VOLUME 115 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 2015

   

   
  Introduction to our new President...

RODNEY TREVOR JONES

odney Jones was born in 1959 in Germiston, where he grew up and attended Germiston High School – interestingly, one of the very few schools in South Africa to have a Nobel Prize winner among its past pupils. Rodney holds a BSc(Eng) degree in chemical engineering Rfrom the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg, a BA degree in logic and philosophy from the University of South Africa, and has completed MSc (Eng) and PhD degrees in metallurgical engineering from Wits University. Rodney has worked in the Pyrometallurgy Division at Mintek – an internationally recognized minerals research organization, based in Randburg – since 1985, and is currently a Senior Technical Specialist there. He has been a registered Professional Engineer since 1988. His main research interests are in the field of computer simulation and design of high-temperature processes, and the development of thermodynamic software. He is the author of Pyrosim software for the steady-state simulation of pyrometallurgical processes, which has been used in 22 countries around the world. Rodney has also been part of the team that developed processes which, has led to the large-scale industrial application of direct-current arc furnace technology to the smelting of chromite in South Africa and Kazakhstan, ilmenite smelting in South Africa, cobalt recovery from slags in Zambia, battery recycling in Switzerland, and ferronickel production in New Caledonia. He is one of the inventors of the internationally patented ConRoast process – an environmentally friendly way of recovering platinum group metals from ores that are otherwise very difficult to process. Rodney has been the recipient of a number of APEX (Acknowledgement of Performance Excellence) and Achievement awards from Mintek, a Mintek Technology Transfer Award (Gold category), as well as an SAIMM Silver Medal. He was a Visiting Professor at the Center for Pyrometallurgy, University of Missouri-Rolla, during July and August 1996, and in 2002 and 2003 also lectured in pyrometallurgy at Murdoch University, Perth, as an Adjunct Associate Professor. The National Research Foundation rated him in 2009 and 2015 as an ‘Internationally Acclaimed Researcher’. Rodney is a member of the Board of Trustees for OneMine.org, and serves as the Chairman of the International Committee on Ferro-Alloys (ICFA). He is also a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) and the South African Institute of Chemical Engineers (SAIChE), and a Member of the Royal Society of South Africa. He serves the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) as a member of the Professional Advisory Committee for Metallurgical Engineering. Rodney has been a member of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM) since 1988, a Fellow since 1997, and a Council member since 2005. He has chaired the Metallurgy Technical Programme Committee since 2007, and also serves on the Publications and IT Committees. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of the SAIMM. Rodney was awarded an Honorary Life Fellowship of the SAIMM in 2010. He has represented Mintek at many local and international conferences, sometimes as an invited keynote or plenary speaker, and has delivered invited lectures and seminars at universities in South Africa, the USA, and Australia. Rodney convened, and edited the proceedings of, the Southern African Pyrometallurgy 2006 and 2011 international conferences. He also convened a conference on ‘A constructive response to the power crisis’ in 2008. He has been a member of the organizing or scientific committees for the SAIMM ‘Platinum’ and ‘Base Metals’ series of international conferences, the International Ferro-Alloys Congress (Infacon), and the European Metallurgical Conference series, as well as the TMS conferences on Nickel-Cobalt and the ‘Celebrating the Megascale’ pyrometallurgical conference in the USA. Rodney is also well known for his efforts in making information openly accessible via the Internet, and has championed the digitization of a number of old journals and conference proceedings. Rodney is an enthusiastic person who respects people as individuals, and places a high value on personal relationships. He aspires to follow the teachings of Christ, and to be an unpretentious, caring person of integrity and loyalty, who cares about justice and freedom. Rodney is married to Debbie, and they have two children – David (married to Vutomi) and Sarah. Rodney's wide-ranging interests include photography, trail running (he has run the Harrismith Mountain Race seven times), hiking, travel, reading, computers, mathematical puzzles, philosophy, history, and playing the guitar. Rodney is a member of the Photographic Society of Southern Africa, the Internet Society (a founding member of the ZA chapter in 1997), the Philosophical Society of Southern Africa, the Genealogical Society of South Africa, the Johannesburg Heritage Foundation, Mensa, and the Cloud Appreciation Society. Vutomi, David, Sarah, Debbie, and Rodney MintekM would like to congratulate and wish Dr. Rodney Jones DVXFFHVVIXOWHQXUHRIRI¿FHDV6$,003UHVLGHQW

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T.R. Stacey (2003–2004) F.M.G. Egerton (2004–2005) W.H. van Niekerk (2005–2006) S.J. Ramokgopa (2002-2003) R.P.H. Willis (2006–2007) R.G.B. Pickering (2007–2008) A.M. Garbers-Craig (2008–2009) J.C. Ngoma (2009–2010) G.V.R. Landman (2010–2011) J.N. van der Merwe (2011–2012) G.L. Smith (2012–2013) M. Dworzanowski (2013–2014) J.L. Porter (2014–2015) H.E. James (1985–1986) H. Wagner (1986–1987) C.E. Fivaz (1988–1989) O.K.H. Steffen (1989–1990) R.D. Beck (1991–1992) J.P. Hoffman (1992–1993) J.A. Cruise (1994–1995) D.A.J. Ross-Watt (1995–1996) N.A. Barcza (1996–1997) R.P. Mohring (1997–1998) J.R. Dixon (1998–1999) M.H. Rogers (1999–2000) L.A. Cramer (2000–2001) J.D. Austin (1984–1985) G.Y. Nisbet (1981–1982) A.N. Brown (1982–1983) R.E. Robinson (1975–1976) 1974) J.P. Hugo (1972–1973) D.G. Maxwell (1961–1962) * A.A.B. (2001–2002) Douglas * Alberts (1987–1988) B.C. * Mosenthal (1990–1991) H.G. * Scott-Russell (1993–1994) H. * R.P. King (1983–1984) * Salamon (1976–1977) M.D.G. * P.A. (1977–1978) Von Wielligh * (1978–1979) M.G. Atmore * D.A. Viljoen (1979–1980) * P.R. Jochens (1980–1981) * R.P. Plewman (1974–1975) * P.W.J. van Rensburg (1973– * J. de V. Lambrechts (1962–1963) * J.F. Reid (1963–1964) * D.M. Jamieson (1964–1965) * H.E. Cross (1965–1966) * D. Gordon Jones (1966–1967) * P. Lambooy (1967–1968) * R.C.J. Goode (1968–1969) * J.K.E. Douglas (1969–1970) * V.C. Robinson (1970–1971) * D.D. Howat (1971–1972) * H. Simon (1957–1958) * M. Barcza (1958–1959) * R.J. Adamson (1959–1960) *(1960–1961) Findlay W.S.        Honorary Legal Advisers Van Hulsteyns Attorneys Auditors Messrs R.H. Kitching Secretaries The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Fifth Floor, Chamber of Mines Building 5 Hollard Street, Johannesburg 2001 • P.O. Box 61127, Marshalltown 2107 Telephone (011) 834-1273/7 • Fax (011) 838-5923 or (011) 833-8156 E-mail: [email protected] 1936) Deceased PAST PRESIDENTS * * Bettel (1894–1895) W. * A.F. Crosse (1895–1896) * W.R. Feldtmann (1896–1897) * Butters (1897–1898) C. * J. Loevy (1898–1899) *(1899–1903) Williams J.R. * S.H. Pearce (1903–1904) * W.A. Caldecott (1904–1905) * W. Cullen (1905–1906) * E.H. Johnson (1906–1907) * J. Yates (1907–1908) * R.G. Bevington (1908–1909) * A. McA. Johnston (1909–1910) * J. Moir (1910–1911) * C.B. Saner (1911–1912) * W.R. Dowling (1912–1913) *(1913–1914) A. Richardson * Stanley (1914–1915) G.H. * Thomas (1915–1916) J.E. * Wilkinson (1916–1917) J.A. * G. (1917–1918) Hildick-Smith * H.S. Meyer (1918–1919) * (1919–1920) J. Gray * J. Chilton (1920–1921) * (1921–1922) F. Wartenweiler * (1922–1923) G.A. Watermeyer * Watson (1923–1924) F.W. * (1924–1925) C.J. Gray * (1925–1926) H.A. White * T.K. Prentice (1936–1937) * R.S.G. Stokes (1937–1938) * P.E. Hall (1938–1939) * E.H.A. Joseph (1939–1940) * J.H. Dobson (1940–1941) * H.R. Adam (1926–1927) * (1927–1928) Sir Robert Kotze * J.A. Woodburn (1928–1929) * Pirow (1929–1930) H. * Henderson (1930–1931) J. * A. King (1931–1932) * V. Nimmo-Dewar (1932–1933) * P.N. Lategan (1933–1934) * (1934–1935) E.C. Ranson * R.A. Flugge-De-Smidt (1935– * Theo Meyer (1941–1942) * Muller (1942–1943) John V. * C. Biccard Jeppe (1943–1944) * Louis Bok (1944–1945) P.J. * J.T. McIntyre (1945–1946) * Falcon (1946–1947) M. * A. Clemens (1947–1948) * Hill (1948–1949) F.G. * O.A.E. Jackson (1949–1950) * W.E. Gooday (1950–1951) * C.J. Irving (1951–1952) * D.D. Stitt (1952–1953) * M.C.G. Meyer (1953–1954) * Bushell (1954–1955) L.A. * H. Britten (1955–1956) * Wm. Bleloch (1956–1957)    
 A. Mainza D. Muma S. Ndiyamba C.W. Mienie C.A. van Wyk P. Bredell H. Wagner S.D. Williams L.E. Dimbungu S. Maleba I. Ashmole N.M. Namate I.J. Corrans, R.J. Dippenaar, A. Croll, C. Workman-Davies J.J.L. Cilliers, N.A. Barcza J-M.M. Rendu, P.C. Pistorius ii Corresponding Members of Council Branch Chairmen Ordinary Members on Council Z. Botha V.G. Duke I.J. GeldenhuysM.F. Handley W.C. Joughin M. Motuku D.D. Munro M.H. Solomon G. Njowa A.G. Smith J.D. Steenkamp M.R. Tlala D. Tudor D.J. van Niekerk J.L. Porter Honorary Treasurer Immediate Past President President Elect Vice-Presidents President Honorary Vice-Presidents Mosebenzi Zwane South Africa Minister of Mineral Resources, Rob Davies South Africa Minister of Trade and Industry, Naledi Pandor South Africa Minister of Science and Technology, Honorary President Mike Teke of South Africa President, Chamber of Mines OFFICE BEARERS AND COUNCIL FOR THE AND COUNCIL OFFICE BEARERS SESSION 2015/2016 Zambia Zimbabwe Zululand Western Cape Northern Cape Pretoria Australia: Austria: Botswana: United Kingdom: USA: Botswana DRC Johannesburg Namibia Past Presidents Serving on Council N.A. BarczaR.D. BeckJ.R. DixonM. DworzanowskiF.M.G. Egerton H.E. James G.V.R. Landman M.H. Rogers Ngoma J.C. G.L. Smith S.J. Ramokgopa W.H. van Niekerk C. Musingwini S. Ndlovu A.S. Macfarlane C. Musingwini R.T. Jones The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Institute of Mining African The Southern L Editorial Board R.D. Beck J. Beukes P. den Hoed M. Dworzanowski B. Genc M.F. Handley R.T. Jones VOLUME 115 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 2015 W.C. Joughin J.A. Luckmann C. Musingwini J.H. Potgieter R.E. Robinson T.R. Stacey Editorial Consultant D. Tudor Contents Typeset and Published by The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy ARTICLES P.O. Box 61127 Marshalltown 2107 SANCOT News: Obituaries—David Lawrence 1948–2015 and James McKelvey 1954–2015 Telephone (011) 834-1273/7 by H.J. Tluczek ...... iv–v Fax (011) 838-5923 E-mail: [email protected] The Education Working Group of the SAIMM-YPC by T. Mmola ...... vi Printed by Camera Press, Johannesburg Profiles of the Branch Chairmen ...... viii-xii Advertising Representative Barbara Spence Avenue Advertising Telephone (011) 463-7940 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS E-mail: [email protected] The Secretariat Presidential Address: Truth and error in scientific publishing The Southern African Institute by R.T. Jones ...... 799 of Mining and Metallurgy ISSN 2225-6253 (print) ISSN 2411-9717 (online) Proceedings, 118th Annual General Meeting, 2015 ...... 819

Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2015...... 829 THE INSTITUTE, AS A BODY, IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE STATEMENTS AND OPINIONS ADVANCED IN ANY OF ITS PUBLICATIONS. Annual Financial Statement ...... 865 Copyright© 1978 by The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. All rights reserved. Multiple copying of the contents of this publication or parts thereof without permission is in breach of copyright, but permission is hereby given for the copying of titles and abstracts of papers and names of Annual Financial Statement for the SAIMM Scholarship Fund ...... 881 authors. Permission to copy illustrations and short extracts from the text of individual contributions is usually given upon written application to the Institute, provided that the source (and where appropriate, the copyright) is acknowledged. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of review or criticism under Annual Financial Statement for the SAIMM Western Cape Branch ...... 887 The Copyright Act no. 98, 1978, Section 12, of the Republic of South Africa, a single copy of an article may be supplied by a library for the purposes of research or private study. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publishers. Multiple copying of the contents of the publication without permission is always illegal. U.S. Copyright Law applicable to users In the U.S.A. The appearance of the statement of copyright at the bottom of the first page of an article appearing in this journal indicates that the copyright holder consents to the making of copies of the article for personal or internal use. This consent is given on condition that the copier pays the stated fee for each copy of a paper beyond that permitted by Section 107 or International Advisory Board 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. The fee is to be paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, R. Dimitrakopoulos, McGill University, Canada VOLUME 115 NO. 9 SEPTEMBER 20 15 Inc., Operations Center, P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, New York 12301, U.S.A. This D. Dreisinger, University of British Columbia, Canada consent does not extend to other kinds of E. Esterhuizen, NIOSH Research Organization, USA copying, such as copying for general H. Mitri, McGill University, Canada distribution, for advertising or promotional M.J. Nicol, Murdoch University, Australia Proceedings of the Annual General Meeting purposes, for creating new collective works, or Annual Report and Accounts Presidential Address: Truth and Error in Scientific Publishing for resale. E. Topal, Curtin University, Australia by R.T. Jones

       
   
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H.J. Tluczek Dinner in May 2015 Dave Lawrence at the BTS        Obituaries    
 David died peacefully on 7 July 2015 at his adopted home on the Isle of Man David died peacefully on 7 July 2015 at his on many important infrastructure Throughout his career, David was engaged stages of the geological In the UK, David was engaged in the early & Root team that managed the Dublin Port highway tunnel in Ireland Following that, he joined the Kellogg Brown David retired to the Isle of Man, but he continued to be associated With close-out of the Dublin Port tunnel project, the construction phase of the Drakensburg Pumped Storage Scheme, In South Africa, through his association with engineering career. He counted among his most interesting projects David had a truly international and interesting was determined to present David was an engineer and professional in the international tunnelling business who a significant element of his His adventurous and committed, yet fun-loving approach to a professional career was here are few who live life to the full in their work as well as their private lives. life to the full in their work as well as their here are few who live a career in David Lawrence. David managed to fulfill One such person was   
  engineering that contributed to the civil development of major mining projects in to the civil development of major engineering that contributed several landmark infrastructure his home country, South Africa, as well as Storage Scheme, where his projects, including the Drakensburg Pumped fraternity began. connection with the international tunnelling in the 1990s. in the UK, where he moved with his family and as a director of the underground engineering assignments. In South Africa, he worked on many mine construction engineering company Basil Read, civil infrastructure projects. development projects as well as underground waste repository facility in Cumbria, investigation shaft for the planned nuclear the project. before the government of the day cancelled and politically challenging. The project was completed, and Dublin is a –a project that was technically demanding freight traffic being able to bypass the city centre to the national highway changed city today due to the port’s heavy connections. consultant and worked with the LBA (London Bridge Association) with the tunnelling industry as an independent a contracts advisor. consulting construction firm in the UK as many parts of the word, including Terry Mellors, Martin Knights, and David worked with expatriate engineers from John Sharp of the UK. Israel from the the the legendary Med-Dead Sea tunnel that was proposed to convey water by gravity across resource of the Dead Sea while Mediterranean Sea to the lower lever of the Dead Sea to replenish the depleting water that killed off the project in generating hydro power. Ironically regional civil unrest and threatened factional violence of construction. A revival of the the 1980s when David was already in the Middle East and working on the actual start in this fractious and unstable project could well contribute towards reconciliation and reasonable negotiation of peace part of the world. space and tunnelling opportunities to others to be part of the real and exciting possibilities of the underground the business. industry. He was instrumental in advancing and developing the careers of many in success and the esteem that so many hold for him. He will be missed. v I L Obituaries (continued)

