, 1852, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ( 2), 10: 440.-Type: pulchra. Anniella pulchra Gray Anniella pulchra Gray, 1852, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 10: 440.-Cali­ fornia; restr. to San Diego, San Diego County, California. Range.-Coastal southwestern California. Common name.-Footless lizard, anniella. 142 CHECK LIST

Anniella pulchra pulchra Gray Anniella pulchra pulchra Klauber, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 15. Range.-Coastal California from Contra Costa County southward to northwestern Lower California, and east of the San Joaquin Val­ ley northward to Fresno and the Sequoia National Park. Common name.-Silvery footless lizard, silvery anniella.

Anniella pulchra nigra Fischer Anniella nigra Fischer, 1886, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Hamburg, 9: 9.-San Diego, California, in errore; designated as vicinity of Pacillc Grove, Monterey County, California. Anniella pulchra nigra Klauber, 1940, Copeia, 1940: 15. Range.-Monterey Peninsula and vicinity, California. Common name.-Black footless lizard, black anniella.

XANTUSIDAE Xantusia Baird Xantusia Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PWla., 10: 255.-Type: vigilis.

Xantusia arizonae Klauber Xantusia arizonae Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7: 1, pl. !.-Yarnell, Yavapai County, Arizona. Range.-Rocky terrain in Yavapai, Mohave, and Pinal counties, Arizona. Common name.-Arizona night lizard.

Xantusia henshawi Stejneger Xantusia henshawi Stejneger, 1893, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16: 467.-Witch Creek, San Diego County, California. Range.-Rocky areas on both sides of the Co~st Range from north­ ern Riverside County southward through San Diego County into the San Pedro Martir in Lower California. Common name.-Granite night lizard.

Xantusia riversiana Cope Xantusia riversiana Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 36: 29.-"Cali­ fornia"; corrected by the collector of the type to San Nicolas Island, off the California coast. Xantusia riversiana reticulata Smith, 1946, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 36: 392. -San Clemente Island. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 143

Range.-San Nicolas, Santa Barbara, and San Clemente Islands, coast of California. Common name.-Island night lizard. Xantusia vigilis Baird Xantusia vigilis Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 255.-Fort Tejon, California. Range.-The deserts of southern California, southern Nevada, and Washington County, Utah; southeast of the California Coast Range in San Diego County into northern Lower California. Common name.-Yucca night lizard.

TEIDAE Cnemidophorus Wagler Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830, Syst. Arnph., p. 154.-Type: murinus. Cnemidophorus tessellatus Say Ameiva tessellata Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 2: 50.-Arkansas River, near Castle Rock Creek [now Beaver Creek, eastern Fremont County, Colorado]. Cnemidophor-us tessellatus Baird, 1859, Paci£. R. R. Surv., 10, pt. 4, p. 18 [combination only]; Smith and Burger, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 283. Cnemidophorus grahamii Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 128.-Between San Antonio and El Paso, Texas. Range.-Westem Texas from the Panhandle to the Trans-Pecos region, and southeastern New Mexico northward to east central Colorado; probably southward in Coahuila. Common name.-Checkered race runner.

Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard Cnemidophor-us tigris Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 69.-Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah. Range.-Southwestern United States; southward in northern Mex­ ico. Common name.-Tessellated race runner, whiptail.

Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Girard Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 12: 529. Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 106. 144 CHECK LIST

Range.-Great Basin north and west of the Colorado plateau, west­ ward to the Sierra Nevada, and northward to southeastern Oregon and southern Idaho. Common name.-Tessellated race runner.

Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 8.­ Una, Garfield County, Colorado. Range.-Colorado plateau, including the northern half of Arizona, the northwestern quarter of New Mexico, the southeastern half of Utah, and the southern quarter of Colorado. Common name.-Northern tessellated race runner.

Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp Cnemidophorus tigris mundus Camp, 1916, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 17: 71. -Fort Miller, Fresno County, California. Range.-Northern California west of the Sierra Nevada, and south to Point Conception, Santa Barbara County. Common name.-California tessellated race runner.

Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Cope Cnemidophorus tessellatus multiscutatus Cope, 1892, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 38.-Cerros Island, Lower California. Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 7. Range.-Los Angeles County, California; southward into Lower California. Common name.-Coastal tessellated race runner.

Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis Baird and Girard Cnemidophorus gracilis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 128.-Desert of Colorado; restr. to Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona. Cnemidophorus tigris gracil-is Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 7. Cnemidophorus undulatus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 94.-Near Fort Yuma, California; restr. to vicinity of Yuma, Arizona, in Imperial County, California. Cnemiclophorus melanostethus Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhHa., 15: 104.-Region of the Colorado [River] of California; restr. to vicinity of Yuma, Yuma County, Arizona. Range.-Colorado Desert, eastward through southern New Mex­ ico, west of the Rio Grande, south into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Colorado Desert tessellated race runner. AMPIUBIANS AND REPTILES 145

Cnemidophorus tigris marmoratus Baird and Girard Cnemidophorus marmorat·us Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 128.-Between San Antonio and Paso del Norte [= El Paso], Texas; restr. to El Paso. Cnemidophorus tigris marmorat·us Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 7. Range.-Southern New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande, and Trans­ Pecos, Texas; southward into adjacent Mexico. Comrrwn name.-Big Bend tessellated race runner.

Cnemidophorus sacki Wiegmann Cnemidophorus sackii Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex., p. 28.-Mexico; restr. to Cuernavaca, Morelos. Range.-Southwestern United States; southward to southern Mex­ ico. Common name.-Blue-bellied race runner.

Cnemidophorus sacki gularis Baird and Girard Cnemidophorus gularis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 128.-Indianola and Valley of the Rio Grande del Norte; restr. to mouth of Devils River, Val Verde County, Texas. Cnemidophorus sackii gularis Smith and Taylor, 1950, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 199: 183. Cnemidophorus guttatus Hallowell ( nee Wiegmann), 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 192.-Texas; restr. to Brownsville. Cnemidophorus gularis sericeus Cope, 1892, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 48. -San Diego, Duval County, Texas. Range.-Oklahoma and most of Texas, southward in eastern Mex­ ico. Common name.-Blue-bellied race runner.

Cnemidophorus sacki semifasciatus Cope Cnemidophorus gularis semifasciatus Cope, 1892, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 49.-Agua Nueva, Coahuila. Cnemidophorus sackii semifasciatus Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 4. Cnemidophorus septemvittatus Cope, 1892, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 17: 40. -El Dorado County, California, in errore; designated as Boquillas, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Big Bend region in Trans-Pecos Texas; adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Big Bend blue-bellied race runner.

Cnemidophorus sacki stictogrammus Burger Cnemidophorus sackii stictogrammus Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 5. -Yank Springs, 6 miles southeast of Ruby, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. 146 CHECK LIST

Range.-Vicinity of El Paso, Texas, through southern New Mexico and southern Arizona, east of the Colorado Desert. Common name.-New Mexican race runner.

Cnemidophorus sacki innotatus Burger Cnemidophorus sackii innotatus Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 4.­ Vicinity of Kanab, Kane County, Utah. Range.-Colorado plateau, southern Utah, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico. Common name.-Colorado plateau race runner.

Cnemidophorus perplexus Baird and Girard Cnemidophoms perplexus Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 128.-Valley of the Rio San Pedro, tributary of the Rio Grande del Norte, Texas. Range.-Western Texas; known only from the type locality. Common name.-Devils River race runner.

Cnemidophorus inornatus Baird Cnemidophorus inomatus Baird, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 255. -Pesqueria Grande, Nuevo Le6n, Mexico; Burger, 1950, Nat. Hist. Misc., 65: 2. Cnemidophorus octolineatus Baird and Girard, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 255.-Pesqueria Grande, Nuevo Le6n. Cnemidophorus gularis velox Springer, 1928, Copeia, 169: 102.-Sandy deserts south of the Colorado River, from Lee's Ferry, Arizona, to Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico; restr. to Lee's Ferry, Arizona. Range.-Western Texas, most of New Mexico, southeastern Ari­ zona; northern Mexico. Common name.-Dwarf race runner.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Linnaeus Lacerta sexlineata Linnaeus, 1866, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 364.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Dumeril and Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5: 131. Lacerta fallax Merrem, 1820, Syst. Arnph., p. 63.-Carolina; restr. to Charles­ ton, South Carolina. Range.-United States, east of the Appalachian foothills, from Maryland to Key West; westward in the South to eastern Texas; northward in the interior to Indiana, Illinois and along rivers in AMPIUBIANS AND REPTILES 147 southern Wisconsin and Minnesota; and through Oklahoma to South Dakota and southeastern Wyoming. Common name.-Eastern race runner, six-lined race runner. Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15: 103.-Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. Range.-Lower California, northward into southern California. Common name.-Orange-throated race runner. Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi Stejneger Verticaria beldingi Stejneger, 1894, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 17: 17.-Cerros Island, Lower California [= Cedros Island]. Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi Linsdale, 1932, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 38: 373. Range.-Southwestem San Bernardino County, California, south through San Diego County to central Lower California. Common name.-Orange-throated race runner.

SCINCIDAE Lygosoma Gray Lygosoma Gray, 1828, Zool. Jour., 3: 228.-Type: Lygosoma serpens Gray = Lacerta chalcides Linnaeus. Subgenus Scincella Mittleman Scincella Mittleman, 1950, Herpetologica, 6: 19.-Type: laterale. Lygosoma laterale Say Scincus laterale Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 2: 324.-Banks of the Mississippi below Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Lygosoma lateralis Dumeril and Bibron, 1839, Erpet. Gen., 5: 719. Scincella laterale Mittleman, 1950, Herpetologica, 6: 20. Scincus unicolor Harlan, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5: 156, 221.­ Southem states; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Leiolopisma unicolor Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 107. Lygosoma ( Scincella) laterale Conant, 1951, The Reptiles of Ohio, p. 208. Range.-Southeastern United States, southward from southern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and northern Missouri; westward to eastern Kansas, eastern and central Oklahoma, and Texas. Common name.-Little brown skink. 148 CHECK LIST

Eumeces Wiegmann Eumeces Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex ., p. 36.-Type: pavimentatus.

Eumeces fasciatus Linnaeus Lacerta fasciata Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 209.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Eumeces fasciatus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 45. Lacerta quinquelineata Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I: 366.-Caro­ lina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Plestiodon vittigerum Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 310.­ Flint, Michigan. Plistodon striatus Abbott, 1868, Geol. New Jersey, 1868: 801. Plistodon lineatus Cope, 1871, Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 2 and 3: 82 [lapsus]. Range.-Eastern United States and southern Ontario, northward to east cenh·al New York, upper Michigan, and Massachusetts, west­ ward to central Texas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Kansas; northwestward along the Missouri bottom land in Nebraska and South Dakota; absent from Florida. Common name.-Five-lined skink.

Eumeces laticeps Schneider Scincus laticeps Schneider, 1801, Hist. Amph., 2: 189.-Locality unknown; designated type locality, Charleston, South Carolina. Eumeces laticeps Peters, 1864, Monatsber. Alcad. Wiss. Berlin, 1864: 49. Lacerta tristata Latreille, 1801, Hist. Nat. Rept., I: 248.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Scincus erythrocephalus Gilliams, 1818, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), I: 461, pl. 18.-Southem states; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Scincus bicolor Harlan, 1824, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 4: 286, pl. 18, fig. !.-Southern states; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Scincus americanus Harlan, 1835, Med. Phys. Res., p. 138.-Southem states; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Southeastern United States; southern Pennsylvania and Delaware, through southern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois ( northward to Rock Island County) , and southeastern Missouri, west to eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. Common name.-Greater five-lined skink.

Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor Eumeces inexpectatus Taylor, 1932, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 20: 251 , pl. 17, figs. 1-5.-Citrus County, Florida. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 149

Range.-All of peninsular Florida; southeastern Georgia; and scattered records in South Carolina, North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Common name.-Florida five-lined skink.

Eumeces brevilineatus Cope Eumeces brevilineatus Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 18, 44, 46.­ Helotes, Bexar County, Texas. Range.-Central and Trans-Pecos Texas; Nuevo Le6n. Common name.-Short-lined skink.

Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt Eumeces callicephalus Bocourt, 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., Livr. 6, p. 431, pl. 22 D, fig. 2, pl. 22 E, fig. 2.-Guanajuato, Guanajuato. Range.-Southeastern Arizona; northern Mexico. Common name.-Mountain skink.

Eumeces tetragrammus Baird Plestiodon tetragrammus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 256.­ Lower Rio Grande. Eumeces tetragrammus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 45. Range.- Southern Texas; through Tamaulipas to northernmost Vera Cruz. Common name.-Four-lined skink.

Eumeces obsoletus Baird and Girard Plestiodon obsoletum Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 129.-Valley of the Rio San Pedro, an affiuent of the Rio Grande del Norte. Eumeces obsoletus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 45. Lamprosaurus guttulatus Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 206.-Fort Fillmore, below Jomada del Muerte, New Mexico. Range.-Southeastern Utah, Colorado, and southern Nebraska; southward through Kansas, central and western Oklahoma, western Texas ( east of the forested region) , New Mexico, and eastern Ari­ zona; northern Mexico in Chihuahua, Nuevo Le6n, and Tamaulipas. Common name.-Great Plains skink.

Eumeces multivirgatus Hallowell Plestiodon multivirgatum Hallowell, 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 9: 215.-Posa Creek, 460 miles west of Fort Ril ey, Kansas [probably Cow Creek, Larimer County, Colorado, fide Taylor]. 150 CHECK LIST

Eumeces multivirgatus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 45. Plestiodon leptogrammus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 256.­ Platte River Valley [Nebraska?]. Plestiodon inomatus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 256.­ Sand hills of Platte River, Nebraska. Eumeces epipleurotis Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 40.-Northern boundary of Texas, and Nebraska at Fort Kearney; restr. to northern boundary of Texas. Range.-Southwestern South Dakota, southeastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, eastern Colorado, and northwestern Kansas; northern Arizona and New Mexico, northward into Costillo and Alamosa counties in Colorado, and southeastward into Trans-Pecos Texas. Common name.-Many-lined skink.

Eumeces gaigei Taylor Eumeces gaigei Taylor, 1935, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 22: 219, fig. 1.-Near Taos, New Mexico. Range.-Central New Mexico, Guadalupe Mountains in New Mex­ ico and Trans-Pecos Texas, and southwestern New Mexico. Common name.-Two-lined skink.

Eumeces taylori Smith Eumeces taylori Smith, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 21: 94.-South­ ern Guadalupe Mountains, 6,000 feet alt., near Frijole, Culberson County, Texas. Range.-Guadalupe Mountains and upper Eecos Valley, New Mex­ ico, and Trans-Pecos Texas. Common name.-Pecos skink.

Eumeces anthracinus Baird Plestiodon anthracinus Baird, 1849, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, fig. 294.-North Mountain, near Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Eumeces anthracinus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 45. Range.-Eastern and central United States to the Gulf Coast. Common name.-Coal skink, Baird's skink. Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus Baird Eumeces anthracinus anthracinus Smith, 1946, Univ. Kansas Puhl., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1: 85. Range.-Westem New York through Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia to the southern Appalachians in west- AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 151 tern North Carolina and adjacent n01thern Georgia; central Ken­ tucky; Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Common name.-Coal skink.

Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Cope Eumeces pluvialis Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat-. Mus., 17: 19.-Near Mobile, Alabama. Eumeces anthracinus pluvialis Smith, 1946, Univ. Kansas Puhl., Mus. Nat. Hist., 1: 85. Range.-Southern Missouri, western Arkansas, southeastern Kan­ sas, eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, and northwestern Louisiana; western North Carolina, and southwestward through northern Geor­ gia to southeastern Louisiana. Common name.-Southern coal skink.

Eumeces septentrionalis Baird Plestiodon septentrionalis Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 256. -Minnesota and Nebraska; restr. to Fort Ripley, Minnesota. Eumeces septentTionalis Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 44. Range.-Manitoba to Texas. Common name.-Prairie skink.

Eumeces septentrionalis septentrionalis Baird Eumeces septentrionalis septentrionalis Taylor, 1935, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 394, pl. 34, text figs. 66, 67. Range.-Southern Manitoba, south through eastern North and South Dakota, most of Minnesota, northwestern Wisconsin, western Iowa, extreme northwestern Missouri, and eastern Nebraska and Kansas to northern Oklahoma. Common name.-Northern prairie skink.

Eumeces septentrionalis obtusirostris Bocourt Emneces obtusirostris Bocourt, 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., Livr. 6, p. 423, pl. 22 D, fig. !.-Texas. Eumeces septentrionali~ obtusi.rostris Taylor, 1935, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 405, pl. 28, figs. 1, 2, text fig. 67. Eumeces pachyurns Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 19.-Near Dallas, Texas. Range.-Central Oklahoma south through central Texas, mostly east of the Edwards Plateau. Common name.-Southern prairie skink. 152 CHECK LIST

Eumeces septentrionalis palliclus Smith and Slater Eumeces septentrionalis pallidus Smith and Slater, 1949, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 52: 438, figs. 1, 2.-Palo Pinto, Palo Pinto County, Texas. Range.-Edwards Plateau and adjacent parts of Texas to the Big Bend region, Brewster County, Texas. C01nmon name.-Edwards Plateau skink.

Eumeces skiltonianus Baird and Girard Plestiodon skiltonianum Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 69.-Oregon. Eumeces skiltonianus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., l: 45. Eumeces quadrilineatus Hallowell, 1859, Exp!. Surv. R. R. Route Pac., 1853, pt. 4 (Williamson Route), p. 10, pl. 9, fig . 3.-Mojave River, and San Bernardino Valley, California. Eumeces hallowelli Bocourt, 1879, Miss. Sci. Mex., Rept., Livr. 6, p. 435, pl. 22 E, fig. 7.-California. Eurneces skiltonianus var. amblygrammus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 643.-Fort Humboldt. Range.-South cenb·al British Columbia and Vancouver Island, southward in eastern Washington, Idaho, and western Montana, Oregon, and northern California; southward along the coast of Cali­ fornia into northern Lower California; southward in the Great Basin in eastern Nevada and western Utah into northwestern Arizona. Common name.-Western skink.

Eumeces gilherti Van Denburgh Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh, 1896, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 6: 350.­ Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, California. Range.-Southwestern United States. Common name.-Gilbert's skink.

Eumeces gilherti gilberti Van Denburgh Emneces gilberti gilberti Taylor, 1935, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 438, pis. 37, 38, text figs. 71, 72. Ewneces skiltonianus var. brevipes Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 643.-Fresno, Fresno County, Caufornia. Range.-The northern Sierra Nevada and the northwestern plateau region in Arizona, and through southern evada to southwestern Utah. Common name.-Creatcr western skink. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 153

Eumeces gilherti placerensis Rodgers Eumeces gilberti placerensis Rodgers, 1944, Copeia, 1944: 101, £gs. 1, 2. Range.-Foothills of Sierra Nevada, below 2,500 feet alt. , in south­ ern Yuba County, and in Nevada, Placer, Sacramento, El Dorado, Amador, and San Joaquin counties, California; on the valley floor east of the San Joaquin River in San Joaquin County. Cornman name.-San Joaquin skink.

Eumeces gilherti rubricauclatus Taylor Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 446, pl. 39, text £gs. 72, 73. Range.-Southern Sierra Nevada, and Coast Range, southward into northern Lower California. Common name.-Western red-tailed skink.

Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch Eumeces gilberti cancellosus Rodgers and Fitch, 1947, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 48: 200, pl. 9.-8 miles west and 1.1 miles south of Altamont, 900 feet alt., Alameda County, California. Range.-Eastern Contra Costa and Alameda counties, southwest­ ern San Joaquin County, and northwestern Merced County, Cali­ fornia. Common name.-Alameda skink.

Eumeces egregius Baird Plestiodon egregius Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 256.­ Indian Key, Florida. Eumeces egregius Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I: 45. Range.-Southern Alabama and Georgia through Florida. Comrnon name.-Florida red-tailed skink.

Eumeces egregius egregius Baird Eumeces egregius egregius Taylor, 1935, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 490, pl. 31, £g. 2, text figs. 83, 84. Range.-Southern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and northern and exb·eme southern Florida. Common name.-Sb·iped red-tailed skink. 154 CHECK LIST

Eumeces egregius onocrepis Cope Plistodon onocrepis Cope, 1871, Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci. Salem, 1869- 1870: 82.-Dummet's Plantation, 20 miles south of New Smyrna [now Allenhurst], Florida. Eumeces egregius onocrepis Taylor, 1935, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 23: 497, pl. 31, fig . 1, text fig. 84. Range.-Central Florida, Lake County to Dade County. Common name.-Brown red-tailed skink.

Neoseps Stejneger Neoseps Stejneger, 1910, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 39: 33.-Type: reynoldsi.

Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger Neoseps reynoldsi Stejneger, 1910, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 39: 34.-Near Spring Lake, Fruitland Park, Lake County, Florida. Range.-Alachua, Lake, and Polk counties, Florida. Common name.-Sand skink.

AMPHISBAENIDAE Rhineura Cope Rhineura Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 75.-Type: fioridana.

Rhineura floridana Baird Lepidostemon fioridanum Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 255. -Micanopy, Florida. Rhineura fioridana Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 75. Range.-Northern and central Florida. Common name.-Florida worm lizard.

Order SERPENTES LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE Leptotyphlops Fitzinger Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 24.-Type: nigricans.

Leptotyphlops dulcis Baird and Girard Rena dulcis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 142.­ Between San Pedro and Comanche Springs, Texas. Leptotyphlops dulcis Stejneger, 1891, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 501. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 155

Range.-Southwestern Kansas, through Oklahoma and Texas to southeastern Arizona and northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Blind snake.

Leptotyphlops dulcis dulcis Baird and Girard Leptotyphlops dulcis dulcis Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 108, map 1. Range.-Cenb·al and southern Texas; northward into southwestern Oklahoma; southward into Tamaulipas and Nuevo Le6n. Common name.-Texas blind snake. Leptotyphlops dulcis dissecta Cope Glauconia dissecta Cope, 1896, Amer. Nat., 30: 753.-Lake Valley, New Mexico. Leptotyphlops dulcis dissectus Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 112, map 1. Range.-Southeastern Arizona through southern New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas to southern Coahuila; a distinctly separate area in southern Kansas and cenb·al Oklahoma. Common name.-New Mexico blind snake.

Leptotyphlops humilis Baird and Girard Rena humilis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 143.­ Valliecitas, California. Leptotyphlops humilis Ruthven, 1907, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23: 573. Range.-Southern California, Nevada, and southwestern Utah to southwestern Texas. Common name.-Dwarf blind snake.

Leptotyphlops humilis humilis Baird and Girard Leptotyphlops humilis humilis Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 340. Range.-The coastal area and Pacific slopes of the Coast Range in southern California; the Mojave Desert, and eastward into southern Nevada; central and southeastern Arizona; southward into Lower California. Common name.-Western blind snake. Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber Leptotyphlops humilis cahuilae Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. , 6: 339.-Yaqui Well, San Diego County, California. 156 CHECK LIST

Range.-Colorado Desert of southeastern California and south­ western Arizona; desert areas in Lower California. Cornman name.-Desert blind snake.

Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner Leptotyphlops humilis utahensis Tanner, 1938, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, 12: 267. Range.-Washington County, extreme southwestern Utah. Common narne.-Utah blind snake.

Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauper Leptotyphlops humilis segregus Klauber, 1939, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 67.-Chalk Draw, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and southeastern Arizona; presumably in southern New Mexico; northern Coahuila. Common name.-Trans-Pecos blind snake.

BOIDAE Lichanura Cope Lichanura Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 304.-Type: tri­ virgata.

Lichanura roseofusca Cope Lichanura roseofusca Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 20: 2.­ Northern Lower California. Range.-Southern California to southwestern Arizona; southward into Lower California. Cornman narne.-California boa.

Lichanura roseofusca roseofusca Cope Lichanura roseofusca roseofusca Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 316. Range.-Southwestern California and northwestern Lower Cali­ fornia west of the Coast Range and the San Pedro Martir. Common name.-California boa.

Lichanura roseofusca gracia Klauber Lichanura roseofttsca gracia Klauber, 1931, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 307.-Randsburg, Kern County, California. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 157

Range.-Desert regions of southeastern California and southwest­ ern Arizona; adjacent parts of Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Desert boa.

Charina Gray Charina Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 113.-Type: bottae. Charina bottae Blainville Tortrix bottae Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4: 289, pl. 26, figs. l, lB.-California; restr. to Coast Range, opposite Monterey. Charina bottae Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 113. Range.-Western North America. Common name.-Rubber boa. Charina bottae hottae Blainville Charina bottae bottae Van Denburgh, 1920, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ( 4), 10: 31. Wenona isabella Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 176. -Puget Sound, Washington. Wenona plumbea Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 176.-Puget, Sound, Washington. Charina brachyops Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 88.-Point Reyes, Marin County, Calilornia. Range.-The Coast Range of California, northward from Mon­ terey County into Oregon; the Sierra Nevada from Tulare County northward to Placer County, California, and Douglas County, Ne­ vada; coastal British Columbia and Washington, including Van­ couver Island, west of the Cascades. Common name.-Pacific rubber boa.

Charina bottae umbratica Klauber Charina bottae umbratica Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 83.-Fern Valley, near Idyllwild, Riverside County, California. Range.-Known only from the type locality. Common name.-Southern California rubber boa.

Charina bottae utahensis Van Denburgh Charina bottae utahensis Van Denburgh, 1920, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 10: 31.-Little Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch Coun­ ty, Utah. Range.-Montane and forested areas in north central Utah, cen­ tral Nevada, western Wyoming, Idaho, western Montana, eastern 158 CHECK LIST

Washington and Oregon, and northeastern California; southeastern British Columbia. Common name.-Rocky Mountain rubber boa.

COLUBRIDAE13 Natrix Laurenti Natrix Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept., p. 73.-Type: vu.lgaris = natrix. Natrix grahami Baird and Girard Regina grahamii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 47.­ Rio Salado = Salado Creek, Bell County, Texas. Natrix grahamii Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 668. Range.-Mississippi Valley and the Chicago region, west through the eastern half of Kansas and south to Louisiana and eastern Texas. Common name.-Graham's water snake.

Natrix rigida Say Coluber rigidus Say, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1), 4: 239.-The southern states; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Natrix rigida Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 668. Range.-Virginia (New Kent County), and South Carolina, to Louisiana, eastern Texas, and southeastern Oklahoma; exclusive of peninsular Florida. Common name.-Striped water snake.

Natrix septemvittata Say Coluber septemvittatus Say, 1825, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 4: 240.­ Pennsylvania. Natrix septemvittata Cope, 1895, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 18: 216. Range.-Vicinity of Philadelphia, southward to northern Florida and Alabama, westward to Wisconsin and Illinois. Common name.-Queen snake, moon snake, queen water snake.

is Classification of the genera of colubrid snakes into subfamilies has not been attempted; reference may be made to Dunn, E. R., 1928, A tentative key and arrangement of the American genera of Colubridae, Bull. Antiv. Inst. Amer., 2: 18-24; Bogert, C. M., 1940, Herpetological results of the Vernay Angola Expedition, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 77: 1-107, 1 pl., 18 text £gs.; and Schmidt, K. P., 1950, Modes of evolution discernible in the taxonomy of snakes,' Evolution, 4: 79--86, 2 figs. The order of arrangement essentially follows that of Dunn. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTU.ES 159

Natrix cyclopion Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril Tropidonotu.s cyclopion Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 576.-New Orleans. Natrix cyclopiu.m Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 673. Range.-South Carolina to Florida, westward through the south­ ern states to eastern Texas, and in the iississippi Valley to southern Indiana. Common name.-Green water snake.

Natrix cyclopion cyclopion Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril Natrix cyclopion cyclopion Goff, 1936, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 327: 1. Range.-Southern Alabama to southeastern Texas and northward in the Mississippi Valley to southern Indiana. Common name.-Green water snake.

Natrix cyclopion floridana Goff Natrix cyclopion fioridana Goff, 1936, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 327: !.-Leesburg, Florida. Range.-Florida to coastal South Carolina. Common name.-Florida green water snake.

Natrix erythrogaster Forster Colu.ber erythrogaster Forster, 1771, in Bossu, Travels through that part of America formerly called Louisiana, 1: 364, n.-Presumed to be South Carolina; restricted to "near Parker's Ferry, Edisto River Swamp, Charles­ ton Co., South Carolina." Range.-Southeastern and cenb·al United States. Common name.-Plain-bellied water snake.

Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster Forster Natrix erythrogaster erythrogaster Burt, 1935, Amer. Midi. Nat., 16: 333; Conant, 1949, Copeia, 1949: 1, pl. 1, £g. 2. Range.-From the Pocomoke River, eastern shore of Maryland, southward in the coastal plain and adjacent Piedmont to northern Florida. Common name.-Red-bellied water snake, eastern copperbelly.

Natrix erythrogaster neglecta Conant Natrix erythrogaster neglecta Conant, 1949, Copeia, 1949: 5, pl. 1, fig. 1.- 3 miles east of Mount Victory, Hardin County, Ohio. 160 CHECK LIST

Range.-South central Michigan and northwestern Ohio, south­ westward through Indiana to extreme southeastern Illinois and ad­ jacent Kentucky. Common name.-Northern copperbelly.

Natrix erythrogaster flavigaster Conant Natrix erythrogaster flavigaster Conant, 1949, Copeia, 1949: 2, pl. 1, fig. 3. -Frenier Beach, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Extreme southeastern Missouri and western Tennessee, southward to the Gulf; eastern Texas and western Alabama. Common name.-Yellow-bellied water snake.

Natrix erythrogaster transversa Hallowell Tropidonotus transversus Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 177.-Creek boundary [i.e., Creek ation boundary], banks of the Arkan­ sas and its tributaries. Natrix erythrogaster transversa Taylor, 1929, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 19: 58. Nerodia woodhousii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Arner. Rept., pt. 1, p. 42.-Indianola, between Indianola and San Antonio, Sabinal, and New Braunfels, Texas; restr. to Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas. Range.-Eastern and southern Kansas, southward through Okla­ homa and central Texas, and westward to the Pecos in New Mexico and Texas; adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Blotched water snake.

Natrix harteri Trapido Natrix harteri Trapido, 1941, Arner. Midl. Nat., 25: 673.-Brazos River, north of Palo Pinto, Palo Pinto County, Texas. Range.-Confined to a short sb·etch of the Brazos River where there is a gravel and coarse rock shingle, with other localities in Tom Green County, Texas. Com,mon name.-Brazos water snake.

Natrix kirtlandi Kennicott Regina kirtlandii Kennicott, 1856, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8: 95.­ Northem Illinois. Natrix kirtlandii Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 995, fig. 266. Range.-Central middle west ( southeastern Wisconsin, northeast­ ern and cenh·al Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, and northern Kentucky) , and through Ohio to western Pennsylvania. Common name.-Kirtland's water snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 161

Natrix rhombifera Hallowell Tropidonotus rhombifera Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 177.-Arkansas River and its tributaries near the northern boundary of the Creek Nation; restr. to Fort Smith, Arkansas. Natrix rhombifera Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 398. Range.-Southeastern United States southward into Mexico. Common name.-Diamond-backed water snake.

Natrix rhombifera rhombifera Hallowell Natrix rhombifera rhombifera Clay, 1938, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 27: 252. Nerodia holbrookii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Arner. Rept. , pt. l, p. 43. -Prairie Mer Rouge, Morehouse Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Mississippi Valley, from southern Illinois and Indiana through Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama; southern Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; along the Gulf Coast to northeastern Mexico; an isolated population in southern Mexico. Common name. -Diamond-backed water snake.

Natrix sipedon Linnaeus Coluber sipedon Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 219.-North America; restr. to vicinity of Tew York City. Natrix sipedon Kirsch, 1895, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 14: 333. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Common water snake.

Natrix sipedon sipedon Linnaeus Natrix sipedon sipedon Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 96. Coluber poecilogaster Wied, 1839, Reise ord Arner. , 1: 106.-Dutotsburg, near Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. Range.-Northeastern North America, from southern Maine, Que­ bec, and Ontaiio, through Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota; westward along rivers through Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska to Colorado; southward to Tennessee and northern North Carolina, farther south in the mountains. Common name.-Northern water snake, water moccasin. 14

Natrix sipedon fasciala Linnaeus Coluber fasciatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 378.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina.

14 The confusing name "water moccasin" is widely applied to this harmless snake in regions where the venomous water moccasin is not found. 162 CHECK LIST

Natrix sipedon fasciata Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l , p. 96. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, westward to Alabama. Common name.-Banded water snake.

Natrix sipedon engelsi Barbour Natrix sipedon engelsi Barbour, 1943, Proc. New England Zoo!. Club, 22: l, pl. 1.-Mullet Pond, Shackleford Banks, Carteret County, North Caro­ lina. Range.-Shackleford Banks, Carteret County, North Carolina. Common name.-Carteret water snake.

Natrix sipedon insularmn Conant and Clay Natrix sipedon insulamm Conant and Clay, 1937, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 346: 1.-Pelee Island, Lake Erie (Ontario). Range.-Pelee and islands to the south, in Lake Erie ( Ontario and Ohio). Common name.-Lake Erie water snake.

Natrix sipedon pleuralis Cope Natrix fasciata pleuralis Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 672.­ Summerville, Hamett County, North Carolina. Natrix sipedon pleuralis Clay, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 178; Neill, 1947, Her­ petologica, 4: 75. Range.-Extreme southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, and southeastern Missouri; th.rough Arkansas to southeastern Oklahoma; northern Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia to western Soutl1 Carolina; Pearl River drainage in Louisiana. Common name.-Midland water snake.

Natrix sipedon confluens Blanchard Natrix fas ciata confluens Blanchard, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 140: 1.-Butler County, Missouri. Natrix sipedon confluens Stejneger and Barbour, 1933, Check list, ed. 3, p. 117. Range.-Louisiana, eastern T exas, extreme southeastern Okla­ homa, Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, extreme soutl1ern Illinois and Indiana, and exb"eme western Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missis­ sippi. Common name.-Mississippi lliver water snake, oblique-banded water snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 163

Natrix sipedon pictiventris Cope Natrix fasciata pictiventris Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 677.-Palatka, Florida. Natrix sipedon pictiventris Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 96. Range.-Bodies of fresh water throughout peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida water snake.

atrix sipedon compressicauda Kennicott Nerodia compressicauda Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Ac:id. N:it. Sci. Phih, 12: 335.-Tampa Bay, Florida. Natrix compressicauda Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 392. Tropidonotus compsolaema Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 368.-Key West, Florida. Natrix compressicauda walkerii Yarrow, 1883, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6: 154. -Clearwater, Pinellas County, Florida. Natrix usta Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 11: 392.-Charlotte Harbor, Charlotte County, Florida. Natrix compressicauda bivittata Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. 1 at. Mus., 11: 392. -Georgiana, Florida. Natrix compressica.uda obscura Lonnberg, 1894, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 330.-Key West, Florida. Range.-Southwestern and southern Florida and the Keys, espe­ cially in mangrove swamps; north coast of Cuba. Common name.-Mangrove water snake.

Natrix sipedon taeniata Cope Natrix compressicauda taeniata Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 676.-Volusia [now National Gardens], Volusia County, Florida. Natrix sipedon taeniata Carr and Goin, 1942, Proc. New England Zoo!. Club, 21: 47, pl. 6. Range.-East coast of Florida. Common name.-Atlantic salt marsh snake.

atrix sipedon clarki Bai.rd and Girard Regina clarkii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 48.­ Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas. Natrix sipedon clarkii Clay, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 180. Tropidonotus medusa Gunther, 1858, Cat. Colubr. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 78. -Texas; res tr. to Indianola, Calhoun County. Range.-Gulf Coast, northwestern Florida to Texas. Common name.-Gulf salt marsh snake. 164 CHECK LIST

Natrix taxispilota Holbrook Tropidonotus taxispilott1s Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 4: 35, pl. 8.-South Carolina seaboard and the Altamaha River, Georgia. Natrix taxispilota Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 392. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, from eastern Virginia to Mississippi, and southward to Dade County in Florida. Common name.-Brown water snake, water pilot.

Seminatrix Cope Seminatrix Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 678.-Type: pygaea. Seminatrix pygaea Cope Contia pygaea Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 23: 223.-Volusia [now National Gardens], Volusia County, Florida. Seminatrix pygaea Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 678. Range.-South Carolina through peninsular Florida. Common name.-Black swamp snake.

Seminatrix pygaea pygaea Cope Seminatrix pygaea pygaea Dowling, 1950, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 76: 7, map 1. Range.-Northern Florida. Common name. -Black swamp snake.

Seminatrix pygaea paluclis Dowling Seminatrix pygaea paludis Dowling, 1950, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 76: 12, map 1.-Camp Davis, near Hollyridge, Onslow County, North Carolina. Range.-Coastal North and South Carolina. Common name.-Carolina swamp snake.

Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling Seminatrix pygaea cyclas Dowling, 1950, Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Unjv, Mich., 76: 14, map 1.-Indian Prairie, northeast of Lakeport, Glades County, Florida. Range.-Southern Florida. Common name.-South Florida swamp snake.

Storeria Baird and Girard Storeria Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 135.-Type: dekayi. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 165

Storeria dekayi Holbrook Tropidonot-us dekayi Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 4: 53, pl. 14.­ Massachusetts and New York; restr. to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Storeria dekayi Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 135. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-DeKay's snake.

