PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

Has the Young Generation become Tolerant?Actualizing the Values of Tolerance in National Culture

Triana Rejekiningsih, Triyanto, An-nisa Nur Sholihah Indah, and Luhur Budi Sayekti

ABSTRACT This study aims at exploring 1) the attitudes of tolerance among the younger generation; 2) inculcating the values of tolerance in the younger generation, and 3) the existing tolerance values in the national culture. This is a qualitative descriptive study, which explores various social symptoms in the society to be analyzed to answer the formulated problems. The data were technically collected using the method of observation and interviews. The study results concluded that; 1) today's younger generation's tolerance attitude shows an intolerant tendency toward differences in , culture, race, ethnicity and individual views. 2) To present, the values of tolerance in the younger generation are inculcated through learning, but those that give priority to the cognitive aspects are confined to textual and abstract conceptual knowledge. This model of learning does not yet have a deep and complete insight into the true values of tolerance which shape part of the cultural values of the dynamics of a nation's life. 3) The values of tolerance in the national culture in which contain the values of tolerance are manifested in the value of togethernes, the value of equality, the value of acceptance, the inculcation of love, the value of mutual cooperation, the value of empathy, the value of harmony, the value of solidarity, the value of openness, and the value of respect.

Keywords values, tolerance, culture, nationality, youth. Article Received: 18 October 2020, Revised: 3 November 2020, Accepted: 24 December 2020

INTRODUCTION The Indonesian nation is a heterogeneous nation, views, decisions and behaviors of those who are so every citizen should have a strong attitude of different from themselves, must be acknowledged tolerance. Indonesia needs a generation that in the last few years (Fahmy, et al., 2015). develops the principles of harmony in ethnic, is one of the cities in Indonesia where religious, racial and intergroup diversity (SARA) intolerant activity sometimes creates problems. (Setiawan & Yunita, 2018, p.8). However, the This situation is influenced by the various tolerance issue still surrounds people's lives until structure of the community, including faith, race, almost 75 years of democracy. There are also nationality and ethnicity (Syamsiar, 2010). Being numerous tensions between tribes and races, a city of industry and culture, the city of Surakarta violence between religious groups, acts of is faced with considerable difficulty in the fight radicalism, and extremism, as well as differences against intolerant attitudes. Based on data from that lead to physical conflicts. Indonesia currently The 2019 Legatum Prosperity Index, Indonesia's faces an increasingly intolerant, radicalism, score on the social tolerance aspect in 2019 is terrorism and violent extremism (Sugara et al., 32.5 (maximum score 100) and ranks 114 out of 2018). One of Indonesia’s challenges is the issue 167 countries (The Legatum Prosperity Index™, of youth. The children of our nation are still 2019). Tolerance has nowadays become one of identified by a lack of nationalism, declining Indonesia's most critical issues. Social Progress solidary and cooperation attitudes, their lack of Imperative data from 2018 reveals the low goodwill and intolerance. The lack of childhood tolerance of Indonesians with a ranking of 2.54 in tolerance, which in recent years includes the the underperforming category and ranks 118 of attitudes and acts of children in respect of 141 countries (Tehusijarana, 2019). differences between faith, race, ethics, The results of data tracking is considered to be