 

ames McKelvey, a respected and internationally-recognized tunnel design,
construction, and risk management expert, passed away suddenly on 20 July 2015, at the age of 60. Born in South Africa on 15 September 1954, Jim earned his bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Natal in 1976, and that same year, joined Murray & Roberts Roads and Earthworks and began work on what would become numerous South African tunnelling projects. Jim joined Keeve Steyn Incorporated in 1980, and during his more than 20-year career with the company, he became recognized as one of the foremost tunnelling engineers in South Africa. He led the company’s tunnelling team on many major projects, such as the Inanda-Wiggins Tunnels and the Midmar Potable Water Tunnel. James McKelvey - 1954-2015 In 1998, he took up the position of Chief Resident Engineer on the Matsoku Weir and Diversion Tunnel, followed by the same role on the 32-kilometer Mohale Tunnel. Both projects are part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, one of the largest water transfer programmes ever developed in Africa and recognized by the South African Institution of Civil Engineering as the Project of the Century. Jim moved to the United States in the early 2000s and joined Black & Veatch in 2002 as a senior member of the company’s geo-engineering group. In 2003, he moved to Charleston, South Carolina, to lend his talents to a multi- phased wastewater tunnel replacement programme. An Associate Vice President at Black & Veatch, he later began the company’s Tunnelling Center of Excellence in Indianapolis before taking on the role of Tunnel Chief Engineer in 2013. During his 13-year career at Black & Veatch, Jim was engaged on many of the company’s large-diameter tunnel and pipeline projects throughout North America. Jim has left a lasting legacy by mentoring many professionals along the way, and he has also left an indelible mark on the industry as a tunnelling authority known for his practical, insightful solutions to complex design and construction challenges. He served on both the Executive Council and the Organizing Committee of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA), and he represented Black & Veatch as a sustaining member of the Underground Construction Association (UCA) of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME). Within the UCA , he served as a member of the George A. Fox Organizing Committee. He was also a member of the Organizing Committee for the ITA-AITES World Tunnelling Conference 2016, to be held in San Francisco. He also formerly served as a member of the ITA working group on shotcrete, a tutor in the ITA working group on contractual practice, Chair of the South African National Committee on Tunnelling (SANCOT) and of SANCOT’s working group on shotcrete. He chaired the organizing committee for the memorable ITA-AITES World Tunneling Conference 2000, which was held in Durban, South Africa. He authored numerous papers and chapters of books, including a logistics chapter in Megaprojects: Challenges and Recommended Practices. Jim is survived by Jacqui, his wife of 12 years; children (and their spouses) Bianca and Greg, Monique and Kevin, Katherine and Mitch, Stuart and Andrea, and Ross; grandchildren Cameron and Jude; and a sister, Dianne.

H.J. Tluczek

       
   
 v L O  L e F h Q T. Mmola t

 
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i g s s n i e f k Chairman: Young Professionals’ Council (SAIMM) o r r o        P

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g n n o u i o t a Y c u — d , three areas that the YPC will focus on, namely education, career guidance, and YPC will focus on, namely education, career , three areas that the M E

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n the June edition of the n the June edition of enterprise were presented. A working group for each focus area has been constituted by the YPC. This article briefly has been constituted by the YPC. This article A working group for each focus area enterprise were presented. Working Group (EWG). introduces the Education Call to action universities, and other SAIMM The EWG currently consists of members of the YPC, student representatives from the Conference to be held from 21 to 22 members. The EWG is part of the organizing committee of the Young Professionals the top students from the October 2015. This conference brings together the annual student colloquium, showcasing for the young professionals of the universities, and the Young Professionals Conference, which provides an opportunity EWG and to join this working minerals industry to present their work to their peers. For more information on the group, contact Desmond Klenam ([email protected]) or Sihe Nhleko ([email protected]). It is therefore apparent to the YPC that specific focus on education is a strategic imperative. The purpose of the EWG is It is therefore apparent to the YPC that specific in basic and higher education on matters of career guidance, to represent the interests of primarily undergraduates to influence policy on education in academic development, and life skills. In order to fulfil its purpose, the EWG will aim the SAIMM Scholarship Trust mining and metallurgy; support efforts to secure funding for education, chiefly through support to learners and students; Fund; provide guidance on career choices in the minerals industry; provide academic life; and also to encourage life- facilitate mentorship and life skills initiatives to guide students through their academic long learning and postgraduate education. Mission statement Opportunities are still significant opportunities. Current graduates receive some of the best Despite the challenges in education, there them with excellent technical knowledge but also instils an education in the world, which not only equips as sustainability, ethics, social consciousness, health, safety, and the understanding of contemporary issues such an innovative and high-technology surround at universities equipped with environment. This education takes place in virtual reality training. This quality education provides the cutting-edge technology such as three-dimensional graduates that can bring a fresh wave of energy, innovation, and opportunity for industry to absorb high-calibre industry into the forefront of sustainable wealth creation on the African responsible leadership to move the minerals continent. Challenges face a number of challenges that have arisen due to the recent Students in the minerals-related fields of study in the last decade students were well sponsored by mining companies, contraction in demand for commodities. Whereas It had been anticipated that universities would have to collectively this funding for education has dwindled significantly. to meet the demands of the minerals industry. While the universities are produce upwards of 300 graduates annually the industry is unable to absorb them all. The unfortunate result is that now able to produce this number of graduates, unemployed after graduation. The throughput of students in mining and a growing number of students find themselves and greater academic support for students is desirable. metallurgy remains a challenge for the universities Importance ‘Student’ category. With this category constituting to represent members of the SAIMM in the The YPC’s mandate is and serving the future of the Institute, identifying membership and effectively representing nearly 25% of the SAIMM current of the YPC. In this regard, the YPC has identified membership is an important function the needs of the student industry that need attention. faced by students in the minerals challenges and opportunities I vi L Educating and leading mining engineers to become Imagineers

The broad-based curriculum of the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of Pretoria, emphasises the international engineering education model of conceptualising, designing, implementing and operating mines.

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Democratic Republic of Congo Branch Susa Maleba

Susa Maleba graduated from the University of Lubumbashi, DRC, with a BSc Eng. (Mining) and completed a BSc (Hons) in Mining Engineering, specializing in Mining Environment, at Pretoria University. Susa has been involved in the field of mining engineering, specializing in mining design, mining ventilation, and mine planning, for the past 16 years. His expertise includes: • Underground mine design, layout, and scheduling • Mine ventilation and refrigeration, environmental control, and occupational hygiene • Open pit design, optimization, and production scheduling • Feasibility studies on open pit and underground operations • Environmental and social research, impact assessment, stakeholder engagement • Recruitment, training. and coordination of mining-related personnel • Consulting and contracting. He is currently Country Manager/Mining Engineer for SRK Consulting in the DRC N

Johannesburg Branch Ian Ashmole

Ian has been a member of the SAIMM Johannesburg Branch committee since 2009. He was elected Vice Chairman in 2011, and has been Chairman since 2012. He also represents the SAIMM as an observer on the Council of the Geological Society of South Africa. Ian started in the mining industry as a learner official with Rand Mines in 1985, and graduated from the University of the Witwatersrand with a bachelor’s degree in mining engineering in 1989. He worked at Durban Roodepoort Deep, Douglas Colliery, and Harmony Gold Mine before leaving Rand Mines in 1993 to take up the position of mine manager of a small gold mine on the East Rand. Ian became involved in the dimension stone mining industry in 1994, when he joined Kudu Granite as group mining engineer, with a mandate to transform the company’s traditional quarry operations into modern professionally-run mines through the application of geological knowledge, formal mine planning, new technology and methods, and professional management techniques. By 1996, the company’s operations were recognized in the industry as being on a par with the best-run operations in Europe, and the standards developed at Kudu were a major factor in the acquisition of Kudu by the Marlin Group in 1997. The health and safety and environmental performance of the Rustenburg Division of Marlin, where Ian was General Manager from 2001 to 2005, was recognized by both the DME and environmental pressure groups as being among the best in the South African mining industry. In 2005, Ian became Technical Director of the Marlin Group, with responsibility for the operation of all quarries in southern Africa and exploration in Africa, as well as consulting work for the group's operations in Brazil. In 2008, Ian left the Marlin Group to establish an independent consultancy. While his initial focus was mainly, but not exclusively, in the dimension stone sector, he subsequently consulted in the gold, uranium, platinum, chrome, and industrial minerals sectors. Ian is a generalist,, and while his technical expertise is valued in feasibility and due diligence work, he also provides project and operational management assistance, and is widely experienced in the fields of health and safety, environmental management, and mineral rights. Ian has travelled extensively in Africa, South America, Europe, and the USA during the course of his career. He is a keen runner, having completed five Comrades Marathons, trail runner and trail run course designer, and mountain biker. N L VIII    
        
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Namibian Branch Nikowa Mabvuto Namate

Nikowa is the Deputy Head of Department and Lecturer, Mining and Process Engineering, Polytechnic of Namibia The key attributes include: • Mining Engineering Degree from University of Zimbabwe • Over ten years of industrial and academic experience • Strong team building capability and leadership skills • Strong research interest in industrial engineering processes and ergonomics • Certified energy auditor • Small scale mining consultant Nikowa has a good understanding of the mining industry in Namibia. N

Northern Cape Branch Cedrick van Wyk

Cedrick Van Wyk was born and grew up in Luderitz, Namibia. He completed schooling at the Concordia College in Windhoek, Namibia. Cedrick joined JCI in 1989 as a learner official and completed the Higher National Diploma in Extractive Metallurgy from the University of Johannesburg (Wits Technikon) in 1993. He completed the Anglo American MDP with the University of Stellenbosch Business School in 2005. Cedrick was employed with Rustenburg Base Metals Refiners (Anglo Platinum) for seven and a half years. Four of those years were spent at the Base Metals Refiners (BMR) and a further three years’ production experience was obtained in the Magnetic Concentration Plant (MC Plant). Cedrick also obtained two and a half years’ experience in gold metallurgy at the Randfontein Estates Gold Mine, while studying towards his diploma. Cedrick started working at Kumba Iron Ore Ltd in 2007 as a senior process engineer. He was promoted to Manager: Quality Assurance and Stewardship in 2008, followed by appointment to the post of Process Development Manager, DMS Plant. He is currently Principal Metallurgist in the Technical Services Department at Kumba’s Sishen Mine, a post he has held since October 2012. Cedrick is a member of the South African Coal Processing Society and the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. He is married to Mildred and the couple have three children: Griffith, Tracy-Leigh, and Robin. They currently live in Kathu in the Northern Cape. N

       
   
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M M I N A N Pretoria Branch Pierre Bredell Western Cape Branch Aubrey Mainza S    
 In 2012, Pierre joined the University of Pretoria, South Africa, as a senior lecturer in the Mining Engineering In 2012, Pierre joined the University of Minerals Research. University of Cape Town and Head of Comminution Research and the Deputy Director for the Centre for University of Cape Town and Head of Comminution Research and the Deputy classification. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the classification. He is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical undergraduate courses and supervised numerous MSc and PhD students in the fields of comminution and undergraduate courses and supervised numerous MSc and PhD students in the addition to teaching Chemical Engineering core courses, he has taught Metallurgy and Mineral Processing addition to teaching Chemical Engineering core courses, he has taught Metallurgy projects for many mines, including most of the major platinum and gold mines in Africa and overseas. In projects for many mines, including most of the major platinum and gold mines As a researcher in field of comminution and classification, Aubrey has participated in design and optimization As a researcher in field of comminution and classification, Aubrey has participated University of Cape Town working in the Comminution Research Group in the Centre for Minerals Research. University of Cape Town working in the Comminution Research Group in the Centre one year’s experience at Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, Aubrey has spent more than 17 years at the one year’s experience at Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, Aubrey has spent Aubrey Mainza has a wide range of experience in the areas of comminution and classification. Apart from Aubrey Mainza has a wide range of experience in the areas of comminution and Pierre has been an active Mining Engineer since 1995. His early years were with Randfontein Estates Gold early years were with Randfontein Estates active Mining Engineer since 1995. His Pierre has been an Pierre co-founded and developed LQS International, a geological and Mines and Centrocen Projects. In 2000, in Johannesburg, Perth, Vancouver, Santiago, and London. From mining engineering consultancy with offices developing the company’s international business from a base in 2005 to 2009, Pierre was responsible for during this period were corporate development, client relations, and London, UK. His primary responsibilities experience in managing and coordinating people and working in project management. He has considerable underground mining. LQS International was bought by DRA the technical environments of open pit and International at the end of 2009. in mineral economics and risk management. The university Department. Here he shares his expertise consulting, and to that end, Pierre has been involved in projects encourages lecturers to engage in outside Council, Kalagadi Manganese, Debswana Sasol Mining, and Mine with South Africa’s Mine Health and Safety Support Products. x L SAIMM Branch Chairmen

Zambian Branch Darius Muma

Darius was born and grew up in the Luanshya district of Zambia’s Copperbelt Province. He graduated from the University of Zambia (UNZA) in Lusaka in 2004 with a BSc in chemistry, and worked as an Environmental Project Assistant with the Advocacy for Environmental Restoration Zambia (AREZ) group at UNZA School of Mines. In 2005 he took up a position as Graduate Chemist at Nchanga Mine in Chingola, owned by Konkola Copper Mines plc, where he progressed through the ranks to become Acting Head of the Analytical Services Department. During this time he also gained a Diploma in Business Management from the Association of Business Executives, UK. He is currently Assistant Superintendent: Technical in the Analytical Services Department at the Mufulira mine site of Mopani Copper Mines plc. Apart from the SAIMM, Darius is a Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), the Chemical Society of Zambia (he is current secretary for the Northern Region), and the Engineering Institution of Zambia. N

Zimbabwean Branch Stephen Ndiyamba

Stephen is a professional Metallurgical Engineer with over 24 years experience in the mining and mineral processing industries. He has extensive experience in managing processing and production functions and carrying out productivity improvements projects. Education and Qualifications • Pr. Eng • Management Development Program, University of Cape Town Graduate School Business. • MBA. Nottingham Trent University Business School. • B.Sc. Eng (Hons) Metallurgical. University Of Zimbabwe Other Institutions • Member: Southern Africa Institution of Mining and Metallurgy • Member: Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers (ZIE) • Board Member: Zimbabwe School of Mines Board of Management • Board Member: Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers (ZIE) • Chairman: Masvingo Chapter (Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers) • Chairman: Mzilikazi High School Old Students Association Employment Summary • Transalloys (Highveld Vanadium and Steel Corporation) • ZIMASCO • Ngezi Mining Company • Bindura Nickel Corporation • Geomet (Anglo American Research Laboratories) • Wankie Colliery Company • Current: Senior Manager Plant at Mimosa Mining Company Stephen is 49 years of age and is married with three daughters. He enjoys playing golf, social work and reading. N

       
   