Storeria dekayi dekayi Holbrook Storeria dekayi dekayi Trapido, 1944, Amer. Mid.I. at., 31 :· 47. Range.-Northeastern North America, from southern Quebec and Ontario, and western Maine, throughout New England and the At­ lantic states to North Carolina; westward to Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky, intergrading broadly with dekayi wrightorum in the low­ er peninsula of Michigan, all of Ohio, and North Carolina. Common name.-DeKay's snake, brown snake.

Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido Storeria dekayi wrightorum Trapido, 1944, Amer. Mid.I. at. , 31: 57, figs. 38--44, map 3.-Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee. Range.-Southern peninsula of Michigan and western Ohio, south­ ward through Kentucky, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Ala­ bama, and Mississippi; westward through Illinois, southern Wiscon­ sin, eastern Iowa and all of Missouri and Arkansas into eastern Okla­ homa; eastern Louisiana; northwestern Florida. Common name.-Midland brown snake.

Storeria dekayi texana Trapido Storeria dekayi texana Trapido, 1944, Amer. Midl. Nat., 31: 63, figs. 45-50, map 3.-Edge Falls, 4 miles south of Kendalia, Kendall County, Texas. Range.-Eastern and central Texas, eastward into southwestern Louisiana; eastern and central Oklahoma; eastern Kansas; central Iowa; southern Minnesota; intergrading with dekayi wrightorum in Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.15 Common name.-Texas brown snake.

15 "lntergrades" between S. cl. texana and S. cl. temporali-neata Trapido are listed by Trapido from Texas and Louisiana, and of temporalineata with ivrightorum from Louisiana and Mississippi. This is not geographically intelli­ gible, and further studies of Storeria dekayi are obviously required to clarify the status of the populations in the lower Mississippi Basin. 166 CHECK LIST

Storeria dekayi victa Hay Storeria victa Hay, 1892, Science, 19: 199.-Bank of Oklawaha River, some distance north of Kissimee, Florida. Storeria dekayi victa Neill, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 156. Range.-Peninsular Florida, northward to southern Georgia. Common name.-Florida brown snake.

Storeria occipitomaculata Storer Coluber occipito-maculattts Storer, 1839, Rept. Massachusetts, p. 230. Storeria occipitomaculata Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 1003, fi g. 269. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Red-bellied snake.

Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata Storer Storeria occipito-macttlata occipito-maculata Trapido, 1944, Amer. Midl. Nat., 31: 20, £gs. 11- 13 and 20, map 2. Coluber venustus Hallowell, 1847, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3: 274.­ Copper Harbor, Lake Superior, Michigan. Range.-Eastern North America and eastern Canada, exclusive of southeastern Georgia and peninsular Florida; westward to Manitoba and the Dakotas; northern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, southern Iowa, and northern Missouri; otherwise westward into eastern Kan­ sas and Oklahoma, and throughout southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Common name.-Red-bellied snake.

Storeria occipitomaculata obscura Trapido Storeria occipito-maculata obscura Trapido, 1944, Amer. Midi. Nat., 31: 33, figs. 14--20, map 2.- Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida. Range.-Southeastern Georgia and northern two-thirds of the Florida peninsula. Common name.-Florida red-bellied snake.

Thamnophis Fitzinger 'Tlwmnophis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 26.-Type: sauritus. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 167

Thamnophis angustirostris Kennicott16 Eutaenia angustirostris Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 332.-Parras, Coahuila, Mexico. Thamnophis angustirostris Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 120. Chilopoma rufipunctatum Cope, 1875, in Yarrow, Wheeler's Rept. Geogr. Geol. Eirpl. Surv. W. 100th Meridian, 5: 544.-Southern Arizona. Atomarchus multimaculattts Cope, 1883, Amer. Nat., 17: 1300.-San Fran­ cisco River, New Mexico. Range.-Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, southward into Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango. Common name.-Narrow-headed garter snake.

Thamnophis eques Reuss [Two subspecies, of which one is confined to Mexico.] Coluber eques Reuss, 1834, Abh. Senck. Mus., l: 152, pl. 8, fig. 2.-Mexico; restr. to El Limon Totalco, Vera Cruz. Thamnophis eq·ues Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 158. Range.-Western Texas to southern Arizona, southward through­ out the Mexican plateau. Common name.-Mexican garter snake.

Thamnophis eques megalops Kennicott Eutaen-ia megalops Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 330.­ Tucson, Arizona, or Santa Magdalena, Sonora; restr. to Tucson. Thamnophis eques megalops Smith, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 139. Thamnophis ste;negeri McLain, 1899, Contr. Neotr. Herp., p. 4, pl.-Sala­ manca, Guanajuato. Range.-Southern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; south­ ward on the Mexican plateau. Common name.-Arizona garter snake.

Thamnophis cyrtopsis Kennicott [New comb.] Eutaenia cyrtopsis Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 333.- Rinconada, Coahuila. Range.-Southern Utah and Colorado to Cenb·al America. Common name.-Black-necked garter snake.

16 The supposition that the type of angustirostris is a hybrid between the population of garter snakes in southeast Arizona and the Mexican melanogaster (Smith, H. M., 142, Zoologica, 27: 97) does not invalidate the use of angusti­ rostris in its current check-list sense, since the action of earlier authors allocates the name. 168 CHECK LIST

Thamnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis Kennicott Tlwmnophis cyrtopsis cyrtopsis Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 656. Eu.taenia cyrtopsis ocellata Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 17: 22.­ Helotes, Bexar County, Texas. Eutaenia a·urata Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 14: 659.-Lake Valley, ew Mexico. Range.-Utah, Arizona, southern Colorado, Texas, and New Mex­ ico; southward into Mexico. Common name.-Bl ack-necked garter snake.

Thamnophis marcianus Baird and Girard Eutaenia marciana Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 36. -Red River, Arkansas, determined as vicinity of Slough Creek, east of Hollister, Tillman County, Okahoma. Thamnophis marcianus Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 849, pl. 93. Range.-Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, westward to southeastern California; northeastern Mexico. Common name.- Marcy's garter snake, checkered garter snake.

Thamnophis marcianus marcianus Baird and Girard Tlumm ophis marcianus marciam1s Mittleman, 1949, Bull . Chicago Acad. Sci., 8 : 244, fig. 1. Range.- Central and southern Texas. Common name.- Marcy's garter snake, checkered garter snake.

Thamnophis marcianus nigrolateris Brown Eutaenia nigrol.atel'is Brown, 1889, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 41 : 421.­ Tucson, Arizona. Thamnophis marcianus nigrolatel'is Mittleman, 1949, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 246, fig. 1. Range.-Western Great Plains from southwestern Nebraska to Texas, and through New Mexico and Arizona to the Colorado River. Common name.- Western checkered garter snake.

Thamnophis ordinoides Baird and Girard Tropidonotus ordinoides Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 176.-Puget Sound. Thamnophis orclinoides Rulhvcn, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 147; Fox, 1948, Copeia, 1948 : ll5. Thamnophis ordinoides ordfnoicles Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 147. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 169

Eutainia leptocephala Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. A.mer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 29.-Puget Sound. Eutainia cooperi Kennicott, 1860, in Cooper, Exp!. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 12, Book 2, pt. 3, no. 4, p. 296.-Cathlapootle Valley and Willopah Valley, Oregon Territory. Thamnophis leptocephala olympia Meek, 1899, Field Col. Mus. Zoo!., I: 235.-Port Angeles, Clallam County, Washington. Thamnophis rubristriata Meek, 1899, Field Col. Mus., Zoo!., I: 235.-Port Angeles, Clallam County, Washington. Range.-Southern Vancouver Island and mainland of southwest­ ern British Columbia; southward through Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains; and western Del Norte County, California. Common name.-Red-striped garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans Baird and Girard Eutainia elegans Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. r. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 31.­ El Dorado County, California. Thamnophis elegans Johnson, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 159. Range.-Western North America. Common name.-Western garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans elegans Baird and Girard Tropidonotus tri-vittatits Hallowell, 1853, Proc. A.cad. Nat. Sci. Phil.a., 6: 237.-Cosumnes River, California. Range.-Southern Oregon, between Coast Range and Cascades from southern end of the Willamette Valley southward; northern California, southward on the coast to Napa County; southward east of the Sacramento Valley in the Sierra Nevada ( in California and Nevada) to Fresno County, with an isolated population in the San Bernardino Mountains. Comnwn name.-Mountain garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox Thamnophis elegans terrestris Fox, 1951, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 50: 499, fig. 3.-Strawberry Canyon, Berkeley, Alameda County, California. Range.- A narrow sh·ip along the California coast from Santa Bar­ bara County northward around the east side of San Francisco Bay, and northward to the Oregon border. Common name.-Coast garter snake. 170 CHECK LIST

Thamnophis elegans vagrans Baird and Girard Eutaenia vagrans Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Arner. Rept., pt. 1, pl. 35.-"California," in errore; restr. to southwestern Utah. Thamnophis elegans vagrans Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 125. Eutaenia vagrans plutonia Yarrow, 1883, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6: 152.­ Arizona; restr. to northwestern Arizona. Eutaenia henshawi Yarrow, 1883, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6: 152.-Fort Walla Walla, Washington. Eutaenia elegans Uneolata Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 655.­ California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington; restr. to Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Range.-Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions in North Amer­ ica from Banff and Rocky Mountain Park, Alberta, southward to the Black Hills and to extreme western Oklahoma; in Montana, Wyo­ ming, montane Colorado, and most of New Mexico; throughout Ida­ ho, Nevada, and Utah; in Washington and Oregon only west of the Cascades; entering central California from the Great Basin, west­ ward to the Sierra Nevada in Tulare County, northwestern Arizona. Common name.-Wandering garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans nigrescens Johnson Thamnophis elega.ns nigrescens Johnson, 1947, Herpetologica, 3: 161.­ Tacoma, Washington. Range.-Vancouver Island, Puget Sound area in Washington and British Columbia. Common name.-Puget Sound garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans biscutatus Cope Eutaenia biscutata Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 35: 21.-Shores of Klamath Lake, Oregon. Thamnophis elegans biscutatus Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 125. Eutaenia elegans brunnea Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. fos., 14: 654.­ Fort Bidwell, California. Range.-Klamath Lakes Basin, upper Klamath River, and Warner Lakes Basin, south central Oregon and northern California. Common name.-Klamath garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans hydrophila Fitch Thamnophis ordinoides hydrophila Fitch, 1936, Amer. Midl. at., 17: 648. -Trail Creek, 6 miles from its mouth, Jackson County, Oregon. Thamnophis elegans hydrophila Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 125. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 171

Range.-Southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Common name.-Oregon gray garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans couchi Kennicott Eutaenia couchi-i Kennicott, 1859, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., 10: 10.-Pitt River, California; restr. to near mouth of Hat Creek. Thamnophis elega11s couchii Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 126. Range. -Sierra Nevada of California, eastward into adjoining west central Nevada. Common name.-Sierra Nevada garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans gigas Fitch Thamnophis ordinoides gigas Fitch, 1940, Univ. Calif. Puhl. Zool., 44: 69, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 5, fig. 7, and pl. 7, fig. 7; text Hg. 11.- Gadwell, Merced County, California. Tham11ophis elegans gigas Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 126. Range.-Lower altitudes of the interior valley of California from Sacramento and Antioch south to Buena Vista Lake. Common narne.-Giant garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans aqualicus Fox Thamnophis elegans aquaticus Fox, 1951, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 50: 493, fig. 2.-Dillon Beach, Marin County, California. Range.-San Francisco Bay, northward in northwestern California to meet the range of elegans hydrophila. Common name.-California garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans atralus Kennicott Eutainia atrata Kennicott, 1860, in Cooper, Exp!. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 12, Book 2, pt. 3, no. 4, p. 296.-San Francisco, California. Thamnophis elegans atratus Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 126; Fox, 1951, Univ. Calif. Pub!. Zoo!., 50: 489, fig. 1. Eutaenia infernalis viclua Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 14: 658.­ San Francisco, California. Range.-Coastal counties of California, from San Francisco Bay southward to Santa Barbara County. Common name.- Coastal mountain garter snake.

Thamnophis elegans hammondi Kennicott Eutainia hammondii Keunicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 322. -San Diego and Fort Tejon, California; restr. to San Diego. Thamnophis elegans hammonclii Fitch, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 126. 172 CHECK LIST

Range.-Coastal slopes west of Coast Range divide in California, southward from Monterey Bay, and into northwestern Lower Cali­ fornia. Common name.-Two-striped garter snake.

Thamnophis radix Baird and Girard Eutainia radix Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 34.-Racine, Wisconsin. Probably in errore; restr. to vicinity of Chicago, Illinois. Thamnophfa radix Jordan, 1899, Man. Vert. Anim. U. S., ed. 8, p. 193. Range.-The Great Plains, eastward through Illinois, with isolated populations in Ohio, in the "Prairie Peninsula." Common name.-Great Plains garter snake.

Thamnophis radix radix Baird and Girard Thamnophfa radix radix Blanchard, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4, pt. 2, p. 18. Tropidonotus kennicotti Jan, 1863, Elenco Sist. Ofidi, p. 70.-North America; restr. to Racine, Wisconsin ( Smith and Brown, 1946). Range.-Eastern Iowa and Missouri, Illinois, southwestern Wis­ consin, and an isolated population in north cenh·al Ohio. Common name.-Eastem plains garter snake.

Thamnophis radix haydeni Kennicott Eutaenia haydenii Kennicott, 1860, Exp!. Surv. R. R. Miss. Pacific, 12, Book 2, pt. 3, no. 4, p. 298, pl. 14.-Fort Pierre, Nebraska ( = Stanley County, South Dakota) . Etitaenia radix twiningi Coues and Yarrow, 1878, Bull. U. S. Geo!. Surv. Terr., 4: 279.-Two forks of Mille River, upper Missouri. Range.-The Great Plains, eastward into Iowa, southward to the Texas Panhandle. Common name.-Western plains garter snake.

Thamnophis butleri Cope Eutaenia btitleri Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 399.-Richmond, Indiana. Thamnophis butleri Stejneger, 1895, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 593. Eutaenia radix melanotaenia Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 400.­ Franklin County, Indiana. Range.-The "Prairie Peninsula" in Indiana, Ohio, and southern Michigan; an isolated population in southeastern Wisconsin. Common name.-Butler's garter snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 173

Thamnophis brachystoma Cope Etitaenia brachystoma Cope, 1892, Arner. Nat., 26: 964.-Franklin, Venango County, Pennsylvania. Thamnophis bra.chystoma Smith, 1945, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 58: 149; Richmond, 1952, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 32: 315, fig. 1 (map). Range.-Southwestern New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. Common name.-Short-headed garter snake.

Thamnophis sauritus Linnaeus Coluber saurita Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 385.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Thamnophis saurita Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 210. Range.-Eastern and central North America. Common name.-Ribbon snake.

Thamnophis sauritus sauritus Linnaeus Thamnophis sauritus sauritus Blanchard, 1924, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4: 18. Range.-Michigan and Ontario to Maine, southward to Missis­ sippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Common name.-Eastern ribbon snake.

Thamnophis sauritus proximus Say Coluber proximus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1: 187.-Stone quarry on west side of Missouri River, 3 miles above the mouth of Boyer's River, Pottawattamie County, Iowa. Thamnophis sauritus proximus Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 98. Eutainia faireyi Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 25.­ Prairie Mer Rouge, Morehouse Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Nebraska, throughout the plains states, northern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and Illinois, southward to Louisiana and Texas; southward in eastern Mexico to Central America. Common name.-Western ribbon snake.

Thamnophis sauritus sackeni Kennicott Eutaenia sackenii Kennicott, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 98.­ Florida; restr. to Gainesville, Florida. Thamnophis saur-itus sackenii Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 107. Prymnomiodon chalceus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 558. -Siam, in errore; restr. to Gainesville, Florida. 174 CHECK LIST

Range.-Florida, westward in the Gulf coastal plain through Ala­ bama to Mississippi. Common name.-Florida ribbon snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis Linnaeus Coluber sirtali-s Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 222 [exclusive of type specimen].-Canada; restr. to vicinity of Quebec; Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 8; Schmidt and Conant, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 58; 1951, Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, 2: 67.17 Thamnophi-s sirtali-s Garman, 1892, Bull. Essex Inst., 24: 104. Range.-North America, from southern Canada southward. Common name.-Common garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Linnaeus Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 1, p. 103. Coluber ordinatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 379.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Tropidonotus taenia Schoepf£, 1788, Reise Ver. Staaten, 1: 496.- ew York?; restr. to vicinity of ew York City. Coluber ibibe Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat: Rept., 7: 181.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Tropidonotus bipunctattts Schlegel, 1837, Essai Physion. Serp., p. 320.­ Nashville, Tennessee. Tropidonotm famesii Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 606.- o locality; designated as Charleston, South Carolina. Eutaenia sirtalis obscura Cope, 1875, in Wheeler, Expl. Surv. W. 100th Mer., 5: 546.-Westport, New York; Lac qui Parle, Minnesota; and Fort Benton, Montana; restr. to Lac qui Parle, Minnesota. Eutaenia sirtalis graminea Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 11: 399.­ Brookville, Franklin County, Indiana. Eutaenia sirtaU-s semifasciata Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 662.­ Aux Plaines, Illinois [= Des Plaines, Illinois]. Thamnophis sirtalis pallidula Allen, 1899, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 29: 64.-Intervale, New Hampshire. Tropidonotus obalskii Mocquard, 1903, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 9: 211.­ Black Lake, Canada. Range.-Eastem North America, from southern Canada westward to the tier of states beyond the Mississippi, and into eastern Texas, Oklahoma, and southeastern Kansas. Common name.-Eastern garter snake.

17 The transfer of this name to the ribbon snake, shown by Klauber to be technically correct, has been avoided by fiat decision, as provided for in the International Rules of Zoological omenclature. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 175

Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Say Coluber parietalis Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1: 186.-Stone quarry on west side of Missouri River, 3 miles above the mouth of Boyer's River, Pottawattamie County, Iowa. Thamnophis sirtalis var. parietalis Jordan, 1899, Man. Vert. Anim. U. S., ed. 8, p. 193. Eutaenia ornata Baird and Girard, 1859, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2: 16, pl. 9.-Indianola, San Antonio, and lower Rio Grande, Texas; restr. to El Paso, Texas (Smith and Brown, 1946). Range.-Great Plains, in the second tier of states west of the Mis­ sissippi, westward to Utah and Nevada, and from Manitoba and Al­ berta southward to Texas. Common name.-Red-sided garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Hallowell Tropidonotus concinntts Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 182. -Oregon; restr. to Fort Vancouver, Oregon Territory (=Vancouver, Washington). Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus Ruthven, 1908, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 61: 173. Range.-Southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island; Wash­ ington and Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains. Common name.-Paci£c red-sided garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis Blainville Coluber infernalis Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Pai·is, 4: 291, pl. 26, fig. 3.-California; restr. to vicinity of San Francisco. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1918, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 8: 198. Range.-Southwestern Oregon, western Nevada, and California except for the northwestern coastal area. Common name.-California red-sided garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringi Baird and Girard Eutainia pickeringii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 27.-Puget Sound, Washington; restr. to Tacoma. Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringii Johnson, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 17. Range.-Con.£ned to Puget Sound region, mainly in Pierce and Thurston counties, Washington. Common name.-Puget Sound red-sided garter snake. 176 CHECK LIST

Thamnophis sirtalis trilineala Cope [New comb.] Eutainia sirtalis trilineata Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 665.­ Port Townsend, Oregon [now Washington]. Range.-Puget Sound region and Vancouver Island. Common name.-Vancouver garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Cope Eutaenia sirtalis tetrataenia Cope, in Yarrow, 1875, in Wheeler, Expl. Surv. W . 100th Mer., Zool., 5: 546.-Banks of Pitt River, California, in errore; designated as San Francisco peninsula. Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Johnson, 1942, Copeia, 194,2: 17 (cited for combination only); Fox, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 260. Range.-San Francisco peninsula, southward to Crystal Lake and on the coast to Point Afio Nuevo, San Mateo County, California. Common name.-San Francisco garter snake.

Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi Fox, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 264.-Greylodge Refuge, 9 miles west of Gridley, Butte County, California. Range.-The great valleys of California between the Coast Range and the Sierras, extending into western Nevada; reaching the coast in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon; eastern Ore­ gon and Washington into Idaho and British Columbia. Common name.-Fitch's gaiter snake.

Tropidoclonion Cope Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 12: 76.-Type: lineatum. Tropidoclonion lineatum Hallowell Microps lineatum Hallowell, 1856, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 8: 241.­ Kansas; restr. to vicinity of Kansas City. Tropidoclonion lineatum Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 76. Range.-Central Illinois through Missouri and Iowa to southeast­ ern South Dakota, and southward through eastern ebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas. Common name.-Lined snake.

Haldea Baird and Girard I-laldea Bai.rd and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 122.-Type: striatula. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 177

Potamophis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 25.-Type: striatulus. (Preoccu­ pied by Potamophis Cantor, 1836.) Virginia Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. . Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 127.-Type: valeriae. Conocephaltis Bibron, 1853, Prodrome des Ophidiens, p. 46.-Type: stria­ tult1s. Amphiardis Cope, 1889, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus ., II: 391.-Type: inornattts.

Haldea striatula Linnaeus Coluber striatula Linnaeus, 1866, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 375.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Halclea striatula Cope, 1900, Ann . Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 1009, fig. 272. Virginia inornata Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, pt. 3, p. 391.­ Dallas, Texas. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf states from Virginia to northern Flor­ ida, westward to central Texas; through eastern Oklahoma to south­ eastern Kansas, and eastward in Missom·i, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Common name.-Southern ground snake.

Haldea valeriae Baird and Girard Virginia valeriae Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 127. -Kent County, Maryland. Range.-Eastern and central United States. Common name.-Valery's ground snake.

Haldea valeriae valeriae Baird and Girard Haldea valeriae valeriae Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 165. Carphophis harperti Dwneril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 135.-Savannah, South Carolina [= Savannah, Georgia]. Range.-New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and southern Ohio, southward through eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, the Virginias, and North Car­ olina. Common name.-Eastern ground snake.

Haldea valeriae elegans Kennicott Virgin·ia elegans Kennicott, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II: 99.­ Southern Illinois. Haldea valeriae elegans Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 165. 178 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southern Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, western Kentucky, and Tennessee; southwestern Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Ar­ kansas, eastern Oklahoma, Louisiana, and eastern and central Texas. Common name.-Western ground snake.

Liodytes Cope Liodytes Cope, 1885, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 22: 194.-Type: alleni.

Liodytes alleni Garman Helicops alleni Garman, 1874, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 17: 92.­ Hawkinsville, Florida, correctly 2 miles south of Crow's Blulf, Lake County ( Robert E. Hellman, personal communication). Liodytes alleni Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. at. Mus., 11: 393; Aulfenburg, 1950, Herpetologica, 6: 13, fig. 3 (map). Range.-Peninsular Florida, and exh·eme southern Georgia. Common name.-Allen's mud snake.

Liodytes alleni alleni Garman Liodytes alleni alleni Auffenburg, 1950, Herpetologica, 6: 14, figs. 1, 3. Range.-Southern Georgia through northern two-thirds of penin­ sular Florida, Lake Okeechobee. Common name.-Allen's mud snake.

Liodytes alleni lineapiatus Auffenburg Liodytes alleni lineapiatus Aulfenburg, 1950, Herpetologica, 6: 13, figs. 1-3. -15 miles southwest of Miami, Dade County, Florida. Range.-Southern part of the Florida peninsula, south of Lake Okeechobee. Common name.-South Florida mud snake.

Heterodon Latreille Heterodon Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 32.-Type: platirhinos = platyrhinos.

Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 32.-Vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.-Eastern and southern United States. Common name.-Hog-nosed snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 179

Heterodon platyrhinos platyrhinos Latreille Heterodon platyrhinos platyrhinos Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 8. Colttber heterodon Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 7: 153, pl. 60, fig. 28.­ Vicinity of Philadelphia. Coluber cacodaemon Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool. , 3: 377, pl. 102.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Scytale niger Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 342.-[By implication, Caro­ lina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina.] Coluber thraso Harlan, 1835, Med. Phys. Res., p. 120.-Broad River, affluent of the Delaware, Pennsylvania. Heterodon annulatus Troost, 1836, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 188. -Perry County, Tennessee. Heterodon tigrinus Troost, 1836, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 189.­ Nashville, Davidson County, and Maury County, Tennessee; restr. to Nashville. Heterodon atmodes Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 57.-Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Eastern United States, southward from New Hampshire to central Florida; westward through Ontario to Minnesota; and present in all of the first tier of states west of the Mississippi. Common name.-Eastern hog-nosed snake, puffing adder, spread­ ing adder, blow snake.

Heterodon platyrhinos hrowni Stejneger Heterodon browni Stejneger, 1903, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16: 123.-Lemon City, Dade County, Florida [now a part of Miami]. Range.-Eastern Dade County, Florida. Common name.-South Florida hog-nosed snake.

Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard Heterodon nasicus Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Exp!. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, p. 352.-Texas; restr. to Amarillo by R. A. Edgren (p.c.). Range. -Great Plains. Common name.-Western hog-nosed snake.

Heterodon nasicus nasicus Baird and Girard Heterodon nasicus nasicus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 774, fig. 168. Heterodon cognatus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 54.-Ind.ianola and New Braunfels, Texas. Range.-Second tier of states west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, with an isolated colony in the sand region near Havana, 180 CHECK LIST

Illinois; southward to New Mexico, and adjacent northeastern Mex­ ico. Comrrwn name.-Western bog-nosed snake.

Heterodon nasicus kennerlyi Kennicott H eterodon kennerlyi Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 336. -Rio Grande and Sonora; restr. to mouth of the Pecos River. Heterodon nasic-us kennerlyi Cope, 1900, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 773. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and southern ew Mexico; southward into Mexico. Common name.-Southwestern hog-nosed snake.

Heterodon simus Linnaeus Coluber simus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 375.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Heterodon simus Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 4: 57, pl. 15. Heterodon catesbyi Giinther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 83.­ "North America and Texas"; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-North Carolina to central Florida, northward to southern Indiana. Common name.-Southern hog-nosed snake.

Rhadinea Cope Rhadinea Cope, 1863, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15: 101.-Type: vermi­ culaticeps ( of Costa Rica ) .

Rhadinea flavilata Cope Dromicus flavilatus Cope, 1871, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 23: 222.-Fort Macon, North Carolina. Rhadinea flavilata Cope, 1894, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 46: 429. Leimadophis flavilatus Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 86. Range.-Eastern North Carolina and on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains to eastern Texas. Common name.-Yellow-lipped snake.

Diadophis Baird and Girard Diadophis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Arner. Rept., pt. 1, p. 112.­ Type: punctatus. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 181

Diadophis amabilis Baird and Girard Diadophis amabilis Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 113.­ San Jose, California. Range.-Western United States. Common nam.e.-Western ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis amabilis Baird and Girard Diadophis amabilis amabilis Blanchard, 1923, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 142: 3. Range.-Vicinity of San Francisco and San Joaquin and Sacra­ mento valleys. Common name.-Pacific ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis modestus Bocourt Diadophis punctatus var. modestus Bocourt, 1886, Miss. Sci. Mex., 3, pt. 10, p. 623.-California; restr. to San Bernardino Mountains. Diadophis amabilis modestus Blanchard, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 142: 8. Range.-San Bernardino Mountains, Los Angeles County, and Santa Catalina Island, California. Common name.-San Bernardino ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis occidentalis Blanchard Diadophis amabilis occidentalis Blanchard, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 142: 6.-Bridgeville, Humboldt County, California. Range.-Sonoma County, California, northward to Washington. Common name.- Northwestern ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis pulchellus Baird and Girard Diadophis pulchellus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 115.-El Dorado County, California. Diadophis amabilis pulcheUus Blanchard, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 142: 8. Range.- Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Common name.-Coral-bell_ied ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis similis Blanchard Diadophis amabilis similis Blanchard, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 142: 4.-San Diego. California. 182 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southwestern San Bernardino County, southward through San Diego County to northern Lower California. Common name.-San Diegan ring-necked snake.

Diadophis amabilis vandenburghi Blanchard Diadophis amabilis vandenburghi Blanchard, 1923, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 142: 5.-Carmel, Monterey County, California. Range.-Venturn County to Santa Cruz County, California. Common name.-Monterey ring-necked snake.

Diadophis regalis Baird and Girard Diadophis regalis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 115. -Sonora, Mexico. Range.-Utah and Colorado, southward to Sonora and Trans­ Pecos Texas. Common name.-Regal ring-necked snake.

Diadophis regalis regalis Baird and Girard Diadophis regalis regalis Blanchard, 1923, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 142: 1 [cited for combination only]; Schmidt and Smith, 1944, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 29: 89. Diadophis punctatus laetus Jan, 1863, Arch. Zoo!. Anat. Fisiol., 2: 262. Diadophis regalis arizonae Blanchard, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 142: 2.-Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Isolated mountains of Arizona and Sonora, in the desert region, northward to Utah and Colorado. Common name.-Regal ring-necked snake.

Diadophis regalis blanchardi Schmidt and Srnith18 Diadophis regalis blanchardi Schmidt and Smith, 1944, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 29: 89.-Basin, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Southeast Arizona grassland region and isolated moun­ tain regions east to Trans-Pecos Texas; southward into adjacent Sonora and Chihuahua. Common name.-Big Bend regal ring-necked snake.

18 I have maintained this arrangement against the opinion of Smith and Taylor, 1945, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 187: 48, with whom I agree that the prob­ lem of subdivision of regalis is by no means satisfactorily solved. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 183

Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus Coluber punctatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I : 376.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Diadophis pimctatus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Arner. Rept., pt. l, p. 112. Range.-Eastern orth America. Common name.-Ring-necked snake.

Diadophis punctatus punctatus Linnaeus Diadophis punctatus punctatus Barbour, 1919, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 7. Ablabes occipitalis Giinther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 29.­ Mexico, in errore; designated type locality: Charleston, S.C. Diadophis punctatus var. pallidus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 12: 250.- Califomia, in errore; designated as Charleston, South Carolina. Diadophis dysopes Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II : 251.- Type locality unknown; designated as vicinity of Philadelphia. Range.- Atlantic states from Maryland south into Florida. Common name.-Southeastern ring-necked snake.

Diadophis punctatus edwarclsi Merrem Coluber torquatus Shaw (nee Lacepede), 1802, Gen. Zoo!., 3: 553.-Penn­ sylvania. Coluber edwardsii Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amphib., p. 136.-Pennsyl­ vania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Diadophis pu.nctatus edwardsii Barbour, 1919, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 9. Range.- ortheastem North America, from Nova Scotia, ew Brunswick, and Quebec, to ew York, Pennsylvania, and New Jer­ sey, westward through Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; south­ ward in the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina. Common name.-Eastern ring-necked snake, northeastern ring­ necked snake.

Diadophis punctatus docilis Baird and Girard Diadophis clocilis Baird and Girard, Cat. . Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 114.­ Between Rio San Pedro ( Devils River) and Comanche Spring, Texas; res tr. to Devils River. Diaclophis punctatus docilis Jan, 1863, Arch. Zoo!. Anat. Fisiol., 2: 262; Blanchard, 1942, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7: 66, map 4. Range.-Western Texas, southern Staked Plains to Devils River. Common name.-Texas ring-necked snake. 184 CHECK LIST

Diadophis punctatus stictogenys Cope Diadophis punctatus var. stictogenys Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 250.-Unknown; designated as southern Illinois. Diadophis texensis Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 328.­ East of Galves ton, head of Trinity River, and Llano Estacada, Texas, and Monticello, Mississippi; restr. to Texas east of Galveston. Range.-Southern Illinois, through the states on both sides of the Mississippi to Alabama and eastern Texas. Common name.-Mississippi ring-necked snake.

Diadophis punctatus arnyi Kennicott Diadophis arnyi Kennicott, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 99.­ Hyatt, Anderson County, Kansas. Diadophis punctatus arnyi Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 83. Range.-Prairie and Great Plains region, southwestern Wisconsin, Iowa, and eastern Nebraska, southward through Missouri, Kansas, and southeastern Colorado, Arkansas, and Oklahoma into central Texas. Common name.-Prairie ring-necked snake.

Carphophis Gervais Carphophis Gervais, 1843, D'Orbigny's Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., 3: 191.­ Type: amoenus.

Carphophis amoenus Say Coluber amoenus Say, 1825, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 4: 237.­ Pennsylvania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Car-phophis amoena Gervais, 1843, D'Orbigny's Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat., 3: 191. Range.-Eastern and central United States. Common nanie.-Worm snake.

Carphophis amoenus amoenus Say Carphophis amoena amoena Blanchard, 1924, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4: 527. Range.-Connecticut to New York and Pennsylvania, southward through the Atlantic states to central Florida, east of the Appa­ lachians. Common name.-Eastern worm snake. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 185

Carphophis amoenus helenae Kennicott Celuta helenae Kennicott, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 100.­ Monticello, Lawrence County, Mississippi. Carphophis a1TWena helenae Blanchard, 1924, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4: 527. Range.-West Virginia, Ohio, and cenb·al Illinois, southward through Kentucky_and Tennessee to Alabama and Mississippi. Common name.-Mid-west worm snake.

Carphophis amoenus vermis Kennicott Celuta vermis Kennicott, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi.la., 11: 99. Carphophis amoena vermis Blanchard, 1924, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4: 527. Range.-Iowa and southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, southward west of the Mississippi to the Gulf. Common name.-Western worm snake.

Ahastor Gray Abastor Gray, 1849, Cat. Col. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 78.-Type: erythro­ grammus. Ahastor erythrogrammus Lah·eille Coluber erythrogrammus Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 141.-"L'Ame­ rique septentrionale"; restr. to Alachua County, Florida. Range.-Charles County, Maryland, through the lower Atlantic coastal plain to central Florida and Alabama. Common name.-Rainbow snake.

Farancia Gray Farancia Gray, 1832, Zoo!. Misc. , p. 78.-Type: drummoncli = abacura. Farancia abacura Holbrook Coluber abacurus Holbrook, 1836, . Amer. Herp., ed. 1, I: 119, pl. 23.­ South Carolina; restr. to Charles ton, South Carolina. Farancia abaettra Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 123. Range.-Southeastern United States. Common name.-Mud snake, stingin' snake, horn snake.

Farancia abacura abacura Holbrook Farnncia abacum abacura Smith, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 112, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, text fi gs. l , 2. 186 CHECK LIST

Farancia drummondi Gray, 1842, Zool. Misc., p. 68.-California, in errore; designated as Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Southeastern United States, from Virginia through Geor­ gia and Florida to eastern Alabama. Common name.-Eastern mud snake.

Farancia abacura reinwardti Schlegel Farancia reinwardtii Schlegel, 1837, Essai Physion. Serp., 1: 173.-Louisi­ ana; restr. to vicinity of New Orleans. Farancia abacura reinwardtii Smith, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 116, pl. 1, £g. 3, text £gs. l, 2. Farancia fasciata Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 74.-New Orleans, Louisiana. Range.-Lower Mississippi Basin from southern Indiana and Illi­ nois, eastward into Alabama, westward into extreme southeastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, and along the Gulf to Corpus Christi. Common name.-Western mud snake.

Coniophanes Hallowell Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860, in Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 248. -Type: fissidens of southern Mexico.

Coniophanes imperialis Baird Taeniophis imperialis Baird, 1859, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, Rept., p. 23, pl. 19, £g. 1.-Brownsville, Texas. Coniophanes imperialis Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 74. Range.-Southern Texas to northern Central America. Common name.-Dust snake.

Coniophanes imperialis imperialis Baird Confophanes imperialis imperialis Bailey, 1937, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 362: 6. Range.-Extreme southern Texas; south to Vera Cruz, Mexico. Common name.-Black-sh-iped dust snake.

Coluber Linnaeus Coluber Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. , ed. 10, 1: 216.-Type: constrictor.

Coluber constrictor Linnaeus Coluber constrictor (part) Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. , ed. 10, 1: 216.­ Canada. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 187

Range.-North America. Common name.-Racer.

Coluher constrictor constrictor Linnaeus Coluber constrictor constrictor Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 79. Range.-Eastern North America from southern Maine southward to northern Florida and westward, mainly south of the Ohio River, to the Mississippi. Common name.-Blacksnake, black racer.

Co1uher constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood Coltt.ber constrictor priapus Dunn and Wood, 1939, Notulae Naturae, 5: 4.­ West Palm Beach, Florida. Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida racer.

Coluher constrictor flaviventris Say Colttber flaviventris Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1: 185.-Stone quarry on west side of Missouri River, 3 miles above Boyer's River, Pottawattamie County, Iowa. Coluber constrictor flaviventrfa Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 8, no. 3, p. 147. Range.-Prairie and Great Plains between the Mississippi and Rocky Mountains, northward into North Dakota and Montana, southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Common name.-Yellow-bellied racer.

Coluher constrictor foxi Baird and Girard Bascanion foxii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 96.­ Grosse Isle, Michigan, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; restr. to Grosse Isle, Michigan. Range.-The Prairie Peninsula, from the Mississippi River in Illi­ nois and Wisconsin, eastward through Indiana, southern Michigan and Ohio. Common name.-Blue racer.