4414 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 one of the most welcoming towns in 10th position Agama, abbreviated eLSA) of In the for promotion and tolerance activities in the province in 2018 the trend of freedom Surakarta City in 2017 by SETARA Institute. of expression and opinion showed a negative Nonetheless, Surakarta city was no longer a hand, with 29 events. The majority of violations welcoming city in 2018. Surakarta has faced occur by refusing religious activities, terrorist several different challenges due to the attitudes of cases, cases of rejection and termination of places intolerance, and even tensions have taken place, of worship, and dissolution of religious activities. which directly affect the harmony of life in the The following are several incidents of intolerance community. Research results from 2017 of the in Solo or Surakarta: 1) rejection of places of Wahid Foundation (WF) showed an intolerance worship, namely the Sukoharjo Chapel, GKI rate of 49.8 percent in the Solo Raya region. It Mojosongo Jebres, Solo, and the Colomadu indicates that the rates are almost equal for Karanganyar Pentecostal Church of Utusan tolerance and intolerance. Surprisingly, however, Pentekosta; 2) rejection of religious-based there is substantial support to Pancasila and activities, namely book review activities at IAIN democracy. In addition to these results, 7.7per Solo, Dharma talk show discussions in Sukoharjo, cent of respondents also favor conservative CSOs Assyura recitation, Cap Gomeh celebration, pork (Basis Data Penelitian, 2017) . festival, HTI disbandment, prohibition against On 8 August 2020, the tragedies of late family Felix Siaw's activities, dissolution of Valentine's violence triggered an unprecedented incidence of Day activities, even rejection of celebrations or intolerance in Surakarta city. Assegaf bin Jufri in emulation to commemorate Indonesia's Semanggi Village, Pasar Kliwon District, Independence Day (Media Badan Litbang, 2018). Surakarta, during the midodareni event or the Based on the quest for the aforementioned data, evening ceremony before the ijab kabul was held. the intolerance problem has been shown to arise A group of people who have attacked with kafir frequently and then to typically occur in the city messages, and Shia is not , Shia is Islam's of Surakarta and its surroundings or in Solo Raya. enemy and a number of calls for violence. There What is important to look at the details of the was also a case of intolerance in January 2020, search from various sources of information is that when one of the students who did not wear the some of the events occurred so far are Surakarta hijab at SMA 1 Gemolong Sragen faced residents who also come from outside the city. intimidation, which culminated in feeling scared However, as casualties have become victims, the and not attending school. In addition, a suicide effect has attained an unprecedented point, which bombing took place in Kepunton Church, has has an effect on the emergence of a sense of Surakarta in 2011 (CNN Indonesia, 2020). fear and turmoil in the society. It would be very A study by Nur Kafid in 2016, entitled From important to be aware of the impact of intolerance Islamism to "Thuggery": A Shift in the by all citizens, especially by realizing an attitude Orientation of the Movement of Radical Islamic of tolerance in daily experience (Isac, 2018, p. vi). Groups in the Time of Democratic This is especially vulnerable to conflict in society Decentralization, reported that the Solo Raya without tolerance, leading to inability to maintain region is known for its large number of extreme harmony and life quality. Ensuring tolerance is an groups, religious group movements leading to the immediate requirement for all citizens. A strong "thuggery" known as Front Pemuda Islam tolerance would create a peaceful, harmonious Surakarta (FPIS) clashes have occurred at Kliwon and conflict-free national life, which will in Market since 2009 and the Gandekan tragedy in essence create a favorable situation for state and 2012. Additionally, the results of a study national growth. An increasingly intolerant conducted by the Institute for Social and mentality, on the other hand, undermines this Religious Studies (Lembaga Studi Sosial dan nation's cohesion, creates an uncomfortable, 4415 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 unsafer social existence and is an obstacle to the does the younger generation of Surakarta stand nation's development and state growth. Thus, in tolerant? (2) How has the change in the value of every individual citizen, in particular the younger tolerance taken place in the younger generation? generation, tolerance should be cultivated and (3) What are the tolerance values of the national strengthened. culture? A tolerance attitude is quite important to the Review of Related Literature younger generation as they are sensitive to various The Meaning of Tolerance for the Indonesian lifestyle influences, socio-cultural beliefs, Nation viewpoints, emotional growth and various Tolerance has an important role to play in any challenges because of the influence of social country that has a pluralistic history of diverse media. In fact, they are also more capable to cultures, including Indonesia. To find out the understand than those the older. It is very sense of tolerance, it can be seen from its interesting to learn how tolerant the young definition based on the word "tolerance" which generation is. Then it is, therefore, crucial to know has the sense of respecting, allowing for ideas , the development of previously defined tolerance opinions, values , traditions, actions and so on or values as guides in the overcoming of existing contrary to its own founders (Poerwadarminta, problems as well as to shape faiths and awareness 1976, p. 829). In addition, according to the of the value of tolerance by upgrading the value of Merriam-Websters Dictionary, tolerance is tolerance for people living in national characterized as: "sympathy or indulgence communities. towards beliefs or practices that vary from or A supportive mindset affects personal life, social conflict with one's own". and national life. This is much like the point made The Declaration of Principles on Tolerance by Moass (2013, pp. 52) that moving students announced and signed by UNESCO national from fear to tolerance can have a long-term governments on 16 November 1995 stated that impact on them and on people whose lives they tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation are affected by it. Tolerance is a character of the diversity of world cultures, of the various expressed in Pancasila values for the Indonesian forms of self-expression and of human beings. community. The presence of a multi-faceted Tolerance is often defined as the harmony culture, political, ethnic and religiosity not only between differences, which means not only a offers the Indonesian Nation opportunities but moral obligation but also a political and legal also a high conflict potential. The circumstance requirement. Tolerance also means compassion as leading to the attainment of national harmony and a way of creating a community of tolerance. unity is generated in tolerance, peace and According to Soerjono Sukanto (2000, pp. 518), a conscience for conflict resolution. law sociologist describes tolerance as an attitude Having a respectful attitude towards other groups which is a manifestation of self-understanding of is an essential feature of mature citizenship in a the attitudes of other parties that are not approved. democratic society (Sherrod, & Lauckhardt, 2009; At the community level, the concept of tolerance Isac et al., 2018). Cultural awareness and the is often understood as an attitude of embracing national culture that has prevailed in society are differences, while at the state level, it is more strengthened by the principles of tolerance. The interpreted as the realization of the harmony of values of tolerance have long been founded in life , particularly as a foundation for the Indonesian society as a multicultural nation made strengthening of national unity and dignity. up of many ethnic groups, races, religious groups, According to Tillman (2004, pp. 95), tolerance is cultures and . Based on the above a key factor in achieving peace, as it is a way of background, this study formulated three achieving peace through mutual respect and formulations of the problem, namely: (1) How character. He also stressed that tolerance should 4416 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 mitigate tensions that arise from differences. sincerity of both culture, politics, and opinions To refer the Indonesian Founding Father’s (Kansil, 2011, p.188; Weldon, 2006, p.332). With statement, Ir Soekarno who emphasized “We are such a tolerant attitude, it is hoped that