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M M I Zululand Branch Christo Mienie A N S    
 Christo is married to Marietjie, and has two boys – Francois and Christo Jnr. He is also a Christo is married to Marietjie, and has two boys – Francois and Christo Jnr. He He joined Spectrum Technical (Pty) Ltd in 2006 as a director and shareholder; his current He joined Spectrum Technical (Pty) Ltd Christo obtained valuable experience with regard to business restructuring (‘right-sizing’) while Christo obtained valuable experience with His human resources responsibilities included the management, training, and development of His human resources responsibilities included He gained valuable metallurgical and production experience over the next 14 years at various He gained valuable metallurgical and production During 1992, Christo accepted a position with Richards Bay Minerals (RBM), the heavy minerals During 1992, Christo accepted a position He obtained his Dip Tech (T5) in Metallurgical Engineering from the Vaal Triangle Technikon. He obtained his Dip Tech (T5) in Metallurgical keen jogger. position. Services to clients includes plant feasibility studies, flow sheet design, process equipment position. Services to clients includes plant and cost selection and supply, pilot-scale test work, plant commissioning, troubleshooting, analyses in the metals and minerals industry. in the position of team leader responsible for the SHEQ and technical departments. in the position of team leader responsible metallurgists. He completed his MDP through the University of Durban Westville during 1997. metallurgists. He completed his MDP through RBM plants including the roaster, char plant, iron processing, slag processing, and the smelter. RBM plants including the roaster, char increasing prime grade slag and pig iron production, His metallurgical responsibilities included with the marketing department to establish new markets furnace rebuilds, working in conjunction best practises in the process metallurgical field. and customers, and the introduction of sands operation then jointly owned by Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton. He started in the Development sands operation then jointly owned by Rio included flow sheet development, process Metallurgy Section, where his responsibilities optimization, and evaluating new technologies. He worked at Iscor Vanderbijlpark in Blast Furnaces Production for a year, then moved to Iscor He worked at Iscor Vanderbijlpark in Blast where he worked in the Process Metallurgy Department Research and Development in Pretoria, manufacturing, with particular interest in the evaluation for four years. His area of focus was iron coke for the blast furnace, direct reduction, and the and characterization of iron ore, coal, and newly developed Corex-process. Christo was born on 18 November 1963 in Vereeniging and matriculated in 1981. 18 November 1963 in Vereeniging and Christo was born on xii L http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n9a1 Presidential Address: Truth and error in scientific publishing

by R.T. Jones*

Introduction A quick inspection of today’s news media Synopsis shows that there are numerous scientific Scientific progress relies on the publication of ideas and experimental issues facing us at the moment. Some current results that can be replicated, tested, and improved over time. controversies such as climate change make it The first printed book on metallurgy to have been published in Europe difficult to know just where to find the truth. is considered to be De la Pirotechnia, written in Italian by Vannoccio There is certainly much evidence that shows Biringuccio, and published in Venice in 1540. Together with De Re that the global climate is changing. However, it Metallica, written by Georgius Agricola and published in Latin in 1556, this is also questioned by some, perhaps on shaky can be considered to mark the start of scientific and technical literature in grounds, whether that change is in the this field. Scientific publishing of journal papers has been in existence for direction of warming the globe, and whether 350 years, since the world's oldest and longest-running scientific journal, man has played a significant part in climate the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, was first published in change. How do we go about establishing the London in 1665. truth of the various claims that are made, and The nature of scientific societies has changed significantly since the how do we interpret where they are coming early days when regular meetings were held to discuss science and conduct from? experiments, and the reading of scientific papers took place, and Another area that affects all of us is the set publication of papers was undertaken to record the proceedings of of dietary guidelines that we have been given meetings, often including rather robust debate. In today’s world, there is a regarding how to balance the amounts of plethora of publications, and it is close to impossible for anyone to keep up protein, fats, and carbohydrates that we eat. with the vast flow of information. International conferences with hundreds Certainly, some of the conventional wisdom of presentations have taken the place of the local meetings that used to has been based on appalling science. But, discuss a single paper or experiment. In this frenetic environment, it is there are many claims and counter-claims essential that researchers are able to trust the material they read. doing the rounds at the moment. Where does The system of peer review is used to maintain standards and to the truth lie, and how do you judge how to live improve the quality of papers. This vital system is, however, significantly your life and feed yourself? flawed. There is little incentive for reviewers to invest sufficient time in These topics rely on scientific evidence to picking up all errors in publications, and any ineptitude on their part is get closer to the truth. Scientific progress relies usually protected by anonymity. It has reached the point where some on the publication of ideas that can be reviewers have mistakenly permitted the publication of hoax papers improved over time, and experimental results deliberately presented with a complicated scientific facade. In light of such that can be replicated and tested. astounding inadequacies, perhaps a more open review process would be an Many people have spoken over the years improvement. Electronic publishing allows errata to be linked to the on the subject of truth and knowledge, which original papers. This might improve the current situation, where errors tend has to be the beginning of a discussion such to be propagated from one paper to the next. as this. For example: There is an increasing trend towards open access for papers in The wisest of men is he who knows that he scientific journals and conference proceedings, which helps to reach as knows nothing – Socrates wide an audience as possible. This also supports the statement in the All men by nature desire knowledge – Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which says ‘everyone has the right Aristotle freely to … share in scientific advancement and its benefits’. Various measures (including the impact factor) have been used to rate the performance of journals, while a count of citations (or the h-index) is often used to rate the performance of scientific authors. Some flaws in this approach have been highlighted. Scientific publishing remains alive and well, despite some problems and challenges. Electronic technology provides some wonderful opportunities to * Mintek, Randburg. improve the way we communicate scientific results. © The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2015. SA ISSN 2225-6253. Address presented at the Annual General Meeting on 13 August 2015.

       
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If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary In the discussion that follows, I will try to avoid too much that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as ‘unscrupulous opportunism’ as we focus more on scientific possible, all things – René Descartes matters. All truths are easy to understand once they are What is truth? discovered; the point is to discover them – Galileo Galilei In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not There are many different views of truth. At the one extreme, worth the humble reasoning of a single individual – there is Solipsism – the denial of reality – where life is Galileo Galilei perhaps seen as an illusion. While this is a possibility that has to be entertained, solipsism is not a view that is held All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. widely. One notch below that is Radical scepticism, where it Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is accepted as is claimed that our only direct knowledge is of our senses, being self-evident – Arthur Schopenhauer and anything else is known only indirectly. Relativism This whole notion of truth being something out there to maintains that everything depends on one's point of view. be discovered is something that Isaac Newton spoke about as This view goes back many centuries, as Marcus Aurelius an ‘undiscovered ocean of truth’. He said: ‘I do not know said: ‘Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.’ A more been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting pragmatic view is held in Instrumentalism, where it is said myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a that quantities can be measured, even if we have no way of prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth knowing whether theoretical entities actually exist. lay all undiscovered before me.’ (Brewster, 1855) Thermodynamics employs this approach quite effectively. Epistemology (the study of knowledge) Fallabilism says that one can know things, even though we are sometimes wrong. Empiricism is based on observation or The foundations of the study of knowledge are to be found in experience. This is getting much closer to the central the branch of philosophy known as epistemology. Knowledge approach of science. Rationalism maintains that truth is was seen by Aristotle as ‘justified true belief’, that is, belief based on reason. At the other end of the spectrum is that is true, and that is known to be true on the basis of Dogmatism, whose adherents are quite certain of their truth, compelling reasons and evidence supplied by a rational although this implies a degree of closed-mindedness. As US method of enquiry. It is necessary for knowledge to be Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr said: ‘Certitude is not the arrived at by a process of reasoning, and not merely a lucky test of certainty’. guess. Knowledge of the truth can be obtained either by a priori reasoning (such as in mathematics or logic), or by Attitude towards knowledge empirical experience (such as in science or engineering). Dogmatism is problematic, at least in part because it often Albert Einstein spoke of epistemology saying: occurs in close conjunction with ignorance. The Dunning– ‘Science without epistemology is – insofar as it is Kruger effect (Kruger and Dunning, 1999) is a cognitive bias thinkable at all – primitive and muddled. However, no where unskilled individuals overestimate their abilities (due sooner has the epistemologist, who is seeking a clear to the meta-cognitive inability of the unskilled to evaluate system, fought his way through such a system, than he their own ability levels accurately), and conversely highly is inclined to interpret the thought-content of science in skilled individuals underestimate their competence (because the sense of his system and to reject whatever does not they assume that tasks that are easy for them are also easy fit into his system. The scientist, however, cannot afford for others). Their study was inspired by the case of McArthur to carry his striving for epistemological systematic that Wheeler, a man who robbed two banks after covering his face far. ... He therefore must appear to the systematic with lemon juice, mistakenly believing that, because lemon epistemologist as an unscrupulous opportunist.’ juice is usable as invisible ink, it would prevent his face from (Einstein, 1949) being recorded on surveillance cameras. He was arrested the same night. As Charles Darwin said: ‘ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge’ (Darwin,

Figure 1—Isaac Newton (Portrait in 1689, age 46, by Godfrey Kneller) Figure 2—Albert Einstein L 800    
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1871). William Shakespeare said much the same thing in As of empirical falsification: a theory in the empirical sciences You Like It: ‘The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man can never be proven, but it can be disproved or falsified, knows himself to be a fool.’ (Shakespeare, 1623) meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive A more helpful attitude towards knowledge is one of experiments. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the greater humility that keeps in mind the strong possibility that theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that there is more to the real world than our own perspective evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. allows us to see. This is well illustrated by Edwin Abbott's This view led Popper to posit that the strength of a 1884 satirical short novel entitled Flatland: A Romance of scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to Many Dimensions (Abbott, 1884). The book comments on falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism the hierarchy of Victorian culture, but its most enduring made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, contribution is its examination of dimensions. The story is be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory. about a two-dimensional world occupied by geometric Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of figures, and is told from the perspective of a Square who experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a dreams about a visit to a one-dimensional world (Lineland) single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the inhabited by ‘lustrous points’, in which he attempts to theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. convince the realm’s monarch of a second dimension, but is Popper states that while there is no way to prove that the unable to do so. The Square describes (from a two- sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every dimensional point of view) a visit by a three-dimensional day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular Sphere, which he cannot comprehend until he sees Spaceland day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced (a tridimensional world) for himself. The book also talks of by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject Pointland, where the Point (sole inhabitant, monarch, and the assumption that the theory is true. Popper and David universe in one) perceives any communication as a thought Hume held to a similar view that there is often a originating in his own mind (Solipsism). psychological belief that the sun will rise tomorrow, but both denied that there is logical justification for the supposition Socrates and Plato that it will, simply because it always has in the past. Some useful perspective can be gained by going back to the The search for truth is ‘one of the strongest motives for time of the Ancient Greeks. Socrates lived from 469 to 399 scientific discovery’ (Popper, 1959). BC. He introduced a method (the Socratic method) of Perhaps our attitude as scientists should be one of teaching that involved asking questions. This great deliberately trying to prove wrong all of the things that we philosopher, Socrates, did not record his own words for hold true and closest to us. Go out and test things. If they are posterity, but fortunately Plato recorded the teachings of true they will be true; if they are not, then it was a good thing Socrates in many of his books. It is often said that all of to test it anyway. philosophy following Plato is just a set of variations on the themes he introduced. The Socratic method led to the Thomas Kuhn development of the scientific method. Thomas Kuhn, an American philosopher, introduced some A number of other people also played a part in the new ways of looking at the scientific method, describing development of the scientific method. A few of these are revolutions in science by paradigm shifts, a paradigm being highlighted here. the accepted corpus of methods and theories within a field (Kuhn, 1966). For example, in the biological sciences, Karl Popper understanding changed dramatically after Darwin; in Sir Karl Raimund Popper is generally regarded as one of the sociology, economics, and politics, things changed greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century. He was dramatically after Karl Marx published his work; as they did an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London in physics after Albert Einstein made known his theory of School of Economics. He introduced the notion of falsification relativity. and falsifiability as being central to the scientific enterprise (Popper, 1959). Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour

Figure 4—Karl Popper (1902–1994) (Image courtesy of the archives of Figure 3—Socrates and Plato the London School of Economics, ca. 1980)

       
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Science textbooks expound the body of accepted theory, appropriate, control groups should be used as a reference. In show many successful applications, and provide exemplary the medical or pharmaceutical fields, double-blind protocols observations and experiments. Before such books became are used where both the subjects being experimented on and popular in the early 1800s, many of the famous classics of the experimenter do not know exactly what is happening in science fulfilled a similar function. Aristotle’s Physica, the experiment. If two ideas explain the data equally well, the Ptolemy’s Almagest, Newton’s Principia and Opticks, simpler one is preferred. Occam’s razor suggests that the Franklin’s Electricity, Lavoisier’s Chemistry, and Lyell’s simpler theory with fewer (or less onerous) unproved Geology served for a time to define the legitimate problems assumptions is probably the most appropriate one. General and methods of a research field for succeeding generations of theories then gather together the hypotheses that are practitioners. Kuhn explained that the study of the paradigms consistent with all current data. They remain provisional and presented in these books prepares the student for tentative until something better comes along. membership in the particular scientific community, and Scientific theories cannot be proven (only corroborated), provides a common fundamental basis for effective but can be shown to be beyond reasonable doubt. We can be communication. quite confident that the sun will rise tomorrow. But this does History suggests that the road to a firm research not imply that it will rise ten billion years from now (by consensus is extraordinarily arduous, and often proceeds by which time its fuel will most likely have been exhausted). a series of scientific revolutions, or shifts away from the In science there are no authorities. There are experts at most, prevailing paradigm of the day. For example, in the 1700s and even their opinions can be challenged by anyone – so Newton’s Opticks taught that light was made up of material long as there is an argument, and evidence to back it up. corpuscles. In the 1800s physics texts taught that light was transverse wave motion. In the 1900s, the work of Planck, Laws of thermodynamics Einstein, and others taught that light is photons – quantum- Thermodynamics is a collection of useful mathematical mechanical entities that exhibit some characteristics of waves relations between quantities, every one of which is and some of particles. independently measurable. Although thermodynamics tells Paradigms determine what problems are studied, what us nothing whatsoever about the microscopic explanation of methods are used, and what criteria are employed to judge macroscopic changes, it is useful because it can be used to the results. For example, chemists, after Dalton introduced quantify many unknowns. Thermodynamics is useful his atomic theory, reported chemical compositions as ratios precisely because some quantities are easier to measure than of integers rather than as decimals with fractions. others. The paradigm provides a framework to suggest which The laws of thermodynamics provide an elegant experiments are worth conducting and which are not. Both mathematical expression of some empirically discovered facts fact collection and theory articulation became highly directed of nature. The principle of energy conservation allows activities. Here, Francis Bacon’s comment is appropriate: calculations to be made of the energy requirements for ’Truth emerges more readily from error than from confusion’ processes. The principle of increasing entropy (and the (Bacon, 1869, p. 210). resulting free-energy minimization) allows predictions to be By using an established paradigm (or textbook) as a made about the extent to which those processes may proceed. base, the creative scientist can begin his or her research Thermodynamics deals with some very abstract where it leaves off. Research can then be embodied not in quantities, and makes deductions from mathematical books addressed to a general audience, but in shorter relations. In this, it is a little like mathematics itself, which, research articles addressed to professional colleagues who according to Bertrand Russell, ‘may be defined as the subject work within the same paradigm. in which we never know what we are talking about, nor As physicist Max Planck observed (before Popper or whether what we are saying is true’. However, Kuhn): ‘A new scientific truth does not triumph by thermodynamics is trusted as a reliable source of information convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but about the real world, precisely because it has delivered the rather because its opponents eventually die and a new goods in the past. Its ultimate justification is that it works. generation grows up that is familiar with it’ (Planck, 1949). Scientific method Science is an error-correcting process that tests our ideas against the real world. Observations of the world lead to the recognition of patterns (through inductive reasoning) which lead to interesting questions about why the pattern might occur. Hypotheses are formulated in such a way that they are framed as testable questions. The scientific method cannot be applied to untestable, unfalsifiable questions. A number of possible explanations are found, and the scientist needs to think up ways of testing which ones might be wrong. Data sets are gathered (and repeated) to test the prediction. The hypothesis is then rejected, accepted, or refined and re- tested. Experiments should be replicated reproducibly. Where Figure 5—Thomas Kuhn L 802    
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Library of Alexandria Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Much of the knowledge of the ancient Greeks was captured in Scientific publishing of journal papers has been in existence papyrus scrolls in the Library of Alexandria in Egypt from for 350 years. The world’s oldest and longest-running around 280 BC until a few hundred years later when, sadly, it scientific journal, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal was destroyed. During its existence, the library was the Society, was first published in March 1665, in London. largest in the world. Perhaps it could be argued that its ‘Henry Oldenburg – Secretary of the Royal Society and first leading position came about because Alexandria dominated Editor of the publication – ensured that it was “licensed by papyrus production – the required technology of the time. (In the council of the society, being first reviewed by some of the this way, Alexandria could almost be seen as the Silicon members of the same”, thus making it the first ever peer- Valley of the ancient world.) In addition to collecting ancient reviewed journal’ (Royal Society, 2011). The motto of the works, the library also hosted numerous international Royal Society is ‘Nullius in verba’ – Latin for ‘take nobody’s scholars, paid for by the Egyptian rulers. This allowed the word for it’. Library of Alexandria to work towards the fulfilment of its In the interests of making scientific information available mandate of collecting all of the world’s knowledge at the to a wider audience, the Royal Society announced in October time. Scholars such as Euclid and Archimedes are said to 2011 that it had made the historical archives of the have studied, written, and experimented at Alexandria. Philosophical Transactions (over 60 000 scientific papers) permanently free to online access from anywhere in the Historical mining and metallurgical publications world. All of the historical archival papers (published more The tradition of scientific and technical literature in the field than 70 years ago) from the Philosophical Transactions are of metallurgy dates back to the mid 1500s. The first printed now freely available on the website of the Royal Society. It is book on metallurgy to have been published in Europe is now easy to read the original published work of Newton, and considered to be De la Pirotechnia, written in Italian by Benjamin Franklin’s account of his experiments with Vannoccio Biringuccio, and published in Venice in 1540. This lightning by means of holding a kite in a thunderstorm. book (Biringuccio, 1540) gives details on mining practice, the Current publications are available through delayed open extraction and refining of numerous metals, and the access where older articles (12 months for biological sciences, production of alloys such as brass. and 24 months for physical sciences) are made freely Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was not the first writer available. They also allow a hybrid open-access or open- on the subjects of mining and metallurgy, but is well known choice option where authors can pay an article-processing as the author of De Re Metallica (‘of things metallic’ or ‘on charge that allows for their article to be made freely available the nature of metals’), a book that documents and illustrates immediately upon publication. Such articles are covered by a the observations he made in the course of his extensive Creative Commons licence allowing redistribution and re-use travels in the 1500s. Agricola wrote extensively about mining (Royal Society, 2012). methods and metallurgical processes that were in place in the Middle Ages. The original Latin version of De Re Metallica Technical societies and the SAIMM was published in 1556, the year after Agricola died. It was In the early days of scientific societies, regular meetings were later translated into English by Herbert Hoover, a mining held to discuss science and to conduct experiments. The engineer and later President of the United States, and his reading of scientific papers took place, and publication of wife Lou Henry Hoover, a geologist and classicist. The papers (and the ensuing discussion) was undertaken to English version of De Re Metallica was published in 1912. record the proceedings of meetings. Meetings often included In his preface to De Re Metallica (Agricola, 1556), the rather robust debate. A typical scene from a meeting of a author says: ‘I have omitted all those things which I have not scientific society is shown in Figure 8. myself seen, or have not read or heard of from persons upon The origins of the SAIMM can be traced back to a meeting whom I can rely. That which I have neither seen, nor of fourteen chemists and metallurgists that took place on 24 carefully considered after reading or hearing of, I have not March 1894 at the North-Western Hotel, 21 Pritchard Street, written about.’ Johannesburg. The meeting saw the formation of the