Coluher constrictor anthicus Cope Bascanion anthicum Cor,e, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14: 338.­ Unknown, possibly 'Siam"; designated as Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Coluber constrictor anthictts Dunn and Wood, 1939, Notulae Naturae, 5: 1. 188 CHECK LIST

Range.-Northeastern Louisiana, in Natchitoches, Beauregard, and Allen parishes, and in adjacent Texas and Arkansas. C01nmon name.-Buttermilk snake.

Coluher constrictor stejnegerianus Cope Zamenis stefnegerianus Cope, 1895, Amer. Nat., 29: 676.-Brownsville, Texas. Coluber constrictor stejnegerianus Mulaik and Mulaik, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 13. Range.-Southern Texas southward from San Patricio County; ad­ jacent Mexico and along the Rio Grande to northern Coahuila. Common name.-Rio Grande racer.

Coluber constrictor mormon Baird and Girard Coluber mormon Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Exp!. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, App. C, Rept. , p. 351.-Valley of the Great Salt Lake. Coluber constrictor mormon Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1921, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 11: 28. Bascanion vetustus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 97.-San Jose, California, Puget Sound, and Oregon; restr. to San Jose, California. Range.-Southern British Columbia, through the Great Basin to southern Arizona, and throughout Washington, Oregon, and Cali­ fornia. Common name.-Western racer.

Masticophis Baird and Girard Masticophis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 98.­ Type: ornatus. Masticophis flagellum Shaw Colttber fiagellum Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zoo!., 3: 475.-Carolina and Virginia; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Southern United States and Mexico. Common name.-Whip snake, coachwhip snake.

Masticophis flagellum flagellum Shaw Masticophis fiagellmn flag ellum Ortenburger, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 139: 2. Herpetodryas psammophis Schlegel, 1837, Essai Physion. Serp., 2: 195.­ New Orleans and New York; restr. to New Orleans. Coluber fia gellifonn-is Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l , 1: 107, pl. 19. -Abbeville Cow1ty, South Carolina. AMPlllBIANS AND REPTILES 189

Range.-Southeastern United States from North Carolina to penin­ sular Florida and westward along the Gulf Coast to Louisiana; an apparently isolated population ranging from southern Illinois and Missouri th.rough northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma into western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Common name.-Coachwhip, whip snake.

Masticophis flagellum testaceus Say Coluber testaceus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 2: 48.-[Head waters of Arkansas River] near the Rocky Mountains. Coluber flagellum testaceus Klauber, 1942, Copeia, 1942: 93. Psammophis fiavigularis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 178. -Cross Timbers, Indian Territory. Range.-Great Plains, from western Kansas and eastern Colorado southward through western Oklahoma and cenb·al Texas to the Gulf Coast; westward to the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico; north­ eastern Mexico. Common name.-Western coach.whip.

Masticophis flagellum piceus Cope Bascanion piceum Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 625.-Camp Grant, Arizona. Masticophis flagellum piceus Tanner, 1927, Copeia, 163: 57. Bq.scanion flag ellum fr enatum Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 208.­ Mountain Springs, Colorado Desert, San Diego County, California. Range.-The Colorado Desert in southwestern Arizona and south­ eastern California, and adjacent Lower California. Common name.-Colorado Deseit whip snake, black whip snake ( for the two color phases ) .

Masticophis flagellum lineatulus Smith Masticophis -flagellum lineatulus Smith, 1941, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. , 31: 374.-11 miles south of San Buenaventura, Chihuahua. Range.-Extreme southern New Mexico, southward in adjacent Mexico to San Luis PotosL Common name.-Lined whip snake.

Masticophis lateralis Hallowell Leptophis lateralis Hallowell, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 237.­ California; restr. to San Diego. Masticophis lateralis Ortenburger, 1923, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 139: 2. 190 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southwestern California and northwestern Lower Cali­ fornia. Common name.-California striped whip snake.

Masticophis bilineatus Jan Masticophis bilineatus Jan, 1863, Elenco sist. ofidi, p. 65.-?Western Mexico; designated as Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. Bascanion semilineatum Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 626.-Camp Grant and Colorado River, Ari zona; restr. to Camp Grant [Graham County]. Range.-Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico; southward in Mexico to Oaxaca. Common name.-Sonora whip snake.

Masticophis taeniatus Hallowell Leptophis taeniata Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 181.­ New Mexico west of the Rio Grande. Range.-Southwestern United States, from the Great Basin to cen­ tral Texas and southward into Mexico. Common name.-Striped whip snake.

Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus Hallowell Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus Ortenburger, 1923, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 139: 2. Range.-Great Basin and bordering areas from Idaho through east­ ern Oregon, Utah, and Nevada, eastern California, Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico. Common narne.-Striped whip snake.

Masticophis taeniatus ornatus Baird and Girard Masticophis ornatus Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 102.­ Between Indianola and El Paso, Texas. Masticophis taeniatus omatus Schmidt and Smith, 1944, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser. , 29: 90. Coluber taeniattts girardi. Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. I, p. 80.-Substitute name for omatus Baird and Girard. Range.-Central and western Texas on the Edwards Plateau; southward in Mexico to Zacatecas. Common name.-Central Texas whip snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 191

Masticophis taeniatus ruthveni Ortenburger Masticophis ruthveni Ortenburger, 1923, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 139: 3, pis. 1-3.-Brownsville, Texas. Masticophis taeniatus ruthveni Gloyd and Conant, 1934, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 287: 16. Range.-Extreme southern Texas; adjacent Tamaulipas and Nuevo Le6n to San Luis Potosi. Common name.-Ruthven's whip snake.

Masticophis taeniatus schotti Baird and Girard Masticophis schotti Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 160.-Eagle Pass, Texas. Masticophis taeniatus schotti Gloyd and Conant, 1934, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 287: 5, pis. 2, 3, map 1. Range.-Southern Texas from Comal and Bexar counties to the Brownsville region; southwestward into Mexico; this is the mesquite and desert grass savanna area of the higher portion of the Gulf coastal plain in Texas. Common name.-Schott's whip snake.

Opheodrys Fitzinger Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 26.-Type: aestiv1.1 s. Opheodrys aestivus Linnaeus Coluber aestivus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I: 387.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Opheodrys aestivus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 560. Leptophis ma;alis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 107. -Indianola and New Braunfels, Texas, and Red River, Arkansas; restr. to New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas. Range.-Atlantic states from Connecticut to Florida, westward to eastern Texas ( and along the Gulf Coast to Tamaulipas), and north­ ward through Oklahoma to southeastern Kansas, Missouri, and ex­ b·eme southern Iowa; southern Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Common name.-Rough green snake.

Opheodrys vernalis Harlan Coluber vemalis Harlan, 1827, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1 ), 5: 361.­ Pennsylvania and New Jersey; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Opheodrys vernalis Schmidt and Necker, 1935, Herpetologica, 1: 64. Range.-Northern United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. Common name.-Smooth green snake. 192 CHECK LIST

Opheoclrys vernalis vernalis Harlan Opheodrys vernalis vemalis Grohman, Misc. Pub!. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zoo!., 50: 38, £gs. 1, 2, map 1. Range.-Glaciated and mountainous areas of northeastern North America east of the prairie-forest border, southward to Madison County, North Carolina. Common name.-Eastern smooth green snake.

Opheoclrys vernalis blanchardi Grohman Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi Grohman, 1941, Misc. Puhl. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zoo!., 50: 38, £gs. 1, 2, map !.-Spanish Peaks, Colorado. Range.- orthem Great Plains and prairie region, westward to the Black Hills, and in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico. Common name.-Western smooth green snake.

Drym.obius Fitzinger Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 26.-Type: margaritiferus. Drym.ohius ~argaritiferus Schlegel Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schlegel, 1837, Essai Physion. Serp., 2: 184.­ New Orleans, in errore; designated as Brownsville, Texas. Drymobius margaritiferus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 561. Range.-Extreme southern Texas to Guatemala and northward on the west coast of Mexico to Sonora. Common name.-Speckled ground snake.

Drym.obius margaritiferus margaritiferus Schlegel Drymobius margaritiferus margaritiferns Smith, 1942, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 92: 383. Range.-The Brownsville region of Texas; southward to northern Vera Cruz. Common name.-Speckled ground snake.

Drymarchon Fitzinger Drymarchon Fitzinger, Syst. Rept., p. 26.- Type: corais. Drym.archon corais Daudin Coluber corais Boie, 1827, Isis, 20: 537 .-America; restr. to Belem, Para, Brazil. Drymarchon corais Amaral, 1929, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 84. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 193

Range.-Southeastern United States, westward into Texas, and throughout Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Common name.-Indigo snake.

Drym.archon corais couperi Holbrook Coluber couperi Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 3: 75, pl. 16.­ Dry pine hills south of Alatamaha, Georgia [= Altamaha River]; restr. to Wayne County, Georgia. Drymarchon corais couperi Strecker, 1915, Baylor Bull., 18, no. 4, p. 32. Range.-South Carolina to Florida and west to Louisiana, in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains. Common name.-Indigo snake.

Drymarchon corais erehennus Cope Spilotes erebennus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 342.­ Eagle Pass, Texas. Drymarchon corais erebennus Smith, 1941, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., 31: 478. Range.-Central southern Texas; southward into adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Texas indigo snake.

Salvadora Baird and Girard Salvadora Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 104.-Type: grahamiae. Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard Salvadora grahamiae Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 104.-Sonora [= Southern Arizona; restr. to Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona]. Range.-Southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas in mountains above the desert zone. Common name.-Mountain patch-nosed snake.

Salvadora hexalepis Cope Phimothyra hexalepis Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 304.­ Fort Whipple, Arizona. Salvadora hexalepis Stejneger, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 154. Range.-Southwestern North America. Common name.-Western patch-nosed snake.

Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis Cope Salvadora hexalepis hexalepis Schmidt, 1940, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24: 146. 194 CHECK LIST

Range.-Southwestern Utah through Nevada and western Arizona to California; adjacent Sonora and Lower California. Common name.-Desert patch-nosed snake.

Salvadora hexalepis deserticola Schmidt Salvadora hexalepis deserticola Schmidt, 1940, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24: 146, fig. 14.-Govemment Spring, near Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Desert zone from Trans-Pecos Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona; adjacent Coahuila and Chihuahua. Common name.-Big Bend patch-nosed snake.

Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Bogert, 1935, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci., 34: 89. -Deerhorn Flat, San Diego County, California. Range.-Southwestern California and northwestern Lower Cali­ fornia, west of the Coast Range and san Pedro Martir Mountains. Common name.-Pacific patch-nosed snake.

Salvadora lineata Schmidt Salvadora lineata Schmidt, 1940, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24: 148, fig. 15.-Kingsville, Kleberg County, Texas. Range.-Central and southern Texas, and adjacent Mexico. Common name.-Texas patch-nosed snake.

Phyllorhynchus Stejneger Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13: 151.-Type: browni.

Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger Phyllorhynchus browni Stejneger, 1899, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13: 152.­ Tucson, Arizona. Range.-South cenh·al Aiizona. Common name.-Brown's leaf-nosed snake.

Phyllorhynchus browni browni Stejneger Phyllorhynchus browni browni Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 204, pl. 8, fig. 3. Range.-Pinal and Pima counties, Arizona. Common name.-Pima leaf-nosed snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 195

Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber Phyllorhynchus browni lucidus Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 202, pl. 8, fig . 2.-Encanto Valley, 7 miles west of Cave Creek, Maricopa County, Arizona. Range.-Maricopa County, Arizona. Common name.-Maricopa leaf-nosed snake. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus Cope Phimothyra decurtata Cope, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 20: 310.­ Upper part of Lower California. Range.-Colorado Desert region, southward in Sonora and Lower California. Common name.-Sonora leaf-nosed snake. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nubilus Klauber Phyllorhynchus decurtatus nub-ilu.s Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. at. Hist., 9: 197, pl. 8, fig. 1, map.-Xavier, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Tucson region, Pima County, Arizona and adjacent Pinal County. Common name.-Cloudy leaf-nosed snake. Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber Phyllorhynchus decurtatus perkinsi Klauber, 1935, Bull. Zool. Soc. San Diego, 12: 11.-Dry Lake, San Diego County, California. Range.-Colorado Desert, in southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, and exh·eme southern Nevada. Common name.-Dese1t leaf-nosed snake. Elaphe Fitzinger Elaphe Fitzinger, in Wagler, 1833, Descr. Icon. Amph., pt. 3, pl. 27 ( text ). -Type: parreysii = quatuorlineata. Elaphe guttata Linnaeus Coluber guttatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, I: 385.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Elaphis guttatus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 273. Range.-Southern New Jersey to the tip of the Florida peninsula, westward to northeastern Mexico, and northward in the interior to Kentucky and Missouri, in the west to western Colorado and Great Salt Lake. Common name.-Corn snake, rat snake. 196 CHECK LIST

Elaphe guttata guttata Linnaeus Elaphe guttata guttata [by inference] Neill, 1949, Herpetologica, 5, 2nd Suppl., p. 10. Coluber carolinianus Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3: 460, pl. 119.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Coluber maculatus Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Rept., 4: 73.-Louisiana; restr. to vicinity of New Orleans. Coluber pantherinus Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 102.-Type lo­ cality unknown; designated as Charleston, South Carolina. Coliiber fioridanus Harlan, 1827, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 1), 5: 360.­ East Florida. Coluber guttatus sellatus Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. , 11: 387.­ Arlington, Palatka, and Cape Sable, Florida; restr. to Palatka, Putnam County. Range.-New Jersey to Florida in the Atlantic coastal plain, moun­ tains of Virginia and Tennessee, westward to Louisiana, and north­ ward in the Mississippi Valley to Kenh1cky and Missow-i. Common name.-Corn snake.

Elaphe guttata rosacea Cope Coluber rosacetts Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 388, pl. 36, fig. 3.­ Key West, Florida. Elaphe guttata rosacea [by inference] Neill, 1949, Herpetologica, 5, 2nd Suppl., p. 10. Range.-Lower Florida Keys and extreme southern Florida. Common name.-Rosy corn snake.

Elaphe guttata emoryi Baird and Girard Scotophis emoryi Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 157. -Howard Springs, Ellis County, Oklahoma. Elaphe emoryi emoryi Dowling, 1951, Copeia, 1951: 43. Elaphe guttata emoryi Dowling, 1952, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 541: 2. CoZ.uber rhinomegas Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 255.­ Kansas and Missouri ( nomen nudum). Ela.phe laeta intermontanus Woodbury and Woodbury, 1942, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55: 140.-Parriott Ranch, near Moab, Grand County, Utah. Range.-Colorado and Nebraska southward through the Great Plains states to Texas and eastward into Missouri, with records from western Illinois; Colorado plateaus in Utah and Colorado, west of the Rockies, into central Mexico. Common name.-Great Plains rat snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 197

Elaphe vulpina Baird and Girard Scotophis vulpinus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 75.-Racine, Wisconsin. Elaphe vulpinus Ruthven, 1909, Eleventh Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 116. Range.-Eastern Nebraska to southern Ontario and western Ohio, and northern Wisconsin and Michigan southward to the Wabash River. Common name.-Fox snake, spotted adder.

Elaphe vulpina vulpina Baird and Girard Elaphe vulpina vulpina Conant, 1940, Herpetologica, 2: 10, pl. l , fig. 3, text fig. l, map 1. Elaphe rubriceps Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 270. -North America; restr. to vicinity of Chicago. Range.-Upper Peninsula of Michigan through Wisconsin, south­ eastern Minnesota and northern Illinois; northwestern Indiana south­ ward to the Wabash River; westward through Iowa to eastern Nebraska and South Dakota. Common name. -Spotted adder (Illinois) , pine snake (Wiscon­ sin), fox snake.

Elaphe vulpina gloydi Conant Elaphe vulpina gloydi Conant, 1940, Herpetologica, 2: 2, pl. 1, £gs. l , 2, text fig. l , map 1.-Little Cedar Point, Jerusalem Township, Lucas County, Ohio. Range.-Eastern Michigan and adja'Cent Ohio at the western end of Lake Erie, southern Ontario. Common name.-Eastern fox snake, timber snake.

Elaphe ohsoleta Say Coluber obsoletus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1: 140.-lsle au Vache to Council Bluffs on the Missouri River; restr. to Council Bluffs, Iowa. Elaphis obsoletus Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 8, no. 3, p. 54. Range.-Eastern North America, westward to central Texas and eastern Texas. Common name.-Cbicken snake, rat snake.

Elaphe ohsoleta obsoleta Say Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. i, p. 83. 198 CHECK LIST

Scotophis alleghaniensis Holbrook, 1836, N. Amer. Herp., ed. l, 1: 111, pl. 20.-Swnmit of the Blue Ridge in Virginia. Scotophis confinis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. . Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 76. -Anderson, South Carolina. Elaphis holbrookii Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 272. - 1ew York and Charleston; restr. to vicinity of New York City. Range.-Eastern North America, from southern New England (Rutland County, Vermont) to northern Georgia, westward through New York and Onta1io to southeastern Minnesota, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, and northeastern Texas; absent in tl1e Mississippi embayment area. Common name.-Black chicken snake, pilot black snake.

Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittala Holbrook Coluber quadrivittatus Holbrook, 1836, . Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 1 : 113, pl. 21.-"North Carolina to Florida and westward as far as the Mississippi"; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Elaphis quad1i-vittatt1s Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen. , 7: 265. Elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata Neill, 1949, Herpetologica, 5, 2nd Suppl., p. 4. Elaphe quadriv-ittata deckerti Brady, 1932, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45 : 5.­ Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. Elaphe williamsi Barbour and Carr, 1940, 0 cc. Papers Boston Soc. at. Hist., 8 : 340.- 1ear Lebanon, Levy County, Florida. Elaphe quadrivittata parallela Barbour and Engels, 1942, Proc. ew England Zoo!. Club, 22: 104, pl. 17.-Sam Windsor's Lun1p, 3 miles from Beaufort Inlet on the Shackleford Banks, Carteret County, North Carolina. Elaphe obsoleta rossalleni Neill, 1949, Herpetologica, 5, 2nd Suppl., p. 1, fig. 1.-22 miles northwest of Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida. Range.-Vicinity of Point Lookout, North Carolina, southward along the coast through all of peninsular Florida. Common name.-Four-lined chicken snake.

Elaphe obsoleta spiloides Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril Elaphis spiloides Dmneril, Bibron, and Dmneril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 269.­ ew Orleans, Louisiana. Elaphe obsoleta spiloides Dowling, 1952, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 541: 5. Range.-From Tallahassee, Florida, and Macon, Georgia, to west­ ern Tennessee and eastern Arkansas, including the greater part of Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana. · Common name.-Blotched chicken snake.19 19 This is the form referred to under the name Elaphe obsoleta confinis in editions 1 to 5 of the Check list. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 199

Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri Baird and Girard Scotophis lindheimeri Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 74.- ew Braunfels, Texas. Elaphis obsoletus var. lindheimerii Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, pt. 3, p. 54. Scotophis laetus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 77.­ Red River, Arkansas; restr. to south central Oklahoma. Range.-Louisiana, westward to Corpus Christi and San Antonio. Common name.-T exas chicken snake.

Elaphe obsoleta bairdi Yarrow Col·uber bairdi Yarrow, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 41.-Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Elaphe bairdi Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check li st, ed. 1, p. 82. Elaphe obsoleta bairdi Dowling, 1952, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 541: 7. Range.-Mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas; Kerr County, Texas; northern Coahuila. Common name.-Baird's rat snake.

Elaphe triaspis Cope Coluber triaspis Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 128.-Belize. Elaphe triaspis Amaral, 1929, Mem. Inst. Butantan, 4: 159. Range.-Southern Arizona to Costa Rica. Common name.-Mexican rat snake.

Elaphe triaspis intermedia Boettger Pityophis intermedia Boettger, 1883, Ber. Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., 22/23: 148.-"Guyana," in el'l'ore; corrected to Mexico. Elaphe triaspis intermedia Dowling, 1952, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 541: 8. Colu.ber chlorosoma Gunther, 1894, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rept., p. ll5, pl. 41. -Atoyac and Amulo in Gu errero and San Ram6n in Jalisco, Mexico; restr. to Atoyac, Guerrero. Elaphe chlorosoma Stone, 19ll, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Ph.ila., 63: 231, p. 82. Range.-Southeastern Arizona ( Santa Rita Mountains); southward in western Mexico. Common name.-Green rat snake.

Elaphe suhocularis Brown Coluber subocularis Brown, 1901, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 53: 492, pl. 29.-Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Elaphe subocularis Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 84. 200 CHECK LIST

Elaphe sclerotica Smith, 1941, Copeia, 1941: 135.-Substitute name. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and southern New Mexico, southward in adjacent Coahuila. Common name.-Trans-Pecos rat snake.

Arizona Kennicott Arizona Kennicott, in Baird, 1859, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, Ilept., p. 18.-Type: elegans.

Arizona elegans Kennicott Arizona elegans Kennicott, 1859, in Baird, U. S. fex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, Rept., p. 18.-Rio Grande, Texas, and between Arkansas and Cimarron, Oklahoma; restr. to Lower Rio Grande. Range.-Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Common name.-Glossy snake.

Arizona elegans elegans Kennicott Arizo,ia elegans elegans Blancha.rd, 1924, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 150: 3; Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. at. Hist., 10: 320, pl. 7, fig. 1, text .fi g. 1, map. Range.-Texas, west of Long. 98 ° W., excluding the Panhandle and El Paso County; tentatively, adjacent Coahuila. Common name.-Texas glossy snake.

Arizona elegans blanchardi Klauber Arizona elegans blanchardi Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 328, .fig. 1, map.-Cheyenne County, Kansas, 13 miles southeast of Benkelman, Dundy County, ebraska. Range.-Eastern Colorado and southwestern ebraska through western Kansas and Oklahoma, and through the Panhandle of Texas to northeastern New Mexico. Common name.-Kansas glossy snake.

Arizona elegans philipi Klauber Arizona elegans 7,hilipi Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. at. Hist., 10: 333, fi g. 1, map 1.-10 miles east of Winslow, avajo County, Ari zona. Range.-Cenh·al New Mexico, westward into central and south­ eastern Arizona, El Paso County, Texas, and adjacent Chihuahua. Common name.-Painted Desert glossy snake. AMPIUBIANS AND REPTILES 201

Arizona elegans noctivaga Klauber Arizona elegans noctivaga Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 343, fig. 1, map.-8 miles northwest of Owlshead, Pinal County, Arizona. Range.-Southwestern Arizona. Common name.-Arizona glossy snake.

Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 350, pl. 8, fig. l , text fig. l , map.-Benson's Dry Lake, eastern San Diego County, California. Rang,e.-Desert areas of extreme southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and southeastern desert areas of California, excluding the western Mojave; adjacent Yuma County, Arizona; adjacent Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Desert glossy snake.

Arizona elegans candida Klauber Arizona elegans candida Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 364, pl. 8, fig. 2, text fig. 1, map.-Kramer Hills, 6 miles south of Kramer Junction on U. S. Highway 395, San Bernardino County, Cali­ fornia. Range.-Western Mojave Desert. Common name.-Western Mojave glossy snake.

Arizona elegans occidentalis Blanchard Arizona elegans occidentalis Blanchard, 1924, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. tlich., 150: 1.-La Jolla, San Diego County, California; Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 372, pl. 7, fig. 2, text fig. 1, map. Range.-San Joaquin Valley in California and coastal and cismon­ tane southwestern California from Los Angeles County southward; adjacent Lower California. Common name.- California glossy snake.

Pituophis Holbrook Pituophis Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 4: 7.-Type: melanoleucus.

Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin Colube1· melanoleucus Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 6 : 409.-South Caro­ lina and Florida; restr. to Charles ton, South Carolina. Pituophis melanoleucus Holbrook, 1842, N. Arner. Herp., ed. 2, 4: 7, pl. 1. 202 CHECK LIST

Range.-Eastern United States. Common name.-Pine snake.

Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus Daudin Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus Barbour, 1921, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 117; Stull, 1940, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 175: 52, figs. 27---32 . Range.-South Carolina to Rockland County, New York, and west­ ward to eastern Tennessee. Common name.-Northern pine snake.

Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Blanchard Pituophis lodingi Blanchard,. 1924, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 4: 531.-Grand Bay, Mobile County, Alabama. Pituophis melanoleucus lodingi Stull, 1940, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 175: 79. Range.-Mobile County, Alabama, and Hanison County, Mis­ sissippi. Common name.-Black pine snake.

Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour Pittt0phis melanoleucus mugitus Barbour, 1921, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 117.-Ten miles north of W est Palm Beach, Florida. Range.-West Palm Beach to Jacksonville, and Pensacola, Florida. Common name.-Florida pine snake.

Pituophis melanoleucus ruthveni Stull Pittt0phis rnelanoleucus ruthveni Stull, 1929, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 205: 1.-Longleaf, Rapides Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Louisiana and eastern Texas. Common nmne.-Louisiana pine snake.

Pituophis catenifer Blainville20 Coluber catenifer Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4: 290, pl. 26, fi g. 2.-California; restr. to vicinity of San Francisco. Pitttophis catenifer Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 95. Range.-Western North America, from Wisconsin and Indiana westward to the Paci£c coast. Common name.-Bull snake, gopher snake. 20 Note Smith and Kennedy ( 1951, Herpetologica, 7: 93, fig . 1), who propose that catenifer and m.elanoleucus be combined. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 203

Pituophis catenifer catenifer Blainville P-ituophis catenifer catenifer Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 94; Klauber, 1947, Bull. San Diego Zoo!. Soc., 22: 12, figs . l, 3. P·ityophis heermanni Hallowell, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6 : 236.­ Mines on the Cosunmes River, California. Pituophis wilkesii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 71.­ Puget Sound and Oregon Territory; restr. to Puget Sound, Washington. Range.-British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, west of the Cascades, and California west of the Sierra Nevada, southward to the northern boundary of Santa Barbara County. Common name.-Paci£c gopher snake.

Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7: 206.­ Great Basin and southwestern deserts; restr. to Beaverdam Mountain, Washington County, Utah; Klauber, 1947, Bull. San Diego Zool. Soc., 22: 27, figs. l, 5. Pittiophis catenifer stefnegeri Van Denburgh, 1920, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ( 4), 10: 21.-Fort Douglas, Salt Lake County, Utah. Range.-Kamloops-Okanagan area in British Columbia southward and eastward through the Great Basin to the northern edge of the Colorado Desert and northern Arizona. Common name.-Great Basin gopher snake.

Pituophis catenifer sayi Schlegel Coluber sayi Schlegel, 1837, Essai Physion. Serp., 2: 157.-Missouri; restr. to vicinity of St. Louis. [Pitu.ophis catenifer] sayi Klauber, 1947, Bull. San Diego Zoo!. Soc., 22: 7, fig. 1. Churchillia bellona Baird and Girard, 1852, Stansbury's Expl. Surv. Valley of Great Salt Lake, p. 350.-Rio Grande, vicinity of Presidio del Norte. Pituophis mcclellanii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 68.-Red River, Arkansas. Range.-Southem Alberta and Saskatchewan, southward through the Great Plains and Prairie states, east of the Rockies, into north­ eastern Mexico; eastward tlu-ough soutl1ern North Dakota into southwestern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin, parts of Il­ linois, and adjacent Indiana; throughout Missouri, except extreme southeastern area; northwestern Arkansas. C01nmon name.-Bull snake. 204 CHECK LIST

Pituophis catenifer affinis Hallowell Pityophis affinis Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 181.­ New Mexico; restr. to Zuni River, New Mexico. Pituophis catenifer affinis Smith and Mittleman, 1943, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 46: 248. Pituophis catenifer rutilus Van Denburgh, 1920, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ( 4), 10: 24.-Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Most of Arizona, western New Mexico, extreme western Trans-Pecos Texas, and extreme southeastern California; adjacent northeastern Lower California, Sonora, and Chihuahua. Common name.-Sonoran gopher snake.

Pituophis catenifer annectens Baird and Girard Pituophis annectens Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 72.-San Diego, California. Pituophis catenifer annectens Van Denburgh and Slevin, 1919, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 19: 206. Range.-Southwestern California, from northern Santa Barbara County southward to the border, west of the Coast Range, and into northwestern Lower California. Common name. -San Diego gopher snake.

Pituophis catenifer pmnilus Klauber Pituophis catenifer pumilus Klauber, 1946, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11: 41, pl. 3.-Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, Cali­ fornia. Range.-Con£ned to Santa Cruz Island ( Santa Barbara group), Santa Barbara County, California. Common name.-Santa Cruz Island gopher snake.

Lampropeltis Fitzinger Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. , p. 25.-Type : getulus Schlegel ( nee Linnaeus) = holbrooki.

Lampropeltis alterna Brown Ophibolus alternus Brown, 1902, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 53: 612, pl. 34.-Davis Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Lampropeltis alterna Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, pl. 87. Range.-Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas; adjacent Coahuila. Common name.-Davis Mountain king snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 205

Lampropeltis hlairi Flwy Lampropeltis blairi Flury, 1950, Copeia, 1950: 215.-8.8 miles west of Dryden, Terrell County, Texas. Range.- TerreII and Val Verde counties, Texas. Common narne.-Blair's coral king snake.

Lampropeltis calligaster Harlan Coluber calligaster Harlan, 1827, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5: 359.­ Missouri; restr. to vicinity of St. Louis. Lampropeltis calligaster Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 12: 255. Range.-Southeastern and central United States. Common name.-Yellow-bellied king snake.

Lampropeltis calligaster calligaster Harlan Lampro peltis calligaster calligaster Cook, 1945, Copeia, 1945: 48 . Ophibolus evansii Kennicott, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 99. Coronella tigrina Jan, 1863, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., 2: 244. Range.-Middle western states from southern Wisconsin through Iowa and Missowi to eastern Kansas and most of Oklahoma; Arkansas and Louisiana; eastward into Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, and northern Mississippi. Common name.-Yellow-bellied king snake.

Lampropeltis calligasler rhomhomaculata Holbrook Coluber rhombomaculatus Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: 103, pl. 20.-Georgia and Alabama; restr. to vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia. Lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata Cook, 1945, Copeia, 1945: 48. Range.-Mai·yland, Virginia, and eastern Tennessee, south to cen­ tral Florida, and westward through Alabama and Mississippi. Common name.- Mole snake.

Lampropeltis getulus Linnaeus Coluber getulus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 382.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Lampropeltis getulus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 255. Range.-Southern United States; southward into northern Mexico. Common name.-King snake. Lampropeltis getulus getulus Linnaeus Lampropeltis getulus getulus Blanchard, 1919, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 70: 1. 206 CHECK LIST

Lampropeltis getulus sticticeps Barbour and Engels, 1942, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 20: 101, pl. 16.-Knoll midway between Ocracoke Inlet and Hatteras Inlet, Ocracoke Island, Hyde County, North Caro­ lina. Range.-Southern New Jersey to northern Florida and westward to southeastern Alabama. Common name.-Eastem king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus floridana Blanchard Lampropeltis getulus floridanus Blanchard, 1919, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 70: 1, pl. 1.-Orange Hammock, De Soto County, Florida. Range.-Central Florida. Common name.-Florida king snake. Lampropeltis getulus goini Neill and Allen Lampropeltis getultts goini Neill and Allen, 1949, 1-Ierpetologica, 5: 101, fi gs. 1-8.-Chipola River valley at Wewahitchka, Gulf County, Florida. Range.-The Apalachicola and Chipola River drainages, Florida Panhandle. Common name.-Florida Panhandle king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus hrooksi Barbour Lampropeltis getulus brooksi Barbour, 1919, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 7: 1, pl. 1.-Royal Palm Hammock, Dade County, Florida. Range.-Southeastem Florida. Common name.-Brooks' king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus niger Yarrow Ophibolus getulus niger Yarrow, 1882, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5: 438.­ Wheatland, Indiana. Lampropeltis getitlus niger Blanchard, 1921, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 114: 43, fig. 33. Range.-Northern Alabama through Tennessee and Kentucl7 to southern Indiana and southern Ohio. Common name.-Black king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki Stejneger Coronella sayi Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 3: 99, pl. 22. Lampropeltis holbrooki Stejneger, 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 152.­ Substitute name. Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki Hurter and Strecker, 1909, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 18: 26. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 207

Range.-Southern Nebraska and Iowa and southwestern Illinois, through Kansas and Missomi, Arkansas, and most of Oklahoma; eastern Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and western Alabama; inter­ gradient with splendida in southwestern Oklahoma. Common name.-Speckled king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus splendida Baird and Girard Ophibolus splendidus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 83.-Sonora. Lampropeltis getulus splendida Blanchard, 1920, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 87: 2. Range.-Central and western Texas through southern New Mex­ ico and southeastern Arizona; adjacent parts of Mexico. Common name.-Sonoran king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus yumensis Blanchard Lampropeltis getulus yumensis Blanchard, 1919, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 70: 6, pl. 1, fig. 2.-27 miles west of Indian Oasis, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Southwestern Arizona and adjacent Colorado River low­ land in California; bordering area of Mexico. Common name.-Yuma king snake.

Lampropeltis getulus californiae Blainville Coluber ( Ophis) califomiae Blainville, 1835, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 4 : 292, pl. 27, fig. !.-California; restr. to vicinity of Fresno, California. Lampropeltis getulus califomiae Klauber, 1936, Herpetologica, 1: 26. Ophibolus boylii Baird and Girard, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 82.-El Dorado County, California. Coronella balteata Hallowell, 1853, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 236.­ California; restr. to Fresno, California. Ophibolus getulus eiseni Yarrow, 1882, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5: 439.­ Fresno, California. Range.-Southern Oregon, through California and southern Ne­ vada, southwestern Utah and western Arizona; adjacent northern Lower California. Common name.-California king snake.

Lampropeltis doliata Linnaeus Coluber doliatus Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1: 379.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Lampropeltis doUata Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. 208 CHECK LIST

Range.-North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, southward through Central Ameiica. Common name.-Milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata doliata Linnaeus Lampropeltis doliatus doliatus Hay, 1902, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15: 138 ( cited for combination only) [cf. L. d. doliata Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11]. Coluber elapsoides Holbrook, 1838, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 2: 123, pl. 28.­ South Carolina and Georgia; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Lampropeltis triangul·um elapsoides Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 150. Range.-Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and N01th Carolina to Florida; Gulf states as far west as southeastern Louisiana. Common name.-Scarlet king snake.

Lampropeltis doliata temporalis Cope Ophibolus doliatus temporalis Cope, 1893, Amer. at., 27: 1068, pl. 25, fig. 4.-Delaware. Lampropeltis doliata temporalis Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. Lampropeltis elapsoides vi1'g·iniana Blanchard, 1920, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 81: 2.-Raleigh, North Carolina. Range.-Southern New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland through Virginia to No1th Carolina. Common name.-Coastal Plain milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata triangulum Lacepede Coluber tt-iangulum Lacepede, 1788, Hist. Nat. Quadr. Ovip. Serp., 2, table methodique, p. 86.-America; restr. to vicinity of New York City, in New York State. Lampropeltis doliata triangulum Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. Coluber eximuis Harlan, 1827, Jour. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 5: 360.-Penn­ sylvania; restr. to vicinity of Philadelphia. Ophibolus clericus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. . Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 88.-Clarke County, Virginia. Ophibolus doliatus collaris Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 383.­ Elmira, Stark County, Illinois. Range.-Southern Maine through ew England, New York, and northern ew Jersey, southward in the Appalachians into North Carolina and Tennessee; westward through Quebec, .Ontario, Mich- AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 209 igan, and Wisconsin to eastern Minnesota; southward through north­ ern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Common name.-Milk snake, eastern milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata syspila Cope Ophibol-us doliatus syspilus Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 384.­ Richland County, Illinois. Lampropeltis doliatus syspila Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. Range.-Iowa through Missouri and northern Arkansas; eastern Kansas and Oklahoma; eastward through southern Illinois and Indi­ ana; central Tennessee. Common name.-Red milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata amaura Cope Lampropeltis amaura Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 258.­ "Unknown"; designated as vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana. Lampropeltis doliatus parallelus Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 383.-Unknown; designated as New Orleans, Louisiana. Range .-Lower Mississippi Valley, eastward to Meridian, Missis­ sippi, and westward into eastern Texas as far as Dallas; through Arkansas to exh·eme southeastern Oklahoma. Common name.-Louisiana milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata gentilis Baird and Girard Ophibolus gentilis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 90.-North Fork, Red Ri ver, near Sweetwater Creek, Wheeler County, Texas. Lampropeltis doliatiis gentilis Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. Lampropeltis multistriata Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 328.-Fort Lookout, South Dakota. · Lampropeltis pyromelana caelenops Stejneger, 1903, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25: 153.-Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana Co., New Mexico. Range.-Second tier of states west of the Mississippi; Montana, Colorado, and Utah; New Mexico and Arizona. Common name.-Westem milk snake.

Lampropeltis doliata annulata Kennicott Lampropeltis annulata Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 329.-Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Lampropeltis doliata annulata Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 11. Coronella doliata var. coniuncta Jan, 1861, Icon. Gen. Ophid., Livr. 14, pl. 4, £g. c.-Brazil, in errore; designated as Matamoros, Tamaulipas. 210 CHECK LIST

Ophibolus doliatus occipitalis Cope, 1888, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11: 382.­ Type loc. not designated; here designated as Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Range.-Exh·eme southern Texas, northward to Kerr County; northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Mexican milk snake.

Lampropeltis zonata Blainville Coluber ( Zacholus) zonatus Blainville, 1835, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 4: 293.-California; restr. to northern California. Lampropeltis zonata Van Denburgh, 1897, 0 cc. Papers Calif. Acad. Sci., 5: 167. Range.-California and Arizona, into northern Mexico. Common name.-Coral king snake.