the people establishing an Indonesian state, which we all of Indonesia will live side by side among the have to support. All for us all! Not the Christian current differences. for Indonesia, not the Islam for Indonesia. Not In relation to the role of identity in state life, Van Eck to Indonesia, nor rich Nitisemito to Cogan (1998, pp. 2-3) offers five qualities of Indonesia. But for all, Indonesia!!!. This citizenship: (1) a sense of belonging; (2) the declaration emphasizes the existence of the State enjoyment of certain rights; (3) the fulfillment of 's principles, which must be given priority on the the corresponding obligations; (4) a degree of basis of the perception of the value of unity and participation and involvement in public affairs; dignity in unity over diversity. This message says and (5) the recognition of fundamental social that it is very important to have unity in the life of values. In addition, Cogan (1998) even constructs the nation and community, which must be realized the characteristics of successful citizens, including together for the good of all Indonesian people. the ability to compromise with others in a Tolerance is an attitude of total acceptance of the cooperative manner and to take responsibility for life of any citizen of the Indonesian nation, with their positions and obligations within society, the all the different religious, ethnic and cultural ability to understand, embrace, respect and backgrounds which a individual has (Suseno accommodate cultural differences, and the 1998, p. 11). Diversity life balance is only willingness to resolve disputes and the ability to possible if tolerance is practiced consistently. be responsive in a non-violent manner. Moreover, tolerance is a habit, a part of This opinion means that the essence of a country's Indonesian culture which accepts diversity with identity is a feature or attribute that has lived and complete sincerity. Tolerance is a characteristic become part of the process of the nation, so that it lifestyle for the Indonesian country. This is rooted in its society's socio-cultural dynamics. demonstrates the intrinsic sense of tolerance for People, whether they have a sense of national Indonesia, which is an identity that has evolved, identity or are called national identity, will be able lived and established in its culture, in the life of to play a role in their country. With regard to nation and state. national identity, according to Koenta Wibisono Tolerance can also be defined as attitudes and (in Srijanti et al , 2011, p. 39), namely the actions that value differences in the beliefs, race , manifestation of cultural values that grow and ethnicity, views, attitudes and behavior of those evolve in aspects of a country's (nation's) life with who are different from themselves (Ministry of distinctive characteristics, and with those National Education 2010, p. characteristics, a nation is different from others. 25). This describes that tolerance is an attitude of The Indonesian nation's identity which is acceptance of differences, whether they are based embodied in Pancasila includes noble ideals on faith, gender, ethnicity and opinions. A tolerant which uphold the slogan of "Unity in Diversity" person is capable of holding back, being patient, Bhineka Tunggal, which reflects the background letting others think, and being open to people with of social differences but, in order to preserving the different schools of thought or belief (Dobbernack unity and integrity of the country, diversity should & Modood, 2011, 8-9). Tolerance does not mean be seen as the cornerstone of life intact. Tolerance defending the beliefs or ideologies that might is one of the primary variables in fostering and exist, but rather respecting the followers' maintaining peace in society, both nation and freedoms and human rights. Tolerance is founded state, established in Pancasila. on respect for the dignity of every human being, Tolerance Value conscience, and other people's beliefs and Value does have the same meaning as worth, 4417 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 which is a valuable thing in life. When dealing of historical or contemporary political issues. with human life, value means the will or the Association for Living Values Education desire for a meaningful and valuable life. Aristotle International or abbreviated as ALIVE said that human beings are always doing (Newsletter, Living Values Education).The Living something positive through all of their actions, so Values Education organization, with a value- that then it is something that people are seeking or based approach, recognizes numerous educational striving for (Erwin. 2011, p. 29). Additionally, principles, including harmony, compassion, value is characterized as a conviction that a man loyalty, accountability, empathy , integrity, chooses to act upon. It was this cognitive, motor modesty, joy, collaboration, equality, and, above all, a profoundly rational disposition independence and unity. ALIVE says that“Peace (Allport, 1966, pp.530). "A value is synonymous is the goal, and tolerance is the method. with attitude, because the object of attitude has Tolerance is being open and receptive to the valence. To many others, a value is perceived to beauty of differences. Tolerance is mutual respect be more fundamental than an attitude, always through mutual understanding. Those who know underlying It. 'Values form values systems where how to appreciate the good in people and a value system is 'a permanent structure of beliefs situations have tolerance. Tolerance recognizes concerning preferable modes of conduct or end- individuality and diversity while removing divisive states of life along a spectrum of significance masks and defusing tension created by ignorance. (Rokeach 1973, p. 5). Tolerance is the ability to face difficult Essentially, value is a guide for society to behave, situations”. as well as to decide whether an event or Pedagogy and psychology literature indicate that circumstance in society has goodness and tolerance encompasses worldview, attitude, self- meaning function. Values often offer trust in rules esteem, behaviors and practices or customs. In or regulations that have lived in society and are addition education plays a significant role in a used as guidelines for living together. The policy of tolerance (Baklashova, et al., 2015; manifestation of value in every human being's Maaruf, et al., 2017). Thus, tolerance is one of the attitude to life is a type of consciousness of the values instilled in education seeking harmony. importance of recognizing goodness in living The value of tolerance reflects harmony and peace together. Values offer life faith that develops and in terms of mutual acceptance, openness, respect takes root in human life, which can be realized if for differences / appreciation, compassion, every human being has the ability to act for the understanding of diversity, equality, empathy and benefit of living together in society, even though non-discrimination. there might be differences. This definition of The points of reflection on the character of value is important to underpin the principle of the tolerance include (a) harmony is the goal; (b) value of tolerance that is part of a value system tolerance is open and receptive to the beauty of that the Indonesian nation considers good and difference; (c) tolerance of respect for individuals true. and differences; (d) tolerance is mutual respect for According to Bernard Crick in his article entitled each other; (e) the seeds of intolerance are fear Toleration and Tolerance in Theory and Practice, and indifference; (f) the seeds of tolerance are according to him, tolerance is both a virtue and a affection; condition in the Journal of Government and (g) where there is no affection, there is no Opposition (1971: 144-145) Among other values- tolerance; (h) (Tillman 2004 cited in Agus, et al., such as justice and liberty alone, but also order 2017, p.63). Value learning helps students to and reality-this is a value to hold. Such develop respect for each and every person. qualifications can be found in every interpretation Positive values are accepted and lived to improve of the term itself that would be useful in the study human dignity and to foster the welfare of 4418 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 individuals and society as a whole. The students the race , nationality, culture, body shpe and size, excel in an atmosphere of values, a healthy, gender or sexual orientation of anyone else; 3) responsible and peaceful atmosphere (The one focuses on similarities not on differences; 4) Association for Living Values Education). one doesn't want to deny different or It is very important that people with various inexperienced acts; 5) he would sincerely defend backgrounds, including Indonesia, be