Figure 6—Georgius Agricola, and one of the woodcut illustrations of a Figure 7—Henry Oldenburg and Philosophical Transactions of the smelter in De Re Metallica Royal Society

       
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environment, it is essential that researchers are able to trust the material they read. Learned societies nowadays exist to promote an academic discipline or profession, and are mostly not-for-profit organizations. They typically hold conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publish or sponsor academic journals in their discipline. The system of peer review (significantly flawed, but the best we have) is used to maintain standards and to improve the quality of papers, but reviewers need to be chosen carefully and monitored. Nowadays, some learned societies continue to publish journals themselves, while others have contracted Figure 8—Nikolai Tesla giving a demonstration in 1893 this job to commercial publishing companies. The SAIMM is fortunate to be in control of its own destiny in this regard.

Chemical and Metallurgical Society of South Africa and the Information explosion and electronic publishing election of a council. At that stage Johannesburg was a very In recent times, the Internet, and the World Wide Web young city, with gold having been discovered there only a (Berners-Lee, 2000) – devised by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, few years earlier, in 1886. and which attained mass popularization about twenty years In his inaugural address as President of the Chemical and ago – have transformed the dissemination of knowledge, a Metallurgical Society of South Africa in 1894, William Bettel capacity once exclusive to publishers. made the following remarks: Google CEO Eric Schmidt said in 2010: ‘Between the birth ‘As Chemists and Metallurgists of the Rand you have of the world and 2003, there were five exabytes of before you much useful and interesting work, and it information created. We [now] create five exabytes every two remains with you, gentlemen, by publication or diffusion days.’ It is fair to describe this as an information explosion. of accurate scientific information, by exposure of Along with the exponential growth in the world’s pseudo-scientific frauds, … to claim as a right the population in modern times, there has been an even greater recognition of your proper status in relation to this exponential growth in the world’s accumulated knowledge. community. I heard a rumour about a certain company The advent of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and search getting an actual extraction of 125 per cent. from engines such as Google has made it easy to find information concentrates. Such results as I have instanced are on almost any topic. This would have been almost obviously imagined, or as chemists say, “cooked”’ unimaginable as little as twenty years ago. Open access to (Bettel, 1894). information is invaluable and taken for granted by many. Science has grown exponentially since the late 1600s, Some further examples of forthright comment can be both in respect of number of researchers and publications. found in the records of monthly meetings from 1895. According to Price (1963), the ‘size of science’ has increased ‘As for Mr Suckling’s process, I fail to see the novelty or by an estimated five orders of magnitude in three centuries. usefulness of the method. The use of a blast (pressure) Price also said: ‘we can say that 80 to 90 percent of all the instead of a draught of air (suction) is, to my mind, a scientists that have ever lived are alive now’. retrograde movement, and absurd from its manifest Journal publishing of scientific papers is the most conditions’ (Bettel, 1895). common form of dissemination of new research results, in ‘I have examined the Sulman process from both particular in science and medicine. Other types of scientific theoretical and practical points of view, and I can only publication include conference papers, book chapters, books, come to the conclusion that it is not a bromination and reports. process, neither is it a cyanide process, but that it is a Björk and colleagues (2009) estimated that 1.35 million very bad oxidation process, consequently useless’ scientific journal papers were published in 23 750 refereed (Schlunde, 1895). journals in 2006. The total number of active scholarly In 1903, mining engineers were included in the society journals, refereed plus non-refereed, was 60 911. There were and the name was changed to the Chemical, Metallurgical 2690 open access scholarly journals, including 1735 that and Mining Society of South Africa. In 1956, another name were also refereed. They also found that 19.4 per cent of change took place, with the new identity being the South these papers were openly available online. African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Fifty years later, According to Reich (2013), more than 2 million papers in 2006, the expansion of activities to the wider region led to were published in 2012. the current name of the Southern African Institute of Mining The rise of China in the internationally influential journal and Metallurgy. literature indexed by Thomson Reuters – in terms of share of Not only do names change, but the passage of time has world output – is the most significant event in the structure brought about a change in the nature of scientific societies. of scientific research in the past 30 years. In 1983, China In today’s world, there is a plethora of publications, and it is produced just 0.6 per cent of articles surveyed by Thomson close to impossible for anyone to keep up with the vast flow Reuters in the Science Citation Index (Web of Science). By of information. International conferences with hundreds of 2013, China produced some 13 per cent of the literature, presentations have taken the place of local meetings that second only to the United States at 29 percent (King and used to discuss a single paper or experiment. In this frenetic Pendlebury, 2013). L 804    
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PLoS ONE, published (as paid open access) by the not- The shortest paper (Upper, 1974) is entitled The for-profit Public Library of Science, published 6749 papers in unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer‘s block”; it 2010, which makes it the world’s largest journal (Whitfield, contains no words at all in the body of the paper. The 2011). Articles published in this journal undergo peer published review of the paper said: ‘I have studied this review, but some of the standard criteria that older journals manuscript very carefully with lemon juice and X-rays and use to screen out articles — such as ‘degree of advance’ or have not detected a single flaw in either design or writing ‘interest to a general reader’ — are not used by PLoS ONE style. I suggest it be published without revision. Clearly it is reviewers; all papers of scientific merit are posted to the the most concise manuscript I have ever seen—yet it contains public record. Only weeks (not months) go by before a sufficient detail to allow other investigators to replicate Dr. submitted article is published; the journal is in a state of Upper's failure. In comparison with the other manuscripts I continuous publication, not printed periodically. get from you containing all that complicated detail, this one In some fields of science, such as physics and astronomy, was a pleasure to examine. Surely we can find a place for this print journals have receded in importance owing to online paper in the Journal—perhaps on the edge of a blank page.’ repositories such as arXiv (pronounced ‘archive’) that disseminate studies without the nuisance of peer review. Citations are rare Physicist Paul Ginsparg, formerly at the Los Alamos Lab and The frequency of citations that a paper receives is often used now at Cornell University, created a free archive of as an indicator of quality, even though this approach has its unrefereed physics “e-prints” – a pre-publication server that limitations. When a work is cited, it generally indicates that it is now a primary means for physicists to exchange is taken as being relevant to the citing author’s research. information. Worldwide readership discovers errors quickly, Citations allow scientists to gauge how much their research is and authors revise their submissions in response to used by other authors. Citations, in this way, are an indicator feedback. This works well for physics, but might be less of productivity as well as impact. suitable for the medical community where it might promote As reported by Garfield (1998) and Schwartz (1997), the use of unfounded cures. studies conducted on the journals indexed by the Institute for Recent developments in electronic publishing on websites Scientific Information (ISI) indicated that large percentages of make it possible to disseminate information more widely and the scholarly literature were never cited. It was found that 55 cost-effectively than before. Professional societies have an per cent of the papers published between 1981 and 1985 opportunity to serve their members and their industry by received no citations at all in the five years after they were publishing high-quality peer-reviewed papers on their published. Another study of papers published in 1984 found websites as well as in printed form. Older publications can be that 47 per cent of articles in the physical sciences, 75 per scanned, and optical character recognition (OCR) can be used cent of articles in the social sciences, and 98 per cent of to provide searchable text. articles in the arts and humanities had not received any citations by the end of 1988. More than 72 per cent of all A long title, a long list of authors, and a short papers published in engineering had no citations at all, and abstract for metallurgy and mining the figure was 75 per cent. These The style of a journal paper follows a typical stylised form. It statistics apply to the total of every type of article that was always has a title, a list of authors, their affiliations, and an indexed (including journal papers, editorials, obituaries, and abstract. Typically, papers have a length of 3 000 to 10 000 letters). A narrower interpretation of the data applying only words. However, there have to be those who take things to to journal papers found that 22 per cent of articles in the the extreme. physical sciences, 48 per cent of articles in the social Among the contenders for the longest title of a research sciences, and 93 per cent of articles in the arts and paper is ’The nucleotide sequence of a 3.2 kb segment of humanities had not received any citations by the end of mitochondrial maxicircle DNA from Crithidia fasciculata 1988. Citations of journal papers are most common in the containing the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit III, the biological and physical sciences, but less so in engineering N-terminal part of the apocytochrome b gene and a possible where conferences are more important, and where frameshift gene; further evidence for the use of unusual implementation is more important than publication. Social initiator triplets in trypanosome mitochondria’ (Sloof et al., sciences and the humanities tend to place greater reliance on 1987). books than on journals. A physics paper with 5154 authors (Aad et al., 2015) A more recent study found that, in a sample of over 1.3 broke the record for the largest number of contributors to a million papers across all disciplines and years, 61 per cent of single research article. This paper presents collaborative work papers had zero citations, and 12 per cent had only one done at the Large Hadron Collider to determine the most citation, with 4 per cent having 16 or more citations. precise estimate yet of the mass of the Higgs boson. The 33- The point was also made by Garfield (1998) that a small page article in Physical Review Letters devotes nine pages to group of journals account for the vast majority of significant describing the research itself (including references) and 24 research publications, and the overwhelming majority of pages to listing the authors and their institutions articles published in the 200 journals with the highest (Castelvecchi, 2015). cumulative impact are cited within a few years of publication, More refreshing in style is the following example of a and after five years, uncitedness is almost nonexistent. paper (Berry et al., 2011) with a very short abstract: Negative citations Title: Can apparent superluminal neutrino speeds be Not all citations are positive. For instance, Andrew Wakefield explained as a quantum weak measurement? wrote a controversial paper on the association between the Abstract: Probably not.