Lampropeltis zonata zonata Blainville Lampropeltfa zonata zonata Klauber, 1943, Trans . San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 76 [cited for combination only]. Coronella multifasciata Bocourt, 1886, Miss. Sci. Mex., pt. 3, p. 616, pl. 40, fig. 2.-Califomia. Range.-Southwestern Oregon, southward in California, west of the Cenh·al Valley, to northern Lower California. Common name.-Coast Range coral king snake.

Lampropeltis zonata multicincta Yarrow Ophibolus getulus multicinctus Yarrow, 1882, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5: 440. -Fresno, California; corrected to Sierra Nevada east of Fresno. Lampropeltis zonata multicincta Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 76. Range.-The Sierra Nevada of California from Kern County north­ ward to Shasta County. Common name.-Sierra coral king snake.

Lampropeltis pyromelana Cope Ophibolus pyromelantis Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 305.­ Fort Whipple, Arizona. Lampropeltis pyromelana Stejneger and Barbour, 1923, Check list, ed. 2, p. 100. Range.-Arizona, exclusive of the southwestern desert regions, ex­ treme southwestern New Mexico, and cenb·al Nevada; adjacent Sonora and Chihuahua. Common name.-Arizona coral king snake. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 211

Stilosoma Brown Stilosoma Brown, 1890, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42: 199.-Type: ex­ tenuatum.

Stilosoma extenuatum Brown Stilosoma extenuatum Brown, 1890, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42: 199.­ Lake Kerr, Marion Co., Florida. Range.-Cenb·al portion of the Florida Peninsula. Common name.-Short-tailed snake.

Cemophora Cope Cemophora Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 244.-Type: coc­ cinea.

Cemophora coccinea Blumenbach Coliiber coccineus Blumenbach, 1788, Voigt's Mag. eu. Phys. Naturg., 5, pt. 1, p. 11, pl. !.-Florida. Cemophora coccinea Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 244. Range.-Southern New Jersey, southward through the Atlantic and Gulf states, westward to Louisiana and Oklahoma. Common name.-Scarlet snake.

Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard Rhinocheilus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 120.­ Type: lecontei.

Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 120.-San Diego, California. Range.-Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Common name.-Long-nosed snake.

Rhinocheilus lecontei lecontei Baird and Girard Rhinocheilus lecontei lecontei Klauber, 1941, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 296. Range.-California from Mendocino and Lassen counties south­ ward; southwestern Idaho, Nevada, soutl1western Utah, and south­ ern and western Arizona; northern Lower California. Common name.-Western long-nosed snake. 212 CHECK LIST

Rhinocheilus lecontei clarus Klauber Rhinocheilus lecontei clams Klauber, 1941, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 308, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2, map. Range.-The Borego and Coachella valleys, with scattered occm­ rences in the Colorado, Mojave, and Yuma deserts in southern Cali­ fornia, southwestern Arizona, exh·eme southern Nevada, and north­ ward in Utah to Tooele County. Common name.-Desert long-nosed snake. Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Garman Rhinocheilus lecontei var. tessellatus Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., 8, no. 3, p. 74.-Monclova, Coahuila. Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus Klauber, 1941, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 302, pl. 12, fig. 2, pl. 13, fig. 3, map. Range.-Central and southern New Mexico, southwestern Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma, and Texas; adjacent Coahuila and Nuevo Le6n. Common name.-Texas long-nosed snake. Contia Baird and Girard Contia Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 110.-Type: mitis = tenuis. Lodia Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 116.-Type: tenuis. Contia tenuis Baird and Girard Calamaria tenuis Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 176.-Puget Sound, Washington. Contia tenuis Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. l, p. 91. Contia mitis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 111.­ San Jose, California, and Oregon; restr. to San Jose, California. Ablabes purpureocauda Gunther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 245. Range.-Puget Sound to south cenb.-al California. Common name.-Sharp-tailed snake.

Sonora Baird and Girard Sonora Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 117.-Type: semiannulata. Sonora episcopa Kennicott Lamprosoma episcopum Kennicott, 1859, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, p. 22, pl. 8, fig. 2.-Eagle Pass, Maverick County, Texas. Sonora episcopa Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 184. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 213

Sonora episcopa episcopa Kennicott Sonora episcopa episcopa Stickel, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wah., 56: 121. Contia episcopa torquata Cope, 1880, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17: 21.-North­ westem Texas. Contia nuchalis Schenkel, 1901, Verb. Nat. Ges. Basel, 8: 162.-Fort Wortl1, Texas. Range.-Eastern Colorado, Kansas, and western Missouri, through eastern New Mexico, Oklahoma, and central Texas. Common name.-Great Plains ground snake.

Sonora episcopa taylori Boulenger Contia taylori Boulenger, 1894, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 2: 265, pl. 12, fig. 3. - Duval County, Texas, and Nuevo Leon; restr. to Duval County, Texas. Range.-South Texas and southward into Nuevo Le6n, Mexico. Common name.-South Texas ground snake.

Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard Sonora semiannulata Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. . Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 117.-Sonora; restr. to Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona ( cf. Stickel, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56: 119 ). Range.-Western United States. Common name.-Ground snake.

Sonora semiannulata semiannulata Baird and Girard Sonora semiannulata semiannulata Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 185. Range.-Region of Santa Rita Mountains, Pima and Santa Cruz counties, Arizona. Common name.-Santa Rita ground snake.

Sonora semiannulata isozona Cope Contia isozona Cope, 1866, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 18: 304.-Utali, and Forts Whipple and Mohave, Arizona; restr. to Fort Whipple, Yavapai County, Arizona. Sonora semiannulata isozona Stickel, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56: 120. Sonom miniata miniata Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 187.-2 miles north­ west of Mesa, Maricopa County, Arizona. Range.-Southern Idaho, southward through Utah and Nevada to Arizona and to the Panamint Mountains of California; southward in Lower California. Common nam.ea-Great Basin ground snake. 214 CHECK LIST

Sonora semiannulata linearis Stickel Sonora miniata linearis Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 189.-Seeley, Imperial County, California. Sonora semiannulata 1-inearis Stickel, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56: 121. Range.-Southeastern California. Common name.- Vermilion-lined ground snake.

Sonora semiannulata blancharcli Stickel Sonora semiannulata blanclwrdi Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 185.- orth­ eastern slopes of Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas and southern New Mexico; adjacent Chihuahua. Common name.-Trans-Pecos ground snake.

Sonora semiannulata gloydi Stickel Sonora semiannulata gloydi Stickel, 1938, Copeia, 1938: 186.-Bright Angel Trail, Lower Sonoran level, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Range.-Lower Sonoran levels of the Grand Canyon. Common name.-Grand Canyon ground snake.

Chionactis Cope Chionactis Cope, 1860, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 241.-Type: occi­ pitale. Sonora (part) Stejneger and Barbour, 1943, Check list, ed. 5, p. 154.

Chionactis occipitalis Hallowell Rhinostoma occipitale Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 95.­ Mojave Desert. Chio11actis occipitalis Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 241; Klauber, 1951, Trans. San Di ego Soc. at. Hist., 11: 151, pis. 9, 10, map. Range.-Southwestern Arizona and southeastern California, with adjacent Nevada and Sonora. Common name.-Shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis occipitalis occipitalis Hallowell Chionactis occipitalis occip-italis Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 1: 35. Range.-The Mojave Desert region in southwestern Inyo County, eastern Kem County, northeastern Los Angeles County, parts of San Bernardino and Riverside counties, and northeastern Imperial AMPIDBIANS AND REPTILES 215

County, California; southern Clark County, evada; and south­ western Mohave County, Arizona. Common name.-Mojave shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis occipitalis annulata Baird Lamprosoma annulatum Baird, 1850, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, p. 22, pl. 21.-Colorado Desert. Chionactis occipitalis annulattts Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. at. Mus., 1: 36. Range.-Desert foothills and desert areas of San Diego County, Imperial County ( except northeast of Chocolate Mountains), Cali­ fornia; Yuma County, western and southern Maricopa County, and northwestern Pima County, Arizona; and southward into Sonora. Common name.-Colorado Desert shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis occipitalis Jdauheri Stickel Sonora occipitalis klauberi Stickel, 1941, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6: 138.­ Tucson, Pima County, Arizona. Chionactis occipitalis klauberi Stickel, 1943, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56: 124. Range.-Pima and Pinal counties, Arizona. Common name.-Tucson shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber Chionactis occipitalis talpina Klauber, 1951, Trans. San Diego Soc. at. Hist., 11: 172, pl. 10, fig. 1, map.-50 miles south of Goldfield, on the highway to Beatty, Nye County, Nevada. Range.-Nye and Esmeralda counties, Nevada. Common name.- Nevada shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis palarostris Klauber Sonora palarostris Kl auber, 1937, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 363. -5 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora. Range.- Sonora and western Pima County, Ai·izona. Common name.-Sonora shovel-nosed snake.

Chionactis palarostris organica Klauber Chionactis 7,alarostris organi.ca Klauber, 1951, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11: 178, pl. 10, fig. 2, map.-Sonoyta-Ajo Road, 9 miles north of the U. S.-Mexican border, in tl1 e Organ Pipe Cactus National Monu­ ment, Pima County, Arizona. Range.-Known only from western Pima County, Arizona. Comnwn name.-Organ Pipe shovel-nosed snake. 216 CHECK LIST

Ficimia Gray Ficimia Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 80.-Type: olivacea.

Ficimia cana Cope Gyalopium canum Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 243.-Fort Buchanan, Arizona. Ficimia cana Garman, 1883, Mem. Mu s. Comp. Zool., 8, pt. 3, p. 83. Range.- Westem Texas (from Tom Green and King counties) to Arizona. Common name.-Western hook-nosed snake.

Ficimia olivacea Gray Ficimia olivacea Gray, 1849, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 80.-Mexico; restr. to "central Vera Cruz." Range. -Soutbern Texas to Central America. Common name.-Hook-nosed snake.

Ficimia olivacea streckeri Taylor Ficimia streckeri Taylor, 1931, Copeia, 1931: 5.-Three miles east of Rio Grande City, Texas. Fici.mia olivacea streckeri Smith, 1944, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zoo!. Ser., 29: 139. Range.-Extreme southern Texas; southward in 1exico to Vera Cruz. Common name.-Sb'ecker's hook-nosed snake.

Chilomeniscus Cope Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 339.-Type: stramineus.

Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope Chilomeniscus cinctus Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 303.­ Guaymas, Sonora. Range.-Centrnl and southwestern Arizona; adjacent Sonora and Lower California. C011imon name.-Banded sand snake.

Hypsiglena Cope Hypsiglena Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. at. Sci. Phila., 12: 246.-Type: ochro­ rhynchus. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 217

Hypsiglena torquata Giinther Leptodeira torquata Giinther, 1860, Ann. Mag. at. Hist., ( 3), 5: 170, pl. 10, fig. A.-Laguna Island, Nicaragua. Range.-Southwestern United States to Cenb·al Ame1ica and northern South America. Common name.-Night snake.

Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Cope Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 246. -Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. Hypsiglena torquata ochrorhyncha Bogert and Oliver, 1945, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83: 380. Range.-A.rizona and Trans-Pecos Texas; tip of Lower California. Common name.-Spotted night snake.

Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata Tanner Hypsiglena nuchalatus Tanner, 1943, Great Basin Naturalist, 4: 53, pl. 3, fi g. 2, map.-Lemon Cove, Tulare County, California. Range.-Cenb·al valley of California, from Tehama County at the north to Tulare County at the south, and in the Coast Range south of San Francisco. Common name.-Sierra Nevada night snake.

Hypsiglena torquata klauheri Tanner [New comb.] Hypsiglena o. klauberi Tanner, 1945, Great Basin Naturalist, 5: 71, pl. l, map.-South Coronado Island, Lower California. Range.-Southwestern California, from Los Angeles County south­ ward; adjacent Lower California. Common name.-San Diego night snake.

Hypsiglena torquata deserticola Tanner [New comb.] Hypsiglena o. deserticola Tanner, 1945, Great Basin Naturalist, 5: 59, pl. 1, pl. 3, fi g. 3, map.-Between 3 and 4 miles northwest of Chimney Rock Pass, west side of Cedar Valley, Utah County, Utah. Range.-Great Basin, from western Washington and Oregon and southern Idaho southward through N evada and Utah into Arizona and California. Common name.-Desert night snake. 218 CHECK LIST llypsiglena torquata loreala Tanner [New comb.] Hypsiglena o. lorealus Tanner, 1945, Great Basin Naturalist, 5 : 63, pl. 2, £gs. 1, 8.-Castle Dale, Emery County, Utah. Range.-Eastern Utah and exh·eme southwestern Colorado. Common name.-Mesa Verde night snake.

Hypsiglena torquata texana Stejneger [New comb.] Hypsiglena texana Stejneger, 1893, N. Amer. Fauna, 7 : 205.-Between Laredo and Camargo, Texas. Range.-Southern Kansas, the western third of Oklahoma, and through Texas to New Mexico; adjacent northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Texas night snake.

Leptodeira Fitzinger Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept., p. 27.-Type: anmilata. Leptodeira annulata Linnaeus Coluber annulatus Linnaeus, 1858, Syst. at. , ed. 10, I: 224.-"America"; restr. to Belem, Para, Brazil. Leptodeira annulata Gunther, 1858, Cat. Col. Snakes Brit. Mus., p . 166. Range.-Southern Texas to South America. Common name.-Cat-eyed snake.

Leptodeira annulata septentrionalis Kennicott Dipsas septentrionalis Kennicott, 1859, in Baird, Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, Rept., p. 16, pl. 8, fi g. !.- Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas; res tr. to Brownsville, Texas. Range.- Exh·eme southern Texas; in eastern Mexico to northern Vera Cruz. Common name.- Texas cat-eyed snake.

Trimorphodon Cope T1'imo1-phodon Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 297.-Type: lyrophanes. Trimorphodon lambda Cope Trimorphodon lambda Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23 : 286.-Guay­ mas, Sonora. [Trimorphodon lyrophanes lambda] Klauber, 1940, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9: 186. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 219

Range.-Eastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah; through Arizona to Cochise County; southward in Sonora. Common name.-Sonora lyre snake.

Trimorphodon vandenburghi Klauber Trimorphodon vandenburghi K.lauber, 1924, Bull. San Diego Zool. Soc., I: 17, fig. 3.-Wildwood Ranch (1,520 feet alt.), 5 miles southwest of Ramona, San Diego County, California. Range.-Coastal and dese1t southern California, from Los Angeles County and the Argus Mountains, Inyo County, southward to the Mexican border. Common name.-California lyre snake.

Trimorphodon vilkinsoni Cope Trimorphoclon vilkinsonii Cope, 1886, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 23: 285.­ Chihuahua; restr. to vicinity of city of Chihuahua. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas in the vicinity of El Paso; adjacent Chihuahua. Common name.-Texas lyre snake.

Oxybelis Wagler Oxybelis Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., p. 183.- Type: aeneus.

Oxybelis aeneus Wagler Dryinus aeneus Wagler, 1824, in Spix, Serp. Bras., p. 12, pl. 3.-Forest near the river Solimoens, near Ega. Oxybelis aeneus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854, Erpet. Gen., 7: 819. Range.-Tropical South America; northward through Central America and Mexico to southern Arizona. Common narne.-Vine snake.

Oxybelis aeneus auratus Bell Dryinus auratus Bell, 1825, Zool. Jour., 2: 324, pl. 12.- Mexico; restr. to Sonora. Oxybelis aeneus auratus Bogert and Oliver, 1945, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83: 381. Oxybelis microphthalmus Barbour and Amaral, 1926, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 9: 80.-Calabasas Canyon, Santa Cruz County, California. Range.-Southern Arizona; southward in Mexico. Common name. -Mexican vine snake. 220 CHECK LIST

Tantilla Baird and Girard Tantilla Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l , p. 131.- Type: coronata. Tantilla atriceps Gunther Homalocranium atriceps Gunther, 1895, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rept., p. 146, pl. 52, fig. B.-Nuevo Le6n, Mexico. Tantilla atriceps Blanchard, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 372. Range.-Oklahoma, Texas, and Arizona; northern Mexico. Common name.-Mexican black-headed snake.

Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard Tantilla coronata Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. i , p. 131. -Kemper County, Mississippi. Range.-Southeastern United States. Common name.-Crowned snake.

Tantilla coronata coronata Baird and Girard Tantilla coronata coronata Blanchard, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 369. Range.-Soullieastern United States, from Virginia and Kentucky. southward; west to Louisiana, with the exception of peninsular Florida. Common name.-Crowned snake.

Tantilla coronata wagneri Jan Homalocranium wagneri Jan, 1862, Arch. Zool. Modena, 2: 51.-Florida. Tantilla coronata wagneri Blanchard, 1938, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20: 369. Range.-Peninsular Florida. Common name.-Florida crowned snake.

Tantilla eiseni Stejneger Tantilla eiseni Stejneger, 1896, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18: 117.-Fresno, California. Range.-Southern California. Common name.-California black-headed snake.

Tantilla eiseni eiseni Stejneger Tantilla eiseni [eiseni] Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 72. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 221

Range.-Southern California, except the southeastern desert re­ gion. Common name.-California black-headed snake.

Tantilla eiseni transmontana Klauber Tantilla eiseni transmontana Klauber, 1943, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10: 71.-One mile east of Yaqui Well, San Diego County, Cali­ fornia. Range.-San Diego County, California, east of the Coast Range; Palm Springs, Riverside County. Common name.-Dese1t black-headed snake.

Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 132.­ Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas. Range.-Cenb·al Missouri and eastern Kansas, through Oklahoma and Arkansas to eastern Texas. Common name.-Slender flat-headed snake.

Tantilla gracilis gracilis Baird and Girard Tantilla gracilis gracilis Burt, 1934, Amer. Midi. Nat., 16: 336. Range.-Southern Oklahoma, adjacent Arkansas, and into cenrral Texas. Common name.-Slender flat-headed snake.

Tantilla gracilis hallowelli Cope Tantilla hallowelli Cope, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 77.-Kansas; restr. to vicinity of Manhattan. Tantilla gracilis hallowelli Smith, 1950, Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ., 2: 257. Range.-Eastern Kansas into Oklahoma and presumably Nebras­ ka, eastward to western Illinois. Common name.-Northern flat-headed snake.

Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott Tantilla nigriceps Kennicott, 1860, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 12: 328.­ Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas. Range.-The Great Plains region. Common name.-Great Plains black-headed snake. 224 CHECK LIST

Ancistrodon [emendation] Baird, 1854, Serp. New York, p. 13; Smith, 1943, Fauna of British India, Serpents, p. 494. Agkistrodon [emendation] Stejneger and Barbour, 1917, Check list, ed. 1, p. 106.

Ancistrodon contortrix Linnaeus Boa contortrix Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. , ed. 12, 1: 373.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Ancistrodon contortrix Baird, 1854, Serp. New York, p. 13. Range.-Eastern and southeastern United States. Common name.-Copperhead.

Ancistrodon contortrix contortrix Linnaeus Ancistrodon contortrix contortrix Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 8. Agkistrodon mokeson austrinus Gloyd and Conant, 1943, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7: 153, £gs. 2, 8.-Gentilly, Orleans Parish, Louisiana. Range.-Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, from Maryland to east­ ern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma; absent in peninsular Florida; northward in the Mississippi Basin to western Tennessee, Arkansas, Missomi, and southern Illinois. Common name.-Southern copperhead.

Ancistrodon contortrix mokeson Daudin Cenchris mokeson Daudin, 1803, Hist. Nat. Rept., 5: 358.-Vicinity of Phila­ delphia. Ancistrodon contortl'ix mokeson Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 8. Scytalus cupreus Ra£nesque, 1818, Amer. Jour. Sci., 1: 84.-Fishkill, Putnam County, New York. Acontias atro-fuscus Troost, 1836, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 181.­ Maury County, Tennessee. Range.-Massachnsetts and Connecticut, extreme southeastern New York, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Dela­ ware, Virginia, and North Carolina; westward through southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; Kentucky and Tennessee; extreme south­ eastern Iowa, Missouri, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, and northwestern Arkansas. Common name.-Northern copperhead.

Ancistrodon contortrix laticinctus Gloyd and Conant Agkistrodon mokasen laticiri ctus Gloyd and Conant, 1934, 0 cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mi ch. , 283: 2, pl. 1.-26 miles northwest of San Antonio, Bexa r County, Texas. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 225

Ancistrodon contortrix laticinctus Klauber, 1948, Copeia, 1948: 8. Range.-Central and north central Texas, northward through cen­ tral Oklahoma to Cowley County, Kansas. Common name.-Broad-banded copperhead.

Ancistrodon contortrix pictigaster Gloyd and Conant Agkistrodon mokeson pictigaster Gloyd and Conant, 1943, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7: 156, fig. 10.-Maple Canyon, Chisos Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas, in moist valleys. Common name.-Trans-Pecos copperhead.

Ancistrodon piscivorus Lacepede Crotalus piscivorus Lacepede, 1789, Hist. Nat. Serp., 2, table methodique, p. 130. Ancistrodon piscivorus Cope, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11: 336. Range.-Southeastem United States. Common name.-Water moccasin, cottonmouth.

Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Lacepede Ancistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Cope, 1875, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1: 34. Coluber aquaticus Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3: 425, pl. 3.-Carolina; restr. to vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina. Range.-Lower Atlantic coastal plain from southeastern Virginia southward, throughout Florida, and to southeastern Alabama. Common name.-Eastern cottonmouth, eastern water moccasin.

Ancistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Troost Acontias leucostoma Troost, 1836, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 3: 176, pl. 5, figs. 1-4.-Western Tennessee; restr. to 10 miles northeast of Boli­ var, Hardeman County, Tennessee. Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma Gloyd and Conant, 1943, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 7: 164, map 2. Toxicophis pu.gnll!X Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rcpt., pt. l, pp. 20, 156. Range.-Southwestern Alabama, the lower Mississippi Basin, in­ cluding Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, western Tennessee, and Kentucky, southern Missouri and southern Illinois ( northernmost record in Monroe County), westward to eastern Oklahoma, and in Texas to the lower Rio Grande. Common riame.-Western cottonmouth, western water moccasin. 226 CHECK LIST

Sistrurus Garman Sistruros Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, no. 3, p. 110.-Type: miliarius. · Sistrurus catenatus Rafinesque Crotalinus catenatus Rafin esque, 1818, A.mer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., 4: 41.-Prairies of the upper Missouri; restr. to vicinity of Kansas City, Missouri. Sistrorus cate11att1s Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, no. 3, p. 176; Evans and Gloyd, 1948, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8: 229, fig . 1 (map). Range.-The Great Plains and prairie regions southward from Ne­ braska into northern Mexico; the Prairie Peninsula, eastward to Pennsylvania. Common name.-Massasauga.

Sistrurus catenatus catenatus Rafinesque Sistruros catenatus catenatus Cope, 1900, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898: 1146, fig. 329. Crotalus messaugus Kirtland, 1838, Mather's 2nd Rep. Geo!. Surv. Ohio, p. 190.-Ohio. Crotalophorus kirtlandi Holbrook, 1842, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 2, 3: 31, pl. 6. -Ohio and Mi chigan; restr. to Trnmbull County, Ohio. Range.-Cenb:al New York and Pennsylvania through Ohio into Michigan, northern Indiana and Illinois, southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and thrnugh Missouri. Common name.-Eastern massasauga.

Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus Say Crotalus tergeminus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., I: 499.-Lo­ cality not stated; designated as headwaters of Arkansas River. Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus Klauber, 1936, 0cc. Papers San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 1: 6. Crotalophorus edwardsii Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 15.-Tamaulipas. Range.-Great Plains, Nebraska, Kansas, and eastern Colorado through Oklahoma to western Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona; adjacent northeastern Mexico. Common name.-Westem massasauga.

Sistrurus miliarius Linnaeus Crotalus miliarius Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. 1at. , ed. 12, I: 372.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Sistrurus miliarius Garman, 1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 8, no. 3, p. 177. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 227

Range.-Southeastern United States. Common name.-Pigmy rattlesnake.

Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Linnaeus Sistrurus miliarius miliarius Gloyd, 1935, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 322: 7. Range.-Upper Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, from North Caro­ lina to Alabama, exclusive of Florida. Common name.-Carolina pigmy rattlesnake.

Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd Sistrurus miliarius barbouri Gloyd, 1935, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 322: 2.-Royal Palm Hammock, Dade County, Florida. Range.-Florida and lower Gulf coastal plain, westward to Missis­ sippi, north to South Carolina. Common name.-Southeastern pigmy rattlesnake.

Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd Sistrurus miliarius streckeri Gloyd, 1935, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 322: 4.-lmboden, Lawrence County, Arkansas. Range.-Western Mississippi and southwestern Tennessee into southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana; west to central Texas. Common name.-Western pigmy rattlesnake.

Crotalus Linnaeus Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 214.-Type: horridus.

Crotalus horridus Linnaeus Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I: 214.-America; restr. to vicinity of New York City. Range.-Eastern North America. Common name.-Timber rattlesnake.

Crotalus horridus horridus Linnaeus Crotalus horridus horridus Gloyd, 1935, Copeia, 1935: 176. Crotalus boiquira Lacepede, 1789, Hist. Nat. Serp., 2: 130, 390, pl. 18, Bg. 1.-America; restr. to Lake Champlain. Crotalinus cyanurus Rafinesque, 1818, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev. , 3: 446; 4: 41.-"The barrens of Kentucky." Crotal-us durissus var. co11col01· Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 10: 153. 228 CHECK LIST

Range.-Northeastern North America: New England21 and the mid-Atlantic states ( except Delaware), southward in the Appalach­ ians through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama; west­ ward in Ohio, southern Indiana, and Kentucky and Tennessee; west­ ern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma; MissoU1i and eastern Kansas; southeastern Nebraska; in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota in rock cliffs along rivers. Extreme southern Ontario. Common name.-Timber rattlesnake.

Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Latreille Crotalus atricaudatus Latreille, 1802, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 3: 209.-Carolina; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Crotalus horridus atricaudatus Gloyd, 1935, Copeia, 1935: 176. Crotalus catesbaei Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rept., p. 63.-North Amer­ ica; restr. to New Orleans. Crotalus durissus var. melanurus Jan, 1859, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 10: 153. Range.-Coastal plains of South Atlantic and Gulf states, into northern Florida, west to central Texas and extreme southeastern Oklahoma; nortl1ward in the Mississippi Basin through Arkansas and Tennessee to southeastern Missouri, western Kentucky, and ex­ treme southern Illinois. Common name.-Canebrake rattlesnake.

Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard Crotalus molossus Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. 1, p. 10. -Fort Webster, Santa Rita del Cobre, New Mexico. Range.-Central Texas to Arizona; southward into Mexico. Common name.-Black-tailed rattlesnake.

Crotalus molossus molossus Baird and Girard Crotalus molossus molossus Gloyd, 1936, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 325: 2. Crotalus ornatus Hallowell, 1854, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7: 192.­ Pecos River between El Paso and San Antonio. Range.-Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas; central Texas; adjacent states of Mexico. Common name.-Northern black-tailed rattlesnake.

21 Apparently extinct in Maine. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 229

Crotalus pricei Van Denburgh Crotalu.s price-i Van Denburgh, 1895, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 5: 856.­ Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona. Range.-Southeastern Arizona; adjacent Sonora and Chihuahua, and southward in Mexico. Common name.-Twin-spotted rattlesnake.

Crotalus pricei pricei Van Denburgh Crotalus pricei price-i Smith, 1946, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 31: 79. Range.-Southeastern Arizona, southward to Durango in western Mexico. Common name.-Arizona twin-spotted rattlesnake.

Crotalus lepidus Kennicott Caudisona lepida Kennicott, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 206.­ Presidio del Norte and Eagle Pass, Texas; restr. to Presidio de! Norte, Texas. Crotalus lepidus Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 35: 13. Range.-Western Texas to southern Arizona, southward on the Mexican plateau. Common name.-Rock rattlesnake.

Crotalus lepidus lepidus Kennicott Crotalus lepidus lepidus Gloyd, 1936, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 337: 4, pl. l, fig. 2. Crotalu.s palme-ri Garman, 1887, Bull. Essex Inst., 19: 124.-Monclova, Coa­ huila. Range.-Trans-Pecos Texas, and southeastward to Real and Mav­ erick counties. Common name.-Mottled rock rattlesnake.

Crotalus lepidus klauheri Gloyd Crotalus lepidu.s klauberi Gloyd, 1936, 0cc. Papers Mus. Zoo!. Univ. Mich., 337: 2, pl. l, fig. 1.-Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Range.-Southeastem Arizona, west central New Mexico, and ex­ treme western Texas; adjacent states of Mexico. Common name.-Banded rock rattlesnake. Crotalus scutulatus Kennicott Caudisona scutulata Kennicott., 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 207.­ Type locality not stated; designated as Mojave Desert, California. 230 CHECK LIST

Crotalus scutulatus Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 117, 137, pl. 12, fig. 1. Range.-Mexican plateau to the southwestern United States. Common name.-Shield-headed rattlesnake.

Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus Kennicott Crotal·us scutulatus scutulatus Gloyd, 1940, Spec. Puhl. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4: 200, map 15. Range.-Mojave Desert, into southern Nevada, the southwestern comer of Utah, western and southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas; adjacent states in Mexico, south­ ward to central Mexico. Common name.-Mojave rattlesnake.

Crotalus adamanteus Beauvois Crotalus adamanteus Beauvois, 1799, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 4: 368,:__ United States; restr. to Charleston, South Carolina. Crotalus rhombifer Latreille, 1802, in Sonnini and Latreille, Hist. Nat. Rept., 3: 197.-America; restr. to Gainesville, Florida. Range.-Coastal North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and Gulf coastal plain to eastern Louisiana; throughout Florida. Common name.-Eastem diamond rattlesnake.

Crotalus atrox Baird and Girard Crotal·us atrox Baird and Girard, 1853, Cat. N. Amer. Rept., pt. l, p. 5.­ Indianola, Calhoun County, Texas. Caudisona atrox var. sonoraensis Kennicott, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 206.-Sonora and vicinity. Range.-Centi-al Arkansas, westward through southern and west­ ern Oklahoma, south through all of Texas except the extreme east; southern New Mexico and Arizona, into southeastern California; adjacent states of Mexico, with an isolated colony in Oaxaca. Common name.-Western diamond rattlesnake.

Crotalus ruher Cope Crotalus adamanteus ruber Cope, 1892, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14: 690.­ No type locality stated; designated as vicinity of San Diego, California. Range.-Southwestem California, west of the Coast Range; south­ ward into Lower California (with C. r. lucasensis at the south) . Common name.-Red diamond rattlesnake. AMPIIlBIANS AND REPTILES 231

Crotalus ruber ruher Cope Crotalus ruber ruber Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11: 59. Range.-Southwestern California, west of the Coast Range; south­ ward in Lower California to the Sierra de la Giganta. Cornman name.-Red diamond ra'ttlesnake.

Crotalus viridis Rafinesque Crotalinus viridis Rafinesque, 1818, Amer. Monthly Mag. Crit. Rev., 4: 41.-The prairies of the upper Missouri; restr. to Pierre, South Dakota. Crotalus viriclis Klauber, 1936, Trans. San. Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 240. Range.-Western No1th America. Common name.-Prairie rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis viridis Rafinesque Crotalt1s viriclis viriclis Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 191. Crotaltts confl,uentus Say, 1823, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 2: 48.-"Valley of the Arkansa," near Bells Springs, Colorado. Caudisona lecontei Hallowell, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi.la., 6: 180.­ Cross Timbers, Oklahoma. Crotalus confl,uentus p·ulvernlentus Cope, 1883, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi.la., 35 : 11.-Lake Valley, New Mexico. Range.-Great Plains, from Alberta and Saskatchewan through Montana, southwestern North Dakota, eastern Wyoming, most of South Dakota (reaching the Iowa border), western Nebraska and Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and Texas, most of New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, northern Mexico. Common name.-Prairie rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber Crotalm confl,uentus ltttosus Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 100.-10 miles northwest of Abraham, Millard County, Utah. Crotalus viridis lutosus Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 191. Range.-The Great Basin, southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, most of Utah and Nevada, northeastern California, and extreme northwestern Arizona. Common name.-Great Basin rattlesnake, 232 CHECK LIST

Crotalus viridis oreganus Holbrook Crotalus oreganus Holbrook, 1840, N. Amer. Herp., ed. 1, 4: ll5, pl. 29 [= 24].-Columbia River; restr. to confluence of Columbia and Snake rivers, Washington. Crotalus viridis oreganus Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 191. Crotalus lucifer Baird and Girard, 1852, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6: 177. -California and Oregon; restr. to western Oregon. Range.-Southern British Columbia, through central Washington, western Oregon except the coastal strip, and California southward to Monterey, and exclusive of the southeastern desert region. Common name.-Northern Pacific rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis helleri Meek Crotalus helleri Meek, 1905, Field Col. Mus., Zoo!. Ser., 7: 17.-San Jose, Lower California. Crotalus viridis helleri Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Di ego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11: 77, pl. 4, fig. 2. Range.-Southwestern California; south into northwestern Lower California. Common name.-Southern Pacific rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis Cerberus Coues Caudisona lucifer var. cerberus Coues, 1875, in Wheeler, Exp!. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Zool., 5: 606.-San Francisco Mountains, Coconino County, Arizona. Crotalus viridis cerberus Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Zool. Soc., 11: 83, pl. 5, fig. I. Range.-Centrnl eastern Arizona and extreme western New Mex­ ico. Common name.-A.dzona black rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber Crotalus confluentus nuntius Klauber, 1935, Trans. San Diego Zool. Soc., 8: 78, pl. 8, £g. 1, map 1.-Caiion Diablo, Coconino County, Arizona. Crotalus viridis nuntius Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Zool. Soc., 8: 242, figs. 68, 86. Range.-Basin of the Little Colorado River, north central and northeastern Arizona. Common name.-Arizona prairie rattlesnake. AMPIDBIANS AND REPTILES 233

Crotalus viridis abyssus Klauber Crotaltis confluentt1s abyssus Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 114, pl. 11, fig. !.-Tanner Trail, 300 feet below south rim of Grand Canyon, Coconino County, Arizona. Crotaltis viridis abysSt1s Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 242, figs. 68, 87. Range.-Grand Canyon of the Colorado, Coconino County, Ari­ zona. Common name.-Grand Canyon rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis decolor Klauber Crotalus concolor Woodbury, 1929, Bull. Univ. Utah, 20: [3], figs. 1, 2.­ King's Ranch, base of Henry Mountains, Garfield County, Utah (not of Jan). Crotalus confluentus decolor Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: lll.-Grand Junction, Mesa County, Colorado. Crotalus viridis decolor Gloyd, 1940, Spec. Puhl. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4: 216. Range.-Basins of the Colorado and Green rivers in eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and extreme western Colorado. Common name.-Midget faded rattlesnake.

Crotalus mitchelli Cope Caudisona mitchelli Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 293.­ Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Crotalus mitchellii Cope, 1875, in Yarrow, Surv. W. 100th Mer., 5: 535. Range.-Desert regions of southwestern United States, Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Speckled rattlesnake.

Crotalus mitchelli pyrrhus Cope Caudisona pyrrha Cope, 1867, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18: 308.-Caiion Prieto, Yavapai County, Arizona. Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus Stejneger, 1895, Ann. Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893: 456. Range.-Southern California, extreme southern Nevada, south­ western Arizona; northern Lower California. Common name.-Southwestern speckled rattlesnake.

Crotalus mitchelli stephensi Klauber Crotalus confluentus stephensi Klauber, 1930, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6: 108.-2 miles west of Jackass Springs, 6,200 feet alt., Panarnint Mountains, Inyo County, California. 234 CHECK LIST

Crotalus mitchellii stephensi Klauber, 1936, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8: 162, pl. 20, fig. 2, text fig. 2. Range.-Southeastern California and southwestern Nevada, north of the range of pyrrhus. Common name.-Panamint rattlesnake.

Crotalus tigris Kennicott Crotalus tigris Keqnicott, 1859, in Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 4.-Sierra Verde and Pozo Verde, Ari zona = Arizona boundary with Sonora near Sasabe, Arizona. Range.-Southern and cenh·al Arizona; northeastern and central Sonora. Common name.-Tiger rattlesnake.

Crotalus willardi Meek Crotalus willardi Meek, 1905, Field Col. Mus., Zool. Ser., 7: 18.-Tomb­ stone, Cochise County, Arizona, in errore = above Hamburg, middle branch of Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Range.-Southeastern Arizona to the Mexican states of Durango and Zacatecas. Common name.-Ridge-nosed rattlesnake.

Crotalus willardi willardi Meek Crotaltts willardi willardi Klauber, 1949, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11: 125, pl. 8, fig. l , map. Range.-Southeastern Arizona grasslands in the Huachuca and Santa Rita mountains. Common name.-Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake.

Crotalus cerastes Hallowell Crotalus cerastes Hallowell , 1854, Proc. Acad. al. Sci. Phila., 7: 95.­ Mojave Desert. Range.-Mojave and Colorado deserts. Common name.-Sidewinder, horned rattlesnake.