inspired by those who are ridiculed or criticized. tolerance. The importance of tolerance to the As for Suparlan (2008, pp. 78) further elaborates young generation is promoted through the scope on forms of tolerance, a individual must be of the sustainable and integrated family, school compassionate in accepting all differences, for and community. The value of tolerance becomes a differences are the grace of the almighty God; one benchmark in shaping attitudes, particularly to should not discriminate against friends of various strengthen the faith in the truth of tolerance, faiths; in matters of belief (religion) one should which, in the manifestations of the Pancasila not enforce others; it should also allow other values, plays an important role in maintaining people the right to choose their faith (religion). harmony and peace. Then, as they worship, love, and be kind to people Attitude of Tolerance with different faiths in worldly concerns and According to Borba (2001 in Aldarabah, et al, honor those who worship, he does not bother 2015, p. 109), a positive personality and good other people with different faiths. There are citizenship must be established on a basis of several ways to increase values and morality empathy, conscience, kindness, tolerance and (noble character / morality) in schools which can justice. Tolerance is an attitude that values one be classified into five strategies, including values another, regardless of ethnicity, gender, aspect, and morality inculcation; values and morality culture, belief, capacity or sexual orientation. A modeling; values and morality cooperation; value tolerant individual may value others despite creation skills and moral literacy skills; and the varying views and opinions (Borba 2008, p.232). development of a value education program Similarly, in instilling tolerance of students, there (Kirschenbaum, 1995, p. 31). There are four ways are two types of success indicators that can be to foster tolerance, namely forms of cultural developed, namely the first indicators for schools diversity, to compare opinions derived from and classes, the second indicators for subjects. personal values, to develop a "thick skin" According to teacher findings, classroom discipline that is not easy to harm, and to cultivate measures can be found when students take action a habit of protest against unjust and unfair things in class, question and answer, assignments and in daily lives (Sutton, 2006, p. 57). student group work. Subject indicators identify Tolerance is a way to achieve harmony in life, is a the affective conduct of the students in respect to basic principle that every person must have. The those subjects (Kemendiknas, 2010, p. 23). The essence of the value of tolerance is an attitude Ministry of National Education (Kemendiknas) focused on the appreciation for goodness and the also defines the success indicators of the tolerance belief in society, nation and state living value for classes consisting of 1) Providing equal collectively. Tolerance can be achieved through services to all class members regardless of education, which makes us conscious to religious, ethnicity, religion, race, class, social status and political, racial, national, cultural and opinional economic status; 2) Providing services for differences. In transforming values that form the children with special needs; 3). Work in different basis of tolerance, groups. There are several tolerant acts according education is an important strategic approach. The to Borba (2008, pp. 231), including 1) one’s creation of a sense of tolerance is not limited to attitude doesn't want to joke on people different understanding differences, which however, is from themselves; 2) and does not want to laugh at focused on the importance of tolerance as a 4419 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 national identity that, in a diverse context, is a Additionally, to explore the cultural potential to connection between national unity and unity. reinforce the significance of tolerance in an Tolerance has become the culture of the attempt to address the emerging problem. Indonesian nation that evolves from socio-cultural The data collection was conducted through values, is believed to be the cornerstone and plays observation, interviews, the distribution of a vital role in the realization of the ties and questionnaire survey and the study of documents responsibilities of each person in the life of the or the analysis of various research-related nation and state. As a manifestation of national literatures. In addition, data collection was identity, it is very important to establish tolerance conducted in this study, both primary and values based on the nation's cultural values to secondary data. The primary data were obtained provide understanding of the essence of an through direct interviews with key informants, identity that belongs to the Indonesian nation namely teachers of Civic Education subjects at which must be preserved and maintained for its both junior and senior high schools in Surakarta continuity to maintain national unity and dignity. and its surroundings as many as 40 people, 120 junior and senior high school students in METHODOLOGY Surakarta and its surroundings, and 40 students of This study uses the qualitative methodology of university. In addition, this study also gathers Creswell (2014, pp.2), which is driven by the secondary data from various tolerance index- paradigm of social research and is focused on related research data, various research findings, several assumptions that provide the framework journals, and literature which support the study. for study pertaining to the tolerance attitude of the Data were collected through paying close younger generation. Futhermore, this research attention to the purposive sampling methodology uses a postpositivist model, which aims to by selecting the study respondents who were discover different empirical facts linked to considered to fully understand and represent the tolerance, to be explored in accordance with population according to the research objectives. problems overflowing of values and adapted to Data analysis of the study was conducted the development of a changing society. interactively, by first reducing data, presenting Furthermore, this analysis utilizes case study data and drawing conclusions. Data reduction by design since it attempts to address a social identifying various research data which are approach to the issue of tolerance of the young tailored to the research objectives,namely to generation in Surakarta and seek solutions to the obtain research findings. Then present it by predetermined problem formulations (Stake, combining different types of data, including 1995; Yin, 2009, 2012). graphs and tables. Then draw conclusions by The study was undertaken in Surakarta city and reviewing the data obtained from various sources surrounding regions named Solo Raya in 2020. to be verified for validity and accountability. The research has now been completed. The seletion of a site was based on the results of RESULTS research from the Setara Institute which indicated Tolerance Attitude among Youth in Surakarta that in 2017 the city of Surakarta was included in City top ten of Indonesia 's highest tolerance index, Data tracing was carried out in this study to assess however in the following year, there was a the tolerance attitudes of the younger generation decrease in scale. The authors seek to understand of today. The researchers provided questionnaires the community's dynamics at large, particularly and interviews to 120 junior high school (SMP) the younger generation, with regard to tolerance and senior high school (SMA) students in the city awareness and tolerance cultivation, so that of Surakarta. Related literatures and requirements different conditions have been developed so far. are used as a source for the study of research 4420 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 research to obtain the attitude of tolerance. p.852-853). According the Ministry of Education (Minister Attitudes towards tolerance are grouped on the of National Education 2010), the Curriculum basis of the tolerance categories established by Center reported that in order to further enhance the Minister of Education and Culture, namely the awareness of environment education in tolerance of differences in religion, nationality, Indonesian education, that. Tolerance of ethnicity, language, culture and opinion. The diversity means the attitudes and practices of study also examines data on younger students who value variations in their faith, generations’ experience of living with tolerance. ethnicity, behavior, views , attitudes and acts. Research results on religious differences tolerance “(Kemendiknas dalam Fahmy et al., 2015, can be seen in the following chart:

Chart. 1 Tolerance of Religious Differences

The above data indicate that 22 percent praised their religion. It indicates that the younger reported that they supported the same religion in generation is moving towards intolerance of all of Indonesia, 18 percent said they preferred to religious matters. be friends with people with whom they shared In addition, the data below are recognised for their faith, and 30per cent reported that they did ethnic and racial tolerance: not like it when anyone in the social media Chart. 2 Tolerance Questionnaire for Ethnic and Racial Differences

From the statistics in the above table, it is percent of those interviewed say that they will known that 60 percent of the respondents believe protect friends whose racial similarities have with Javanese to have a good character, because their themselves when there is a fight. These data show culture is advanced from other regions, 24.17 that younger generations are still unwilling to 4421 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 accept differences based on ethnic / racial differences, discriminatory and still exclusive, or highlight regional characteristics.

4422 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

Chart 3. Ethnic Difference Tolerance Questionnaire

It is also known from the above data that groups, 11.25per cent object to ethnicity and 16.6per cent believe that ethnicity is the strongest 10.42per cent also distinguish neighborhood and the highest, while 19.58per cent favor ethnic treatment.

Chart. 4 Cultural Difference Tolerance Questionnaire

It is known from information sets provided that 17.05per cent are reactive to various traditional practices and 20.83per cent do not want to engage in cultural activities other than their own, 17.92per cent do not want cultural activities based on ethnicity. The Charts 2, 3 and 4 above indicate that younger generations are also intolerant of national, ethnic, racial and religious differences. This circumstance is driven by a false perception of the ethnicity, race and other racial groups who were considered inferior, due to a number of exclusionary and prejudice offences. In addition, the data below indicate the tolerance for differences of opinion: 4423 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

Chart. 5 Questionnaire for the Tolerance of Differences of Opinion

From the data, it shows that 10 per cent of (2008, pp. 231) and Pasurdi Suparlan (2008, pp. respondents expressed dissatisfaction at the lack 78) who suggest that since the young people are of respect for differences of opinion if there were still unwilling to acknowledge differences, the differences of opinion at a meeting because it principle of equality and discrimination cannot be would disrupt the environment of the meeting, 58 given priority. They are loyal to their group and per cent of respondents said they would strongly exclusive to their friends who tend to be closed disagree with any view that was different from and to have a different view of other groups. themselves, and 20 per cent of respondents indicated that their views must be respected by Instilling the Value of Tolerance in the Young all. Generation Students had experienced inequalities in To find out the importance of tolerance the treatment while learning, which rendered their investigator referred to the declaration announced attitudes quite unfair as 60.29 per cent; however, and signed by UNESCO Member States in 25 per cent of students also did not have an November 16, 1995, of the Principles of empathetic attitude when others needed help. The Tolerance which mentioned that education is the study continued to examine the data on student most efficient way to avoid intolerance. Tolerance attitude in the context of their learning activities. is a character that must be instilled in Indonesia, What is most disturbing is that 60.29 percent of and according to every member of society the respondents are intolerant at school, this data is image of Indonesia is Bhineka. This tolerance very useful to realize as far as schools are must always be cultivated in education (Tilaar, concerned with the name of a tolerant culture. It 2000, p. 180) was also found that 47.06per cent of students are It is essential for all Indonesians, especially individualistic and do not want to cooperate with the younger generation, to understand the motto their friends, even as many as 30.88per cent have of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika in order to strengthen no feeling of love between their friends, while the spirit of tolerance by uniting existing 10.29per cent are materialistic, while 10.29per differences. For early-aged children an attitude of cent experience hostility between friends because tolerance must be enforced. The younger the differences in religion , ethnicity, culture and generation, who understand the value of race are. Many of them prefer to be friends with tolerance, would avoid conflict and social the same religion, gender, ethnicity and culture. division. It is hoped, by instilling the early values The above study results, linked to Borba of tolerance, that young people can develop into

4424 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 people with strong personalities and moral values. distributed questionnaires to teachers and students Education is an essential way to instill a to find out how to cultivate tolerance values in value for tolerance, in order to reinforce attitudes learning. Researchers have collected and that can prevent various intolerant actions which distributed the questionnaire to respondents at divides national unity and integrity. Teaching junior high schools (SMP) and senior high tolerance to students is one of a teacher's most schools (SMA) in Surakarta City. The value of critical positions. There must be no tolerance has been institutionalized by learning underestimation of the teacher's influence on about Civic Education topics, which are student's attire and we know that changing facilitated by school policies. students from fear to confidence will affect them The research was conducted to 40 teachers and their lives for long term (Moass, 2013, p.52 - teaching Civic Education both in junior and senior 56). high schools in Surakarta and the results can be Researchers conducted interviews and seen as shown in the chart below.

Chart. 6 Questionnaire for Learning Tolerance in Schools

Based on the chart of the teacher's results of the knowledge oriented, and 40per cent believe that it survey on efforts to shape tolerance to the younger is abstract. As a result, in their ordinary routine, generation, it is indeed known that the School students do not show tolerance. The importance Vision and Mission and the study curriculum of tolerance in life cannot be enhanced by 35 incorporate the values of tolerance in students. In percent of students. In general, in various practice however, efforts have still not been made Indonesian cultures, the value of tolerance has to improve the value of tolerance. Around 70per been embedded and extended in various regions. cent of teachers said that the lesson plan required 75per cent of teachers have decided to include the the development of tolerance. The learning value of tolerance in national culture. material that is provided to foster an attitude of The researchers conducted data analysis tolerance is insufficiently organized and on the need for learning tolerance to students of informative. In addition, 35per cent of teachers both junior and senior high schools in Surakarta, disagree that available learning resources are fair whose results can be seen from the data chart and complete. This conclusion indicates that the below: internalization of the importance of tolerance in learning, especially in order to achieve a tolerance attitude, was not carried out optimally. The awareness dimension nevertheless exists, and it stays abstract, in the form of tolerant attitudes. 90per cent of teachers accept that the understanding of tolerance in students is only 4425 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