       
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MMR vaccine and autism, which was published in a leading Stigler's Law medical journal The Lancet. This paper has received nearly Stigler’s Law of Eponymy is a process proposed by Stephen two thousand citations, whereas most authors would be Stigler, a professor of statistics at the University of Chicago thrilled to receive a hundred. However, the quality of (Stigler, 1980). In its simplest and strongest form it says: ‘No Wakefield’s research is not at all reflected by this large scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer’. number. Many of these citations are a product of the storm of Stigler pointed out that ‘[i]t can be found that Laplace controversy surrounding the work, and are contained within employed Fourier Transforms in print before Fourier papers which are critical of the methods used. Wakefield’s published on the topic, that Lagrange presented Laplace research has now been robustly discredited, and the paper Transforms before Laplace began his scientific career, that was retracted by The Lancet in 2010. Nevertheless, this Poisson published the Cauchy distribution in 1824, twenty- extreme case highlights serious problems with nine years before Cauchy touched on it in an incidental mechanistically judging a paper, or an academic researcher, manner, and that Bienaymé stated and proved the Chebychev purely by number of citations. Inequality a decade before and in greater generality than Chebychev’s first work on the topic.’ For that matter, the Open access Pythagorean theorem was known before Pythagoras, and The Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that Gaussian distributions were not discovered by Gauss. everyone has the right freely to … share in scientific Historical acclaim for discoveries is often assigned to advancement and its benefits’. Access to information is a persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet basic human right that is also entrenched in the Constitution widely known, whether or not that person was its original of South Africa. Electronic publishing has changed the inventor. Eminent scientists will often get more credit than a dynamics of the dissemination of information, and it is now comparatively unknown researcher, even if their works are possible to provide universal, unrestricted free access to full- similar; it also means that credit will usually be given to text scholarly materials via the Internet. An argument for researchers who are already famous. Some examples from open access publishing (Jones, 2012) has been presented the Wikipedia entry for Stigler’s Law are listed below. previously in this Journal. Through proper management of ® Alzheimer’s disease had been previously described by open-access publication, it is possible to maintain the same at least half a dozen others before Alois Alzheimer’s standards of high-quality production of peer-reviewed 1906 report which is often (wrongly) regarded as the papers, with the potential for greatly increased dissemination first description of the disorder and citation. The SAIMM made its Journal papers available ® The Bessemer process was discovered by William Kelly through open access in 2007. in 1851. Henry Bessemer was the first to obtain a Today’s world faces many policy choices, including issues patent in 1855 such as climate change, and food production and intake, as ® Fibonacci was not the first to discover the famous mentioned earlier. These issues cannot be properly addressed sequence of Fibonacci numbers. They had existed in without widespread access (by researchers and the general Indian mathematics since 200 BC. Fibonacci provided public) to the results of scientific research in each of these the series in 1202 AD areas. In 2012, the British government announced an ® The normal or Gaussian distribution was introduced by initiative to make all taxpayer-funded research available Abraham de Moivre in 1733, but was named after Carl online to anyone who wants to read or use it (Jones, 2012). Friedrich Gauss who began using it in 1794 In February 2013, the US White House announced that ® Newton’s first and second laws of mechanics were government-funded research should be made free to read known and proposed in separate ways by Galileo, within 12 months of publication. From 2014, the results of Hooke, and Huygens before Newton described these in all research funded by the European Union must be open his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. access. Newton owns the discovery of only the third one Estimates of the proportion of papers currently available ® The Reynolds number in fluid mechanics was free online range from 30 per cent to 50 per cent. Half of the introduced by George Stokes, but is named after papers published in 2011 are now free to read (Van Noorden, Osborne Reynolds, who popularized its use 2013). ® Stokes’s theorem was discovered by Lord Kelvin. Stigler explicitly named the sociologist Robert K. Merton Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica as the true discoverer of ‘Stigler‘s Law’, and so avoided this In 2005, Nature published a study it undertook of the law about laws disobeying its very own decree. ‘Stigler‘s accuracy of articles from Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Law’ is an example of itself. Robert Merton described the Britannica. This showed that the difference in accuracy was principle in his 1957 Presidential Address to the American not particularly great (averaging out to 2.92 mistakes per Sociological Society (Merton, 1957). Merton is regarded as article for Britannica, and 3.86 for Wikipedia). Britannica is one of the founding fathers of sociology. He also developed based on strong scholarship, sound judgment, and and popularized notable concepts such as ‘unintended disciplined editorial review. Wikipedia is very current, consequences’, as well as coining the phrases ‘role model’, comprehensive in coverage, and is based on continuous and ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’. Throughout his career, Merton correction by many people. The core Wikipedia values include came to publish about 50 papers in the sociology of science. a neutral point of view, no original research (as appropriate for an encyclopedia), verifiable information only, and citing Newton and Leibniz sources. 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dictionary), for these letters made it plain that Pascal, not Newton, had, to the greater glory of France, first discovered the law of gravitation, a momentous correction of history, which for several years excited the interest of the Académie des Sciences and usurped many pages of the Comptes Rendus until, in 1869, Vrain-Lucas was finally brought to book and sentenced to two years in prison.’ In the Mécanique Céleste (until then, outranked only by Newton’s Principia) ‘theorems and formulae are appropriated wholesale without acknowledgement’ by Laplace (Merton, 1957, p. 652). Piltdown hoax The Piltdown Man was an infamous paleoanthropological Figure 9—Robert K. Merton (1910–2003) hoax, perpetrated in 1912, in which bone fragments (parts of a skull and jawbone) were presented as the fossilized remains of a previously unknown early human. These enterprise and the pressure that is placed on scientists with fragments were said to have been collected in 1912 from a regard to priority in scientific discovery. (This can be seen, gravel pit at Piltdown, East Sussex, in England by Charles for example, in the way that scientific journals often print the Dawson. The significance of the specimen remained date on which the manuscript of a published article was controversial until it was exposed in 1953 as a forgery; it received, in order to record its priority date.) One example of consisted of the lower jawbone of an orang-utan deliberately these pressures arose in the invention of calculus – an idea combined with the cranium of a fully developed modern whose time had come, and was independently invented in human. After forty years of uneasy acceptance, the Piltdown two places at a similar time, by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Man was shown to be a carefully contrived hoax (Straus, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). [There are 1954). discrepancies in the recorded dates of birth and death, Plagiarism depending on whether Julian or Gregorian calendars were used.] Newton was the first to conceive of the methods of An article from 2014 entitled ‘Development of a guideline to calculus, but Leibniz was the first to publish on the topic. approach plagiarism in Indian scenario’ was retracted by the Much controversy arose between Newton and Leibniz editors of the Indian Journal of Dermatology (2015), as large over the invention of calculus. When the Royal Society finally portions of the manuscript were copied from a first-round established a committee to adjudicate the rival claims, questionnaire of a dissertation entitled ‘Developing a Newton, who was then president of the Royal Society, packed comprehensive guideline for overcoming and preventing the committee, helped direct its activities, anonymously wrote plagiarism at the international level based on expert opinion the preface for the second published report – the draft is in with the Delphi method’ by another author. This rather ironic his handwriting – and included in that preface a disarming occurrence was reported by Retraction Watch (2015). reference to the old legal maxim that ‘no one is a proper Peer review witness for himself’. Newton must have felt intense pressure Although outright fraud is uncommon, it is necessary to have for self-vindication that made him adopt such offensive checks and balances in place to ensure the integrity of means for the defence of his valid claims. According to published scientific data. Merton, it was not because Newton was so weak but because The system of peer review is used to maintain standards the institutionalized values were so strong that he was driven and to improve the quality of papers. This vital system is, to such lengths. however, significantly flawed. There is little incentive for Fraud in science reviewers to invest sufficient time in picking up all errors in publications, and any ineptitude on their part is usually Concerns about fraud in science have been around for a long protected by anonymity. It has reached the point where some time. In 1830, Charles Babbage deplored unreliable science, reviewers have mistakenly permitted the publication of hoax and was concerned about the prevailing state of affairs in the papers deliberately presented with a complicated scientific scientific world of his day. He discussed ‘hoaxing, forging, facade. In light of such astounding inadequacies, perhaps a trimming, and cooking’ of data (Babbage, 1830). more open review process would be an improvement. Merton (1957) mentions the remarkably prolific Vrain- Peer reviewers are not paid, nor adequately rewarded in Lucas who, in the mid-1800s, created and sold more than any other way for what is very hard work. Nor are they held 27 000 pieces of manuscript that included letters by Pontius accountable by having to sign their names to their reviews. Pilate, Mary Magdalene, the resurrected Lazarus, Ovid, The process of peer review is costly and time-consuming. Luther, Dante, Shakespeare, Galileo, Pascal, and Newton, all The annual cost of peer review was estimated for 2008 as written on paper and in modern French. ‘Most provocative being about US $2.8 billion (Brembs et al., 2013). among these documents was the correspondence between Peer review is resistant to new or controversial ideas. The Pascal and the then eleven-year-old Newton (all in French, of agreement between referees is often little higher than by course, although even at the advanced age of thirty-one chance. Review is also vulnerable to misconduct, plagiarism, Newton could struggle through French only with the aid of a

       
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 807 L Truth and error in scientific publishing and breaches in confidentiality. For example, there was a be reluctant to change, for, if reviews were visible (and/or case reported by Retraction Watch (2012) where an author not anonymous) it might be even harder than it already is to faked e-mail addresses of suggested reviewers so that he find willing reviewers. could review his own work. Drawbacks of anonymity Wasserman (2012) has criticised the current system of ® peer review as outdated and rather arbitrary. He has seen too Reviewers do not get credit for their reviewing work. many examples where one referee rejects a paper, and They cannot, for example, reference particular reviews another equally qualified referee accepts it. He questions in their CVs as they can with publications. Perhaps whether it is fair for a scientist to ‘work hard on something promotion committees at universities should consider for two years only to have it casually dismissed by a couple giving credit to faculty members for writing reviews ® of people who might happen to be in a bad mood or who feel It is relatively easy for a reviewer to provide they have to be critical for the sake of being critical’. unnecessarily blunt or harsh critique ® The current system of peer review is a fairly recent It is difficult to guess if the reviewer has any conflict of innovation, not widespread until the middle of the twentieth interest with the authors by being, for example, a century (New Atlantis, 2006). In the nineteenth century, competing researcher interested in stalling the paper’s many science journals were commandingly led by what Ohio publication. State University science historian John C. Burnham dubbed Advantages of anonymity ‘crusading and colorful editors’, who made their publications ® Reviewers do not have to fear ‘payback’ for an ‘personal mouthpieces’ for their individual views. In time, the unfavourable review that is perceived as unfair by the specialization of science precluded editors from being authors of the work qualified to evaluate all the submissions they received. About ® Some reviewers (perhaps especially high-profile senior a century ago, Burnham notes, science journals began to scientists) might find it difficult to find time to provide direct papers to distinguished experts who would serve on as thorough a review as they would ideally like to affiliated editorial boards. Eventually – especially following provide, yet would still like to contribute and can the post-World War II research boom – the deluge of perhaps provide valuable experienced insight. They can manuscripts and their increasing specialization made it do so without putting their reputations on the line. difficult for even an editorial board of a dozen or so experts to handle the load. Journal editors began to seek out experts Failure of anonymous peer review capable of commenting on manuscripts – not only researchers The two main goals of a review system are to minimize both in the same general field, but researchers familiar with the the number of bad studies that are accepted for publication specific techniques and even laboratory materials described and the number of good studies that are rejected for in the papers under consideration. The transition from the publication. (This ignores the other intended benefit, which editorial-board model to the peer-review model was eased by is to improve the quality of a paper.) The cost of wrongly technological advances, such as the Xerox copier in 1959, rejecting good papers is invisible (as they do not get that reduced the difficulties of sending manuscripts to published) but potentially very high, as good work may not experts scattered around the globe (New Atlantis, 2006). get the exposure it deserves, a consequence that could Drubin (2011) has provided an excellent set of guidelines discourage promising young scientists. Cases have been for peer reviewers. A rigorous review process should ensure documented where a number of very talented and promising that published papers are reliable and credible. The review young scientists sent work to a journal, fully expecting to be process itself should be constructive, fair, and civil. Drubin scrutinized, but received reviews that were so personal, rude, passes on the suggestion by David Botstein that reviewers scathing, and above all, unfair, that they decided to look for should focus principally on the questions ‘Is it new and is it another profession and never returned to science. The true?’ and leave it to future generations to judge a inherent conservatism in anonymous peer review means that publication’s impact. people with new, original approaches to old problems run the A recent proposal (Schuman, 2014) suggested that risk of being shut out. authors should be required to volunteer first to review The most fundamental problem with anonymous peer someone else’s article for the same journal in which they review is the lack of accountability. Reviewers can basically would like to publish their own work. The review should be say whatever they want to say, because they are protected by timely (say within three months) and constructive. anonymity. An additional problem arises from reviewers Peer review: open/closed and identified/anonymous having too little time (note that they are not paid for their work), which leads to sloppy and superficial reviews. There Many traditional journals use closed anonymous reviews, in is also the temptation to misuse the power available to that the reviews are not available to readers, and the authors reviewers: if we look at peer review as a strategic game, do not know who the reviewers are. The British Medical rejecting everything is a strong strategy, as this will always Journal (BMJ) has its reviewers sign their comments, but reduce the influence of the reviewer’s competition. does not publish the reviews. It has been proposed that reviewers should sign their If peer reviews were made public, this would increase the reviews, and should be able to stand by what they say and transparency of the publishing process, and would encourage not be able to hide behind anonymity in a cowardly fashion. reviewers to write more objective and reasoned reviews. It Provision can be made for anonymity on those occasions would keep reviewers focused and fair if they knew that they where a junior person is asked to review the work of an were accountable for their reviews. Journals, however, might L 808    
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Truth and error in scientific publishing established senior researcher, and fears for possible Campanario (1995) describes examples of influential repercussions. Reviews could be stored and made accessible and/or highly cited papers that were initially rejected by one on a website. Reviewers who reject good papers, and or more scientific journals. The work reported in eight of the reviewers who accept bad papers, for whatever reason, can papers eventually earned Nobel Prizes for their authors; six be held accountable for what they write. Also, on a more papers later became the most cited of the journals in which encouraging note, reviewers would get more credit for their they were published. Also described are influential and reviews. Under the current system, the difference between highly cited scientific books whose authors encountered being a constructive reviewer and a careless one is invisible problems in publishing them. These case studies suggest to all except journal editors (De Ruiter, 2014). that, although rejection may subsequently result in an A study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry improved manuscript, on other occasions referees may (Walsh et al., 2000) used a randomized controlled trial to simply have failed to appreciate a paper's importance. Many evaluate the feasibility of an open peer-review system. of these rejected papers also reported unexpected findings or Reviewers were asked whether they would agree to having discoveries that challenged conventional models or their names revealed to the authors whose papers they interpretations. review. A significant 76 per cent agreed to signing their Some of the most cited papers of all times were rejected names, 11 per cent refused, and 13 per cent failed to by referees, or returned by editors. Of course, these are the respond. Signed reviews were of a higher quality, were more ones we know about – the ones where authors have persisted courteous, but took longer to complete than unsigned until their papers eventually get published. Shatz (2004, p. reviews. Reviewers who signed their names were more likely 90) mentions numerous innovative papers that were initially to recommend publication. The study supported the rejected in the process of peer review. These include papers feasibility of an open peer-review system. presenting the discovery of blood typing, Jenner’s 1796 paper Some journals have started printing the names of describing vaccinations against smallpox, Murray Gell-Man’s reviewers. The British Medical Journal (BMJ), for instance, work on quarks, and Krebs’s paper describing the citric acid decided to discontinue anonymous peer reviews in 1999 cycle. Nature declined to accept Krebs’s paper on the ‘Krebs (New Atlantis, 2006). Open peer review allows for greater cycle’ in 1937, saying: transparency and accountability. ‘The Editor of Nature presents his compliments to Mr. The current usual model is pre-publication peer review. It H.A. Krebs and regrets that as he has already sufficient is also possible to take the somewhat bolder step of letters to fill the correspondence columns of Nature for publishing papers immediately and then conducting the seven or eight weeks, it is undesirable to accept further review in the open afterwards (post-publication peer review). letters at the present time on account of the delay which Some online journals have taken to using ‘transparent’ peer must occur in their publication. If Mr. Krebs does not review where the reviewing process is visible as it takes place mind such delay, the Editor is prepared to keep the letter online. A more dynamic approach allows for reviews and until the congestion is relieved in the hope of making use comments to be posted at any time. of it. He returns it now, however, in case Mr. Krebs A further question arises as to whether the identity of the prefers to submit it for early publication to another author should be disclosed to the reviewers. A double-blind periodical.’ review lies at the other end of the spectrum from open peer In 1988, seven years after Krebs’s death, an anonymous review. While there might be some hypothetical advantages editor published a letter in Nature calling the rejection the in masking the identity of the author, reviewers familiar with journal’s most ‘egregious error’ (Borrell, 2010). The work by their fields will usually be able to know immediately who has Krebs later won a Nobel Prize. written the paper under consideration. At least 35 articles that would eventually earn the Nobel Prize and fame for their authors were rejected outright during Bad peer review the initial inspection by reviewers (Campanario, 1995). As David Shatz has pointed out that ‘many heavily cited papers, one example, in the case of quasicrystals, there was a paper including some describing work which won a Nobel Prize, rejected by the Journal of Applied Physics in 1984, but were originally rejected by peer review’ (Shatz, 2004). Shatz, through persistence it was later published in Metallurgical a Yeshiva University philosophy professor, outlines some of Transactions A and Physical Review Letters. One of the the charges made against the referee process in his 2004 reviewers, Linus Pauling, said: ‘There is no such thing as book Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry. He maintains that quasicrystals, only quasi-scientists’ (Slavov, 2015). reviewers are often not really ‘conversant with the published Nevertheless, Dan Schechtman won the Nobel Prize for literature’; they are ‘biased toward papers that affirm their Chemistry in 2011. prior convictions’; and they ‘are biased against innovation Some further examples have been listed by Slavov and/or are poor judges of quality’. Reviewers also seem (2014) of very significant foundational scientific results that biased in favour of authors from prestigious institutions. were rejected by major journals and magazines but have Shatz describes a study in which ‘papers that had been nonetheless stood the test of time and proven to be of published in journals by authors from prestigious institutions exceptional importance to science. were retyped and resubmitted with a non-prestigious affiliation indicated for the author. Not only did referees More damaging reviews mostly fail to recognize these previously published papers in Merton (1957) highlights a few cases where poor reviews their field, they recommended rejection.’ have had extremely damaging consequences:

       
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The nineteenth-century physicist Waterston, his classic Another example, one that cannot be blamed on paper on molecular velocity having been rejected by the typesetters, occurs in a paper that describes the calculated Royal Society as ‘nothing but nonsense’, became hopelessly activity coefficient of liquid cobalt oxide (CoO) in slag as a discouraged and left science altogether. function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. This Deeply disappointed by the lack of response to his relationship was presented as the equation shown in historic papers on heredity, Mendel refused to publish the Figure 11. now permanently lost results of his further research and, Fortunately, there was also a graphical depiction of the after becoming abbot of his monastery, gave up his research data in the paper. For example, at a temperature of 1400ºC on heredity. (1673 K), and with a value of B = 1.15, the graph shows a Robert Mayer, tormented by refusals to grant him priority value for CoO of around 10, which is quite reasonable. for the principle of conservation of energy, tried a suicide However, the equation produces a result for CoO of about leap from a third-story window and succeeded only in 96 000 000, which is clearly spurious. My communication breaking his legs and being straitjacketed, for a time, in an with the author led to the following admission: ‘You are asylum. right. This equation is not correct. I made a serious mistake. In 1842, Mayer came up with the theory of conservation Please never use this equation.’ of energy, and wrote an article explaining his idea that ‘energy is neither created nor destroyed’. It was rejected by Errata the leading physics journal of the time, ended up in an Very often, errata are published in journals a few months obscure chemistry journal, and was mostly ignored by after the initial publication of the paper, sometimes in small physicists. When the physicists of the time rallied around print, or somewhere out of the way. In these cases, there is Joule, who described conservation of energy later in the no obvious way of linking the correction to the original 1840s, Mayer suffered a mental breakdown. Towards the end publication. Electronic publishing allows this link to be made of his life, he was finally given credit as a father of in a much more robust manner, by allowing errata to be thermodynamics. linked to the original papers. A very simple solution is to Clearly, the consequences of poor peer review can be publish the erratum as an additional page together with the extremely serious. original paper on the journal’s website. This simple practical step can be expected to improve the current situation where Some recent examples of errors not detected by errors tend to be propagated from one paper to the next, reviewers sometimes with additional mutations. One of the fundamental equations used in the modelling of Rekdal (2014) tells a fascinating tale about a story the electrical characteristics of DC arc furnaces is one by Ben entitled ‘Spinach, iron and Popeye: Ironic lessons from Bowman that describes the shape of the arc. This very biochemistry and history on the importance of healthy important equation for modelling plasma arcs appears twice eating, healthy scepticism and adequate citation’. The myth in the literature – wrongly! The first (correct) equation shown about the iron content of spinach was embellished through in Figure 10 describes the shape of the conducting volume of quotation of secondary sources that were anything but the arc as a function of the distance from the cathode authoritative. It would have been very helpful to have been attachment spot. The assumptions include an axi-symmetric able to append corrections to the various articles that formed arc and no interaction effects at the anode. This equation is part of the chain of this tangled but very readable story. incorrectly printed in Bowman (1994), and again but with a different error in Bowman and Krüger (2009), but has been Tests of the peer-review process corrected here by examining the form of the equation that There have been numerous experiments that put the peer properly fits the figure in the original reference. review process to the test. Some of these tests involved One can only speculate as to the cause of these errors. hoaxes that have become well known in their own right. Either the reviewers have hastily skipped over the equations, In a noteworthy 1998 study, Fiona Godlee, editor of the assuming them to be correct, or typesetters (not prestigious British Medical Journal, sent an article containing understanding the meaning of the equations) have eight deliberate mistakes in study design, analysis, and introduced errors that were not checked before printing. interpretation to more than 200 of the BMJ’s regular reviewers. Not one picked out all the mistakes. On average, they reported fewer than two; some did not spot any. (Economist, 2013) Sokal Hoax In 1996, Alan Sokal (Professor of Physics at New York University) published a hoax article in Social Text, a leading North American journal of postmodern cultural studies. It

Figure 10—Bowman's equation for arc shape (correct version; 1994 version; 2009 version) Figure 11—Incorrect equation for activity coefficient of CoO L 810    
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Truth and error in scientific publishing was entitled ‘Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Bohannon Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity’ (Sokal, An extensive hoax to test the peer review process was carried 1996a). He wanted to test the journal’s intellectual rigour out by John Bohannon, a biologist at Harvard, who also and to see if it would publish an article that was liberally works as a journalist for Science. Between January and salted with nonsense, but sounded good, and flattered the August 2013, Bohannon submitted, to 304 supposedly peer- editors’ ideological preconceptions. The paper proposed ideas reviewed journals, numerous almost-identical pseudonymous such as ‘quantum gravity is a social and linguistic construct’. fake papers (obviously and seriously flawed) on the effects The hoax sparked a debate about the scholarly merit of of a chemical derived from lichen on cancer cells. The paper’s humanistic commentary about the physical sciences; the template was ‘Molecule X from lichen species Y inhibits the influence of postmodern philosophy on social disciplines in growth of cancer cell Z’. The listed authors and their general; academic ethics, including whether Sokal was wrong affiliations were unique and fake. It was quite disappointing to deceive the editors and readers of Social Text; and whether to find that 157 journals accepted, and 98 rejected the paper. Social Text had exercised appropriate intellectual rigour. This Some accepting journals were managed by major publishers is not primarily what Sokal was trying to achieve; he was (Elsevier, for example), but predatory paid open-access trying to make the point that postmodern relativism is an journals fared the worst. An article (Bohannon, 2013) inadequate response to science. Sokal maintains that it is entitled ‘Who’s afraid of peer review?’ was published in almost impossible to function in the world without some Science on 4 October 2013. Bohannon’s study was seriously functional sense of truth. flawed, especially with regard to how journals were chosen, On the day of the publication of the article in Social Text but made quite an impact. in May 1996, Sokal revealed in Lingua Franca (Sokal, 1996b) that the article was a hoax, identifying it as ’a Measurements of scientific output by citation pastiche of left-wing cant, fawning references, grandiose indexing quotations, and outright nonsense ... structured around the In order to improve the quality of published science, it is silliest quotations [by postmodernist academics] [he] could necessary to have some systems of measurement of the reach find about mathematics and physics.’ of publications. A later book called Intellectual Impostures (Sokal and This gives rise to the question of what constitutes a good Bricmont, 1998) provided further details of nonsensical paper. Essentially, the subject matter should be of interest or writing invoking science by postmodern philosophers and importance to at least some readers; the content should be other literary figures. communicated clearly and logically; and some papers should The editors of Social Text thought the manuscript argued communicate new knowledge that is worth being referenced that quantum physics, properly understood, dovetails with by other authors. The ‘value’ of a paper is a difficult thing to postmodern philosophy. In fact, Sokal booby-trapped the define, let alone to measure, but that has not stopped people piece with deliberate mistakes, as he later revealed; he from trying. The simplest measure of the worth of a paper is the sought to publish it to expose the various intellectual and number of citations it receives. There are numerous political weaknesses in Social Text and those it represents. publishing organizations that keep track of the references Sokal’s work is somewhat reminiscent of the ‘two published in a wide range of journals. Probably the best cultures’ outlined by C.P. Snow, who proprosed knowing the known are the Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports and second law of thermodynamics as a test of scientific literacy Scopus. for the humanist, adding that it was ‘about the scientific Much of the pioneering work done in 1955 by Eugene equivalent of: Have you read a work of Shakespeare’s?’ Garfield set the scene for citation indexing. Computers had (Snow, 1964). It is necessary to have knowledge of both the become available, and it became practicable to get lists of sciences and humanities if one is truly to try to understand publications, and lists of all of the citations (references at the the world. end of each article), and to link them together, and derive some interesting statistics from the links. Of course, there are many ways of ranking the scientific output of a researcher. Probably the crudest one, used in years gone by, was simply the number of publications. Unfortunately, this incentivizes people to break down their papers into ‘least publishable units’ instead of more sensible groupings of material. The ‘journal impact factor’ was something else that Garfield worked on, and this too has its flaws. A more sophisticated approach is to let the worth of a paper be indicated by the number of citations it receives from the author’s peers. By this measure, the number of citations indicates the worth of a researcher. Again, this is too crude a measure. If, for example, someone is a co-author on a very highly cited paper, this can skew the impression of worth. So, the number of publications on its own is clearly not enough. Figure 12—Alan Sokal Even the average number of citations per paper does not

       
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 811 L Truth and error in scientific publishing remove the possibility of distortion by one very important 2012 and 2013] / [total number of articles published in 2012 paper. Possibly the most widely used measure attempts to and 2013]. This number is meant to give a sense of how combine the number of publications and the number of many citations are received, on average, by the typical paper citations in a single number, a measure that will be discussed published in that particular journal. in a subsequent section. The journal impact factor cannot be used meaningfully to When Eugene Garfield introduced the concept of a citation compare journals in different fields. For example, biological index for the sciences in 1955, he emphasized its several journals receive orders of magnitude more citations than advantages over traditional subject indexing. As a citation those in engineering. The journal impact factor is widely index records the references in each article indexed, a search criticised for use as a lazy proxy for the quality of a particular can proceed from a known work of interest to more recently paper. If you want to know what the quality of a particular published items that cited that work. Moreover, a search in a paper is, then read it and judge it on its own merits. The citation index, either forward in time or backward through intrinsic merit of a paper is much more important than where cited references, is both highly efficient and productive it is published. The relevance and quality of a paper are much because it relies upon the informed judgments of researchers more important than the impact factor of the journal in which themselves, reflected in the references appended to their it is published. papers, rather than the choices of indexing terms by Because authors are driven to chase the recognition that cataloguers who are less familiar with the content of each supposedly comes from publishing in highly ranked journals, publication than are the authors. Although it took many this can lead to some serious problems. Publications in high- years before the Science Citation Index (now the Web of ranking journals are not only more likely to be fraudulent Science) was fully accepted by librarians and the research than articles in lower ranking journals, but also more likely to community, the power of the idea and the utility of its present discoveries which are less reliable (i.e., are inflated, implementation could not be denied (King and Pendlebury, or cannot subsequently be replicated). Some of the 2013). sociological mechanisms behind these correlations have been Thomson Scientific’s Institute for Scientific Information well documented, such as pressure to publish (preferably (ISI) has three citation databases: the Science Citation Index, positive results in high-ranking journals), which leads to the the Social Science Citation Index, and the Arts and potential for decreased ethical standards. (Brembs et al., Humanities Citation Index. By 2015, there were 45 million 2013). documents indexed in the Web of Science. Critics of the status quo object to evaluating research on the basis of where it is published. The shorthand way to do Journal impact factor this is by the journal impact factor — an index now kept by The significance of a journal is widely measured by its Thomson Reuters. In December 2012, hundreds of scientific ‘impact factor’. This represents the average number of times leaders, funding bodies, journals (including Science, but not that each article is cited in a year (averaged over two years). Nature) and other organizations gathered in San Francisco to Eugene Garfield first introduced the concept of a ‘journal sign the Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA), which impact factor’ in 1955, when he was director of the Institute criticizes reliance on the impact factor and commits for Scientific Information (ISI) – now part of Thomson signatories to evaluate research on the basis of its scientific Reuters, an information-services company based in New merit. It is important to stimulate a scientific culture and York. It can be inferred from estimates of the number of implement policy measures that shift the competition from journal papers published (Björk et al., 2009) that about 70 quantity to quality - that is, to stimulate individual researchers to reduce the quantity and increase the quality of per cent of refereed scientific journal papers are indexed, even their output so that a larger fraction of the published though less than 39 per cent of refereed journals are indexed literature is worth reading. (which means that more than 15 000 refereed journals are In South Africa, a large source of university income not indexed). The journal impact factor is defined as the ratio accrues from a government subsidy received from the of
the number of citations in the current year to the items Department of Higher Education and Training for academic published in the previous two years] to [the total number of publications in what it calls accredited journals. In 2011, for articles published in the same two years]. For example, JIF instance, the government allocated R2.2 billion to universities (2014) = [number of citations in 2014 to articles published in for their research outputs. For each article that appears in one of these journals the department remits about R120 000 to the university at which the academic author is employed (Thomas, 2015). This means that academics are pressurised to publish prolifically and to increase their subsidy income. The unintended consequence of this subsidy system is that it encourages an unnecessary proliferation of papers. The h-index The prominence of a particular author can be gauged to some extent by the number of his or her publications that are cited many times. One of the most widely used measures of scientific influence today is the so-called ‘h-index’, which Figure 13—Eugene Garfield reduces this influence to a single number. The index was L 812    
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Truth and error in scientific publishing proposed in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physics professor at Google and PageRank the University of California, San Diego (Hirsch, 2005). The The Google search engine ranks the importance of a h-index takes into account both the number of citations and document in a search according to the networked importance the number of papers that an author has to his/her name. of the pages that link to it. If a paper is referred (linked) to The measure of impact and the quantity of scientific output by an ‘important’ paper (or page on a website), then some of are expressed as a single number, h, that stands for Hirsch or that importance is conferred on the paper to which it is highly cited. Hirsch defines the h-index as the maximum linked. This iterative networked calculation forms the heart number of an author's papers that have been cited at least h of the extremely effective search engine that millions of times. For example, having an h-index of 13 means that the people around the world rely on. The PageRank algorithm author has 13 papers that have each been referenced 13 or (Page et al., 1998; Brin and Page, 1998) was developed by more times. This avoids difficulties where the total number of Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the founders of Google. papers does not indicate the quality of scientific publications, PageRank (named after Page) was influenced by Eugene whereas citation counts can be disproportionately affected by Garfield’s work on citation analysis at the University of a single publication of major influence. The index is a useful Pennsylvania from the 1950s. In their original paper (Page et comparison between authors within a specific subject area. al., 1998), Garfield is referenced. Page’s and Brin’s Care should be taken not to compare a young scientist with breakthrough was to create an algorithm that manages to someone at the end of a long career, as the h-index increases take into account both the number of links into a particular over time. People with a high h-index tend to be older and site and the number of links into each of the linking sites. well established in their fields. However, on a like-for-like This mirrored the rough approach of academic citation- basis, it is a good measure of productivity. counting, and worked exceptionally well. In order to determine an author's h-index, a curve can be plotted of the number of citations versus paper number, with Benford’s Law papers numbered in order of decreasing citations (Hirsch, Benford’s Law is an interesting and useful mathematical 2005). The intersection of the 45° line with the curve technique that can be used in the detection of fraudulent data indicates the h value, as shown in Figure 15. in scientific publications (as well as for investigations of Google Scholar is able to generate h-index values for any accounting fraud). It provides a fascinating insight into the published scientist. For example, Albert Einstein was listed patterns around the first (leftmost) digit of a series of as having an h-index of 105 (Google Scholar, 2015). This numbers. means that he has 105 publications that have been cited 105 Simon Newcomb, a Canadian mathematician, noticed times or more. that, when using his book of log tables, the earlier pages (which contained numbers that start with 1) were much more worn than the other pages. He documented some of the implications of this discovery in 1881 in a paper entitled ‘Note on the Frequency of Use of the Different Digits in Natural Numbers’ (Newcomb, 1881). The physicist Frank Benford rediscovered this observation in 1938 and published an article called ‘The Law of Anomalous Numbers’ (Benford, 1938). As yet another example of Stigler’s Law, this curious pattern is named Benford’s Law. Benford’s Law is perhaps best illustrated by means of an example. Imagine having a list of randomly occurring measurements, for example, the altitude (in metres) of the 122 000 most highly populated towns in the world. It is easy to imagine that the leftmost digit of each number would be evenly distributed between the numerals 1–9, which results Figure 14—Jorge Hirsch

Figure 15—Calculation of the h-index Figure 16—Frank Benford

       
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 813 L Truth and error in scientific publishing in an even frequency distribution of about 11 per cent each. A good visual explanation for the derivation of these This is not the case in reality, however. Even more intriguing equations can be found elsewhere (DataGenetics, 2013). One is the fact that the distribution remains approximately the helpful picture is to imagine a plant growing where it doubles same even if the units are changed from metres, to feet, or to in size every week. To go from length 1.0 to 2.0 it would cubits (where 1 cubit = 523 mm), as shown in Figure 17 have to increase by 100% (and would have a value that (DataGenetics, 2013). The numeral 1 is much more prevalent begins with 1 for a whole week), but to go from 2.0 to 3.0 it as the first digit of many lists of numbers, and there is a would need to grow only 50% (and so would have a value decreasing frequency of the remaining digits 2–9. that starts with 2 for much less time), and so on. This follows It has been found that this same pattern applies to a wide a logarithmic scale. variety of data sets, including stock market volume, distances Series of data that are made up by multiplication to stars, electricity bills, street addresses, stock prices, (multiplicative fluctuations) tend to be well described by population numbers, death rates, lengths of rivers, physical Benford’s Law. More technically, the central limit theorem and mathematical constants, and Fibonacci numbers. They all says that multiplying more and more random variables will follow this pattern of having the first digit being governed by create a lognormal distribution with larger and larger a logarithmic distribution. Benford’s Law applies to processes variance, so eventually it covers many orders of magnitude described by power laws (which are very common in nature). almost uniformly. However, series of data that are generated It is likely to be best satisfied to a high level of accuracy by addition (additive fluctuations) do not lead to Benford’s when values span several orders of magnitude rather Law – instead they lead to normal probability distributions uniformly (for example, populations of villages / towns / (again by the central limit theorem), which do not satisfy cities, or stock-market prices). On the other hand, a Benford’s Law. distribution that is mostly or entirely within one order of Some well-known infinite integer sequences provably magnitude (for example, heights of human adults, or IQ satisfy Benford’s Law exactly (in the asymptotic limit as scores) is unlikely to satisfy Benford’s Law very accurately, more and more terms of the sequence are included). Among or at all. Where the distribution of first digits of a data set is these are the Fibonacci numbers. scale-invariant (or independent of the units that the data are This allows us to close the circle of the story by saying expressed in), the distribution of first digits is always given that the advent of computers and electronic publishing, and by Benford’s Law. computers and mathematics, all come together to help us, we Benford’s Law is very useful in the detection of hope, to find better ways of getting closer and closer to the fraudulent data, because most perpetrators of fraud are not truth. aware of this peculiar pattern so they typically create an even Conclusions distribution of first digits in their concocted data. The underlying premise of Benford's Law is that the Scientific publishing remains alive and well, despite some subject population of quantities, expressed in the base 10 problems and challenges. The publication of about two and more or less arbitrary units, is fairly evenly distributed million scientific papers per year is a very important on a logarithmic scale. Benford’s formula states that the component of the advancement of our understanding of the probability of the leading digit (d) being of a certain value truth about the world in which we live. Electronic can be described by the following function: communications technology provides some wonderful opportunities to improve the way we communicate scientific results more openly. The approaches outlined here should help us to get closer to the truth. We would do well to This simplifies to: remember, in discussions about subjects such as anthropogenic climate change or the benefits of a low- carbohydrate diet, some of the principles espoused here. Acknowledgements This paper is published with the permission of Mintek. Helpful discussions with Paul den Hoed and some early ideas from Sarah Jones are gratefully acknowledged. References

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HIRSCH, J.E. 2005. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research BOWMAN B. 1994. Properties of arcs in DC furnaces. Proceedings of the 52nd output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 102, Electric Furnace Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, 13–16 November 1994. no. 46. pp. 16569–16572. http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0508025v5.pdf Iron and Steel Society, Warrendale, PA, USA. pp. 111–120.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY EDITORS. 2015. Development of a guideline to BOWMAN B. and KRÜGER K. 2009. Arc Furnace Physics. Stahleisen approach plagiarism in Indian scenario: Retraction. Indian Journal of Communications, Düsseldorf, Germany. ISBN 978-3-514-00768-0. Dermatology, vol. 60, no. 2. p. 210. Article: http://www.e-ijd.org/text.