Crotalus cerastes cerastes Hallowell Crotalus cerastes cerastes Klauber, 1944, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., I 0, pl. 5, fig. 1. Range.-Southeastern California and southern Nevada, extreme AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 235 southwestern Utah, and western borders of Arizona, north of the range of Crotalus cerastes laterorepens. Common name.-Mojave Dese1 sidewinder.

Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber Crotalus cerastes laterorepens Klauber, 1944, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10, pl. 5, fig. 2, map. Range.-Colorado Desert in southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, and adjacent Lower California and Sonora. Common name.-Colorado Desert sidewinder. INTRODUCED FORMS AMPHIBIA: SALIENTIA Hyla septentrionalis Boulenger Hyla septentrionalis Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Brit. Mus., p. 368.­ Cuba and Santo Domingo; restr. to Cuba. Range.-Cuba and Bahama Islands; introduced and established on Key West and Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida. Common name.-Cuban tree frog.

Eleutherodactylus ricordi Dumeril and Bibron Hylodes ricordii Dumeril and Bibron, 1841, Erpet. Gen., 8: 623.-Cuba; restr. to Oriente. Eleutherodactylus ricordii Stejneger, 1905, Shattuck's Bahama Islands, p. 331 [for form of name only]. Range.-Cuba and Bahama Islands; inb_.oduced in Florida. Common name.-Ricord's frog.

Eleutherodactylus ricordi planirostris Cope Hylodes planirostris Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14: 153.­ New Providence Island, Bahama Islands. Eleutherodactylus ricordii planirostris Shreve, 1945, Copeia, 1945: 117. Range.-Bahama Islands and western Cuba; inh·oduced in Flor­ ida, where it ranges north to Alachua County. Common name.-Greenhouse frog (for the Florida populations).

REPTILIA: SAURIA22 Gonatodes fuscus Hallowell Stenodactylus fuscus Hallowell, 1855, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ( 2), 3: 33.-Nicaragua. Gonatodes fuscus Carr, 1940, Copeia, 1939: 232. Range.-Caribbean coasts, West Indies generally; introduced in Key West and elsewhere in Florida. Common name.-Yellow-headed gecko.

22 Lacerta melisellensis, introduced in Philadelphia in 1927, persisted for a few years ( Kauffeld, 1932, Copeia, 1931: 163) but now seems to have dis­ appeared ( Conant, in litt. ) . 236 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 237

Hemidactylus turcicus Linnaeus Lacerta turcica Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1: 202.-In Oriente; restr. to Turkey in Asia. Hemidactylus turcicus Boettger, 1876, Ber. Offenbacher Ver. Naturk., 1876: 57. Range.-Mediterranean coasts and islands southward on the coasts of the Red Sea; in eastern Africa to northern Kenya Colony, and eastward to northwestern India. Common name.-Turkish gecko.

Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus Linnaeus Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus Mertens, 1925, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 39: 60. Range.-Mediterranean coasts and islands; southward into Egypt and along the northern coasts of the Red Sea; introduced in the West Indies, and in Key West and the Miami area in Florida. Common name.-Turkish gecko.

Sphaerodactylus cinereus Wagler Sphaerodactylus cinereus Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., p. 143.-Haiti. Range.-Haiti, Cuba, and adjacent islands; introduced on Key West and Key Largo, Florida. Common name.-Ashy gecko.

Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird Sphaerodactylus notatus Baird, 1858, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10: 254. -Key West, Florida. Range.-Bahama Islands and Cuba; apparently introduced in southern Florida. Common name.-Reef gecko.

Anolis distichus Cope Anolis distichus Cope, 1861, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13: 208.- New Providence Island, Bahama Islands. Anolis distichus floridanus Smith and McCauley, 1948, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 61: 160.-Brickell Park, Miami, Florida. Range.-Hispaniola and Bahama Islands; introduced in the Miami area in Florida. Common name.-Yellow-throated anolis. 238 CHECK LIST

Anolis sagrei Cocteau Anolis sagrei Cocteau, 1837, in Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen., 4: 149.­ Cuba. Range.-Island of Cuba to Cenb·al American coasts, Bahamas, and Florida Keys. Common name.-De la Sagra's anolis, brown anolis.

Anolis sagrei sagrei Cocteau Anolis sagrei sagrei Oliver, 1948, Amer. Mus. ov., 1383: 25. Range.-Cuba and the Isle of Pines; introduced in Florida in the Tampa area. Common name.-Cuban brown anolis.

Anolis sagrei ordinatus Cope Anolis ordinatus Cope, 1864, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 16: 175.-West Indies; restr. to ew Providence, Bahama Islands. Anolis sagrei ordinatus Oliver, 1948, Amer. Mus. Nov., 1383: 25. Range.-Bahama Islands; intrnduced in the Lake Worth area in Florida. Common name.-Bahaman brown anolis.

Leiocephalus carinatus Gray Leiocephalus carinatus Gray, 1827, Phil. Mag., (2), 2: 208.-West Indies; restr. to Cuba. Range.-Cuba and Bahama Islands. Common name.-Bahaman crested lizard.

Leiocephalus carinatus virescens Stejneger Leiocephalus virescens Stejneger, 1900, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 23: 471.­ Green Cay, Bahama Islands. Leiocephalus carinatus virescens Barbour, 1937, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 82: 135. Range.-Green Cay, Bahama Islands; introduced in the Miami area, Florida. Common name.-Green Cay crested lizard . INDEX abacura, Farancia, 185 Agkistrodon laticinctus, 224 abacurus, Coluber, 185 Agkistrodon leucostoma, 225 Abastor, 185 Agkistrodon pictigaster, 225 Abastor erythrogrammus, 185 Alabama map turtle, 97 abbotti, Coleonyx, 113 Alabama salamander, 31 Ablabes occipitalis, 183 Alabama sawback turtle, 97 Ablabes purpureocauda, 212 alabamensis, Necturus, 13 Abranchus, 11 alabamensis, Pseudemys, 101 abyssus, Crotalus, 233 Alameda skink, 153 acheta, Acris, 68 albagula, Pletbodon, 34 Acontias atro-fuscus, 224 albus, Scaphiopus, 58 Acontias leucostoma, 225 Alkali toad, 62 Acris, 67 alleganiensis, Cryptobranchus, 11 Acris acheta, 68 alleganiensis, Salamandra, 11 Acris blanchardi, 68 alleghaniensis, Scotophis, 198 Acris bufonia, 68 Allegheny mountain salamander, 30 Acris crepitans, 68 alleni, Helicops, 178 Acris dorsalis, 68 alleni, Liodytes, 178 Acris gryllus, 67 Allen's mud snake, 178 Acris paludicola, 68 Alligator, 112 acutus, Crocodylus, 111 alligator, Lacerta, 112 adamanteus, Crotalus, 230 Alligator missisipensis, 112 aeneus, Aneides, 50 Alligator mississipiensis, 112 aeneus, Desmognatbus, 28 Alligator snapping turtle, 87 aeneus, Dryinus, 219 alterna, Lampropeltis, 204 aeneus, Oxybelis, 219 alternus, Ophibolus, 204 aeneus, Pletbodon, 50 alvarius, Bufo, 61 aesopus, Rana, 79 amabilis, Diadophis, 181 aestivus, Coluber, 191 Amargosa toad, 62 aestivus, Opheodrys, 191 amaura, Lampropeltis, 209 affinis, Holbrookia, 122 amblygrammus, Eumeces, 152 affinis, Hyla, 69 Amblystoma aterrimum, 16 affinis, Pituophis, 204 Amblystoma bicolor, 22 Agama collaris, 116 Amblystoma cingulatum, 18 Agama cornuta, 133 Amblystoma conspersum, 22 Agama coronatum, 133 Amblystoma copeanum, 22 Agama douglassii, 134 Amblystoma decorticatum, 19 agassizi, Chelonia, 106 Amblystoma epixantbum, 20 agassizi, Gopherus, 105 Amblystoma fuscum, 19 agassizi, Platypeltis, 109 Amblystoma jeffersonianurn, 19 agassizi, Trionyx, 109 Amblystoma krausei, 20 agassizii, Amyda, 109 Amblystoma laterale, 19 agassizii, Xerobates, 105 Amblystoma microstomum, 21 Agassiz's soft-shelled turtle, 109 Amblystoma obscurum, 22 Agkishodon, 223 Amblystorna platineum, 19 Agkistrodon, 224 Amblystoma tenebrosum, 16 Agkistrodon austrinus, 224 Amblystoma trisruptum, 23 239 240 CHECK LIST

Amblystoma xiphias, 22 Ancistrodon, 223 Ambyostoma californiense, 23 Ancistrodon contortrix, 224 Ambystoma, 17 Ancistrodon laticinctus, 224 Ambystoma annulatum, 18 Ancistrodon leucostoma, 225 Ambystoma bishopi, 18 Ancistrodon mokeson, 224 Ambystoma carolinae, 20 Ancistrodon pictigaster, 225 Ambystoma cingulatum, 18 Ancistrodon piscivorus, 225 Ambystoma decorticatum, 19 andersoni, Hyla, 69 Ambystoma diaboli, 22 Aneides, 49 Ambystoma gracile, 18 Aneides aeneus, 50 Ambystoma jeffersonianum, 19 Aneides farallonensis, 51 Ambystoma mabeei, 20 Aneides ferreus, 50 Ambystoma macrodactylum, 20 Aneides flavipunctatus, 50 Ambystoma maculatum, 20 Aneides hardyi, 51 Ambystoma mavortium, 22 Aneides lugubris, 51 Ambystoma melanostictum, 22 Aneides niger, 50 Ambystoma nebulosum, 23 Anguidae, 137 Ambystoma opacum, 21 Anguis ventralis, 137 Ambystoma paroticum, 19 angulatus, Chorophilus, 71 Ambystoma proserpine, 23 angusticlavius, Plethodon, 33 Ambystoma slateri, 22 angustirostris, Eutaenia, 167 Ambystoma stejnegeri, 20 angustirostris, Thamnophis, 167 Ambystoma talpoideum, 21 annectens, Pituophis, 204 Ambystoma texanum, 21 Anniella, 141 Ambystoma tigrinum, 21 Anniella nigra, 142 Ambystoma vehiculum, 39 Anniella pulchra, 141 Ambystome argus, 20 Anniellidae, 141 Ambystornidae, 16 annulata, Chionactis, 215 Ameiva tessellata, 143 annulata, Lampropeltis, 209 American alligator, 112 annulata, Leptodeira, 218 American crocodile, 112 annulatum, Ambystoma, 18 American toad, 65 annulatum, Lamprosoma, 215 americanus, Bufo, 65 annulatus, Coluber, 218 americanus, Scincus, 148 annulatus, Heterodon, 179 amoenus, Carphophis, 184 annulatus, Sceloporus, 123 amoenus, Coluber, 184 annulifer, Trionyx, 110 Amphiardis, 177 annulifera, Emys, 101 Amphibia, 11 Anole, 115 amphileucus, Desmognathus, 32 Anolis, 114 Amphisbaenidae, 154 Anolis carolinensis, 114 Amphiuma, 27 Anolis distichus, 237 Amphiuma didactylum, 28 Anolis floridanus, 237 Amphiuma means, 27 Anolis ordinatus, 238 Amphiuma tridactylum, 28 Anolis sagrei, 115, 238 Amphiumidae, 27 Anolis stejnegeri, 115 Amyda agassizii, 109 Anolius carolinensls, 114 Amyda asper, 109 anonyma, Testudo, 91 Amyda emoryi, 109 Anota calidiarum, 136 Amyda ferox, 108 Anota m'callii, 135 Amyda hartwegi, 110 anthicum, Bascanion, 187 Amyda spinifera, 109 anthicus, Coluber, 187 Anaides, 49 anthracinus, Eumeces, 150 Anaides ferreus, 50 anthracinus, Plestiodon, 150 INDEX 241 approximans, Holbrookia, 121 Atomarchus multimaculatus, 167 aquaticus, Coluber, 225 atrata, Eutainia, 171 aquaticus, Thamnophis, 171 atratus, Thamnophis, 171 Arboreal salamander, 51 atricaudatus, Crotalus, 228 arenicolor, Hyla, 69 atriceps, Homalocranium, 220 areolata, Engystoma, 77 atriceps, Tantilla, 220 areolata, Rana, 78 atro-fuscus, Acontias, 224 argus, Arnbystome, 20 atrox, Crotalus, 230 argus, Tyrse, 110 attenuata, Salamandrina, 40 Arizona, 200 attenuatus, Batrachoseps, 40 Arizona blanchardi, 200 attenuatus, Ophisaurus, 137 Arizona candida, 201 attenuatus, Ophisaurus, 137 Arizona eburnata, 201 augusti, Eleutherodactylus, 60 Arizona elegans, 200 augusti, Hylodes, 60 Arizona noctivaga, 201 aurata, Eutaenia, 168 Arizona occidentalis, 201 auratus, Dryinus, 219 Arizona philipi, 200 auratus, Oxybelis, 219 Arizona black rattlesnake, 232 aureatagulus, Desmognathus, 30 Arizona coral king snake, 210 auriceps, Crotaphytus, 116 Arizona coral snake, 222 auriculata, Salamandra, 29 Arizona earless lizard, 122 auriculatus, Desmognathus, 29 Arizona garter snake, 167 aurora, Rana, 84 Arizona glossy snake, 201 austricola, Rana, 83 Arizona gridiron-tailed lizard, 119 austrinus, Agkistrodon, 224 Arizona night lizard, 142 Autodax, 49 Arizona prairie rattlesnake, 232 Autodax farallonensis, 51 Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake, 234 avivoca, Hyla, 72 Arizona toad, 64 axantlms, Pseudobranchus, 15 Arizona tree frog, 71 Arizona twin-spotted rattlesnake, 229 Bahaman brown anolis, 238 arizonae, Diadophis, 182 Bahaman crested lizard, 238 arizonae, Xantusia, 142 baileyi, Crotaphytus, 116 arnyi, Diadophis, 184 bairdi, Coluber, 199 Aromochelys carinatus, 87 bairdi, Elaphe, 199 Ascaphidae, 57 Baird's Mexican hyla, 71 Ascaphus, 57 Baird's rat snake, 199 Ascaphus californicus, 57 Baird's skink, 150 Ascaphus montanus, 57 balteata, Coronella, 207 Ascaphus truei, 57 Banded gecko, 113 Ashy gecko, 237 Banded rock rattlesnake, 229 asper, Arnyda, 109 Banded sand snake, 216 asper, Aspidonectes, 109 Banded water snake, 162 aspera, Trionyx, 109 bangsi, Pseudemys, 104 Aspidonectes asper, 109 barbouri, Graptemys, 99 Aspidonectes emoryi, 109 barbouri, Micrurus, 223 Aspidonectes nuchalis, 110 barbouri, Sistrurus, 227 aterrimurn, Arnblystoma, 16 Barbour's map turtle, 99 Atlantic green turtle, 105 Barbour's sawback turtle, 99 Atlantic hawksbill turtle, 106 Barissia levicollis, 141 Atlantic loggerhead turtle, 107 Barking frog, 60 Atlantic ridley, 107 Barking tree frog, 71 Atlantic salt marsh snake, 163 bartrami, Trionyx, 108 atmodes. Heterodon, 179 bartramiana, Hyla, 70 242 CHECK LIST

Bascanion anthicum, 187 biscutatus, Tharnnophis, 170 Bascanion foxii, 187 biseriatus, Sceloporus, 128 Bascanion frenatum, 189 bishopi, Ambystoma, 18 Bascanion piceum, 189 bishopi, Cryptobranchus, 12 Bascanion semilineatum, 190 bislineata, Eurycea, 52 Bascanion vetustus, 188 bislineata, Salamandra, 52 Bastard turtle, 107 bivittata, atrix, 163 Batrachopsis, 47 Black anniella, 142 Batrachoseps, 40 Black chicken snake, 198 Batrachoseps attenuatus, 40 Black footless lizard, 142 Batrachoseps catalinae, 41 Black king snake, 206 Batrachoseps caudatus, 40 Black Mountain dusky salamander, 29 Batrachoseps leucopus, 40 Black pine snake, 202 Batrachoseps major, 41 Black racer, 187 Batrachoseps nigriventris, 40 Black salamander, 50, 51 Batrachoseps pacificus, 40 Black swamp snake, 164 Batrachoseps wrighti, 41 Black toad, 61 baudini, Hyla, 69 Black whip snake, 189 bauri, Kinostemon, 88 Black-bellied salamander, 32 bauri, Terrapene, 94 Black-chinned red salamander, 49 baurii, Cinosternum, 88 Black-necked garter snake, 167, 168 Bayou map turtle, 98 Black-sided salamander, 54 becki, Sceloporus, 128 Blacksnake, 187 beldingi, Cnemidopborus, 147 Black-spotted newt, 25 beldingi, Verticaria, 147 Black-striped dust snake, 186 belli, Cbrysemys, 100 Black-tailed rattlesnake, 228 bellii, Emys, 100 blainvillii, Phrynosoma, 133 bellona, Churchillia, 203 blairi, Lampropeltis, 205 berlandieri, Gopherus, 105 Blair's coral king snake, 205 berlandieri, Rana, 83 blanchardi, Acris, 68 berlandieri, Xerobates, 105 blanchardi, Arizona, 200 Berlandier's gopher turtle, 105 blanchardi, Diadophis, 182 Berlandier's tortoise, 105 blanchardi, Opheodrys, 192 Bexar neotenic salamander, 55 blanchardi, Sonora, 214 beyeri, Necturus, 13 Blanchard's cricket frog, 68 Beyer's waterdog, 133 blandingi, Emys, 93 bicolor, Amblystoma, 22 blandingii, Cistudo, 93 bicolor, Scincus, 148 Blanding' s turtle, 93 Big Bend blue-bellied race runner, Bleached earless lizard, 121 145 Bleached homed toad, 136 Big Bend canyon lizard, 123 Blind snake, 155 Big Bend mud turtle, 89 Blotched chicken snake, 198 Big Bend patch-nosed snake, 194 Blotched tiger salamander, 22 Big Bend regal ring-necked snake, Blotched water snake, 160 182 Blow snake, 179 Big Bend terrapin, 103 Blue-bellied race runner, 145 Big Bend tessellated race runner, 145 Blue racer, 187 Big Bend uta, 132 Blue Ridge mountain salamander, 30 biguttata, Emys, 92 Blue Ridge purple salamander, 47 bilineata, Hyla, 70 Blue Ridge red salamander, 49 bilineatus, Masticophis, 190 Blue Ridge seal salamander, 31 bipunctatus, Tropidonotus, 17 4 Blue Ridge two-lined salamander, 53 Bird-voiced tree frog, 72 Blue scaly lizard, 124 INDEX 243

Boa contortrix, 224 Bufo californicus, 64 bocourtii, Sceloporus, 128 Bufo canorus, 62 Bog turtle, 92 Bufo cognatus, 62 bogerti, Coleonyx, 113 Bufo columbiensis, 61 Boidae, 156 Bufo compactilis, 62 boiquira, Crotalus, 227 Bufo copei, 66 bombifrons, Scaphiopus, 59 Bufo debilis, 63 Boreal chorus frog, 75 Bufo dipterous, 62 Boreal toad, 61 Bufo exsul, 61 borealis, Spelerpes, 52 Bufo fowleri, 67 boreas, Bufo, 61 Bufo frontosus, 66 boscii, Terrapene, 87 Bufo granulosus, 66 bottae, Charina, 157 Bufo halophilus, 62 bottae, Tortrix, 157 Bufo hemiophrys, 67 Box turtle, 93 Bufo insidior, 63 boyli, Rana, 84 Bufo marinus, 64 boylii, Ophibolus, 207 Bufo microscaphus, 64 brachycephala, Rana, 83 Bufo musicus, 65 brachyops, Charina, 157 Bufo nebulifer, 66 brachyphona, Pseudacris, 74 Bufo nelsoni, 61 brachyphonus, Chorophilus, 74 Bufo pictus, 61 brachystoma, Eutaenia, 173 Bufo punctatus, 64 brachystoma, Thamnophis, 173 Bufo quercicus, 65 Brazos water snake, 160 Bufo retiformis, 63 brevicorne, Pbrynosoma, 134 Bufo speciosus, 62 brevilineatus, Eumeces, 149 Bufo terrestris, 65 brevipes, Eurneces, 152 Bufo valliceps, 66 brevirostre, Phrynosoma, 134 Bufo velatus, 67 brevirostre Tapaya, 134 Bufo woodhousei, 66 brevis, Coleonyx, 114 Bufo woodhousii, 66 brimleyi, Pseudacris, 7 4 bufonia, Acris, 68 brimleyorum, Desmognathus, 29 Bufonidae, 61 Brimley's chorus frog, 74 bufonium, Phrynosoma, 133 Brimley's dusky salamander, 30 Bull frog, 79 British Columbia salamander, 19 Bull snake, 202 Broad-banded copperhead, 225 Bunch grass lizard, 123 Broken-striped newt, 24 bumetti, Gerrhonotus, 138 brongniarti, Trionyx, 109 bumsi, Rana, 83 brooksi, Larnpropeltis, 206 butleri, Eutaenia, 172 Brooks' king snake, 206 butleri, Thamnophis, 172 Brown anolis, 238 Butler's garter snake, 172 Brown red-tailed skink, 154 Buttermilk snake, 188 Brown snake, 165 Brown water snake, 164 cacodaemon, Coluber, 179 browni, Heterodon, 179 cadaverina, Hyla, 72 browni, Phyllorhynchus, 194 Caddo Mountain salamander, 37 Brown's leaf-nosed snake, 194 caddoensis, Plethodon, 37 Brownsville narrow-mouthed toad, 78 caelenops, Lampropeltis, 209 brunnea, Eutaenia, 170 cahuilae, Leptotyphlops, 155 Bufo, 61 C alamaria tenuis, 212 Bufo alvarius, 61 Calamita cinereus, 69 Bufo arnericanus, 65 calidiarum, Anota, 136 Bufo boreas, 61 calidiarum, Pbrynosoma, 136 244 CHECK LIST

California black-headed snake, 220 carinata, Testudo, 93 California boa, 156 carinatus, Aromochelys, 87 California collared uta, 132 carinatus, Leiocephalus, 238 California garter snake, 171 carinatus, Sternotherus, 87 California glossy snake, 201 carinatus, Trionyx, 108 California horned toad, 133 Carolina pigrny rattlesnake, 227 California king snake, 207 Carolina purple salamander, 47 California lyre snake, 219 Carolina slimy salamander, 35 California mountain salamander, 17 Carolina swamp snake, 164 California newt, 25 carolina, Terrapene, 93 California red-legged frog, 85 carolina, Testudo, 93 California red-sided garter snake, 175 carolinae, Ambystoma, 20 California side-blotched uta, 130 carolinensis, Anolis, 114 California slender salamander, 40 carolinensis, Anolius, 114 California striped whip snake, 190 carolinensis, Desmognathus, 30 California tailed frog, 57 carolinensis, Engystoma, 76 California tessellated race runner, 144 carolinensis, Microhyla, 76 California tiger salamander, 23 carolinianus, Coluber, 196 California toad, 65 Carpenter frog, 81 California yellow-legged frog, 84 Carphophis, 184 californiae, Coluber, 207 Carphophis amoenus, 184 californiae, Lampropeltis, 207 Carphophis harperti, 177 californicus, Ascaphus, 57 Carphophis helenae, 185 californicus, Bufo, 64 Carphophis vermis, 185 californiense, Ambyostoma, 23 carri, Desmognathus, 30 californiense, Ambystoma, 23 Carteret water snake, 162 callicephalus, Eurneces, 149 cascadae, Rana, 85 calligaster, Coluber, 205 Cascade Cavern neotenic salamander, calligaster, Lampropeltis, 205 55 Callisaurus, 118 Cascade Range frog, 85 Callisaurus draconoides, 118 catalinae, Batrachoseps, 41 Callisaurus gabbi, 118 catenatus, Crotalinus, 226 Callisaurus myurus, 118 catenatus, Sistrurus, 226 Callisaurus ventralis, 118 catenifer, Coluber, 202 Camarataxis, 17 catenifer, Pituophis, 202 campi, Holbrookia, 121 catesbaei, Crotalus, 228 campi, Syrrhophus, 60 catesbeiana, Rana, 79 Camp's frog, 60 catesbyi, Heterodon, 180 cana, Ficirnia, 216 Cat-eyed snake, 218 cancellosus, Eumeces, 153 Caudata, 11 candida, Arizona, 201 caudatus, Batrachoseps, 40 Canebrake rattlesnake, 228 Caudisona cerberus, 232 canorus, Bufo, 62 Caudisona lecontei, 231 cantabrigensis, Rana, 81 Caudisona lepida, 229 canurn, Gyalopiurn, 216 Caudisona rnitchelli, 233 Canyon lizard, 123 Caudisona pyrrha, 233 Canyon tree frog, 69 Caudisona scutulata, 229 capito, Rana, 78 Caudisona sonoraensis, 230 Caretta caretta, 107 Cave salamander, 54 caretta, Caretta, 107 Celuta helenae, 185 Caretta gigas, 107 Celuta vermis, 185 Caretta rernivaga, 107 Cemophora, 211 caretta, Testudo, 107 Cemophora coccinea, 211 INDEX 245

Cenchris mokeson, 224 chlorosoma, Coluber, 199 Central plains spadefoot, 59 chlorosoma, Elaphe, 199 Central Texas tree frog, 73 Chorophilus, 73 Central Texas whip snake, 190 Chorophilus angulatus, 71 centrata, Malaclemmys, 96 Chorophilus brachyphonus, 74 centrata, Testudo, 96 Chorophilus corporalis, 75 cepedii, Phanerobranchus, 12 Chorophilus septentrionalis, 75 cerastes, Crotalus, 234 Chorophilus verrucosus, 75 cerberus, Caudisona, 232 Chorus frog, 74 cerberus, Crotalus, 232 Chrysemys, 99 chalceus, Prymnomiodon, 173 Chrysemys belli, 100 Chameleon, 114, 115 Chrysemys cinerea, 99 Channel Islands slender salamander, Chrysemys dorsalis, 100 41 Chrysemys marginata, 99 Charina, 157 Chrysemys nuttalli, 100 Charina bottae, 157 Chrysemys picta, 99 Charina brachyops, 157 Chrysemys pulchra, 100 Charina umbratica, 157 Chrysodonta, 27 Charina utahensis, 157 Chrysodonta larvaefomlis, 27 Cheat Mountain salamander, 37 chrysoscelis, H yla, 73 Checkered garter snake, 168 Chuckwalla, 117 Checkered race runner, 143 Churchillia bellona, 203 Chelonia, 105 cimarronensis, Terrapene, 95 Chelonia agassizi, 106 cinctus, Chilomeniscus, 216 Chelonia mydas, 105 cinerea, Chrysemys, 99 Chelonia olivacea, 107 cinerea, Hyla, 69 Chelonidae, 105 cinerea, Salamandra, 33 Chelonura temminckii, 87 cinereus, Calamita, 69 Chelydra, 86 cinereus, Plethodon, 33 Chelydra emarginata, 86 cinereus, Sphaerodactylus, 237 Chelydra lacertina, 86 cingulatum, Amblystoma, 18 Chelydra osceola, 86 cingulatum, Ambystoma, 18 Chelydra serpentina, 86 Cinosternon hirtipes, 89 Chelydridae, 86 Cinosternum baurii, 88 chermocki, Desmognathus, 31 Cinostemum steindachneri, 90 Cherokee salamander, 28 circulosa, Rana, 78 Chicken snake, 197 cirrigera, Eurycea, 53 Chicken turtle, 104 cirrigera, Salamandra, 53 Chilomeniscus, 216 Cistudo blandingii, 93 Chilomeniscus cinctus, 216 Cistudo major, 94 Chilophryne dialopha, 65 Cistudo omata, 95 Chilopoma rufipunctatum, 167 Cistudo triunguis, 94 Chionactis, 214 Cistudo virginea, 94 Chionactis annulata, 215 clamata, Rana, 80 Chionactis klauberi, 215 clarnitans, Rana, 79 Chionactis occipitalis, 214 clarki, Natrix, 163 Chionactis organica, 215 clarki, Pseudacris, 7 4 Chionactis palarostris, 215 clarki, Sceloporus, 125 Chionactis talpina, 215 clarkii, Helocaetes, 74 Chipola map turtle, 99 clarkii, Pseudacris, 74 Chiricahua tree uta, 131 clarkii, Regina, 163 chiricahuae, Uta, 131 Clark's spiny lizard, 125 chlorobryonis, Plethodon, 35 Clark's swift, 125 246 CHECK LIST clams, Rhinocl1eilus, 212 Coastal mountain garter snake, 171 clausa, Testudo, 94 Coastal Plain dusky salamander, 29 Clemmys, 91 Coastal Plain milk snake, 208 Clemmys guttata, 91 Coastal Plain turtle, 100 Clemmys insculpta, 92 Coastal tessellated race runner, 144 Clemmys marmorata, 92 coccinea, Cemophora, 211 Clemmys muhlenbergi, 91 coccineus, Coluber, 211 Clemmys nuclialis, 92 coeruleus, Gerrhonotus, 138 Clemmys pallida, 92 Coeur d'Alene salamander, 39 Clemmys wosnessenskyi, 92 cognatus, Bufo, 62 clemsonae, Plethodob, 36 cognatus, Heterodon, 179 Clemson's salamander, 36 Coleonyx, 112 clericus, Ophibolus, 208 Coleonyx abbotti, 113 Cliff frog, 60 Coleonyx bogerti, 113 Clouded salamander, 50 Coleonyx brevis, 114 Clouded tiger salamander, 23 Coleonyx utahensis, 113 Cloudy leaf-nosed snake, 195 Coleonyx variegatus, 112 Cnernidophorus, 143 Collared lizard, 116 Cnernidophorus beldingi, 147 collaris, Agama, 116 Cnernidophorus gracilis, 144 collaris, Crotaphytus, 116 Cnernidophorus grahamii, 143 collaris, Ophibolus, 208 Cnemidophorus gularis, 145 Colorado Desert fringe-toed lizard, Cnemidophorus guttatus, 145 119 Cnernidophorus hyperythrus, 147 Colorado Desert gridiron-tailed lizard, Cnernidophorus innotatus, 146 118 Cnemidophorus inomatus, 146 Colorado Desert sidewinder, 235 Cnemidophorus marmoratus, 145 Colorado Desert shovel-nosed snake, Cnernidophorus melanostetJms, 144 215 Cnemidophorus multiscutatus, 144 Colorado Desert tessellated race run- Cnernidophorus mundus, 144 ner, 144 Cnemidophorus octolineatus, 146 Colorado Desert whip snake, 189 Cnemidophorus perplexus, 146 Colorado plateau race runner, 146 Cnemidophorus sacki, 145 Colorado River toad, 61 Cnernidophorus semi£asciatus, 145 Colorado River tree uta, 132 Cnernidophorus septemvittatus, 145 Coluber, 186 Cnernidophorus septentrionalis, 144 Coluber abacurus, 185 Cnernidophorus sericeus, 145 Coluber aestivus, 191 Cnernidophorus sexlineatus, 146 Coluber amoenus, 184 Cnernidophorus stictogrammus, 145 Coluber annulatus, 218 Cnernidophorus tessellatus, 143 Coluber antlucus, 187 Cnernidophorus tigris, 143 Coluber aquaticus, 225 Cnernidophorus undulatus, 144 Coluber bairdi, 199 Cnernidophorus velox, 146 Coluber cacodaemon, 179 Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, Coluber califomiae, 207 119 Coluber calligaster, 205 Coachwhip, 189 Coluber carolinianus, 196 Coachwhip snake, 188 Coluber cateni£er, 202 Coal skink, 150, 151 Coluber chlorosoma, 199 Coast garter snake, 169 Coluber coccineus, 211 Coast marsh cricket frog, 68 Coluber constrictor, 186 Coast Range coral king snake, 210 Coluber corais, 192 Coast Range newt, 26 Coluber couperi, 193 Coastal glass snake, 137 Coluber doliatus, 207 INDEX 247

Coluber edwardsii, 183 Coluber zonatus, 210 Coluber elapsoides, 208 Colubridae, 158 Coluber eques, 167 Columbian toad, 61 Coluber erythrogaster, 159 colurnbiensis, Bufo, 61 Coluber erythrogrammus, 185 Common American toad, 65 Coluber eximius, 208 Common box turtle, 93 Coluber fasciatus, 161 Common garter snake, 174 Coluber flagelliformis, 188 Common map turtle, 97 Coluber flagellum, 188 Common mud turtle, 90 Coluber flaviventris, 187 Common musk turtle, 87 Coluber floridanus, 196 Common snapping turtle, 86 Coluber foxi, 187 Common tree frog, 73 Coluber fulvius, 223 Common water snake, 161 Coluber getulus, 205 compactilis, Bufo, 62 Coluber girardi, 190 compressicauda, Natrix, 163 Coluber guttatus, 195 compressicauda, Nerodia, 163 Coluber heterodon, 179 compressus, Ophisaurus, 137 Coluber ibibe, 17 4 compsolaema, Tropidonotus, 163 Coluber infernalis, 175 concentrica, Emys, 96 Coluber maculatus, 196 concentrica, Testudo, 96 Coluber melanoleucus, 201 concinna, Pseudemys, 101 Coluber mormon, 188 concinna, Testudo, 101 Coluber obsoletus, 197 concinnus, Tbarnnophis, 175 Coluber occipito-maculatus, 166 concolor, Crotalus, 227, 233 Coluber ordinatus, 174 conernna, Emys, 101 Coluber pantherinus, 196 con.finis, Scotophis, 198 Coluber parietalis, 175 confluens, Natrix, 162 Coluber poecilogaster, 161 confluentus, Crotalus, 231 Coluber priapus, 187 Congo eel, 27 Coluber proximus, 173 Coniophanes, 186 Coluber punctatus, 183 Coniophanes imperialis, 186 Coluber quadrivittatus, 198 conjuncta, Coronella, 209 Coluber rhinomegas, 196 Conocephalus, 177 Coluber rhombomaculatus, 205 consobrinus, Sceloporus, 127 Coluber rigidus, 158 conspersa, Rana, 79 Coluber rosaceus, 196 conspersum, Arnblystoma, 22 Coluber saurita, 173 constrictor, Coluber, 186 Coluber sayi, 203 Contia, 212 Coluber sellatus, 196 Contia isozona, 213 Coluber septemvittatus, 158 Contia mitis, 212 Coluber simus, 180 Contia nuchalis, 213 Coluber sirpedon, 161 Contia pygaea, 164 Coluber sirtalis, 174 Contia taylori, 213 Coluber stejnegerianus, 188 Contia tenuis, 212 Coluber striatula, 177 Contia torquata, 213 Coluber subocularis, 199 contortrix, Ancistrodon, 224 Coluber testaceus, 189 contortrix, Boa, 224 Coluber thraso, 179 cooperi, Eutainia, 169 Coluber torquatus, 183 copeanum, Amblystoma, 22 Coluber triangulum, 208 copei, Bufo, 66 Coluber triaspis, 199 Cophosaurus texanus, 121 Coluber venustus, 166 copii, Hyla, 69 Coluber vernalis, 191 Copperhead, 224 248 CHECK LIST corais, Coluber, 192 Crotalus atrox, 230 corais, Drymarchon, 192 Crotalus boiquira, 227 Coral-bellied ring-necked snake, 181 Crotalus catesbaei, 228 Coral king snake, 210 Crotalus cerastes, 234 Coral snake, 223 Crotalus cerberus, 232 Cordylus multi-carinatus, 139 Crotalus concolor, 233 coriacea, Dermochelys, 111 Crotalus confluentus, 231 coriacea, Testudo, 111 Crotalus decolor, 233 Corn snake, 195 Crotalus helleri, 232 cornuta, Agama, 133 Crotalus horridus, 227 cornutum, Phrynosoma, 133 Crotalus klauberi, 229 coronata, Tantilla, 220 Crotalus laterorepens, 235 coronatum, Agama, 133 Crotalus lepidus, 229 coronatum, Phrynosoma, 133 Crotalus lucifer, 232 Coronella balteata, 207 Crotalus lutosus, 231 Coronella conjuncta, 209 Crotalus melanurus, 228 Coronella multifasciata, 210 Crotalus messaugus, 226 Coronella sayi, 206 Crotalus rniliarius, 226 Coronella tigrina, 205 Crotalus rnitchelli, 233 corporalis, Chorophilus, 75 Crotalus molossus, 228 Cotobotes, 41 Crotalus nuntius, 232 Cottonmouth, 225 Crotalus oreganus, 232 couchi, Scaphiopus, 58 Crotalus ornatus, 228 couchi, Thamnophis, 171 Crotalus palmeri, 229 couchii, Eutaenia, 171 Crotalus piscivorus, 225 couperi, Coluber, 193 Crotalus pricei, 229 couperi, Drymarchon, 193 Crotalus pulverulentus, 231 crassulus, Plethodon, 39 Crotalus pyrrhus, 233 Crater Lake newt, 26 Crotalus rhombifer, 230 Crawflsh frog, 78 Crotalus ruber, 230 crepitans, Acris, 68 Crotalus scutulatus, 229 Crested lizard, 115 Crotalus stephensi, 233 Cricket frog, 67 Crotalus tergeminus, 226 croceater, Ensatina, 43 Crotalus tigris, 234 croceater, Plethodon, 43 Crotalus viridis, 231 Crocodilidae, 111 Crotalus willardi, 234 Crocodilus acutus, 111 Crotaphytus, 115 Crocodilus cuvieri, 112 Crotaphytus auriceps, 116 Crocodilus floridanus, 111 Crotaphytus baileyi, 116 Crocodilus lucius, 112 Crotaphytus collaris, 116 Crocodilus rnississipiensis, 112 Crotaphytus dorsalis, 115 Crocodylus, 111 Crotaphytus reticulatus, 116 Crocodylus acutus, 111 Crotaphytus s~us, 117 Crotalidae, 223 Crotaphytus wislizeni, 117 Crotalinus catenatus, 226 Crowned horned toad, 133 Crotalinus cyanurus, 227 Crowned snake, 220 Crotalinus viridis, 231 crueller, Hyla, 70 Crotalophorus edwardsii, 226 Cryptobranchidae, 11 Crotalophorus kirtlandi, 226 Cryptobranchus, 11 Crotalus, 227 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, 11 Crotalus abyssus, 233 Cryptobranchus bishopi, 12 Crotalus adamanteus, 230 Cryptobranchus salarnandroides, 11 Crotalus atricaudatus, 228 Cryptobranchus terrassodactylus, 11 INDEX 249