Chart. 7 Tolerance Learning Needs Questionnaire

It is reported that the learning process does Materials about tolerance were not not reach the maximum results to shape student collected and transmitted to students in enjoyable tolerance based on findings from the student learning. About 57.35 percent accepted the questionnaire on tolerance learning. 19.12 per educator was providing interesting tolerance cent say that school learning has not been able to material. Learning is also dominated by the use of shape a tolerance attitude. 27.94 per cent of one single teaching material, namely textbooks students even said the tolerance learning material for learners. 51.47 per cent of students said that was not sufficient and complete. Learning about only textbooks were used to learn in their tolerance remains theoretical and textual classroom. The material is still abstract and does dimensions. 80.88 per cent of students said that not yet apply to the values of tolerance inherent in reciting the material had made the perception of the virtuous-value-rich, national culture. 41.18 per tolerance. Although the learning has not really cent claimed that the material did not examine the achieved the internalization of values and the value of tolerance in national culture. development of student tolerance. 67.65 per cent Typically, a media that can internalize the of students also found that the knowledge of values of tolerance is required to shape an attitude tolerance they acquired from school textbooks of tolerance as an actuation of the student was not sufficient. Thus, students need additional attitudes. It is known from data elaborated in the media to learn tolerance. following chart: Chart. 8 Questionnaire on Shaping Tolerance Attitudes