BREMBS, B., BUTTON, K., and MUNAFÒ, M. 2013. Deep impact: unintended asp?2014/59/5/473/139879 Retraction: http://www.e-ijd.org/text.asp? consequences of journal rank. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 24 June 2015/60/2/210/152545 2013. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291/ JONES, R.T. 2012. Open access to metallurgical publications. Journal of the full Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 112, no. 11,

BREWSTER, D. 1855. Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac November 2012. pp. 999–1003. http://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/ Newton. Edinburgh and London, 1855. Volume II, Chapter xxvii. v112n11p999.pdf

BRIN, S. and PAGE, L. 1998. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web KING, C. and PENDLEBURY, D.A. 2013. Research Fronts 2013, Thomson Reuters. search engine. 20 pp. http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/pendleburykingresearchfronts20 13.pdf CAMPANARIO, J.M. 1995. Commentary on influential books and journal articles initially rejected because of negative referees’ evaluations, Science KRUGER, J. and DUNNING, D. 1999. Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties Communication, 65, March 1995, vol. 16, no. 3. pp. 304–325. in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 77, no. 6, December CAMPANARIO, J.M. 1996. Have referees rejected some of the most-cited articles 1999. pp. 1121–1134. http://www.jerwood no.org.uk/pdf/Dunning% of all times? Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 20Kruger.pdf vol. 47, no. 4, April 1996. pp. 302–310. KUHN, T.S. 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd edn (1962, 1970, CAMPANARIO, J.M. 1998. Fraud: retracted articles are still being cited, Nature, 1996). University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. vol. 408. p. 288. MERTON, R.K. 1957. Priorities in scientific discovery: a chapter in the sociology CAMPANARIO, J.M. 2006. Using textbooks errors to teach physics: examples of of science. American Sociological Review, vol. 22, no. 6, December 1957. specific activities. European Journal of Physics, vol. 27. pp. 975–981. pp. 635–659. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2089193

       
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NEW ATLANTIS EDITORS. 2006. Rethinking peer review: how the Internet is SHAKESPEARE, W. 1623. As You Like It, Act 5 Scene 1. changing science journals. The New Atlantis, no. 13, Summer 2006. pp. 106–110. http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/rethinking- SHATZ, D. 2004. Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry. Rowman & Littlefield, peer-review Lanham, Maryland, USA. 249 pp. https://books.google.co.za/ books?id=Jsde5IB11mgC NEWCOMB, S. 1881. Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in

natural numbers. American Journal of Mathematics, vol. 4, no. 1. SLAVOV, N. 2014. Papers that triumphed over their rejections. 15 August 2014. pp. 39–40. http://www.uvm.edu/~pdodds/files/papers/others/1881/ https://majesticforest.wordpress.com/2014/08/15/papers-that-triumphed- newcomb1881a.pdf over-their-rejections/

PAGE, L., BRIN, S., MOTWANI, R., and WINOGRAD, T. 1998. The PageRank Citation SLAVOV, N. 2015. Science and failures of authority. 22 July 2015. Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web. Technical report, Stanford Digital https://majesticforest.wordpress.com/2015/07/22/science-and-failures- Library Technologies Project, 29 January 1998. 17 pp. of-authority/ http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/1/1999-66.pdf

SLOOF, P., VAN DEN BURG, J., VOOGD, A., and BENNE, R. 1987. The nucleotide PLANCK, M. 1949. Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. Gaynor, F. sequence of a 3.2 kb segment of mitochondrial maxicircle DNA from (trans.). New York. pp. 33–34 (as cited in Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Crithidia fasciculata containing the gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit Scientific Revolutions). From Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie. Mit III, the N-terminal part of the apocytochrome b gene and a possible einem Bildnis und der von Max von Laue gehaltenen Traueransprache. frameshift gene; further evidence for the use of unusual initiator triplets Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, Leipzig, 1948. in trypanosome mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 15, no. 1. pp. 51–65. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/1/51 POPPER, K.R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Routledge. [1934 German version, Logik der Forschung, published by Mohr Siebeck] SNOW, C.P. 1964. The Two Cultures and a Second Look. Cambridge University http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/popper/ Press. p. 15. PRICE, D.J. DE SOLLA. 1963. Little science, Big science. Reprinted in Little science, Big science ... and Beyond. Columbia University Press, New York, 1986. SOKAL, A.D. 1996a. Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative http://www.andreasaltelli.eu/file/repository/Little_science_big_ hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text, vol. 46/47 science_and_beyond.pdf (Spring/Summer). Duke University Press. pp. 217–252.

REICH, E.S. 2013. Science publishing: The golden club. Nature, vol. 502, SOKAL, A.D. 1996b. A physicist experiments with cultural studies. Lingua no. 7471. pp. 291–293. http://www.nature.com/news/science-publishing- Franca, May 1996. the-golden-club-1.13951?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20131022 SOKAL, A. and BRICMONT, J. 1998. Intellectual Impostures. Profile Books, REKDAL, O.B. 2014. Academic urban legends. Social Studies of Science, vol. 44, London. no. 4. pp. 638–654.

http://sss.sagepub.com/content/44/4/638.full.pdf+html STIGLER, S.M. 1980. Stigler's law of eponymy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 39, no. 1. Series II, April 1980. Science and RETRACTION WATCH. 2012. South Korean plant compound researcher faked email social structure: a festschrift for Robert K. Merton. Gieryn, T.F. (ed.). addresses so he could review his own studies. 24 August 2012. Blackwell. pp. 147–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2164- http://retractionwatch.com/2012/08/24/korean-plant-compound- 0947.1980.tb02775.x researcher-faked-email-addresses-so-he-could-review-his-own-studies/

STRAUS, W.L., JR. 1954. The Great Piltdown Hoax. Science, vol. 119, no. 3087, RETRACTION WATCH. 2015. You can’t make this stuff up: Plagiarism guideline 26 February 1954, pp. 265–269. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1681349 paper retracted for…plagiarism. 1 April 2015. http://retractionwatch.com/2015/04/01/you-cant-make-this-stuff-up- THOMAS, A. 2015. Cheating academics may make students think plagiarism is plagiarism-guideline-paper-retracted-for-plagiarism/ acceptable. BusinessTech, 8 August 2015.

ROYAL SOCIETY. 2011. Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/95403/cheating-academics-may- access, 26 October 2011. http://royalsociety.org/news/Royal-Society- make-students-think-plagiarism-is-acceptable/ journal-archive-made-permanently-free-to-access/ UPPER, D. 1974. The unsuccessful self-treatment of a case of “writer's block”. ROYAL SOCIETY. 2012. Royal Society Publishing, Open Access publishing. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, vol. 7, no. 3, Fall 1974. p. 497. http://royalsocietypublishing.org/site/authors/EXiS.xhtml [Accessed 16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311997/ May 2012]. VAN NOORDEN, R. 2013. Half of 2011 papers now free to read. Nature, vol. 500, SCHAGRIN, M.L. 1963. Resistance to Ohm’s Law. American Journal of Physics, 22 August 2013. pp. 386–387. http://www.nature.com/news/half-of- vol. 31, no.7, July 1963. pp. 536–547. 2011-papers-now-free-to-read-1.13577

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SCHUMAN, R. 2014. Revise and Resubmit! Peer review is slow. It’s unhelpful. no. 1, January 2000. pp. 47–51. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/ It’s generally awful. Here’s how to fix it. Slate, 15 July 2014. 176/1/47.full http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/07/the_easy_way_to_fi WASSERMAN, L. 2012. A world without referees. Carnegie Mellon University, x_peer_review_require_submitters_to_review_first.html 20 February 2012. 4 pp. http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~larry/Peer-Review.pdf SCHWARTZ, C.A. 1997. The rise and fall of uncitedness, College & Research Libraries, vol. 58, no. 1, January 1997. pp. 19–29. WHITFIELD, J. 2011. Open access comes of age. Nature, vol. 474, 21 June 2011. http://crl.acrl.org/content/58/1/19.full.pdf p. 428. http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110621/full/474428a.html N L 816    
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The 118th Annual General Meeting of The Southern African Members Institute of Mining and Metallurgy was held at The Country James Dudley Bethel Club, Johannesburg, Napier Road, Auckland Park on Thursday, 13 August 2015. Retired Members Wilhelm Bouver Howe Welcome In memory of the deceased and in sympathy with the The President, Jim Porter, extended a special welcome to the bereaved, all rose and observed a moment of silence. guests and representatives of our sister institutes and other associations, and also to recipients of awards, senior Honorary Fellowship members of industry, Honorary Life Fellows, past- Presidents, our members, and other guests, among them the Alastair Macfarlane: Honorary Life Fellowship is awarded by following: the Council to Corporate members of the Institute who have rendered outstanding service to the Institute over many Geological Society of South Africa, Jeanette McGill, years. It is my pleasure to announce that the Council has President decided to award Honorary Fellowship to: Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa, Len de ® Oskar Steffen, for his outstanding leadership of the Villiers, President SAIMM over many years. Oskar is also a recipient of South African Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award Dawie van Vuuren, President South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, Andre ® Matthew Handley, for his outstanding contribution Hoffman, President and continued support on the Publications Committee South African Women in Mining, Melody Kweba, within the SAIMM. President Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award Past-Presidents attending Jim Porter: The Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award was John Austin Rod Pickering instituted in 1980 to commemorate the outstanding Richard Beck Don Ross-Watt contribution to the South African mining industry made by John Cruise Gordon Smith Brigadier R.S.G. Stokes, an Honorary Life Fellow and past- Roger Dixon Dick Stacey President of this Institute. This is the premier award of the Henry James Oskar Steffen Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and is Gys Landman Willem van Niekerk made to an individual for the very highest achievement in Joshua Ngoma the South African mining and metallurgical industry. It gives me great pleasure to announce that the award for 2015 is to Minutes be made to Sipho Abednego Nkosi. The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting, which were published in the September 2014 issue of the Journal, Jim Porter called upon Mzila Mthenjane, to read the citation: and sent to all members, were confirmed. Sipho Nkosi has made an exceptional contribution to the South African mining industry, covering a broad spectrum of Obituaries arenas that continue to benefit the growth, development, and The President announced the deaths, during the year, of the transformation of the country. following members: Sipho was born in northern KwaZulu-Natal in 1954 and his tertiary studies took place during the tumultuous socio- Honorary Life Fellows political landscape governing the country in the 1970s and Sandor Budavari, Joseph Lurie 1980s. He overcame challenges to nevertheless complete his studies and begin a career that enabled him to gain a depth Fellows of experience in the energy and coal sectors both locally and Richard Graham, Michael Kilroe Charles Roberts, Andrew internationally. Simon Wood He harnessed this experience to make a significant Retired Fellows contribution to transformation in the mining industry, which Brian Moore began with the formation of Eyesizwe Coal in 1998.

       
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Eyesizwe was the forerunner to the creation of Exxaro since November 2006. Previously he served as Chairman of Resources in 2006, which is now widely regarded as a model the Chamber’s Collieries Committee. of black economic empowerment (BEE) and transformation His leadership style—embracing an inclusive, across all sectors in the country and a ‘champion of consultative, and unassuming approach—has stood him in transformation’ in the mining industry. good stead both within his company and beyond. This, The formation of Exxaro involved one of South Africa’s together with the well-known charisma and humour, have largest BEE transactions, when Kumba Resources was enabled him to build an extensive network of relationships unbundled and its non-iron ore assets merged with those of throughout business, political, and community circles. Eyesizwe. Kumba was then re-listed on the JSE as Exxaro Sipho plays an instrumental role as a thought leader in Resources Limited. the industry where he offers counsel and advice to peers and ‘When we formed Exxaro, our vision was to create a others. He is oft-quoted in the media on industry issues and truly South African, truly empowered company that could regularly presents at local and international industry and empower others in a way that set new standards for investment conferences. Sipho is passionate about youth transformation in the country,’ Sipho has previously been development, and on a personal level, is a role model to quoted as saying. younger people—providing guidance and mentorship. The company is today a major South African-based He is widely acknowledged for his entrepreneurial skills diversified resources company and the second largest coal and business leadership. In 2012 he was the South African producer in the country. Just over 52% of Exxaro is owned winner in the Master Entrepreneur Category of the Ernst & by formerly disadvantaged and broad-based South Africans Young World Entrepreneur Awards, which was followed by in the form of BEE Holdco, 10% is held by Anglo American him representing South Africa at the global awards held in plc, while the remainder is held by minorities, including Monte Carlo the following year. In 2013 he received the employees through the MPower scheme, which is in its Tienie Louw Award for business leadership at the Afrikaanse second phase. What distinguishes Exxaro from many other Handelsinstituut’s National Congress. empowerment companies is that its BEE shareholders are Sipho holds the following degrees: BComm (University of also involved in the management of the company at Zululand), BComm (Hons)(Econ) (Unisa), MBA (University executive and board level. of Massachusetts, Boston), Diploma in Marketing ‘Exxaro enables historically disadvantaged people to be Management (Unisa), Advanced Management Programme part of the mainstream economy.’ (University of Oxford). In his role as the leader of Exxaro, serving as chief In March 2015 it was announced that Sipho will retire as executive officer since 2007, Sipho has overseen a CEO of Exxaro on 31 March 2016. He is married to Nondili meaningful distribution of wealth to a range of previously and has three children. disadvantaged South Africans. Since Exxaro’s formation in Alastair Macfarlane called upon Sipho Nkosi to come forward 2006 more than R6.6 billion has been paid in dividends to to collect his award from Jim Porter. He then gave a short shareholders and nearly R1 billion has been returned to over acceptance speech. 9 000 participants in the company employee share scheme. In 2014 alone, the company invested more than R230 million Presentation of awards, medals, and certificates in community development, social and labour plans, and Alastair Macfarlane: announced the following awards, discretionary donations. In the same year, R7.7 billion was medals, and certificates, which were presented by Jim Porter. spent with HDSA-owned suppliers. Sipho is a strong supporter of the government’s National 50-year Membership Awards Development Plan and through his company, contributions (with effect from 1 July 1964 to 30 June 1965) are made to the development of infrastructure in areas ® John Douglas Austin surrounding operations, most significantly in Lephalale, ® Anthony Simon Malone Limpopo province, where major water, housing, and road ® Kalman Imre Oravecz developments have taken place. ® Anthony William John Hancock. Job creation is also provided through Exxaro’s employment of some 7 500 people and the same number of The Danie Krige Memorial Award contractors. Sipho is a proponent of skills development: ‘We The Danie Krige Memorial Award was instituted in 2013 to believe that empowering our people will help grow the honour the memory of Professor Danie Krige, who was one company and the nation. I am proud that we are one of the of South Africa’s most influential mining engineers and a industry’s leading trainers. Annually we invest more than geo-statistician of international repute. 5% of our payroll on training and people development.’ An The Danie Krige Memorial Award is considered for the active bursary and learnership programme is run with more best geostatistical paper published in the SAIMM Journal than 3 000 young people having enrolled in Exxaro between January and December 2014. learnerships and the company accounting for a sizeable M.Z. Abzalov for his paper published in the March 2014 portion of all engineering learnerships registered with the issue of the Journal entitled ‘Localized uniform conditioning Mining Qualifications Authority. (LUC): Method and application case studies’. Sipho has contributed broadly to the mining industry by serving as president of the Chamber of Mines of South Africa Gold and Silver Medals in 2008-2010 and on the Executive Council of the Chamber Papers published in the Journal from March 2014 to L 820    
        