Cuban tree frog, 246 Desert side-blotched uta, 130 Cumberland turtle, 103 Desert spiny lizard, 125, 126 cumberlandensis, Emys, 103 Desert tortoise, 105 cuneus, Hypopachus, 77 deserticola, H ypsiglena, 217 cupreus, Scytalus, 224 deserticola, Pituophis, 203 cuvieri, Crocodilus, 112 deserticola, Salvadora, 194 cyanogenys, Sceloporus, 124 Desmiostoma, 17 cyanurus, Crotalinus, 227 Desmodactylus, 41 cyclas, Seminatrix, 164 Desmognathinae, 28 cyclopion, Natrix, 159 Desmognathus, 28 cyclopion, Tropidonotus, 159 Desmognathus aeneus, 28 cyclopium, Natrix, 159 Desmognathus amphileucus, 32 cylindracea, Salamandra, 34 Desmognathus aureatagulus, 30 Cylindrosoma, 52 Desmognathus auriculata, 29 cyrtopsis, Eutaenia, 167 Desmognathus brirnleyorum, 29 cyrtopsis, Thamnophis, 167 Desmognathus carolinensis, 30 Cystignathus labialis, 59 Desmognathus carri, 30 Desmognathus chermocki, 31 Dakota toad, 67 Desmognathus fuscus, 28 danielsi, Gyrinophilus, 46 Desmognathus imitator, 30 danielsi, Spelerpes, 46 Desmognathus jeffersoni, 31 Dark gopher frog, 79 Desmognathus monticola, 31 Davis Mountain king snake, 204 Desmognathus ochrophaeus, 30 debilis, Bufo, 63 Desmognathus ocoee, 31 deckerti, Elaphe, 198 Desmognathus perlapsus, 31 decolor, Crotalus, 233 Desmognathus phoca, 31 decorticatum, Amblystoma, 19 Desmognathus quadramaculatus, 32 decurtata, Phimothyra, 195 Desmognathus welteri, 29 decurtatus, Phyllorhynchus, 195 Desmognathus wrighti, 32 Deirochelys, 104 Devils River race runner, 146 Deirochelys reticularia, 104 diaboli, Ambystoma, 22 dekayi, Storeria, 165 Diadophis, 180 dekayi, Tropidonotus, 165 Diadophis amabilis, 181 DeKay's snake, 165 Diadophis arizonae, 182 De la Sagra's anolis, 115, 238 Diadophis arnyi, 184 delicatissimus, Sceloporus, 122 Diadophis blanchardi, 182 Del Norte salamander, 39 Diadophis docilis, 183 depressa, Testudo, 105 Diadophis dysopes, 183 Dermochelidae, 110 Diadophis edwardsi, 183 Dermochelys, 110 Diadophis laetus, 182 Dermochelys coriacea, 111 Diadophis modestus, 181 Dermochelys schlegeli, 111 Diadophis occidentalis, 181 Desert banded gecl<:o, 113 Diadophis pallidus, 183 Desert black-headed snake, 221 Diadophis pulchellus, 181 Desert blind snake, 156 Diadophis punctatus, 183 Desert boa, 157 Diadophis regalis, 182 Desert glossy snake, 201 Diadophis sirnilis, 181 Desert iguana, 115 Diadophis stictogenys, 184 Desert leaf-nosed snake, 195 Diadophis texensis, 184 Desert long-nosed snake, 212 Diadophis vandenburghi, 182 Desert night snake, 217 dialopha, Chilophryne, 65 Desert patch-nosed snake, 194 Diamondback terrapin, 96 Desert short-horned horned toad, 135 Diamond-backed water snake, 161 250 CHECK LIST diastictus, Pseudotriton, 48 Drymarchon corias, 192 Dicamptodon, 16 Drymarchon couperi, 193 Dicamptodon ensatus, 16 Drymarchon erebennus, 193 dicyanelus, Lopherpes, 126 Drymobius, 192 didactylum, Amphiuma, 28 Drymobius margaritiferus, 192 Diemictylus, 23 dulcis, Leptotyphlops, 154 Diemictylus dorsalis, 24 dulcis, Rena, 154 Diemictylus louisianensis, 24 dunni, Gyrinophilus, 47 Diemictylus meridionalis, 25 dunni, Plethodon, 38 Diemictylus perstriatus, 25 Dunn's cave salamander, 35 Diemictylus viridescens, 24 Dunn's salamander, 38 Diemyctylus, 23 duryi, Gyrinophilus, 46 Diemyctylus louisianensis, 24 duryi, Pseudotriton, 46 Diemyctylus meridionalis, 25 Dusky salamander, 28 Diemyctylus viridescens, 24 Dust snake, 186 Diemyctylus vittatus, 24 Dwarf blind snake, 155 Dipsas septentrionalis, 218 Dwarf four-toed salamander, 56 Dipsosaurus, 115 Dwarf race runner, 146 Dipso-saurus, 115 Dwarf siren, 14 Dipsosaurus dorsalis, 115 Dwarf waterdog, 14 dipterous, Bufo, 62 dysopes, Diadophis, 183 dipus, Phanerobranchus, 14 Dismal Swamp chorus frog, 74 Earless lizard, 120 disparilis, Sceloporus, 124 East Pacific green turtle, 106 dissecta, Glauconia, 155 East Texas toad, 67 dissectus, Leptotyphlops, 155 Eastern bird-voiced tree frog, 72 distichus, Anolis, 237 Eastern box turtle, 94 dixi, Plethodon, 35 Eastern collared lizard, 116 Dixie Caverns salamander, 35 Eastern copperbelly, 159 docilis, Diadophis, 183 Eastern cottonmoutl1, 225 doliata, Lampropeltis, 207 Eastern diamond rattlesnake, 230 doliatus, Coluber, 207 Eastern dwaif siren, 14 doliatus, Lampropeltis, 208 Eastern four-toed salamander, 42 dorsalis, Acris, 68 Eastern fox snake, 197 dorsalis, Chrysemys, 100 Eastern garter snake, 17 4 dorsalis, Crotaphytus, 115 Eastern glass snake, 137 dorsalis, Diemictylus, 24 E astern ground snake, 177 dorsalis, Dipsosaurus, 115 Eastern hog-nosed snake, 179 dorsalis, Plethodon, 34 E astern king snake, 206 dorsalis, Rana, 68 Eastern massasauga, 226 dorsalis, Salamandra, 24 Eastern milk snake, 209 dorsata, Salamandra, 52 Eastern mud salamander, 48 doubledayii, Kinostemon, 90 Eastern mud snake, 186 douglassi, Phrynosoma, 134 Eastern painted turtle, 99 douglassii, Agama, 134 Eastern plains garter snake, 172 douglassii, Phrynosoma, 134 Eastern race runner, 147 draconoides, Callisaurus, 118 Eastern ribbon snake, 173 draytoni, Rana, 85 Eastern ring-necked snake, 183 Dromicus flavilatus, 180 Eastern short-homed homed toad, drummondi, Farancia, 186 134 Dryinus aeneus, 219 Eastern slender glass snake, 138 Dryinus auratus, 219 Eastern smooth green snake, 192 Drymarchon, 192 Eastern spadefoot, 58 I DEX 251

Eastern spadefoot toad, 58 elegans, Emys, 103 Eastern spiny soft-shelled turtle, 110 elegans, Eutainia, 169 Eastern tiger salamander, 22 elegans, Haldea, 177 Eastern water moccasin, 225 elegans, Holbrookia, 120 Eastern wood frog, 81 elegans, Pseudemys, 103 Eastern worm snake, 184 elegans, Thamnophis, 169 eburnata, Arizona, 201 elegans, Virginia, 177 edwardsi, Diadophis, 183 Elegant terrapin, 103 edwardsii, Coluber, 183 Eleutherodactylus, 60 edwardsii, Crotalophorus, 226 Eleutherodactylus augusti, 60 edwardsii, Diadophis, 183 Eleutherodactylus latrans, 60 Edwards Plateau skink, 152 Elgaria formosa, 138 egregius, Eumeces, 153 Elgaria grandis, 140 egregius, Plestiodon, 153 Elgaria kingii, 139 eiseni, Ophibolus, 207 Elgaria marginata, 139 eiseni, Tantilla, 220 Elgaria nobilis, 139 Eleutherodactylus planirostris, 236 Elgaria principis, 138 Eleutherodactylus ricordi, 236 elonae, Pseudemys, 101 Elaphe, 195 elongatus, Sceloporus, 127 Elapbe bairdi, 199 elongatus, Plethodon, 39 Elaphe chlorosoma, 199 emarginata, Chelydra, 86 Elaphe deckerti, 198 emoryi, Arnyda, 109 Elapbe emoryi, 196 emoryi, Aspidonectes, 109 Elaphe gloydi, 197 emoryi, Elaphe, 196 Elaphe guttata, 195 emoryi, Scotophis, 196 Elaphe intermedia, 199 emoryi, Trionyx, 109 Elaphe intennontanus, 196 Emory's soft-shelled turtle, 109 Elaphe lindheimeri, 199 Emydidae, 91 Elaphe obsoleta, 197 Emys annulifera, 101 Elaphe parallela, 198 Emys bellii, 100 Elaphe quadrivittata, 198 Emys biguttata, 92 Elaphe rosacea, 196 Emys blandingi, 93 Elaphe rossalleni, 198 Emys concentrica, 96 Elaphe rubriceps, 197 Emys conemna, 101 Elaphe sclerotica, 200 Emys cumberlandensis, 103 Elaphe spiloides, 198 Emys elegans, 103 Elaphe subocularis, 199 Emys hieroglyphica, 101 Elaphe triaspis, 199 Emys holbrookii, 103 Elaphe vulpina, 197 Emys inscripta, 93 Elaphe williamsi, 198 Emys irrigata, 103 Elaphis guttatus, 195 Emys kinosternoides, 94 Elaphis holbrookii, 198 Emys labyrinthica, 101 Elaphis lindheimerii, 199 Emys lesueurii, 98 Elaphis obsoletus, 197 Emys livida, 96 Elaphis quadri-vittatus, 198 Emys macrocephala, 96 Elaphis spiloides, 198 Emys marmorata, 92 Elapidae, 222 Emys mobilensis, 101 Elaps euryxanthus, 222 Emys nigra, 92 Elaps tenere, 223 Emys oregoniensis, 100 Elaps tristis, 223 Emys pileata, 97 elapsoides, Coluber, 208 Emys pseudogeographica, 98 elapsoides, Lampropeltis, 208 Emys rivulata, 103 elegans, Arizona, 200 Emys sanguinolenta, 102 252 CHECK LIST

Emys schneideri, 94 Eumeces ine~J>ectatus, 148 Emys speciosa, 93 Eumeces laticeps, 148 Emys troostii, 103 Eumeces multivirgatus, 149 engelsi, Natrix, 162 Eumeces obsoletus, 149 Engystoma areolata, 77 Eumeces obtusirostris, 151 Engystoma carolinensis, 76 Eumeces onocrepis, 154 Engystoma olivaceum, 77 Eumeces pachyurus, 151 Engystoma rugosum, 77 Eumeces pallidus, 152 Ensatina, 42 Eumeces placerensis, 153 Ensatina croceater, 43 Eumeces pluvialis, 151 Ensatina eschscholtzi, 42 Eumeces quadrilineatus, 152 Ensatina klauberi, 42 Eumeces rubricaudatus, 153 Ensatina oregonensis, 43 Eumeces septentrionalis, 151 Ensatina picta, 43 Eumeces skiltonianus, 152 Ensatina platensis, 43 Eumeces taylori, 150 Ensatina sierrae, 43 Eumeces tetragrammus, 149 Ensatina xanthoptica, 44 Eurycea, 51 ensatus, Dicamptodon, 16 Eurycea bislineata, 52 ensatus, Plethodon, 43 Eurycea cirrigera, 53 ensatus, Triton, 16 Eurycea griseogaster, 55 epipleurotis, Eumeces, 150 Eurycea guttolineata, 53 episcopa, Sonora, 212 Eurycea latitans, 55 episcopum, Lamprosoma, 212 Eurycea longicauda, 53 epixanthum, Amblystoma, 20 Eurycea lucifuga, 54 eques, Coluber, 167 Eurycea major, 52 eques, Thamnophis, 167 Eurycea melanopleura, 53 erebennus, Drymarchon, 193 Eurycea multiplicata, 54 erebennus, Spilotes, 193 Eurycea nana, 55 Eretrnochelys, 106 Eurycea neotenes, 55 Eretrnochelys imbricata, 106 Eurycea pernix, 54 Eretmochelys squamata, 106 Eurycea pterophila, 56 ermani, Triton, 25 Eurycea rivicola, 52 erythrocephalus, Scincus, 148 Eurycea tynerensis, 55 erythrogaster, Coluber, 159 Eurycea wilderae, 52 erythrogaster, Natrix, 159 euryxanthus, Elaps, 222 erythrogrammus, Abastor, 185 Eutaenia angustirostris, 167 erythrogrammus, Coluber, 185 Eutaenia aurata, 168 erythronota, Salamandra, 33 Eutaenia brachystoma, 173 eschscholtzi, Ensatina, 42 Eutaenia brunnea, 170 Eschscholtz's salamander, 42 Eutaenia butleri, 172 Eumeces, 148 Eutaenia couchii, 171 Eumeces amblygrammus, 152 Eutaenia cyrtopsis, 167 Eumeces anthracinus, 150 Eutaenia graminea, 174 Eumeces brevilineatus, 149 Eutaenia haydenii, 172 Eumeces brevipes, 152 Eutaenia henshawi, 170 Eumeces callicephalus, 149 Eutaenia lineolata, 170 Eumeces cancellosus, 153 Eutaenia marciana, 168 Eumeces egregius, 153 Eutaenia megalops, 167 Eumeces epipleurotis, 150 Eutaenia melanotaenia, 172 Eumeces fasciatus, 148 Eutaenia obscura, 17 4 Eumeces gaigei, 150 Eutaenia ocellata, 168 Eumeces gilberti, 152 Eutaenia omata, 175 Eumeces hallowelli, 152 Eutaenia plutonia, 170 INDEX 253

Eutaenia sackenii, 173 Ficimia olivacea, 216 Eutaenia semifasciata, 174 Ficirnia streckeri, 216 Eutaenia tetrataenia, 176 fish eri, Rana, 83 Eutaenia twiningi, 172 fitchi, Thamnophis, 176 Eutaenia vagrans, 170 Fitch's garter snake, 176 Eutaenia vidua, 171 Five-lined skink, 148 Eutainia atrata, 171 flagelliforrnis, Coluber, 188 Eutainia cooperi, 169 flagellum, Coluber, 188 Eutainia elegans, 169 flagellum, Masticophis, 188 Eutainia faireyi, 173 Flat-tailed homed toad, 135 Eutainia hammondii, 171 flavescens, Kinostemon, 89 Eutainia leptocephala, 169 flavescens, Platythyra, 89 Eutainia pickeringii, 175 flavigaster, Natrix, 160 Eutainia radix, 172 flavigula, H yla, 72 Eutainia trilineata, 176 flavigularis, Psammophis, 189 evansii, Ophibolus, 205 flavilata, Rhadinea, 180 evittata, Hyla, 70 flavilatus, Dromicus, 180 exilis, Phrynosoma, 134 flavilatus, Leirnadophis, 180 eximia, H yla, 71 flavilenta, Holbrookia, 121 eximius, Coluber, 208 flavipunctatus, Aneides, 50 exsul, Bufo, 61 flavipunctatus, Plethodon, 50 extenuatum, Stilosoma, 211 flavissirna, Salamandra, 52 flavissirnus, Pseudotriton, 48 faireyi, Eutainia, 173 flaviventris, Coluber, 187 fallax, Lacerta, 146 flaviviridis, Rana, 80 False map turtle, 98 Florida box turtle, 94 Farallon Island salamander, 51 Florida brown snake, 166 farallonensis, Aneides, 51 Florida chorus frog, 75 Farancia, 185 Florida cricket frog, 68 Farancia abacura, 185 Florida crowned snake, 220 Farancia drummondi, 186 Florida diamondback terrapin, 97 Farancia fasciata, 186 Florida five-lined skink, 149 Farancia reinwardti, 186 Florida gopher frog, 79 Farancia reinwardtii, 186 Florida green water snake, 159 fasciata, Farancia, 186 Florida Key diamondback terrapin, 96 fasciata, Lacerta, 126, 148 Florida king snake, 206 fasciata, Natrix, 161 Florida mud salamander, 48 fasciata, Salamandra, 21 Florida mud turtle, 90 fasciata, Swanka, 90 Florida Panhandle king snake, 206 fasciatus, Coluber, 161 Florida peninsula terrapin, 102 fasciatus, Eumeces, 148 Florida pine snake, 202 femoralis, Hyla, 71 Florida racer, 187 Fence lizard, 126 Florida red-bellied snake, 166 feriarurn, Helocaetes, 75 Florida red-bellied terrapin, 104 feriarurn, Pseudacris, 75 Florida red-bellied turtle, 104 Fem Bank neotenic salamander, 56 Florida red-tailed skink, 153 ferox, Amyda, 108 Florida ribbon snake, 174 ferox, Testudo, 108 Florida scrub lizard, 129 ferox, Trionyx, 108 Florida snapping turtle, 87 ferreus, Anaides, 50 Florida terrapin, 100 ferreus, Aneides, 50 Florida water snake, 163 Ficimia, 216 Florida worm lizard, 154 Ficirnia cana, 216 floridana, Lampropeltis, 206 254 CHECK LIST floridana, Natrix, 159 geographica, Testudo, 97 floridana, Pseudemys, 100 Georgia blind salamander, 44 floridana, Rhineura, 154 georgianus, Trionyx, 108 floridana, Testudo, 100 georgicus, Trionyx, 109 floridanum, Lepidosternon, 154 Geotriton, 56 floridanus, Anolis, 237 getulus, Coluber, 205 floridanus, Coluber, 196 getulus, Lampropeltis, 205 floridanus, Crocodilus, 111 Gerrhonotus, 138 floridanus, Lampropeltis, 206 Gerrhonotus burnetti, 138 floridanus, Pseudotriton, 48 Gerrhonotus coeruleus, 138 floridanus, Sceloporus, 126 Gerrhonotus infemalis, 140 fontinalis, Rana, 79 Gerrhonotus kingi, 139 Footless lizard, 141 Gerrhonotus levicollis, 141 formosa, Elgaria, 138 Gerrhonotus liocephalus, 140 Fort Mojave toad, 64 Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, 139 Four-lined chicken snake, 198 Gerrhonotus palmeri, 139 Four-lined skink, 149 Gerrhonotus principis, 138 Fowler's toad, 67 Gerrhonotus scincicauda, 140 fowleri, Bufo, 67 Gerrhonotus shastensis, 139 Fox snake, 197 Gerrhonotus webbii, 140 foxi, Coluber, 187 Gerrhonotus wiegmanni, 140 foxii, Bascanion, 187 Giant garter snake, 171 frenatum, Bascanion, 189 gigantea, Salamandra, 11 Fringe-toed lizard, 119 gigas, Caretta, 107 frontale, Phrynosoma, 133 gigas, Thamnophis, 171 frontalis, Phrynosoma, 133 Gila monster, 141 frontalis, Salamandra, 29 Gila Mountain chuckwalla, 118 frontosus, Bufo, 66 gilberti, Eumeces, 152 Frosted salamander, 18 Gilbert's skink, 152 fulvius, Coluber, 223 girardi, Coluber, 190 fulvius, Micrurus, 223 Glauconia dissecta, 155 furniceps, Scolecophis, 222 Glossy snake, 200 furniceps, Tantilla, 222 gloydi, Elaphe, 197 fusca, Desmognathus, 29 gloydi, Sonora, 214 fusca, Salamandra, 28 glutinata, Testudo, 87 fuscum, Amblystoma, 19 glutinosa, Salamandra, 34 fuscus, Desmognathus, 28 glutinosus, Plethodon, 34 fuscus, Gonatodes, 236 goini, Lampropeltis, 206 fuscus, Stenodactylus, 236 Gonatodes fuscus, 236 Goniochelys minor, 88 gabbi, Callisaurus, 118 Goniochelys triquetra, 88 gaigeae, Pseudemys, 103 "Gopher," 105 gaigeae, Syrrhophus, 60 gopher, Testudo, 105 gaigei, Eumeces, 150 Gopher frog, 79 Gambelia silus, 117 Gopher snake, 202 garmani, Sceloporus, 126 Gopher tortoise, 105 Gastrophryne, 76 Gopher turtle, 105 Gekkonidae, 112 Gopherus, 104 gentilis, Lampropeltis, 209 Gopherus agassizi, 105 gentilis, Ophibolus, 209 Gopherus berlandieri, 105 Geoclemmys sebae, 91 Gopherus polyphemus, 104 Geographic turtle, 97 gracia, Lichanura, 156 geographica, Graptemys, 97 gracile, Ambystoma, 18 lNDEX 255 gracilis, Cnemidophorus, 144 Great siren, 14 gracilis, Sceloporus, 129 Greater earless lizard, 122 gracilis, Siredon, 18 Greater five-lined skink, 148 gracilis, Tantilla, 221 Greater slender salamander, 41 graciosa, Uta, 131 Greater western skink, 152 graciosus, Sceloporus, 129 Green anole, 114 graciosus, Uro-saurus, 131 Green anolis, 114 grahami, Natrix, 158 Green Cay crested lizard, 238 grahamiae, Salvadora, 193 Green frog, 80 grahamii, Cnemidophorus, 143 Green rat snake, 199 grahamii, Natrix, 158 Green salamander, 50 grahamii, Regina, 158 Green toad, 63 Graham's water snake, 158 Green tree frog, 69 graminea, Eutaenia, 174 Green turtle, 105 grammicus, Sceloporus, 123 Green water snake, 159 Grand Canyon ground snake, 214 Greenhouse frog, 236 Grand Canyon rattlesnake, 233 greeni, Salamandra, 24 grandis, Elgaria, 140 Gridiron-tailed lizard, 118 Granite night lizard, 142 griseogaster, Eurycea, 55 Granite spiny lizard, 125 grobmani, Plethodon, 35 granulosa, Salamandra, 26 Grobman's slimy salamander, 35 granulosa, Taricha, 26 Ground snake, 213 granulosus, Bufo, 66 grylio, Rana, 80 Graptemys, 97 gryllus, Acris, 67 Graptemys barbouri, 99 gryllus, Rana, 67 Graptemys geographica, 97 gularis, Cnemidophorus, 145 Graptemys kohni, 98 Gulf Coast box turtle, 94 Graptemys oculifera, 98 Gulf Coast mud salamander, 48 Graptemys pulchra, 97 Gulf Cbast soft-shelled turtle, 109 Graptemys pseudogeographica, 98 Gulf Coast toad, 66 Graptemys versa, 98 Gulf Coast waterdog, 13 gratiosa, Hyla, 71 Gulf hammock mud siren, 16 Gray tiger salamander, 22 Gulf salt marsh snake, 163 Gray tree frog, 73 guttata, Clemmys, 91 Gray-bellied salamander, 55 guttata, Elaphe, 195 Great Basin fence lizard, 128 guttata, Testudo, 91 Great Basin gopher snake, 203 guttatum, Kinostemum, 87 Great Basin ground snake, 213 guttatus, Cnemidophorus, 145 Great Basin horned toad, 136 guttatus, Coluber, 195 Great Basin rattlesnake, 231 guttatus, Elaphis, 195 Great Basin spadefoot, 59 guttolineata, Eurycea, 53 Great Basin spotted frog, 85 guttolineata, Salamandra, 53 Great Plains black-headed snake, 221, guttulatus, Lamprosaurus, 149 222 Gyalopium canum, 216 Great Plains box turtle, 95 Gymnopus olivaceus, 110 Great Plains garter snake, 172 Great Plains ground snake, 213 Gyrinophilus, 45 Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad, Gyrinophilus danielsi, 46 77 Gyrinophilus dtinni, 47 Great Plains rat snake, 196 Gyrinophilus duryi, 46' Great Plains skink, 149 Gyrinophilus inagnoscus, 46 Great Plains spadefoot, 58 Gyrinophilus lutescens, 46 Great Plains toad, 62 Gyrinophilus maculicaudus, 54 256 CHECK LIS1

Gyrinophilus polystictus, 47 Heredia, 42 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, 45 Heredia oregonensis, 43 hemandesi, Phrynosoma, 135 Haideotriton, 44 hemandesi, Tapaya, 135 Haideotriton wallacei, 44 Herpetodryas margaritiferus, 192 Haldea, 176 Herpetodryas psammophis, 188 Haldea elegans, 177 hesperis, Uta, 130 Haldea striatula, 177 Heterodon, 178 Haldea valeriae, 177 Heterodon annulatus, 179 haldemani, Salamandra, 52 Heterodon atmodes, 179 hallowelli, Eumeces, 152 Heterodon browni, 179 hallowelli, Tantilla, 221 Heterodon catesbyi, 180 halophilus, Bufo, 62 Heterodon cognatus, 179 hammondi, Scaph.iopus, 59 heterodon, Coluber, 179 hammondi, Thamnophis, 171 Heterodon kennerlyi, 180 hammondii, Eutainia, 171 Heterodon nasicus, 179 hammondii, Scaphiopus, 59 Heterodon platyrhinos, 178 hammondii, Thamnophis, 171 Heterodon simus, 180 Hammond's spadefoot, 59 Heterodon tigrinus, 179 hardii, Plethodon, 51 Heterotriton, 17 hardyi, Aneides, 51 hexalepis, Phimothyra, 193 harlani, Trionyx, 109 hexalepis, Salvadora, 193 harlanii, Phrynosoma, 133 Hieroglyphic terrapin, 101 harlanii, Siredon, 23 Hieroglyphic turtle, 101 Harlequin snake, 223 hieroglyphica, Emys, 101 harperti, Carphophis, 177 hieroglyph.ica, Pseudemys, 101 harteri, Natrix, 160 Highlands salamander, 36 hartwegi, Amyda, 110 hippocrepis, Kinosternon, 91 hartwegi, Trionyx, llO hirtipes, Cinostemon, 89 Hawskbill turtle, 106 hirtipes, Kinostemon, 89 haydeni, Thamnophis, 172 Hog-nosed snake, 178 haydenii, Eutaenia, 172 holbrooki, Lampropeltis, 206 heckscheri, Rana, 80 holbrooki, Scaphiopus, 58 heermanni, Pityophis, 203 Holbrookia, ll9 helenae, Carphophis, 185 Holbrookia affinis, 122 helenae, Celuta, 185 Holbrookia approximans, 121 Helicops alleni, 178 Holbrookia campi, 121 Hellbender, ll Holbrookia elegans, 120 helleri, Crotalus, 232 Holbrookia flavilenta, 121 Helocaetes, 73 Holbrookia lacerata, 120 Helocaetes clarkii, 74 Holbrookia maculata, 120 Helocaetes feriarum, 75 Holbrookia propinqua, 121 Heloderma, 141 Holbrookia pulchra, 120 Heloderma suspectum, 141 Holbrookia ruthveni, 121 Helodermatidae, 141 Holbrookia scitula, 122 Hemidactylium, 41 Holbrookia stonei, 121 Hemidactylium pacilicus, 40 Holbrookia texana, 121 Hemidactylium scutatqm, 41 Holbrookia thermophila, 120 Hemidactylus turcicus, 237 holbrookii, Elaphis, 198 hemiophrys, Bufo, 67 holbrookii, Emys, 103 henrici, Kinostemum, 91 holbrookii, Nerodia, 161 henshawi, Eutaenia, 170 holbrookii, Rana, 58 henshawi, Xantusia, 142 holbrookii, Scaphiopus, 58 INDEX 257

Hornalocranium atriceps, 220 Hyla richardi, 73 Hornalocranium wagneri, 220 H yla sandersi, 73 Homalosaurus ventralis, 118 Hyla scapularis, 72 Hook-nosed snake, 216 Hyla sernifasciata, 70 horiconensis, Rana, 80 Hyla septentrionalis, 236 Horn snake, 185 H yla squirella, 72 Horned lizard, 134 Hyla triseriata, 75 Horned rattlesnake, 234 Hyla vanvlieti, 69 Horned toad, 134 Hyla versicolor, 73 horrida, Salamandra, J.l Hyla wrightorum, 71 horridus, Crotalus, 227 Hylidae, 67 hoyi, Pseudernys, 101 Hylodes augusti, 60 hoyi, Ptychemys, 101 Hylodes rnaculatus, 75 Hoy's turtle, 101 Hylodes pickeringii, 70 Huachuca black-headed snake, 222 Hylodes planirostris, 236 Huachuca earless lizard, 121 Hylodes ricordii, 236 Hudson Bay toad, 66 hyperythrus, Cnernidophorus, 147 huldae, Plethodon, 38 hypochondriaca, Hyla, 72 humilis, Leptotyphlops, 155 Hypopachus, 77 humilis, Rena, 155 H ypopachus cuneus, 77 hurterii, Scaphiopus, 58 Hypsiglena, 216 Hurter's spadefoot, 58 Hypsiglena deserticola, 217 hyacinthina, Lacerta, 126 Hypsiglena klauberi, 217 hyacinthinus, Sceloporus, 126 H ypsiglena loreala, 218 Hydrornantes, 56 Hypsiglena nuchalata, 217 Hydrornantes platycephalus, 56 Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, 217 hydrophila, Tharnnophis, 170 Hypsiglena texana, 218 hyernalis, Siredon, 13 H ypsiglena torquata, 217 Hyla, 69 Hyla affinis, 69 ibibe, Coluber, 174 Hyla andersoni, 69 idahoensis, Plethodon, 39 Hyla arenicolor, 69 iecanus, Plethodon, 50 Hyla avivoca, 72 Iguanidae, 114 Hyla bartrarniana, 70 Illinois chorus frog, 76 Hyla baudini, 69 Illinois yellow mud turtle, 90 Hyla bilineata, 70 illinoisensis, Pseudacris, 7 6 Hyla cadaverina, 72 irnbricata, Eretrnochelys, 106 Hyla chrysoscelis, 73 irnbricata, Testudo, 106 Hyla cinerea, 69 imitator, Desmognathus, 30 Hyla copii, 69 irnperialis, Coniophanes, 186 Hyla crucifer, 70 irnperialis, Taeniophis, 186 Hyla evittata, 70 inagnoscus, Gyrinophilus, 46 Hyla exirnia, 71 incarcerata, Testudo, 93 Hyla fernoralis, 71 incarcerata-striata, Testudo, 93 Hyla flavigula, 72 Indigo snake, 193 Hyla gratiosa, 71 inexpectatus, Eumeces, 148 Hyla hypochondriaca, 72 infernalis, Coluber, 175 Hyla lateralis, 70 infernalis, Gerrhonotus, 140 Hyla nebulosa, 72 infernalis, Tharnnophis, 175 H yla ocularis, 71 ingens, Salamandra, 22 Hyla ogechiensis, 72 innotatus, Cnernidophorus, 146 Hyla phaeocrypta, 71 inornata, Uma, 119 Hyla regilla, 72 inornata, Virginia, 177 258 CHECK LIST