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Based on student questionnaires about the world and in social media, have brought hostility need for digital media to shape an attitude of to them. To ensure that the teacher expressed such tolerance, 80.88 percent of students said that a need to strive and increase student tolerance. In learning through digital media was more line with such a view, several ways to increase interesting, in line with the advances in value and morality (Noble Character) in schools information and communication technology in the can be incorporated into five methods: ( 1) the educational facets. Now students have been used inculcation of values and morals; (2) the modeling to incorporating different digital platforms in their of values and morality; 3) the fostering of values everyday activities. 89.71 per cent of students said and of morality; (Kirschenbaum, 1995, p.31). that the use of digital media in learning was very Efforts to promote tolerance have not been easy. So learning to establish a tolerant attitude maximised, namely still restricted to for today's younger generation can yield better comprehension of textual and abstract definitions outcomes as digital media is being used. 70.59 per such as what tolerance is, how to define tolerance, cent of students agreed that the value of tolerance etc. In addition, to promote empathy, it is often through digital media was easier to understand. done by modeling / habituations that are still at a Based on the results of learning observations superficial level, such as encouraging prayer and interviews with teachers and students, it is rooms. In the learning process, however, attempts reported that the practice of classroom learning to improve tolerance have not been made by the tends to be dominated by the cognitive aspects internalization of tolerance values. A learning achievement orientation. The portion of learning strategy is required through both learning was not balanced between knowledge (cognitive) methods and media which can internalize domain attainment, skills (psychomotor), and students' values of tolerance. attitude formation (affective). Strategies and methods of learning frequently introduced are The Value of Tolerance in National Culture seminars, videos, interviews and presentations The values of tolerance have long been assisted with PowerPoint. The material in books rooted in Indonesian society as a pluralistic nation and on slides of powerpoints often appears to be made up of different racial groups, races, abstract and cognitive. Also, learning does not ethnicities, cultures, and religions. In order to completely benefit from information and implement the value of tolerance, the researchers communication technology advances. The use of collected references from the 1995 Declaration of IT is also restricted to the use of power point Principles on Tolerance, and then systematic, slides in which material / elements are copied rational learning on tolerance, by discussing the from a book in the form of a text description. This main roots of violence and exclusion, which were suggests a lack of inspiration, excitement and cultural , social , economic, political and religious active involvement of students in education. sources. The growth of individual and racial, Students who tend to be active are those who sit socioeconomic, educational, religious and mostly at the front desk,, while students who sit language groups and nations' understanding, on the back are not looking for the perfect place unity and tolerance must contribute to the to learn. In learning, strengthening character, education policies and programs. including the tolerance element, is also less Education to foster the value of tolerance emphasis. requires a way of exploring different cultural Based on the results of the interview, teacher sources or national cultural values that form part realized that students need tolerance for them to of the social capital of the Indonesian nation. It is live in the heterogeneous and in Indonesian necessary to create a tolerance attribute because it society. The teacher even said that numerous affects the achievement of an attitude of tolerance. incidents of intolerance and strife, both in the real Similar to that Campbell's opinion (1963, p. 94), 4427 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 these principles underlie attitudes' achievement national cultures, including the Sekaten tradition and promote beliefs in goodness with a complete held by both Surakarta Palace and the Yogyakarta understanding in the ideals. Palace. In Sekaten's culture, the Muslim The research team, who examined the community is not only involved, however, factors affecting tolerance in Indonesia, argued members of other religions who share their that social capital is an inherent resource in social experiences by organizing the main market and interactions between individuals. Tolerance, other events. In addition to the Sekaten tradition, which is described as a conduct of acceptance and the value of solidarity often increases through respect between the members of society, is an different national cultures, such as the "bancakan" indicator of social capital. A tolerance attitude tradition of the people of Central Java in affects national integrity and social harmony very particular, where all people jointly enjoy the food strongly. As Indonesia is a diverse country in provided by community members who are cultural, ethnic, religious and regional languages holding the events. (2017, p.1- 3). 2) Equality To foster understanding and belief in the The value of equality can be seen in the Indonesian people, especially the younger tolerance of the people of Manado, North generation, is very important to implement an Sulawesi for cultural and religious diversity. The attitude of tolerance through the upgrading the Manado people have a motto “Torang Samua values of tolerance as a national culture. The Baudara” (iinitiated by the governor E.E young generation faces many challenges at the Mangindaan) and “Torang Samua Ciptaan moment as a result of the impact of the millennial Tuhan” (initiated by Olly M. Dondokambey, the lifestyle, which is exceptionally vulnerable to present Governor, the Manado people are now an social change. The presence of freedom, openness icon of life. The slogan implies the sense of and convenience also offers a room for various equality created by God and brothers by all people conflicts of intolerance, such as the raise of SARA of Manado irrespective of their culture and discrimination to radicalism. Taking into account religion. the very major role of young people in the In addition, the value of equality is also national process, such as Youth Pledge on found in the "Ledug" culture in Magetan, East October 28, 1928 in its historical background. The Java. Ledug art is a harmonization of tetabuhan, essential meaning of the Youth Pledge vow is that movement and sound rooted in Javanese and the Indonesian generation has to protect Islamic culture, each represented by the lesung Indonesia, preserve culture, be sensitive to change sura and the muharam drum. Ledug art provides and not sacrifice identity and values. -the nation's profound meanings regarding human nature, faith noble values as a nation that upholds the and the different facets of life that they perform in tolerance values. plays, textbooks and songs. This culture's The results of a Focus Group Discussion on actualization of diversity can be seen in the fair younger generation teachers and educators, who use of this men's and women's leading art. In a would have better knowledge than middle and realistic or art case, male and female plural high school students, suggest that the values of participants love and respect each other, so the art tolerance are part of the national culture. This can games on stage are lightweight and create be seen in various events or in Indonesian national beautiful sounds. culture comprising tolerance values. The following are the values of tolerance found in 3) Acceptance Indonesian national culture. The culture of the Chinese Benteng community in 1) Togetherness Tangerang, Banten, holds one value of acceptance The value of solidarity is reflected in several or mutual acceptance. Ethical Chinese is the term 4428 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 for the Chinese people residing in the Banten area societies. “Sambatan” is a mutual cooperation in Tangerang, known as China Benteng (Ciben). activity that is often carried out in rural There is the oldest temple in the Benteng Chinese areas in East Java and Central Java. “Sambatan” area, Boen Tek Bio which has been used as a generally performed when a house is being worship place for three religions: Confucianism, constructed by its owners or neighbors. This Taoism and , signifying religious event is usually undertaken by erecting a pillar tolerance. The Grand Mosque of Kalipasar is also of a roof tile known as stance. The task of located in China-Benteng and is quite close to the constructing the roof tile support is called Boen Tek Bio Temple. This illustrates that there "ngedekne omah" in Javanese. All residents has been tolerance to each other at the Chinatown who reside in a certain area or environment complex in Tangerang. People of Chinese descent usually participate in the Sambat. People who established tolerance over time, such as when are present at the time of the splice are asked for Muslims celebrated Eid al-Fitr or Eid al-Adha, their assistance to lift the "stances" which are local Board residents of Boen Tek Bio helped to usually started with genduri at first. Everyone organize the event, including by monitoring local who takes the splice does not get paid at all. The security. The people and administrators of the energy they expend is accounted for only after Kalipasir Grand Mosque take turns to maintain the event is over with food or meat. Moreover, safety and assist in controlling car parking and the "rewangan" event is an activity to cook at a smoothing traffic flow, on the other hand when neighbor's house, which is held by women in Waisak Day and other major celebrations take Magetan villages and other areas in Central and place at the Boen Tek Bio Temple. East Java. As well as “sambatan”, this activity is carried out regardless of the social class of the 4) love and compassion neighbors to be assisted. Even though the The concept of love and compassion is religion of the neighbors who will be assisted is embodied in the North Sumatra culture of the different from other residents, the mothers will Mandailing people. The community of still help until the event that owns a house is Mandailing is a group with such a character of over. Splice and rewangan activities can foster promoting justice and peace. The people of the tolerance of citizens, because these activities are Mandailing have a life philosophy “holong dan carried out regardless of social status. domu”, which is love and compassion among fellow members of society, and show the affection 6) Being Empathetic amongst others. Love and compassion are not The value of empathy is found in the Magetan only for people but also for nature and for other community, who embrace different creatures as well. The North Sumatra Mandailing religions. If it is Eid al-Fitr, the non-Muslims help people also have a culture or traditions which to hold the parking of the Muslim residents who include contributing aspects. They are striving to pray Eid in the mosques. Likewise, if non- maintain promoting the values which have been Muslims pray in their religious holidays, people passed from generation to generation. This is of other faiths tend to ensure protection at the apparent from the traditions of environmental place of worship. The people of Magetan Regency management. One of them is the Mandailing demonstrate a friendly mindset between the people who still practice the marine tradition. people of Magetan, with the objective of creating a shared life, comfort and peace. 5) Mutual Cooperation The value of mutual cooperation is reflected in 7) Harmony “sambatan”, “rewangan”, and “sinoman” In the Samin people's teachings, the value of tradition in other East and Central Javanese harmony is found. Samin is the original tribe from 4429 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077 the region of Blora, known as Sedulur Sikep. behavior formation that are supported and Some of the local knowledge of the Samin tribe forwarded by members of the still maintained today, including quality of community in the Asrah Batin tradition. education that could socially promote peace in life, for example. (demen, becik, rukun, seger, and 9) Openness waras) and the prohibited values (jrengki, srei, The value of openness can be found in the Betawi panasten, dahpen, and kemeren). There are also community's “ngeriung bareng” culture. The various traditions and customs, such as the Betawi community is always open, namely by practice of mutual respect (sanga night and providing more food and inviting neighbors, both kenduri Idul Fitri), cooperative events (sambatan newcomers and those who have been invited for a and manganan), and also mutual help attitudes long time, and think like family. This is also (rewang and jagong) (Rosidin, 2016; Saddhono, reinforced by Ihsan who explained that this 2018). neighboring culture is often implemented as a nganter culture, which provides food or 8) Solidarity / Mutual Helps something to the surrounding neighbors without In the culture of the people of Grobogan Regency, distinguishing ethnicity and religion. In addition, Central Java, the value of solidarity is found. The at the time of Eid Betawi the tradition of opening value of tolerance and acceptance in Grobogan the doors wide on the day of Eid indicates the Regency’s culture has been revised to the Apitan Betawi people have an open attitude, namely culture, introducing an Annual Tradition, also accepting and respecting fellow ethnic groups, known as the Apitan / Merti Bumi / Sedelaj Bumi. social strata and age levels. This tradition is known as the "Apitan," because its introduction is accompanied by two main 10) Mutual Respect Islamic holidays: Eid al-Fitr and during Shawwal. One of the values of mutual respect is found in the The Apitan culture is typically a form of gratitude culture of religious life in Ngargoyoso Village, to the residents because of the abundance of Karanganyar, Central Java, which is at the slopes agricultural goods, but Grobogan Apitan tradition of Mount Lawu. In the village there are three is quite different in practice. There is also the adjoining places of worship, where there is the Al- Asrah batin tradition, or the surrender of the soul Mu'min Mosque, thew church of Sidang Jemaat of the two brothers, a cultural heritage full of Allah Pancaran Berkat, and Agra Bhadra Darma tolerance through Grobogan Regency. "Asrah temple standing in the courtyard of the Batin" is a word for it, in other words, to strive to Ngargoyoso Village Hall peacefully side by side. be sincere with whatever reality happens. All villagers live in peace despite their diverse Whatever reality happens. Internal surrender is religions, with good communication and respect also the expression of gratitude to the Creator, among themselves. The town was also chosen as a forbidden unions between siblings can be harmonious village. In addition to the prevented with the permission of the Creator. The establishment of adjoining places of worship, plan was that the Karanglangu Village group during the celebration of Nyepi Day for would take Kedhana to apply for Kedhini in , Muslims and Christians respect other Ngombak Village. But fate said differently, the residents who are carrying out Nyepi worship. In wedding procession failed and was replaced by a addition, there is Cetho Temple in Karanganyar as celebration of thanksgiving because it turned out a place of worship for the Hinduism, while most that Kedhana and Kedhini were siblings who had of the population are Muslims who preserve their long been separated. A form of gratitude to God tolerance. who has opened the veil. Sad and happy moments are mixed into one. There are elements of 4430 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

CONCLUSION very important to strengthen their beliefs about a Tolerance is an act of embracing cultural tolerant attitude that will bring goodness to life in differences based on the values of solidarity, society, nation and state. Learning about tolerance equality, acceptance, love, mutual tolerance, must be able to provide complete insights to empathy, harmony, peace, openness and respect students, which do not only convey cognitive and based on faith, race, ethnicity, culture and knowledge, but are oriented towards forming views. It is essential to inculcate the value of tolerant attitudes. To cultivate an attitude of tolerance to cultivate beliefs for the sake of living tolerance, various differences are introduced, such together to create a place of tolerance. The as diversity, religion, ethnicity, race, ethnicity and younger generation, who are tolerant, should culture. The tolerance values that can be derived recognize the different variations as a reality that from national culture will provide a clear insight must be embraced, so that they can maintain into the sense of tolerance as the dynamics of harmony, prevent conflict and enmity, and realize national life. The promotion of national culture peace in living together. The tendency to decline tolerance values is the basis for creating a tolerant in tolerance among the younger generation has attitude that is essential for preserving national been due to an incorrect understanding of the unity and dignity. meaning of tolerance, thus affecting perceptions and behavior. Attitudes of intolerance arise as a REFERENCES result of an understanding of group exclusivity or [1] Al-darabah, T.I, et al. (2015), “Evaluating too much self-assertion, especially what the Moral Intelligence of the Late constitutes its identity, Childhood (9-12) Years in Jordan: Al- such as religion, ethnicity, race, ethnicity and Karak Governorate Case”, Journal of culture. The result will be other condescending Educational and Developmental attitudes and unfair treatment. In addition, they Psychology; 5, (1); 2015 are discriminatory, feel the best and right, are [2] Basis Data Penelitian (2017). “Kota individualistic, and do not have empathy with Toleran Versi SETARA Institute. Badan other parties or people who have different Pusat Statistk (BPS) Setara Institute identities. This condition is the cause of the Referensi Media Massa”. Retrieved from: emergence of intolerance in the younger https://surakarta.go.id/?p=7710 generation, resulting in hostile behavior, bickering [3] Borba, M. (2001). Building Moral and even division. Intelligence, The Seven Essential Virtues Establishing an attitude of tolerance requires a that Teach Kids to Do the Right Think. means that is able to make it happen in various San Francisco: Jossey Bass. activities of daily life. EEducation plays a crucial [4] Borba, Michele. (2008). Building Moral role for shaping tolerance, which is carried out Intelegence. (Membangun Kecerdasan through the inculcation of values in classroom Moral: Tujuh Kebajikan Utama Agar learning and school activities. It is very important Anak Bermoral Tinggi). Trans. Lina to establish schools that are oriented towards Jusuf. : PT Gramedia Pustaka efforts to form a culture of tolerance in schools, Utama. assisted by policies, learning facilities, and [5] Baklashova, T.A., Galishnikova, E.M., & tolerant teachers. Teachers have an important role Khafizova, L.V. (2015). The Effects of in instilling the values of tolerance in learning Education on Tolerance: Research of activities by implementing learning strategies that Students’ Social and Ethnic Attitudes, give students the opportunity to be critical, active, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, and have good experiences in a tolerant attitude in Vol 6 No 1 S3 February 2015, school. Students as the younger generation are Doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s3p335 4431 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 4414-4435 ISSN: 00333077

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