inomatus, Cnemidophorus, 146 Kinosternon bauri, 88 inomatus, Plestiodon, 150 Kinosternon doubledayii, 90 inscripta, Emys, 93 Kinosternon flavescens, 89 insculpta, Clem.mys, 92 Kinosternon hippocrepis, 91 insculpta, Testudo, 92 Kinosternon hirtipes, 89 insidior, Bufo, 63 Kinostemon louisianae, 91 insularum, Natrix, 162 Kinosternon murrayi, 89 intermedia, Elaphe, 199 Kinosternon oblongum, 90 intermedia, Leurognathus, 33 Kinostemon palmarum, 89 intermedia, Pityophis, 199 Kinosternon punctatum, 90 intermedia, Siren, 14 Kinostemon sonoriense, 91 intermedius, Plethodon, 39 Kinosternon spooneri, 90 intermixta, Salamandra, 29 Kinosternon subrubrum, 90 intermontanus, Elaphe, 196 Kinosternon steindacbneri, 90 intermontanus, Scaphiopus, 59 Kinostemum guttatum, 87 Inyo County toad, 61 Kinostemum henrici, 91 irrigata, Emys, 103 Kinosternum sonoriense, 91 isabella, Wenona, 157 kirnia, Tantilla, 222 Island fence lizard, 128 kirtlandi, Crotalophorus, 226 Island night lizard, 143 kirtlandi, Natrix, 160 isozona, Contia, 213 kirtlandii, Regina, 160 isozona, Sonora, 213 Kirtland's water snake, 160 Klamath garter snake, 170 ~arro~, Sceloporus, 124 klauberi, Chionactis, 215 1auresu, Tropidonotus, 174 klauberi, Crotalus, 229 jeffersoni, Desmognathus, 31 klauberi, Ensatina, 42 jeffersoniana, Salamandra, 19 klauberi, Hypsiglena, 217 jeffersonianum, Ambystoma, 19 klauberi, Sonora, 215 Jefferson's salamander, 19 klauberi, Taricha, 25 Jemez Mountains salamander, 40 Klauber's blotched salamander, 42 jordani, Plethodon, 35 kohni, Graptemys, 98 Jordan's salamander, 35 kohnii, Malacoclemmys, 98 krausei, Amblystoma, 20 kandiyohi, Rana, 83 Kansas glossy snake, 200 labialis, Cystignathus, 59 Keel-backed musk turtle, 88 labialis, Leptodactylus, 59 Keel-scaled earless lizard, 121 labyrinthica, Emys, 101 kempi, Lepidochelys, 107 lacepedii, Menobranchus, 12 kempi, Thalassocbelys, 107 lacerata, Holbrookia, 120 kennerlyi, Heterodon, 180 Lacerta alligator, 112 kennicotti, Tropidonotus, 172 Lacerta fallax, 146 kentucki, Plethodon, 37 Lacerta fasciata, 126, 148 Kentucky purple salamander, 46 Lacerta hyacinthina, 126 Kentucky salamander, 37 Lacerta maculata, 20 kentukensis, Monoclida, 94 Lacerta melisellensis, 236 Key West anole, 115 Lacerta punctata, 20 Key West spadefoot, 58 Lacerta quinquelineata, 148 King snake, 205 Lacerta sexlineata, 146 kingi, Gerrhonotus, 139 Lacerta subviolacea, 20 kingii, Elgaria, 139 Lacerta tristata, 148 Kinosternidae, 87 Lacerta turcica, 237 kinostemoides, Emys, 94 lacertina, Chelydra, 86 Kinostemon, 88 lacertina, Siren, 14 INDEX 259 laetus, Diadophis, 182 laticeps, Eumeces, 148 laetus, Scotophis, 199 laticeps, Scincus, 148 laevis, Taricha, 25 laticinctus, Agkistrodon, 224 Lake Erie water snake, 162 laticinctus Ancistrodon, 224 Lake Winnebago mudpuppy, 13 latiremis, Rana, 81 lambda, Trimorphodon, 218 latitans, Eurycea, 55 Lamp eel, 28 latrans, Eleutl1erodactylus, 60 Lamper eel, 28 latrans, Litllodytes, 60 Lampropeltis, 204 Lead-backed salamander, 33 Lampropeltis alterna, 204 Least tree frog, 71 Lampropeltis amaura, 209 Leatl1erback turtle, 111 Lampropeltis annulata, 209 lecontei, Caudisona, 231 Lampropeltis blairi, 205 lecontei, Rhinocheilus, 211 Lampropeltis brooksi, 206 Le Conte's terrapin, 101 Lampropeltis caelenops, 209 Leimadophis flavilatus, 180 Lampropeltis californiae, 207 Leiocephalus carinatus, 238 Lampropeltis calligaster, 205 Leiocephalus virescens, 238 Lampropeltis doliatus, 208 Leiolopisma unicolor, 147 Lampropeltis elapsoides, 208 lentiginosa, Rana, 65 Lampropeltis floridana, 206 Leopard frog, 82 Lampropeltis gentilis, 209 Leopard lizard, 117 Lampropeltis getulus, 205 lepida, Caudisona, 229 Lampropeltis goini, 206 Lepidochelys, 106 Lampropeltis holbrooki, 206 Lepidochelys kempi, 107 Lampropeltis multicincta, 210 Lepidochelys olivacea, 107 Lampropeltis multistriata, 209 Lepidochelys remivaga, 107 Lampropeltis niger, 206 Lepidosternon floridanum, 154 Lampropeltis parallelus, 209 lepidus, Crotalus, 229 Lampropeltis pyromelana, 210 leptocephala, Eutainia, 169 Lampropeltis rhombomaculata, 205 Leptodactylidae, 59 Lampropeltis splendida, 207 Leptodactylus, 59 Lampropeltis sticticeps, 206 Leptodactylus labialis, 59 Lampropeltis syspila, 209 Leptodeira, 218 Lampropeltis temporalis, 208 Leptodeira annulata, 218 Lampropeltis triangulum, 208 Leptodeira torquata, 217 Lampropeltis virginiana, 208 Leptodeira septentrionalis, 218 Lampropeltis yurnensis, 207 leptogrammus, Plestiodon, 150 Lampropeltis zonata, 210 Leptophis lateralis, 189 Lamprosaurus guttulatus, 149 Leptophis majalis, 191 Lamprosoma annulatum, 215 Leptophis taeniata, 190 Lamprosoma episcopum, 212 Leptotyphlopidae, 154 larvaeformis, Chrysodonta, 27 Leptotyphlops, 154 latastei, Menobranchus, 13 Leptotyphlops cahuilae, 155 laterale, Amblystoma, 19 Leptotyphlops dissectus, 155 laterale, Lygosoma, 147 Leptotyphlops dulcis, 154 laterale, Scincella, 147 Leptotyphlops humilis, 155 laterale, Scincus, 147 Leptotyphlops segregus, 156 lateralis, Hyla, 70 Leptotyphlops utahensis, 156 lateralis, Leptophis, 189 lesueurii, Emys, 98 Jateralis, Lygosoma, 147 Le Sueur's map turtle, 98 lateralis, Masticophis, 189 Le Sueur's soft-shelled turtle, 110 lateralis, Triton, 12 leucopus, Batrachoseps, 40 laterorepens, Crotalus, 235 leucostoma, Acontias, 225 260 CHECK LIST leucostoma, Agkistrodon, 225 Long-tailed uta, 131 leucostoma, Ancistrodon, 225 Long-toed salamander, 20 Leurognathus, 32 Lopherpes, 122 Leurognathus intermedia, 33 Lopherpes dicyanelus, 126 Leurognathus marmorata, 32 loreala, Hypsiglena, 218 levicollis, Barissia, 141 Louisiana milk snake, 209 levicollis, Gerrhonotus, 141 Louisiana pine snake, 202 levis, Uta, 131 louisianae, Kinostemon, 91 lewisi, Necturus, 13 louisianensis, Diernictylus, 24 Lichanura, 156 louisianensis, Necturus, 13 Lichanura gracia, 156 lucidus, Phyllorhynchus, 195 Lichanura roseofusca, 156 lucifer, Crotalus, 232 lichenoides, Siredon, 23 lucifuga, Eurycea, 54 lindheirneri, Elaphe, 199 lucius, Crocodilus, 112 lindheirneri, Scotophis, 199 lugubris, Aneides, 51 lindheimerii, Elaphis, 199 lugubris, Salamandra, 51 lineapiatus, Liodytes, 178 lurida, Salamandra, 22 linearis, Sonora, 214 lustricolus, Pseudobranchus, 15 linearis, Uta, 132 luteiventris, Rana, 85 lineata, Salvadora, 194 luteola, Terrapene, 95 lineata, Trachemys, 103 lutescens, Gyrinophilus, 46 lineatulus, Masticophis, 189 lutescens, Triturus, 46 lineatum, Microps, 176 lutosus, Crotalus, 231 lineatum, Tropidoclonion, 176 Lygosoma, 147 lineatus, Ophisaurus, 137 Lygosoma laterale, 147 lineatus, Plistodon, 148 Lined snake, 176 mabeei, Ambystoma, 20 Lined tree uta, 132 Mabee's salamander, 20 Lined whip snake, 189 maccallii, Phrynosoma, 135 lineolata, Eutaenia, 170 macrocephala, Emys, 96 Linguaelapsus, 18 Macrochelys, 87 liocephalus, Gerrhonotus, 140 Macrochelys temrninckii, 87 Liodytes, 178 macrodactyla, Ambystoma, 20 Liodytes alleni, 178 macrospilota, Malaclemmys, 96 Liodytes lineapiatus, 178 macrospilota, Malaclemys, 96 Lithodytes latrans, 60 maculata, Holbrookia, 120 litoralis, Malaclemmys, 97 maculata, Lacerta, 20 Litoria occidentalis, 76 maculata, Terrapene, 94 Little brown skink, 147 maculatum, Ambystoma, 20 Little green toad, 63 maculatus, Coluber, 196 littoralis, Malaclemys, 97 maculatus, Hylodes, 75 livida, Emys, 96 rnaculatus, Necturus, 12 Lodia, 212 maculicaudus, Gyrinophilus, 54 lodingi, Pituophis, 202 maculosa, Siren, 12 lodingi, Necturus, 14 maculosus, Necturus, 12 Loggerhead, 107 magister, Sceloporus, 125 Loggerhead musk turtle, 88 majalis, Leptophis, 191 longicauda, Eurycea, 53 major, Batrachoseps, 41 longicauda, Salamandra, 53 major, Cistudo, 94 longicauda, Testudo, 86 major, Eurycea, 52 longicaudus, Ophisaurus, 138 major, Terrapene, 94 Long-nosed snake, 211 Malaclemmys centrata, 96 Long-tailed salamander, 53 Malaclemmys litoralis, 97 INDEX 261

Malaclemmys macrospilota, 96 mavortium, Ambystoma, 22 Malaclemmys pileata, 97 maxima, Salamandra, 11 Malaclemys, 95 mazamae, Taricha, 26 Malaclemys centrata, 96 mazamae, Triturus, 26 Malaclemys littoralis, 97 mazatlanensis, Microhyla, 77 Malaclemys macrospilota, 96 m'calli, Phrynosoma, 135 Malaclemys pileata, 97 m'callii, Anota, 135 Malaclemys rhizophorarum, 96 means, Amphiuma, 27 Malaclemys terrapin, 95 mearnsi, Uta, 132 Malaclemys tuberculifera, 96 medusa, Tropidonotus, 163 Malacoclemmys kohnii, 98 megalops, Eutaenia, 167 Malacoclemmys oculifera, 98 megalops, Thamnophis, 167 Manculus, 56 melanoleuca, Salamandra, 34 Manculus paludicolus, 56 rn elanoleucus, Coluber, 201 Manculus quadridigitatus, 56 melanoleucus, Pituophis, 201 Manculus remifer, 56 melanopleura, Eurycea, 53 Manculus uvidus, 56 melanopleura, Spelerpes, 53 Mangrove terrapin, 96 melanostethus, Cnemidophorus, 144 Mangrove water snake, 163 melanosticta, Salamandra, 42 Many-lined skink, 150 melanostictum, Ambystorna, 22 Many-ribbed salamander, 54 melanosticturn, Siredon, 22 Marbled salamander, 21 melanota, Ranaria, 79 marciana, Thamnophis, 168 melanotaenia, Eutaenia, 172 Marcy's garter snake, 168 melanurus, Crotalus, 228 margaritiferus, Drymobius, 192 melaventris, Plethodon, 36 margaritiferus, Herpetodryas, 192 melisellensis, Lacerta, 236 marginata, Chrysemys, 99 Mendocino newt, 27 marginata, Elgaria, 139 Menobranchus, 12 marginatus, Pseudotriton, 44 Menobranchus lacepedii, 12 marginatus, Stereochilus, 44 Menobranchus latastei, 13 Margined salamander, 44 Menobranchus punctatus, 14 Maricopa leaf-nosed snake, 195 Menopoma, 11 marina, Rana, 64 meridionalis, Diemictylus, 25 Marine toad, 64 merriarni, Sceloporus, 123 marinus, Bufo, 64 Merriam's canyon lizard, 123 marmorata, Clemmys, 92 Mesa Verde night snake, 218 marmorata, Emys, 92 Mesquite lizard, 124 marmorata, Leurognathus, 32 messaugus, Crotalus, 226 , marmoratus, Cnemidophorus, 145 metcaIB, Plethodon, 35 marmoratus, Sceloporus, 122 Metcalfs salamander, 36 marnocki, Syrrhophus, 60 Mexican black-headed snake, 220 Massasauga, 226 Mexican garter snake, 167 Masticophis, 188 Mexican leaf-fingered gecko, 114 Masticophis bilineatus, 190 Mexican milk snake, 210 Masticophis flagellum, 188 Mexican mud turtle, 89 Masticophis lateralis, 189 Mexican narrow-mouthed toad, 78 Masticophis lineatulus, 189 Mexican rat snake, 199 Masticophis ornatus, 190 Mexican tree frog, 69 Masticophis piceus, 189 Mexican vine snake, 219 Masticophis ruthveni, 191 Mexican white-lipped frog, 60 Masticophis schotti, 191 microcephala, Potamochelys, 110 Masticophis taeniatus, 190 Microhyla, 76 Masticophis testaceus, 189 Microhyla carolinensis, 76 262 CHECK LIST

Microhyla mazatlanensis, 77 Mojave Desert sidewinder, 235 Microhyla olivacea, 77 Mojave fringe-toed lizard, 119 Microhylidae, 76 Mojave rattlesnake, 230 microphthalmus, Oxybelis, 219 Mojave shovel-nosed snake, 215 Microps lineatum, 176 mokeson, Ancistrodon, 224 microscaphus, Bufo, 64 mokeson, Cenchris, 224 microscutata, Uta, 130 Mole salamander, 21 microstomum, Amblystoma, 21 Mole snake, 205 Micruroides, 222 mollis, Testudo, 108 Micruroides euryxanthus, 222 molossus, Crotalus, 228 Micrwus, 223 Monoclida kentukensis, 94 Micrurus barbouri, 223 montanus, Ascaphus, 57 Micrurus fulvius, 223 montanus, Pseudotriton, 47 Micrurus tenere, 223 Monterey ring-necked snake, 182 Midget faded rattlesnake, 233 Monterey salamander, 42 Midland brown snake, 165 monticola, Desmognatlms, 31 Midland long-tailed salamander, 54 Moon snake, 158 Midland mud salamander, 48 mormon, Coluber, 188 Midland painted turtle, 99 Mottled rock rattlesnake, 229 Midland sawback turtle, 98 Mount Lyell salamander, 56 Midland soft-shelled turtle, ll0 Mount Mitchell purple salamander, Midland water snake, 162 47 Midwest terrapin, 101 Mountain boomer, 116 Mid-west two-lined salamander, 52 Mountain chorus frog, 74 Mid-west worm snake, 185 Mountain garter snake, 169 miliarius, Crotalus, 226 Mountain patch-nosed snake, 193 miliarius, Sistrurus, 226 Mountain purple salamander, 46 Milk snake, 208 Mountain salamander, 17 millepunctata, Salamandra, 24 Mountain short-homed horned toad, miniata, Sonora, 213 135 miniatus, Triturus, 24 Mountain skink, 149 Mink frog, 80 Mud eel, 27 minor, Goniochelys, 88 Mud salamander, 47 minor, Sternotherus, 88 Mud snake, 185 mississipiensis, Alligator, ll2 Mudpuppy, 12, 13 mississipiensis, Crocodilus, ll2 mugiens, Rana, 79 Mississippi diamondback terrapin, 97 mugitus, Pituophis, 202 Mississippi mud turtle, 91 muhlenbergi, Clemmys, 91 Mississippi musk turtle, 88 muhlenbergii, Testudo, 91 Mississippi ring-necked snake, 184 Muhlenberg's turtle, 92 Mississippi River water snake, 162 multi-carinatus, Cordylus, 139 Mississippi sawback turtle, 98 multicarinatus, Gerrhonotus, 139 Missouri terrapin, 101 multicincta, Lampropeltis, 210 mitchelli, Caudisona, 233 multicinctus, Ophibolus, 210 mitchelli, Crotalus, 233 multifasciata, Coronella, 210 mitis, Contia, 212 multimaculatus, Atomarchus, 167 Mobile te1Tapin, 102 multiplicata, Eurycea, 54 Mobile turtle, 102 multiplicatus, Spelerpes, 54 Mobile waterdog, 14 multiscutatus, Cnemidophorus, 144 mobilensis, Emys, 101 multistriata, Lampropeltis, 209 mobilensis, Pseudemys, 101 multivirgatum, Plestiodon, 149 modestum, Phrynosoma, 135 multivirgatus, Eumeces, 149 modestus, Diadophis, 181 mundus, Cnemidophorus, 144 INDEX 263

Muraenopsis, 27 Necturus lewisi, 13 murrayi, Kinosternon, 89 Necturus lodingi, 14 muscosa, Rana, 84 Necturus louisianensis, 13 musicus, Bufo, 65 Necturus maculatus, 12 muticus, Trionyx, ll0 Necturus maculosus, 12 Mycetoglossus, 47 Necturus punctatus, 14 mydas, Chelonia, 105 Necturus stictus, 13 mydas, Testudo, 105 neglecta, Natrix, 159 myurus, Callisaurus, ll8 nelsoni, Bufo, 61 nelsoni, Pseudemys, 104 nana, Eurycea, 55 neocaesariensis, Proteus, 49 Narrow-headed garter snake, 167 neomexicanus, Plethodon, 39 Narrow-mouthed toad, 77 Neoseps, 154 Narrow-striped mud siren, 15 Neoseps reynoldsi, 154 Narrow-striped red-backed salaman- neotenes, Eurycea, 55 der, 33 Neotenic purple salamander, 46 nasicus, Heterodon, 179 nereus, Typhlotriton, 45 Natrix, 158 nerodia compressicauda, 163 Natrix bivittata, 163 Nerodia holbrookii, 161 Natrix clarki, 163 Nerodia woodhousii, 160 Natrix compressicauda, 163 nettingi, Plethodon, 37 Natrix confluens, 162 nettingi, Siren, 15 Natrix cyclopion, 159 Netting's dwarf siren, 15 Natrix engelsi, 162 Neuse River waterdog, 13 Natrix erythrogaster, 159 Nevada gridiron-tailed lizard, ll8 Natrix fasciata, 161 Nevada shovel-nosed snake, 215 Natrix flavigaster, 160 New Mexican blind snake, 155 Natrix floridana, 159 New Mexican race runner, 146 atrix grahami, 158 Newt, 24 Natrix harteri, 160 nigriceps, Tantilla, 221 Natrix insularum, 162 niger, Aneides, 50 Natrix kirtlandi, 160 niger, Lampropeltis, 206 Natrix neglecta, 159 niger, Ophibolus, 206 Natrix obscura, 163 niger, Scytale, 179 Natrix pictiventris, 163 Night snake, 217 Natrix pleuralis, 162 nigra, Anniella, 142 Natrix rhombifera, 161 nigra, Emys, 92 Natrix rigida, 158 nigra, Salamandra, 29 Natrix septemvittata, 158 nigrescens, Tharnnophis, 170 Natrix sipedon, 161 nigricans, Rana, 80 Natrix taeniata, 163 nigrita, Pseudacris, 74 Natrix taxispilota, 164 nigrita, Rana, 74 Natrix transversa, 160 nigriventris, Batrachoseps, 40 Natrix usta, 163 nigrolateris, Thamnophis, 168 Natrix walkerii, 163 nitidus, Pseudotriton, 49 nebulifer, Bufo, 66 nobilis, Elgaria, 139 nebulosa, H yla, 72 noblei, Rana, 83 nebulosa, Terrapene, 94 noctivaga, Arizona, 201 nebulosum, Ambystoma, 23 Northeastern ring-necked snake, 183 nebulosus, Triturus, 29 Northern alligator lizard, 138 Necturus, 12 Northern black-tailed rattlesnake, 228 Necturus alabamensis, 13 Northern Blue Ridge salamander, 38 Necturus beyeri, 13 Northern cliff uta, 132 264 CHECK LIST

Northern copperbelly, 160 obsoletus, Eumeces, 149 Northern copperhead, 224 obtusirostris, Eumeces, 151 Northern crawfish frog, 78 Ocala dusky salamander, 30 Northern diamondback terrapin, 96 occidentalis, Arizona, 201 Northern dusky salamander, 29 occidentalis, Diadophis, 181 Northern earless lizard, 120 occidentalis, Litoria, 76 Northern fence lizard, 126 occidentalis, Sceloporus, 128 Northern Hat-headed snake, 221 occipitale, Rhinostoma, 214 Northern green tree frog, 70 occipitalis, Ablabes, 183 Northern leopard frog, 82 occipitalis, Chionactis, 214 Northern Pacilic rattlesnake, 232 occipitalis, Ophibolus, 210 Northern Pacilic red salamander, 43 occipitomaculata, Storeria, 166 Northern pine snake, 202 occipito-maculatus, Coluber, 166 Northern plateau lizard, 127 ocellata, Eutaenia, 168 Northern prairie lizard, 127 ocellata, Testudo, 96 Northern prairie skink, 151 ocellatus, Trionyx, 109 Northern purple salamander, 46 ochrorhyncha, H ypsiglena, 217 Northern red salamander, 49 ochrophaeus, Desmognathus, 30 Northern shovel-nosed salamander, 32 ocoee, Desmognathus, 31 Northern side-blotched uta, 130 Ocoee salamander, 31 Northern slender salamander, 40 octolineatus, Cnernidophorus, 146 Northern Sonora toad, 63 ocularis, Hyla, 71 Northern spring peeper, 70 oculifera, Graptemys, 98 Northern tessellated race runner, 144 oculifera, Malacoclemmys, 98 Northern two-lined salamander, 52 odorata, Testudo, 87 Northern water snake, 161 odoratus, Sternothaerus, 87 Northern wood frog, 81 odoratus, Sternotherus, 87 Northwestern ring-necked snake, 181 ogechiensis, Hyla, 72 Northwestern salamander, 19 Ohio purple salamander, 46 notata, Uma, 119 Oklahoma neotenic salamander, 55 notatus, Sphaerodactylus, 237 olivacea, Chelonia, 107 Notophthalmus, 23 olivacea, Ficimia, 216 nubilus, Phyllorhynchus, 195 olivacea, Lepidochelys, 107 nuchalata, H ypsiglena, 217 olivacea, Microhyla, 77 nuchalis, Aspidonectes, 110 olivaceum, Engystoma, 77 nuchalis, Clemmys, 92 olivaceus, Gymnopus, 110 nuchalis, Contia, 213 olivaceus, Sceloporus, 125 nuntius, Crotalus, 232 olympia, Thamnophis, 169 nuttalli, Chrysemys, 100 Olympic mountain salamander, 17 Olympic tailed frog, 57 Oak toad, 65 olympicus, Ranodon, 16 obalskii, Tropidonotus, 174 olympicus, Rhyacotriton, 16 obesus, Sauromalus, 117 onca, Rana, 83 Oblique-banded water snake, 162 onocrepis, Eumeces, 154 oblongum, Kinosternon, 90 onocrepis, Plistodon, 154 obscura, Eutaenia, 174 opaca, Salamandra, 21 obscura, Natrix, 163 opacum, Ambystoma, 21 obscura, Storeria, 166 Opheodrys, 191 obscurum, Amblystoma, 22 Opheodrys aestivus, 191 obsoleta, Elaphe, 197 Opheodrys blanchardi, 192 obsoletum, Plestiodon, 149 Opheodrys vernalis, 191 obsoletus, Coluber, 197 Ophibolus altemus, 204 obsoletus, Elaphis, 197 Ophibolus boylii, 207 INDEX 265

Ophibolus clericus, 208 ouachitae, Plethodon, 37 Ophibolus collaris, 208 Oxybelis, 219 Ophibolus eiseni, 207 Oxybelis aeneus, 219 Ophibolus evansii, 205 Oxybelis auratus, 219 Ophibolus gentilis, 209 Oxybelis microphthalmus, 219 Ophibolus multicinctus, 210 oxyrhyncha, Rana, 82 Ophibolus niger, 206 Ozark hellbender, 12 Ophibolus occipitalis, 210 Ozotheca tristycha, 87 Ophibolus pyromelanus, 210 Ophibolus splendidus, 207 pachyurus, Eumeces, 151 Ophibolus syspilus, 209 Paci£c fence lizard, 128 Ophibolus temporalis, 208 Paci£c giant salamander, 16 Ophisaurus, 137 Pacific gopher snake, 203 Ophisaurus attenuatus, 137 Paci£c hawksbill turtle, 106 Ophisaurus sulcatus, 137 Paci£c leatherback turtle, 111 Ophisaurus compressus, 137 Paci£c loggerhead, 108 Ophisaurus lineatus, 137 Pacific patch-nosed snake, 194 Ophisaurus longicaudus, 138 Paci£c pond turtle, 92 Ophisaurus punctatus, 137 Paci£c red-sided garter snake, 175 Ophisaurus striatulus, 137 Pacific ridley, 107 Ophisaurus ventralis, 137 Paci£c ring-necked snake, 181 Orange-throated race runner, 147 Paci£c rubber boa, 157 orcutti, Sceloporus, 125 Pacific slender salamander, 41 ordinatus, Anolis, 238 Pacific tree frog, 72 ordinatus, Coluber, 17 4 paci£cus, Batrachoseps, 40 ordinoides, Thamnophis, 168 paci£cus, Hernidactylium, 40 ordinoides, Tropidonotus, 168 Painted Desert glossy snake, 200 oreganus, Crotalus, 232 Painted salamander, 43 Oregon alligator lizard, 140 Painted terrapin, 103 Oregon gray garter snake, 171 Painted turtle, 99 Oregon red-legged frog, 85 palarostris, Chionactis, 215 Oregon salamander, 19 palarostris, Sonora, 215 Oregon slender salamander, 41 pallida, Clemmys, 92 oregonensis, Ensatina, 43 pallidula, Thamnophis, 174 oregonensis, Heredia, 43 pallidus, Diadophis, 183 oregoniensis, Emys, 100 pallidus, Eumeces, 152 Organ Pipe shovel-nosed snake, 215 palmarum, Kinosternon, 89 organica, Chionactis, 215 palmeri, Crotalus, 229 ornata, Cistudo, 95 palmeri, Gerrhonotus, 139 ornata, Eutaenia, 175 paludicola, Acris, 68 ornata, Pseudacris, 76 paludicolus, Manculus, 56 ornata, Rana, 76 paludis, Seminatrix, 164 ornata, Terrapene, 95 palustris, Rana, 83 ornata, Uta, 131 palustris, Salamandra, 20 Ornate box turtle, 95 Panamint rattlesnake, 234 Ornate chorus frog, 76 pantherinus, Coluber, 196 ornatissima, Tapaya, 135 Paradise Key mud turtle, 89 ornatissimum, Phrynosoma, 135 parallela, Elaphe, 198 ornatum, Phrynosoma, 135 parallelus, Lampropeltis, 209 ornatus, Crotalus, 228 pardalis, Rana, 83 ornatus, Masticophis, 190 parietalis, Coluber, 175 osceola, Chelydra, 86 parietalis, Thamnophis, 175 Ouachita red-backed salamander, 34 paroticum, Ambystoma, 19 266 CHECK LIST parviscutata, Uta, 131 Phyllorhynchus, 194 Patterned swift, 123 Phyllorhynchus browni, 194 Pecos skinl<, 150 Phyllorhynchus decurtatus, 195 Pectoglossa, 17 Phyllorhynchus lucidus, 195 Pelobatidae, 57 Phyllorhynchus nubilus, 195 Pelodytes, 47 Phyllorhynchus perkinsi, 195 peltifer, Sternotherus, 88 piceum, Bascanion, 189 Peninsular turtle, 102 piceus, Masticophis, 189 peninsularis, Pseudemys, 102 Pickerel frog, 84 pennsylvanica, Rana, 81 pickeringi, Thamnophis, 175 pensilvanica, Testudo, 90 pickeringii, Eutainia, 175 perkinsi, Phyllorhynchus, 195 pickeringii, Hylodes, 70 perlapsus, Desmognathus, 31 picta, Chrysemys, 99 pernix, Eurycea, 54 picta, Ensatina, 43 perplexus, Cnemidophorus, 146 picta, Salamandra, 29 persimilis, Plethodon, 19 picta, Testudo, 99 perstriatus, Diemictylus, 25 pictigaster, Agkistrodon, 225 perstriatus, Triturus, 25 pictigaster, Ancistrodon, 225 phaeocrypta, Hyla, 71 pictiventris, Natrix, 163 Phanerobranchus, 12 pictus, Bufo, 61 Phanerobranchus cepedii, 12 Pig frog, 80 Phanerobranchus dipus, 14 Pigmy horned toad, 134 Phanerobranchus tetradactylus, 12 Pigmy rattlesnake, 227 philipi, Arizona, 200 pileata, Emys, 97 Phimothyra decurtata, 195 pileata, Malaclemmys, 97 Phimothyra hexalepis, 193 pileata, Malaclemys, 97 phoca, Desmognathus, 31 Pilot black snake, 198 phoca, Salamandra, 29 Pima green toad, 63 Phrynosoma, 132 Pima leaf-nosed snake, 194 Phrynosoma blainvillei, 133 Pine Barrens tree frog, 69 Phrynosoma brevicorne, 134 Pine snake, 197, 202 Phrynosoma brevirostre, 134 Piny woods tree frog, 71 Phrynosoma bufonium, 133 pipiens, Rana, 82 Phrynosoma calidiarum, 136 piscivorus, Ancistrodon, 225 Phrynosoma coronatum, 133 piscivorus, Crotalus, 225 Phrynosoma cornutum, 133 Pituophis, 201 Phrynosoma douglassi, 134 Pituophis affinis, 204 Phrynosoma exilis, 134 Pituophis annectens, 204 Phrynosoma frontale, 133 Pituophis catenifer, 202 Phrynosoma harlanii, 133 Pituophis deserticola, 203 Phrynosoma hernandesi, 135 Pituophis lodingi, 202 Phrynosoma maccallii, 135 Pituophis mcclellanii, 203 Phrynosoma m'calli, 135 Pituophis melanoleucus, 201 Phrynosoma modestum, 135 Pituophis mugitus, 202 Phrynosoma ornatissimum, 135 Pituophis purnilus, 204 Phrynosoma ornatum, 135 Pituophis ruthveni, 202 Phrynosoma planiceps, 134 Pituophis rutilus, 204 Phrynosoma platyrhinos, 136 Pituophis sayi, 203 Phrynosoma pygmaea, 134 Pituophis stejnegeri, 203 _Phrynosoma regale, 136 Pituophis wilkesii, 203 Phrynosoma solare, 136 Pityophis affinis, 204 Phyllodactylus, 114 Pityophis heermanni, 203 Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, 114 Pityophis intermedia, 199 INDEX 267

Placerensis, Eumeces, 153 Plethodon nettingi, 37 Plagiodon, 17 Plethodon ouachitae, 37 Plain-bellied water snake, 159 Plethodon persimilis, 19 planiceps, Phrynosoma, 134 Plethodon rabunensis, 36 planirostris, Eleutherodactylus, 236 Plethodon richmondi, 37 planirostris, Hylodes, 236 Plethodon serratus, 33 platensis, Ensatina, 43 Plethodon shermani, 36 platensis, Urotropis, 43 Plethodon teyahalee, 36 platineum, Amblystoma, 19 Plethodon vandykei, 39 platycephalus, Hydromantes, 56 Plethodon vehiculum, 39 platycephalus, Spelerpes, 56 Plethodon wehrlei, 38 Platypeltis agassizi, 109 Plethodon welleri, 38 platyrhinos, Heterodon, 178 Plethodon yonahlossee, 38 platyrhinos, Phrynosoma, 136 Plethodontidae, 28 Platythyra flavescens, 89 Plethodontinae, 33 Plestiodon anthracinus, 150 Plethopsis, 40 Plestiodon egregius, 153 Plethopsis wrighti, 41 Plestiodon inornatus, 150 pleuralis, Natrix, 162 Plestiodon leptogrammus, 150 Plistodon lineatus, 148 Plestiodon multivirgatum, 149 Plistodon onocrepis, 154 Plestiodon obsoletum, 149 Plistodon striatus, 148 Plestiodon septentrionalis, 151 plumbea, Wenona, 157 Plestiodon skiltonianum, 152 plutonia, Eutaenia, 170 Plestiodon tetragrarnmus, 149 pluvialis, Eumeces, 151 Plestiodon vittigerum, 148 Plymouth terrapin, 104 Plethodon, 33 Plymouth turtle, 104 Plethodon aeneus, 50 poecilogaster, Coluber, 161 Plethodon albagula, 34 poinsetti, Sceloporus, 124 Plethodon angusticlavius, 33 polyphemus, Gopherus, 104 Plethodon caddoensis, 37 polyphemus, Testudo, 104 Plethodon chlorobryonis, 35 polys tictus, Gyrinophilus, 47 Plethodon cinereus, 33 Pond terrapin, 102 Plethodon clemsonae, 36 porphyritica, Salamandra, 45 Plethodon crassulus, 39 porphyriticus, Gyrinophilus, 45 Plethodon croceater, 43 Potamochelys microcephala, llO Plethodon doo, 35 Potamophis, 177 Plethodon dorsalis, 34 Prairie rattlesnake, 231 Plethodon dunni, 38 Prairie ring-necked snake, 184 Plethodon elongatus, 39 Prairie skink, 151 Plethodon ensatus, 43 pretiosa, Rana, 85 Plethodon flavipunctatus, 50 priapus, Coluber, 187 Plethodon glutinosus, 34 pricei, Crotalus, 229 Plethodon grobmani, 35 principis, Elgaria, 138 Plethodon hardii, 51 principis, Gerrhonotus, 138 Plethodon huldae, 38 propinqua, Holbrookia, 121 Plethodon idahoensis, 39 proserpine, Ambystoma, 23 Plethodon iecanus, 50 Proteidae, 12 Plethodon intermedius, 39 Proteus neocaesariensis, 49 Plethodon jordani, 35 proximus, Coluber, 173 Plethodon kentucki, 37 proximus, Thamnophis, 173 Plethodon melaventris, 36 Prymnomiodon chalceus, 173 Plethodon metcalfi, 35 Psammophis flavigularis, 189 Plethodon neomexicanus, 39 psammophis, Herpetodryas, 188 268 CHECK LIST

Pseudacris, 73 Puget Sound red-sided garter snake, Pseudacris brachyphona, 7 4 175 Pseudacris brimleyi, 7 4 pugnax, Toxicophis, 225 Pseudacris clarki, 74 pulchellus, Diadophis, 181 Pseudacris feriarum, 75 pulchra, Anniella, 141 Pseudacris illinoisensis, 7 6 pulchra, Chrysemys, 100 Pseudacris nigrita, 7 4 pulchra, Graptemys, 97 Pseudacris omata, 76 pulchra, Holbrookia, 120 Pseudacris septentrionalis, 75 pulverulentis, Crotalus, 231 Pseudacris streckeri, 76 purnilus, Pituophis, 204 Pseudacris triseriata, 75 punctata, Lacerta, 20 Pseudacris verrucosa, 75 punctatissimus, Triton, 24 Pseudemys, 100 punctatum, Kinostemon, 90 Pseudemys alabarnensis, 101 punctatus, Bufo, 64 Pseudemys bangsi, 104 punctatus, Coluber, 183 Pseudemys concinna, 101 punctatus, Diadophis, 183 Pseudemys elegans, 103 punctatus, Menobranchus, 14 Pseudemys elonae, 101 punctatus, Necturus, 14 Pseudemys floridana, 100 punctatus, Ophisaurus, 137 Pseudemys gaigeae, 103 Purple salamander, 45 Pseudemys hieroglyphica, 101 purpureocauda, Ablabes, 212 Pseudemys hoyi, 101 pygaea, Contia, 164 Pseudemys mobilensis, 101 Pygaea, Seminatrix, 164 Pseudemys nelsoni, 104 pygmaea, Phrynosoma, 134 Pseudemys peninsularis, 102 Pygmy salamander, 32 Pseudemys rubriventris, 103 pyromelana, Larnpropeltis, 210 Pseudemys scripta, 102 pyromelanus, Ophibolus, 210 Pseudemys suwannensis, 102 pyrrha, Caudisona, 233 Pseudemys texana, 102 pyrrhus, Crotalus, 233 Pseudemys troosti, 103 Pseudemys vioscana, 102 quadra-maculata, Salamandra, 32 Pseudobranchus, 15 quadramaculatus, Desmognathus, 32 Pseudobranchus axanthus, 15 quadridigitata, Salarnandra, 56 Pseudobranchus lustricolus, 15 quadridigitatus, Manculus, 56 Pseudobranchus spheniscus, 16 quadrilineatus, Eumeces, 152 Pseudobranchus striatus, 15 quadrimaculata, Desmognathus, 32 pseudogeographica, Emys, 98 quadrivittata, Elaphe, 198 pseudogeographica, Graptemys, 98 quadrivittatus, Coluber, 198 Pseudotriton, 47 quadri-vittatus, Elaphis, 198 Pseudotriton diastictus, 48 Queen snake, 158 Pseudotriton duryi, 46 Queen water snake, 158 Pseudotriton flavissimus, 48 quercicus, Bufo, 65 Pseudotriton floridanus, 48 quinquelineata, Lacerta, 148 Pseudotriton marginatus, 44 Pseudotriton montanus, 47 Rabun Bald salamander, 36 Pseudotriton nitidus, 49 rabunensis, Plethodon, 36 Pseudotriton ruber, 48 Racer, 187 Pseudotriton schencki, 49 radix, Eutainia, 172 Pseudotriton vioscai, 49 radix, Tharnnophis, 172 pterophila, Eurycea, 56 Rainbow snake, 185 Ptychemys hoyi, 101 Rana, 78 Puffing adder, 179 Rana aesopus, 79 Puget Sound garter snake, 170 Rana areolata, 78 INDEX 269

Rana aurora, 84 Rana virgatipes, 80 Rana austricola, 83 Ranaria melanota, 79 Rana berlandieri, 83 Ranidae, 78 Rana boyli, 84 Ranodon olympicus, 16 Rana brachycephala, 83 Rat snake, 195, 197 Rana burnsi, 83 rathbuni, Typhlomolge, 45 Rana cantabrigensis, 81 Ravine salamander, 37 Rana capito, 78 Red diamond rattlesnake, 230 Rana cascadae, 85 Red eft, 24 Rana catesbeiana, 79 Red milk snake, 209 Rana circulosa, 78 Red River waterdog, 13 Rana clamata, 80 Red salamander, 48 Rana clamitans, 79 Red scaly lizard, 124 Rana conspersa, 79 Red-backed alligator lizard, 139 Rana dorsalis, 68 Red-backed salamander, 33 Rana draytoni, 85 Red-bellied frog, 85 Rana fisheri, 83 Red-bellied snake, 166 Rana Haviviridis, 80 Red-bellied terrapin, 103 Rana fontinalis, 79 Red-bellied turtle, 103 Rana grylio, 80 Red-bellied water snake, 159 Rana gryllus, 67 Red-cheeked salamander, 35 Rana heckscheri, 80 Red-eared turtle, 103 Rana holbrookii, 58 Red-legged frog, 84 Rana horiconensis, 80 Red-legged salamander, 36 Rana kandiyohi, 83 Red-sided garter snake, 175 Rana latiremis, 81 Red-spotted newt, 24 Rana lentiginosa, 65 Red-spotted toad, 64 Rana luteiventris, 85 Red-striped garter snake, 169 Rana marina, 64 Redwood salamander, 42 Rana mugiens, 79 Reef gecko, 237 Rana muscosa, 84 Regal homed toad, 136 Rana nigricans, 80 Regal ring-necked snake, 182 Rana nigrita, 7 4 regale, Phrynosoma, 136 Rana noblei, 83 regalis, Diadophis, 182 Rana onca, 83 regilla, Hyla, 72 Rana omata, 76 Regina clarkii, 163 Rana oxyrhyncha, 82 Regina graharnii, 158 Rana palustris, 83 Regina kirtlandii, 160 Rana pardalis, 83 reinwardti, Farancia, 186 Rana pennsylvanica, 81 remifer, Manculus, 56 Rana pipiens, 82 remivaga, Caretta, 107 Rana pretiosa, 85 remivaga, Lepidochelys, 107 Rana scapularis, 79 Rena dulcis, 154 Rana septentrionalis, 80 Rena humilis, 155 Rana sevosa, 79 reticularia, Deirochelys, 104 Rana sierrae, 84 reticularia, Testudo, 104 Rana silvatica, 81 reticulata, Testudo, 104 Rana sinuata, 80 reticulata, Xantusia, 142 Rana sphenocephala, 82 Reticulated lizard, 116 Rana sylvatica, 81 Reticulated salamander, 18 Rana tarahumarae, 81 reticulatus, Crotaphytus, 116 Rana terrestris, 65 retiformis, Bufo, 63 Rana utricularius, 82 reynoldsi, Neoseps, 154 270 CHECK LIST

Rhadinea, 180 Rough green snake, 191 Rhadinea Havilata, 180 Rough-skinned newt, 26 Rhineura, 154 Rubber boa, 157 Rhineura Horidana, 154 ruber, Crotalus, 230 Rhinocheilus, 211 ruber, Pseudotriton, 48 Rhinocheilus clams, 212 rubra, Salamandra, 48 Rhinocheilus lecontei, 211 rubricaudatus, Eumeces, 153 Rhinocheilus tessellatus, 212 rubriceps, Elaphe, 197 rhinomegas, Coluber, 196 rubristriata, Thamnophis, 169 Rhinostoma occipitale, 214 rubriventris, Pseudemys, 103 rhizophorarum, Malaclemys, 96 rubriventris, Salamandra, 49 rhombifer, Crotalus, 230 rubriventris, Testudo, 103 rhombifera, Natrix, 161 ru.fipunctatum, Chilopoma, 167 rhombifera, Tropidonotus, 161 rufopunctata, Uma, 119 rhombomaculata, Lampropeltis, 205 rugosum, Engystoma, 77 rhombomaculatus, Coluber, 205 ruthveni, Holbrookia, 121 Rhyacotriton, 16 ruthveni, Masticophis, 191 Rhyacotriton olympicus, 16 ruthveni, Pituophis, 202 Rhyacotriton variegatus, 17 Rutl1ven's whip snake, 191 Ribbon snake, 173 rutilus, Pituophis, 204 richardi, Hyla, 73 Rich Mountain salamander, 37 sackeni, Thamnophis, 173 richmondi, Plethodon, 37 sackenii, Eutaenia, 173 ricordi, Eleutherodactylus, 236 sacki, Cnemidophorus, 145 ricordii, -Hylodes, 236 Sacramento Mountains salamander, 51 Ricord's frog, 236 Sagebrush lizard, 129 Ridge-nosed rattlesnake, 234 sagrei, Anolis, 115, 238 Ridley, 107 Salamandra alleganiensis, 11 rigida, Natrix, 158 Salamandra auriculata, 29 rigidus, Coluber, 158 Salamandra bislineata, 52 Rio Grande leopard frog, 83 Salamandra cinerea, 33 Rio Grande racer, 188 Salamandra cirrigera, 53 Rio Grande turtle, 103 Salamandra cylindracea, 34 Ringed salamander, 18 Salamandra dorsalis, 24 Ringed sawback turtle, 98 Salamandra dorsata, 52 Ring-necked snake, 183 Salamandra erythronota, 33 River swamp bullfrog, 80 Salamandra, fasciata, 21 River turtle, 101 Salamandra Havissima, 52 riversiana, Xantusia, 142 Salamandra frontalis, 29 rivicola, Eurycea, 52 Salamandra fusca, 28 rivularis, Taricha, 27 Salamandra gigantea, 11 rivularis, Triturus, 27 Salamandra glutinosa, 34 rivulata, Emys, 103 Salamandra granulosa, 26 Robber frog, 60 Salamandra greeni, 24 Rock rattlesnake, 229 Salamandra guttolineata, 53 Rocky Mountain rubber boa, 158 Salamandra haldemani, 52 Rocky Mountain tailed frog, 57 Salamandra horrida, 11 rosacea, Elaphe, 196 Salamandra ingens, 22 rosaceus, Coluber, 196 Salamandra interrnixta, 29 Rose-bellied lizard, 122 Salamandra jeffersoniana, 19 roseofusca, Lichanura, 156 Salamandra longicauda, 53 Rosy corn snake, 196 Salamandra lugubris, 51 rossalleni, Elaphe, 198 Salamandra lurida, 22 INDEX 271

Salamandra maxima, 11 San Marcos neotenic salamander, 55 Salamandra melanoleuca, 34 Sand skink, 154 Salamandra melanosticta, 42 sandersi, Hyla, 73 Salamandra millepunctata, 24 sanguinolenta, Emys, 102 Salamandra nigra, 29 Santa Catalina slender salamander, 41 Salamandra opaca, 21 Santa Cruz Island gopher snake, 204 Salamandra palustris, 20 Santa Rita ground snake, 213 Salamandra phoca, 29 saurita, Coluber, 173 Salamandra picta, 29 sauritus, Tharnnophis, 173 Salamandra porphyritica, 45 Saurocercus, 52 Salamandra quadra-maculata, 32 Sauromalus, 117 Salamandra quadridigitata, 56 Sauromalus obesus, 117 Salamandra mbra, 48 Sauromalus tumidus, 118 Salamandra rubriventris, 49 sayi, Coluber, 203 Salamandra salmonea, 45 sayi, Coronella, 206 Salamandra scutata, 41 sayi, Pituophis, 203 Salamandra sinciput-albida, 29 scabra, Trachemys, 102 Salamandra subfusca, 49 scalaris, Sceloporus, 123 Salamandra symmetrica, 24 Scaphiopus, 57 Salamandra talpoidea, 21 Scaphiopus albus, 58 Salamandra texana., 21 Scaphiopus bombifrons, 59 Salamandra variolata, 34 Scaphiopus couchi, 58 Salamandra venenosa, 20 Scaphiopus hammondi, 59 Salamandra ventralis, 24 Scaphiopus holbrooki, 58 Salamandridae, 23 Scaphiopus hurteri, 58 Salamandrina attenuata, 40 Scaphiopus intermontanus, 59 salamandroides, Cryptobranchus; 11 Scaphiopus solitarius, 58 Salamandroidis, 17 scapularis, Hyla, 72 Salamandrops, 11 scapularis, Rana, 79 salmonea, Salamandra, 45 Scarlet king snake, 208 Salt Basin box turtle, 95 Scarlet snake, 211 Salt Lake homed toad, 135 Sceloporus, 122 Salvadora, 193 Sceloporus annulatus, 123 Salvadora deserticola, 194 Sceloporus becki, 128 Salvadora grahamiae, 193 Sceloporus biseriatus, 128 Salvadora hexalepis, 193 Sceloporus bocourtii, 128 Salvadora lineata, 194 Sceloporus clarki, 125 Salvadora virgultea, 194 Sceloporus consobrinus, 127 San Bernardino ring-necked snake, Sceloporus cyanogenys, 124 181 Sceloporus delicatissimus, 122 San Bernardino yellow-legged frog, Sceloporus disparilis, 124 84 Sceloporus elongatus, 127 San Diegan banded gecko, 113 Sceloporus Horidanus, 126 San Diegan ring-necked snake, 182 Sceloporus garmani, 126 San Diego alligator lizard, 140 Sceloporus gracilis, 129 San Diego gopher snake, 204 Sceloporus graciosus, 129 San Diego horned toad, 133 Sceloporus grammicus, 123 San Diego night snake, 217 Sceloporus hyacintlunus, 126 San Diego pond turtle, 92 Sceloporus jarrovi, 124 San Francisco alligator lizard, 138 Sceloporus magister, 125 San Francisco garter snake, 176 Sceloporus marmoratus, 122 San Joaquin leopard lizard, 117 Sceloporus merriami, 123 San Joaquin skink, 153 Sceloporus occidentalis, 128 272 CHECK LIST

Sceloporus olivaceus, 125 semiannulata, Sonora, 213 Sceloporus orcutti, 125 Semibox turtle, 93 Sceloporus poinsetti, 124 semifasciata, Eutaenia, 17 4 Sceloporus scalaris, 123 semifasciata, Hyla, 70 Sceloporus slevini, 123 . sernifasciatus, Cnemidophorus, 145 Sceloporus taylori, 128 semilineatum, Bascanion, 190 Sceloporus thayeri, 126 Seminatrix, 164 Sceloporus tristichus, 127 Seminatrix cyclas, 164 Sceloporus undulatus, 126 Seminatrix paludis, 164 Sceloporus vandenburgianus, 129 Seminatrix pygaea, 164 Sceloporus variabilis, 122 septemvittata, Natrix, 158 Sceloporus virgatus, 127 septemvittatus, Cnemidophorus, 145 Sceloporus woodi, 129 septemvittatus, Coluber, 158 schencki, Pseudotriton, 49 septentrionalis, Cnemidophorus, 144 schencki, Spelerpes, 49 septentrionalis, Chorophilus, 75 schlegeli, Dermochelys, 111 septentrionalis, Dipsas, 218 schlegelii, Sphargis, 111 septentrionalis, Eumeces, 151 schmidti, Uta, 132 septentrionalis, Hyla, 236 schneideri, Emys, 94 septentrionalis, Leptodeira, 218 schotti, Masticophis, 191 septentrionalis, Plestiodon, 151 Schott's whip snake, 191 septentrionalis, Pse1,1dacris, 75 Scincella, 147 septentrionalis, Rana, 80 Scincella laterale, 147 sericeus, Cnemidophorus, 145 scincicauda, Gerrhonotus, 140 serpentina, Chelydra, 86 scincicauda, Tropidolepis, 140 serpentina, Testudo, 86 Scincus americanus, 148 serratus, Plethodon, 33 Scincus bicolor, 148 sevosa, Rana, 79 Scincus erythrocephalus, 148 sexlineata, Lacerta, 146 Scincus laterale, 147 sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus, 146 Scincus laticeps, 148 Sharp-tailed snake, 212 Scincus unicolor, 147 Shasta alligator lizard, 139 scitula, Holbrookia, 122 Shasta salamander, 50 sclerotica, Elaphe, 200 shastensis, Gerrhonotus, 139 Scolecophis fumiceps, 222 shermani, Plethodon, 36 scoparia, Uma, 119 Shield-headed rattlesnake, 230 Scotophis alleghaniensis, 198 Short-headed garter snake, 173 Scotophis confinis, 198 Short-horned horned toad, 134 Scotophis emoryi, 196 Short-legged cricket frog, 68 Scotophis laetus, 199 Short-lined skink, 149 Scotophis lindheimeri, 199 Short-tailed snake, 211 Scotophis vulpinus, 197 Shovel-nosed salamander, 32 scripta, Pseudemys, 102 Shovel-nosed snake, 214 scripta, Testudo, 102 Side-blotched uta, 130 scutata, Salamandra, 41 Sidewinder, 234 scutatum, Hemidactylium, 41 Sierra alligator lizard, 139 scutulata, Caudisona, 229 Sierra coral king snake, 210 scutulatus, Crotalus, 229 Sierra Madre alligator lizard, 141 Scytale niger, 179 Sierra Nevada garter snake, 171 Scytalus cupreus, 224 Sierra Nevada night snake, 217 Seal salamander, 31 Sierra Nevada salamander, 43 sebae, Geoclemmys, 91 Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog, 84 segregus, Leptotyphlops, 156 Sierra newt, 26 sellatus, Coluber, 196 Sierra pine lizard, 129 INDEX 273 sierrae, Ensatina, 43 Smooth-necked alligator lizard, 141 sierrae, Rana, 84 Smooth tree uta, 131 sierrae, Taricha, 26 Snapping turtle, 86 sierrae, Triturus, 26 Snub-nosed horned toad, 136 silus, Crotaphytus, 117 Soft-shelled turtle, 108 silus, Gambelia, 117 solare, Phrynosoma, 136 silvatica, Rana, 81 solitarius, Scaphiopus, 58 Silvery anniella, 142 Sonora, 212 Silvery footless lizard, 142 Sonora alligator lizard, 139 similans, Taricha, 27 Sonora blanchardi, 214 similans, Triturus, 27 Sonora episcopa, 212 similis, Diadophis, 181 Sonora gloydi, 214 simus, Coluber, 180 Sonora isozona, 213 simus, Heterodon, 180 Sonora king snake, 207 Sinaloa narrow-mouthed toad, 77 Sonora klauberi, 215 sinciput-albida, Salamandra, 29 Sonora leaf-nosed snake, 195 sinuata, Rana, 80 Sonora linearis, 214 sipedon, Coluber, 161 Sonora lyre snake, 219 sipedon, Natrix, 161 Sonora miniata, 213 Siredon gracilis, 18 Sonora mud turtle, 91 Siredon harlanii, 23 Sonora palarostris, 215 Siredon lichenoides, 23 Sonora semiannulata, 213 Siredon melanostictum, 22 Sonora shovel-nosed snake, 215 Siren, 14 Sonora taylori, 213 Siren hyemalis, 13 Sonora toad, 62 Siren intermedia, 14 Sonora whip snake, 190 Siren lacertina, 14 sonoraensis, Caudisona, 230 Siren maculosa, 12 Sonoran Desert horned toad, 136 Siren nettingi, 15 Sonoran gopher snake, 204 Sirenidae, 14 sonoriense, Kinosternum, 91 Sirenodon, 17 South Florida coral snake, 223 Sirenoidis, 27 South Florida hog-nosed snake, 179 sirtalis, Coluber, 174 South Florida mud snake, 178 sirtalis, Thamnophis, 174 South Florida swamp snake, 164 Sistrurus, 226 . South Texas ground snake, 213 Sistrurus barbouri, 227 Southeastern diamondback terrapin, Sistrurus catenatus, 226 96 Sistrurus miliarius, 226 Southeastern pigmy rattlesnake, 227 Sistrurus streckeri, 227 Southeastern ring-necked snake, 183 Sistrurus tergeminus, 226 Southern California pond turtle, 92 Six-lined race runner, 146 Southern California rubber boa, 157 skiltonianum, Plestiodon, 152 Southern chorus frog, 7 4 skiltonianus, Eumeces, 152 Southern coal skink, 151 slateri, Ambystoma, 22 Southern copperhead, 224 Slender Hat-headed snake, 221 Southern crawfish frog, 78 Slender glass snake, 137 Southern diamondback terrapin, 96 Slender mud siren, 16 Southern fence lizard, 126 slevini, Sceloporus, 123 Southern gray tree frog, 73 Slimy salamander, 34 Soutl1ern ground snake, 177 Small-mouthed salamander, 21 Southern hog-nosed snake, 180 Small-scaled uta, 131 Southern leopard frog, 82 Smooth green snake, 191 Southern Pacific rattlesnake, 232 Smooth-headed alligator lizard, 140 Southern painted turtle, 100 274 CHECK LIST

Southern plateau lizard, 127 Spotted turtle, 91 Southern prairie lizard, 127 Spreading adder, 179 Southern prairie skink, 151 Spring blind salamander, 45 Southern red salamander, 49 Spring peeper, 70 Southern shovel-nosed salamander, 33 squamata, Eretmochelys, 106 Southern slender salamander, 40 squirella, Hyla, 72 Southern soft-shelled turtle, 109 Squirrel tree frog, 73 Southern spiny soft-shelled turtle, 109 stagnalis, Spea, 59 Southern spring peeper, 70 stansburiana, Uta, 130 Southern terrapin, 100 steindachneri, Cinosternum, 90 Southern toad, 65 steindachneri, Kinosternon, 90 Southern two-lined salamander, 53 stejnegeri, Abystoma, 20 Southwestern hog-nosed snake, 180 stejnegeri, Anolis, 115 Southwestern speckled rattlesnake, 233 stejnegeri, Pituophis, 203 Southwestern toad, 64 stejnegeri, Spelerpes, 54 Spadefoot toad, 58 stejnegeri, Thamnophis, 167 Spea, 57 stejnegeri, Uta, 130 Spea stagnalis, 59 stejnegerianus, Coluber, 188 speciosa, Emys, 93 stejnegerianus, Zamenis, 188 speciosus, Bufo, 62 Stejneger's anolis, 115 Speckled earless lizard, 121 Stellio undulatus, 126 Speckled ground snake, 192 Stenodactylus fuscus, 236 Speckled king snake, 207 Stenodactylus variegatus, 112 Speckled rattlesnake, 233 stephensi, Crotalus, 233 spelaeus, Typhlotriton, 44 Stereochilus, 44 Spelerpes, 51 Stereochilus marginatus, 44 Spelerpes borealis, 52 Sternothaerus odoratus, 87 Spelerpes danielsi, 46 Sternotherus, 87 Spelerpes melanopleura, 53 Sternotherus carinatus, 87 Spelerpes multiplicatu·s, 54 Sternotl1erus minor, 88 Spelerpes platycephalus, 56 Sternotherus odoratus, 87 Spelerpes schencki, 49 Sternotherus peltifer, 88 Spelerpes stejnegeri, 54 sticticeps, Lampropeltis, 206 Spelerpes sticticeps, 48 sticticeps, Spelerpes, 48 Sphaerodactylus cinereus, 237 stictogenys, Diadophis, 184 Sphaerodactylus notatus, 237 stictogrammus, Cnemidophorus, 145 Sphargis schlegelii, 111 stictus, Necturus, 13 spheniscus, Pseudobranchus, 16 Stilosoma, 2ll sphenocephala, Rana, 82 Stilosoma extenuatum, 2ll spiloides, Elaphe, 198 Stingin' snake, 185 spiloides, Elaphis, 198 Stink-pot, 87 Spilotes erebennus, 193 stonei, Holbrookia, 121 Spineless soft-shelled turtle, ll0 Storeria, 164 spinifera, Amyda, 109 Storeria dekayi, 165 spiniferus, Trionyx, 109 Storeria obscura, 166 splendida, Lampropeltis, 207 Storeria occipitomaculata, 166 splendidus, Ophibolus, 207 Storeria texana, 165 spooneri, Kinosternon, 90 Storeria victa, 166 Spot-tailed earless lizard, 120 Storeria wrightorum, 165 Spotted adder, 197 streckeri, Ficimia, 216 Spotted chorus frog, 74 streckeri, Pseudacris, 76 Spotted night snake, 217 streckeri, Sistrurus, 227 Spotted salamander, 20 Strecker's chorus frog, 76 INDEX 275

Strecker's hook-nosed snake, 216 Tantilla kirnia, 222 Streptosaurus, 130 Tantilla nigriceps, 221 striatuia, Coluber, 177 Tantilla transmontana, 221 striatula, Haldea, 177 Tantilla utahensis, 222 striatulus, Ophisaurus, 137 Tantilla wagneri, 220 striatus, Plistodon, 148 Tantilla wilcoxi, 222 striatus, Pseudobranchus, 15 Tapaya brevirostre, 134 Striped mud turtle, 88, 89 Tapaya hernandesi, 135 Striped newt, 25 Tapaya ornatissima, 135 Striped plateau lizard, 128 tarahumarae, Rana, 81 Striped red-tailed skink, 153 Tarahumare frog, 81 Striped water snake, 158 Taricha, 25 Striped whip snake, 190 Taricha granulosa, 26 subfusca, Salamandra, 49 Taricha klauberi, 25 subocularis, Coluber, 199 Tari.cha laevis, 25 subocularis, Elaphe, 199 Taricha mazamae, 26 subrubra, Testudo, 90 Taricha rivularis, 27 subrubrum, Kinosternon, 90 Taricha sierrae, 26 subviolacea, Lacerta, 20 Tari.cha sirnilans, 27 sulcatus, Ophisaurus, 137 Tari.cha torosa, 25 suspectum, Heloderma, 141 Tari.cha twittyi, 26 Suwanee terrapin, 102 taxispilota, Natrix, 164 Suwanee turtle, 102 taxispilotus, Tropidonoh1s, 164 suwannensis, Pseudemys, 102 taylori, Contia, 213 Swamp tree frog, 74 taylori, Eumeces, 150 Swanka fasciata, 90 taylori, Sceloporus, 128 sylvatica, Rana, 81 taylori, Sonora, 213 symmetrica, Salamandra, 24 Teidae, 143 symmetrica, Uta, 132 temmi.ncki, Macrochelys, 87 Syrrhophus, 60 temminckii, Chelonura, 87 Syrrhophus campi, 60 temminckii, Macrochelys, 87 Syrrhophus gaigeae, 60 temporalis, Lampropelti.s, 208 Syrrhophus marnocki, 60 temporalis, Ophibolus, 208 syspila, Lampropeltis, 209 tenebrosum, Amblystoma, 16 syspilus, Ophibolus, 209 tenere, Elaps, 223 tenere, Micrurus, 223 taenia, Tropidonoh1s, 174 Tennessee musk turtle, 88 taeniata, Leptophis, 190 tenuis, Calamari.a, 212 taeniata, Natrix, 163 tenuis, Contia, 212 taeniatus, Masticophis, 190 tereticauda, Triton, 51 Taeniophis imperialis, 186 tergeminus, Crotalus, 226 Tailed frog, 57 tergeminus, Sistrurus, 226 Tallulah salamander, 31 Terrapene, 93 talpina, Chionactis, 215 Terrapene bauri, 94 talpoidea, Salamandra, 21 Terrapene boscii, 87 talpoideum, Ambystoma, 21 Terrapene carolina, 93 Tantilla, 220 Terrapene cimarronensis, 95 Tantilla atriceps, 220 Terrapene luteola, 95 Tantilla coronata, 220 Terrapene maculata, 94 Tantilla eiseni, 220 Terrapene major, 94 Tantilla fumiceps, 222 Terrapene nebulosa, 94 Tantilla gracilis, 221 Terrapene ornata, 95 Tantilla hallowelli, 221 Terrapene triunguis, 94 276 CHECK LIST terrapin, Malaclemys, 95 tetragrammus, Plestiodon, 149 terrapin, Testudo, 95 tetrataenia, Eutaenia, 176 terrassodactylus, Cryptobranchus, 11 tetrataenia, Tharnnophis, 176 terrestris, Bufo, 65 Texan terrapin, 102 terrestris, Rana, 65 texana, Holbrookia, 121, 122 terrestris, Thamnophis, 169 texana, Hypsiglena, 218 tessellata, Ameiva, 143 texana, Pseudemys, 102 Tessellated race runner, 143, 144 texana, Salamandra, 21 tessellatus, Cnemidophorus, 143 texana, Storeria, 165 tessellatus, Rhinocheilus, 212 texanum, Ambystoma, 21 testaceus, Coluber, 189 texanus, Cophosaurus, 121 testaceus, Masticophis, 189 Texas alligator lizard, 141 Testudinidae, 104 Texas banded gecko, 114 Testudo anonyma, 91 Texas black-headed snake, 222 Testudo caretta, 107 Texas blind salamander, 45 Testudo carinata, 93 Texas blind snake, 155 Testudo carolina, 93 Texas brown snake, 165 Testudo centrata, 96 Texas cat-eyed snake, 218 Testudo clausa, 94 Texas chicken snake, 199 Testudo concentrica, 96 Texas coast cricket frog, 68 Testudo concinna, 101 Texas coral snake, 223 Testudo coriacea, 111 Texas diamondback terrapin, 97 Testudo depressa, 105 Texas earless lizard, 122 Testudo ferox, 108 Texas glossy snake, 200 Testudo floridana, 100 Texas homed toad, 134 Testudo geographica, 97 Texas indigo snake, 193 Testudo glutinata, 87 Texas long-nosed snake, 212 Testudo gopher, 105 Texas lyre snake, 219 Testudo guttata, 91 Texas map turtle, 98 Testudo imbricata, 106 Texas night snake, 218 Testudo incarcerata, 93 Texas patch-nosed snake, 194 Testudo incarcerata-striata, 93 Texas ring-necked snake, 183 Testudo insculpta, 92 Texas rose-bellied lizard, 123 Testudo longicauda, 86 Texas sawbuck turtle, 98 Testudo mollis, 108 Texas soft-shelled turtle, 109 Testudo muhlenbergii, 91 Texas spiny lizard, 125 Testudo mydas, 105 Texas tree uta, 131 Testudo ocellata, 96 Texas turtle, 102 Testudo odorata, 87 texensis, Diadophis, 184 Testudo pensilvanica, 90 teyahalee, Plethodon, 36 Testudo picta, 99 Teyahalee salamander, 37 Testudo polyphemus, 104 Thalassochelys kempi, 107 Testudo reticularia, 104 Tharnnophis, 166 Testudo reticulata, 104 Tharnnophis angustirostris, 167 Testudo rubriventris, 103 Thamnophis aquaticus, 171 Testudo scripta, 102 Tharnnophis atratus, 171 Testudo serpentina, 86 Tharnnophis biscutatus, 170 Testudo subrubra, 90 Thamnophis brachystoma, 173 Testudo terrapin, 95 Thamnophis butleri, 172 Testudo verrucosa, 108 Thamnophis concinnus, 175 Testudo virgulata, 94 Tharnnophis couchi, 171 tetradactylus, Phanerobranchus, 12 Tharnnophis cyrtopsis, 167 tetragrammus, Eumeces, 149 Tharnnophis elegans, 169 INDEX 277

Thamnophis eques, 167 Trans-Pecos copperhead, 225 Thamnophis £tchi, 176 Trans-Pecos ground snake, 214 Thamnophis gigas, 171 Trans-Pecos rat snake, 200 Thamnophis hammondi, 171 transversa, Natrix, 160 Thamnophis haydeni, 172 transversus, Tropidonotus, 160 Thamnophis hydrophila, 170 Tree uta, 131 Thamnophis infemalis, 175 triangulum, Coluber, 208 Thamnophis marcianus, 168 triangulum, Lampropeltis, 208 Thamnophis megalops, 167 triaspis, Coluber, 199 Thamnophis nigrescens, 170 triaspis, Elaphe, 199 Thamnophis nigrolateris, 168 tridactylum, Amphiuma, 28 Thamnophis olympia, 169 trilineata, Eutainia, 176 Thamnophis ordinoides, 168 trilineata, Thamnophis, 176 Thamnophis pallidula, 174 Trimorphodon, 218 Thamnophis parietalis, 175 Trimorphodon lambda, 218 Thamnophis pickeringi, 175 Trimorphodon vandenburghi, 219 Thamnophis proximus, 173 Trimorphodon vilkinsoni, 219 Thamnophis radix, 172 Trionychidae, 108 Thamnophis rubristriata, 169 Trionyx, 108 Thamnophis sackeni, 173 Trionyx agassizi, 109 Thamnophis sauritus, 173 Trionyx annulifer, 110 Thamnophis sirtalis, 17 4 Trionyx aspera, 109 Thamnophis stejnegeri, 167 Trionyx bartrami, 108 Thamnophis terrestris, 169 Trionyx brongniarti, 109 Thamnophis tetrataenia, 176 Trionyx carinatus, 108 Thamnophis trilineata, 176 Trionyx emoryi, 109 Thamnophis vagrans, 170 Trionyx ferox, 108 thayeri, Sceloporus, 126 Trionyx georgianus, 108 thermophila, Holbrookia, 120 Trionyx georgicus, 109 thraso, Coluber, 179 Trionyx harlani, 109 Three-lined salamander, 53 Trionyx hartwegi, 110 Three-toed amphiuma, 28 Trionyx muticus, 110 Three-toed box turtle, 95 Trionyx ocellatus, 109 Tiger rattlesnake, 234 Trionyx spiniferus, 109 tigrina, Coronella, 205 triquetra, Goniochelys, 88 tigrinum, Ambystoma, 21 triseriata, Hyla, 75 tigrinus, Heterodon, 179 triseriata, Pseudacris, 75 tigris, Cnemidophorus, 143 trisruptum, Amblystoma, 23 tigris, Crotalus, 234 tristata, Lacerta, 148 Timber rattlesnake, 227 tristichus, Sceloporus, 127 Timber snake, 197 tristis, Elaps, 223 torquata, Contia, 213 tristycha, Ozotheca, 87 torquata, Hypsiglena, 217 Triton ensatus, 16 torquata, Leptodeira, 217 Triton ermani, 25 torquatus, Coluber, 183 Triton lateralis, 12 torosa, Taricha, 25 Triton punctatissimus, 24 torosus, Triton, 25 Triton tereticauda, 51 Tortrix bottae, 157 Triton torosus, 25 Toxicophis pugnax, 225 Triturus lutescens, 46 Trachemys lineata, 103 Triturus mazamae, 26 Trachemys scaora, 102 Triturus miniatus, 24 transmontana, Tantilla, 221 Triturus nebulosus, 29 Trans-Pecos blind snake, 156 Triturus perstriatus, 25 278 CHECK LIS'I

Triturus rivularis, 27 Typhlotriton spelaeus, 44 Triturus sierrae, 26 Tyrse argus, 110 Triturus similans, 27 Triturus twittyi, 26 Uma, 119 Triturus viridescens, 24 Uma inornata, 119 triunguis, Cistudo, 94 Uma notata, 119 triunguis, Terrapene, 94 Uma rufopunctata, 119 tri-vittatus, Tropidonotus, 169 Uma scoparia, 119 troosti, Pseudemys, 103 umbratica, Charina, 157 troostii, Emys, 103 undulatus, Cnemidophorus, 144 Troost's terrapin, 103 undulatus, Sceloporus, 126 Tropidoclonion, 176 undulatus, Stellio, 126 Tropidoclonion lineatum, 176 unicolor, Leiolopisma, 147 Tropidolepis scincicauda, 140 unicolor, Scincus, 147 Tropidonotus bipunctatus, 174 Upland chorus frog, 75 Tropidonotus compsolaema, 163 Urotropis, 42 Tropidonotus concinnus, 175 Urotropis platensis, 43 Tropidonotus cyclopion, 159 Uro-saurus, 130 Tropidonotus dekayi, 165 Uro-saurus graciosus, 131 Tropidonotus jauresii, 174 usta, Natrix, 163 Tropidonotus kennicotti, 172 Uta, 130 Tropidonotus medusa, 163 Uta chiricahuae, 131 Tropidonotus obalskii, 17 4 Uta graciosa, 131 Tropidonotus ordinoides, 168 Uta hesperis, 130 Tropidonotus rhombifera, 161 Uta levis, 131 Tropidonotus taenia, 17 4 Uta linearis, 132 Tropidonotus taxispilotus, 164 Uta mearnsi, 132 Tropidonotus transversus, 160 Uta microscutata, 130 Tropidonotus tri-vittatus, 169 Uta omata, 131 truei, Ascaphus, 57 Uta parviscutata, 131 tuberculifera, Malaclemys, 96 Uta schmidti, 132 tuberculosis, Phyllodactylus, 114 Uta stansburiana, 130 Tucson banded gecko, 114 Uta stejnegeri, 130 Tucson shovel-nosed snake, 215 Uta symmetrica, 132 tumidus, Sauromalus, 118 Uta wrighti, 132 turcica, Lacerta, 237 Utah banded gecko, 113 turcicus, Hemidactylus, 237 Utah black-headed snake, 222 Turkish gecko, 237 Utah blind snake, 156 Twin-spotted rattlesnake, 229 utahensis, Charina, 157 twiningi, Eutaenia, 172 utahensis, Coleonyx, 113 twittyi, Taricha, 26 utahensis, Leptotyphlops, 156 twittyi, Triturus, 26 utahensis, Tantilla, 222 Twitty's newt, 27 utricularius, Rana, 82 Two-lined salamander, 52 uvidus, Manculus, 56 Two-lined skink, 150 Two-striped garter snake, 172 vagrans, Eutaenia, 170 Two-toed amphiuma, 28 vagrans, Thamnophis, 170 Two-toed mud eel, 28 valeriae, Haldea, 177 tynerensis, Eurycea, 55 valeriae, Virginia, 177 Typhlomolge, 45 Valery' s ground snake, 177 Typhlomolge rathbuni, 45 valliceps, Bufo, 66 Typhlotriton, 44 Vancouver garter snake, 176 Typhlotriton nereus, 45 vandenburghi, Diadophis, 182 INDEX 279 vandenburghi, Trimorphodon, 219 virgulata, Testudo, 94 vandenburgianus, Sceloporus, 129 virgultea, Salvadora, 194 Van Denburgh's pine lizard, 129 viridescens, Diemictylus, 24 vandykei, Plethodon, 39 viridescens, Diemyctylus, 24 Van Dyke's salamander, 39 viridescens, Triturus, 24 vanvlieti, Hyla, 69 viridis, Crotalinus, 231 variabilis, Sceloporus, 122 viridis, Crotalus, 231 Variable newt, 25 vittatus, Diemyctylus, 24 variegatus, Coleonyx, 112 vittigerum, Plestiodon, 148 variegatus, Rhyacotriton, 17 vulpina, Elaphe, 197 variegatus, Stenodactylus, 112 vulpinus, Scotophis, 197 variolata, Salamandra, 34 Vegas Valley leopard frog, 83 wagneri, Homalocranium, 220 vehiculum, Arnbystoma, 39 wagneri, Tantilla, 220 vehiculum, Plethodon, 39 walkerii, Natrix, 163 Veil-eyed salamander, 45 wallacei, Haideotriton, 44 velatus, Bufo, 67 Wandering garter snake, 170 velox, Cnemidophorus, 146 Washington salamander, 39 venenosa, Salamandra, 20 Waterdog, 12 ventralis, Anguis, 137 Water moccasin, 161, 225 ventralis, Callisaurus, 118 Water pilot, 164 ventralis, Homalosaurus, 118 webbii, Gerrhonotus, 140 ventralis, Ophisaurus, 137 wehrlei, Plethodon, 38 ventralis, Salamandra, 24 Wehrle's salamander, 38 venustus, Coluber, 166 welleri, Plethodon, 38 Vermilion-lined ground snake, 214 Weller's salamander, 38 verrnis, Carphophis, 185 welteri, Desmognathus, 29 vermis, Celuta, 185 ·wenona isabella, 157 vernalis, Coluber, 191 Wenona plumbea, 157 vernalis, Opheodrys, 191 Western barking frog, 60 verrucosa, Pseudacris, 75 Western bird-voiced tree frog, 72 verrucosa, Testudo, 108 Western blind snake, 155 verrucosus, Chorophilus, 75 Western checkered garter snake, J.68 versa, Graptemys, 98 Western chorus frog, 75 versicolor, Hyla, 73 Western coachwhip, 189 Verticaria beldingi, 147 Western collared lizard, 116 vetustus, Bascanion, 188 Western cottonmouth, 225 victa, Storeria, 166 Western diamond rattlesnake, 230 vidua, Eutaenia, 171 Western earless lizard, 120 vigilis, Xantusia, 143 Western fence lizard, 128 vilkinsoni, Trimorphodon, 219 Western garter snake, 169 Vine snake, 219 Western gopher turtle, 105 vioscai, Pseudotriton, 49 Western green toad, 63 vioscana, . Pseudemys, 102 Western ground snake, 178 virescens, Leiocephalus, 238 Western hog-nosed snake, 179, 180 virgatipes, Rana, 80 Western hook-nosed snake, 216 virgatus, Sceloporus, 127 Western leopard frog, 83 virginea, Cistudo, 94 Western long-nosed snake, 211 Virginia, 177 Western massasauga, 226 Virginia elegans, 177 Western milk snake, 209 Virginia inornata, 177 Western Mojave glossy snake, 201 Virginia valeriae, 177 Western mud snake, 186 virginiana, Lampropeltis, 208 Western painted turtle, 100 280 CHECK LIST

Western patch-nosed snake, 193 wrightorum, Storeria, 165 Western pigmy rattlesnake, 227 Western plains garter snake, 172 xanthoptica, Ensatina, 44 Western racer, 188 Xantusia, 142 Western red-backed salamander, 39 Xantusia arizonae, 142 Western red-bellied newt, 27 Xantusia henshawi, 142 Western red-tailed skink, 153 Xantusia reticulata, 142 Western ribbon snake, 173 Xantusia riversiana, 142 Western ring-necked snake, 181 Xantusia vigilis, 143 Western skink, 152 Xantusidae, 142 Western slender glass snake, 138 Xerobates agassizii, 105 Western smooth green snake, 192 Xerobates berlandieri, 105 Western soft-shelled turtle, 110 xiphias, Amblystoma, 22 Western spadefoot, 59 Xiphonura, 17 Western spiny soft-shelled turtle, 110 Western spotted frog, 85 Yarrow's lizard, 124 Western toad, 61 Yarrow's scaly lizard, 124 Western water moccasin, 225 Yellow mud turtle, 89 Western worm snake, 185 Yellow-barred tiger salamander, 23 Whip snake, 188, 189 Yellow-bellied king snake, 205 Whiptail, 143 Yellow-bellied racer, 187 White-throated slimy salamander, 34 Yellow-bellied turtle, 102 wiegmanni, Gerrhonotus, 140 Yellow-bellied water snake, 160 wilcoxi, Tantilla, 222 Yellow-blotched salamander, 43 wilderae, Eurycea, 52 Yellow-eyed salamander, 44 wilkesii, Pituophis, 203 Yellow-headed collared lizard, 116 willardi, Crotalus, 234 Yellow-headed gecko, 236 williamsi, Elaphe, 198 Yellow-legged frog, 84 wislizeni, Crotaphytus, 117 Yellow-lipped snake, 180 Wood frog, 81 Yellow-tliroated anolis, 237 Wood turtle, 93 yonahlossee, Plethodon, 38 woodhousei, Bufo, 66 Yonahlossee salamander, 38 Woodhouse's toad, 66 Yosemite fence lizard, 129 woodhousii, Nerodia, 160 Yosemite toad, 62 woodi, Sceloporus, 129 Yucca night lizard, 143 Worm snake, 184 Yuma king snake, 207 wosnessenskyi, Clemmys, 92 yumensis, Lampropeltis, 207 wrighti, Batrachoseps, 41 wrighti, Desmognathus, 32 Zamenis stejnegerianus, 188 wrighti, Plethopsis, 41 Zigzag salamander, 34 wrighti, Uta, 132 zonata, Lampropeltis, 210 wrightorum, Hyla, 71 zonatus, Coluber, 210

PR I NTED] [ I N U ·S·J\·