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February 2015 by members of the Institute were considered Outotec Postgraduate Scholarships for students conducting for medals. research in the area of sustainable mineral processing. The scholarships were awarded to: Gold Medals Alex Opitz (University of Cape Town): The Gold medals are awarded for papers that are of a world-class development of an integrated approach for standard, and judged to be publications that will become key ARD prediction from waste rock. references in their mining or metallurgy field in the future. Pierre Albertyn (University of Stellenbosch): The recovery No gold medals were awarded this year. of precious metals from waste PCBs with ammonium thiosulphate—effect of copper Silver Medals feed impurities. Silver medals are awarded for papers that make a major contribution to the professions of mining and metallurgy and Annual Report to the prestige of the Institute. Jim Porter presented the Annual Report with highlights of his Silver Medals were awarded to: year as President. J. Wesseloo, for his paper published in the October 2014 issue of the Journal entitled ‘Evaluation of the spatial variation of b-value’. Accounts G.F. Esterhuizen, for his paper published in the October The Honorary Treasurer, Cuthbert Musingwini, presented the 2014 issue of the Journal entitled ‘Extending empirical financial statements, which are reproduced in the Annual evidence through numerical modelling in rock engineering Report in this edition of the Journal. design’. V. Yahorava, for his paper published in the May 2014 Office bearers and Members of Council for issue of the Journal entitled ‘Evaluation of different 2015/2016 adsorbents for copper removal from cobalt electrolyte’. Jim Porter announced the office bearers for the ensuing year, M. Kotze, and D. Auerswald, co-authors and non-members elected by the retiring Council in accordance with Clauses of the Institute, received certificates. 3.5, 5.1, and 5.2 of the Constitution: President Rodney Jones Presentation of Student Prizes President-elect Cuthbert Musingwini Alastair Macfarlane announced the student winners of the Senior vice-President Selo Ndlovu SAIMM Prestige Prize and Jim Porter presented the awards to Junior vice-President Alastair Macfarlane the students adjudged by their departments to be the best Immediate past-President Jim Porter final-year students in 2014. Honorary Treasurer Cuthbert Musingwini University of the Witwatersrand In terms of the election of ordinary members of Council (Clause 3.2.7 of the Constitution and By-law B2.1), there Mining Prianka Padayachee were fourteen vacancies and the following members are now Metallurgy Marinki Maria Malatse declared elected (in alphabetical order): University of Pretoria Zelmia Botha Godknows Njowa Vaughn Duke Andrew Smith Mining Kara Lombard Isabel Geldenhuys Michael Solomon University of Johannesburg Matthew Handley Joalet Steenkamp William Joughin Mpho Tlala Mining Omphemetse Princess Khunou Molefi Motuku David Tudor Metallurgy Cedric Maleka Donovan Munro Dirk van Niekerk The following SAIMM student prizes were presented at the In terms of By-law F1.7 of the Constitution, the Western Cape Branch AGM on 6 August 2015. chairpersons of the branches are as follows: University of Cape Town Botswana Len Dimbungu Best final-year student DRC Susa Maleba Mineral Processing Darryl Brown Johannesburg Ian Ashmole Namibia Nikowa Namate University of Stellenbosch Northern Cape Cedrick van Wyk Best final-year student Pretoria Pierre Bredell Mineral Processing Adriaan Henning Western Cape Aubrey Mainza Zambia Darius Muma Cape Peninsula University of Technology Zimbabwe Stephen Ndiyamba Best final-year student Zululand Christo Mienie Mineral Processing James Brassell These chairpersons will be ex-officio members of Council. In addition, the Western Cape Branch also awarded two During the last year, your Council approved the establishment

       
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of a Young Professionals Council (YPC) to serve the needs of The top 5 proposers: our members who are 35 years and younger to make the Elias Matinde SAIMM more relevant and to ensure that we are in touch with Wence Kutekwatekwa the changing needs of our younger members. Shepherd Gaihai In terms of By-law I, Clause 4.4.6 the YPC must consist of Rodney Jones a minimum of 13 and a maximum of 18 members who are 35 Darius Muma and Joalet Steenkamp (share fifth place). years of age and younger. We received the required number of nominations and did not have to conduct a formal voting The Top 5 referees: process. Matthew Handley Thomas Stacey The office bearers of the YPC are: Marek Dworzanowski Chairman Tshepo Mmola Richard Minnitt Vice Chairman Nirvashnie Bagirathi Johan de Korte Treasurer Sihe Nhleko Secretary Vulani Maseko The author who has published the most papers in the Journal: The following past-Presidents have signified their willing ness Guven Akdogan to serve on Council for the ensuing year: Thank you to these members for their continued support Nic Barcza Gys Landman of the SAIMM. Richard Beck Joshua Ngoma John Cruise Rams Ramokgopa Induction of President Roger Dixon Mike Rogers Jim Porter introduced the new President, Rodney Jones, and Marek Dworzanowski Gordon Smith then called upon Alastair Macfarlane to read his curriculum Frank Egerton Willem van Niekerk vitae. Henry James Jim Porter thanked those past-Presidents who indicated that Presidential Address they cannot serve on Council for the next year for all their Rodney Jones then presented his Presidential Address time, effort, and dedication in the past. entitled: Truth and Error in Scientific Publishing, which is He also thanked past-Presidents for their continued reproduced elsewhere in this edition of the Journal. support. He congratulated all those elected, and thanked those who agreed to serve another term of office. Vote of thanks Cuthbert Musingwini, gave the vote of thanks. Election of auditors and honorary legal advisers for 2015/2016 Closure Jim Porter proposed, and it was agreed, that R.H. Kitching be The meeting closed at 19:22. N reappointed as Auditor for the coming year and that Van Hulsteyn, Attorneys, be reappointed as honorary legal advisers.

GENERAL SAIMM 5 Star Incentive Programme The SAIMM is introducing an incentive programme for Fellows, Members, and Associates. Cuthbert Musingwini, who has been driving this initiative, was called upon to tell us more. Cuthbert mentions the benefits: The Top 5 proposers, the Top 5 referees, and the author who has submitted the most number of papers for publication in the Journal will receive a free ticket to the SAIMM Annual Banquet as well as mention at the AGM. Members will also receive access to discounts offered by a number of service providers. Two of them are present this evening, and you are invited to meet them after the proceeding to find out more about the exciting offers they have available. Another benefit will be for members who attend three conferences within a 2-year period, who will be entitled to attend their fourth conference at no cost. L 822    
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Honorary Life Fellowship Awards

Alastair Macfarlane announcing the award winners Matthew Handley, receiving his Honorary Life Fellowship award from Jim Porter Oskar Steffen, receiving his Honorary Life Fellowship award from Jim Porter

Brigadier Stokes Award 50-year Membership Danie Krige Memorial Award Award

Sipho Nkosi, recipient of the Brigadier John Austin, receiving his Dick Minnitt accepting the Danie Krige Stokes Award, receiving his Platinum Medal 50-year Membership lapel badge Memorial Award on behalf of M.Z. Abzalov from Jim Porter

Silver Medal Award winners

Gerhard Keyter accepting the Silver Medal Award, for J. Wesseloo whose paper was Volha Yahorava receiving her Silver Medal Award, Marthie Kotze, and Derrin Auerswald published in the Journal received certificates for their paper that was published in the Journal

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Student Prizes

Prianka Padayachee receiving her Marinki Malatse receiving her Student Student prize prize Kara Lombard receiving her Student prize

Omphemetse Khunou receiving her Student prize Cedric Maleka receiving his Student prize

Cuthbert Musingwini mentions the benefits of the SAIMM 5 Star Incentive Programme Carl Bergmann accepting his gift from Cuthbert for the Alastair Macfarlane presenting Jim Porter competition held promoting the SAIMM 5 Star Incentive with his Presidential plaque Programme L 824    
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Office Bearers for 2015/2016

Office Bearers for 2015/2016—Front row (from left to right): Selo Ndlovu, Cuthbert Musingwini, Rodney Jones, Mzila Mthenjane and Sam Moolla (Manager) Back row (from left to right): Alastair Macfarlane and Jim Porter

       
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Front row (from left to right): Joalet Steenkamp, Selo Ndlovu, Cuthbert Musingwini, Rodney Jones, Mzila Mthenjane, Joshua Ngoma, Gordon Smith Back row (from left to right): Darius Muma, Vaughn Duke, Godknows Njowa, Dirk van Niekerk, Alastair Macfarlane, Jim Porter, Matthew Handley, John Cruise, Richard Beck, Henry James, Mpho Tlala

Past Presidents of the SAIMM

Past Presidents serving on council—Front row (from left to right): Gys Landman (2010–2011), Jim Porter (2014–2015), Henry James (1985–1986), John Austin (1984–1985), Richard Beck (1991–1992), John Cruise (1994–1995), Gordon Smith (2012–2013), Back row (from left to right): Don Ross-Watt (1995–1996), Oskar Steffen (1989–1990), Rod Pickering (2007–2008), Dick Stacey (2003–2004), Joshua Ngoma (2009–2010) L 826    
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Proceedings, 118th Annual General Meeting, 2015 Members and their guests at the cocktail party

Dick Stacey and John Austin

Daniel Limpitlaw, Joshua Ngoma, Simon Grimbeeck, and Mzila Mthenjane

Huw Phillips and Mike Woodhall

Markus Erwee, Quinn Reynolds, Pierre Bredell, and Paul den Hoed

Lloyd Nelson and Ian Ralston Danie Jensen and Tshepo Mmola

Mike McWha and Alan McKenzie

Matthew Handley, Phil Piper, and Gerhard Keyter Nkhume Tshiongo-Magwe and Mark Cresswell

       
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FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2015

Council for 2014/2015 Key objectives of the Institute To initiate and give effect to the means whereby the require - President ment for technology and scientific knowledge of the minerals J.L. Porter and metals section of the southern African economy is satisfied; and to represent and promote the interests of its President-elect members. R.T. Jones

Vice-Presidents Arrangement of this Report In accordance with the current management policy, this report Senior Junior on the activities of the Institute is presented under eight main C. Musingwini S. Ndlovu headings: Immediate Past-President Honorary Treasurer 1. Interests of Individual Members M. Dworzanowski C. Musingwini 2. Technical Meetings 3. Publications Members of Council 4. Regional Development N.A. Barcza G. Njowa 5. Engineering Science and Technology in South Africa R.D. Beck T. Pegram 6. State Liaison F.T. Cawooda S.J. Ramokgopa 7. International Liaison J.A. Cruise M.H. Rogers 8. Management and Administration. J.R. Dixon S. Rupprecht V.G. Duke N. Searle 1. Interests of Individual Members F.M.G. Egerton A.G. Smith Portfolio Holder: J.L. Porter M.F. Handley G.L. Smith From the perspective of growth in membership, the Institute G.V.R. Landman M.H. Solomon had one of the more successful years in its 121-year history. A.S. Macfarlane H.J. Tluczekb As at the end of the 2015 year, total membership across all R.P. Mohring D. Tudor categories stood at 4793, representing a growth of some 12.3 M. Motuku J.N. van der Merwe per cent year-on-year. Of this number, 3 886 are based in M. Mthenjane D.J. van Niekerk South Africa. We continue to see strong growth in our more D.D. Munro W.H. van Niekerk established country branches in Zimbabwe and Zambia, with a J.C. Ngoma steady increase in membership in the newer branches in aObserver SSC Namibia, the DRC, and Botswana that now have a combined bObserver SANCOT non-South African membership of 536. It is with great delight that we are able to report that, through the efforts of our newly Branch Chairmen appointed Regional Development Manager, student Botswana L.E. Dimbungu membership is now just under 25 per cent of total membership DRC Branch S. Maleba (Table I). This is enormously significant for the longer term Johannesburg Branch I. Ashmole sustainability of the Institute. Namibian Branch N.M. Namate We are, at last, in sight of our strategic target of 5 000 Northern Cape C.A. van Wyk members across all categories. Pretoria Branch N. Naude Among the highlights of the year was the formal Western Cape Branch C. Dorfling establishment of the Botswana Branch and the election of a Zambian Branch D. Muma Branch Committee. From meetings with local government Zimbabwean Branch S. Ndiyamba officials in Botswana as well as a number of other country Zululand Branch C.W. Mienie branches, it is clear that these SAIMM initiatives are closely watched. For this reason, the path that the SAIMM has Past-Presidents serving on Council embarked upon for regional growth is now cast in stone. If we N.A. Barcza J.C. Ngoma deviate from this course and fail to follow through with R.D. Beck S.J. Ramokgopa creating sustainable country branches, the Institute will suffer J.A. Cruise M.H. Rogers significant reputational damage. For this reason, the SAIMM J.R. Dixon G.L. Smith Council continues to support the investment in the Regional F.M.G. Egerton J.N. van der Merwe Development Manager role. This is seen as fundamental to G.V.R. Landman W.H. van Niekerk support, coaching, and transfer of the Institute’s knowledge to R.P. Mohring our country branches. In particular, our newly established

       
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members that have ever been registered with the SAIMM. Table I However, the prevailing high levels of employment uncertainty South African membership analysis and annual in the professional disciplines continue to impact on our ability growth to collect all of our membership fees. This has two consequences. The first is that we continue to maintain a Grade Number of Number of % growth Members 2015 Member 2014 programme to support those members who have fallen on hard economic times but who wish to participate in and contribute to Fellows 297 315 -6% the SAIMM. The second is that there are many members who Life Fellows 3 4 -25% are simply are lost to the southern African industry through Honorary Fellows 1 1 0% Honorary Life Fellows 32 32 0% movement to other employment sectors or emigration. Retired Fellows 117 105 11% Unfortunately, many of these people lose contact with the Members 1309 1154 13% SAIMM and so have to be struck off our membership list. We Life Member 1 1 0% Retired Member 87 82 6% call on all of our current members to assist the Secretariat in Associates 924 990 -7% maintaining contact with this latter category of people. Retired Associates 8 9 -11% In addition to the above, the Membership Committee has Company Affiliates 121 126 -4% completed the following tasks in the year under review: Students 986 638 55% ® Totals 3 886 3 457 12.4% Re-designing the application form to make it easier to apply for membership ® Making membership application forms available online Northern Cape Branch has been adversely affected by the ® Re-defining membership benefits in conjunction with our downturn in the mining industry and will need support over sister institutes around the world to ensure that the next year or two. reciprocity is more visible and effective The successful growth in membership runs counter to the ® Implementing the revised by-laws relating to overall sentiment in the mining industry, where discretionary membership spending on conference attendance and professional membership has been dramatically reduced. This has had a significant impact on our members, more of whom are now Table II having to find the funds themselves to maintain their membership, as opposed to their employers subsidizing them. Total southern African membership analysis for the How the SAIMM responds to this change in the next year will past 7 years be essential to the success of this portfolio. Membership grade Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul It is now appropriate for the SAIMM to curtail its short-term 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 plan of establishing new branches. For economic and tactical reasons, we now have to focus on bedding down the successes Honorary Life Fellow 37 37 34 36 54 53 53 Honorary Fellow 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 of the last two to three years in the region and make sure that Life Fellow 10 9 9 7 7 7 7 each of our country branches is able to plan and host at least Fellow 426 423 420 421 429 434 412 one successful international conference per annum. However, Retired Fellow 137 134 137 130 125 123 140 we continue to monitor developments in other countries of the Life Member 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Member 901 946 1075 1169 1334 1584 1702 SADC region where we have members: fifteen in Tanzania, four Retired Member 99 98 97 99 92 94 96 in Lesotho, four in Mozambique, and two in Swaziland. West Associate 821 977 1148 1146 1132 1173 1176 Africa has a membership of four, with two members in Nigeria Retired Associate 12 13 13 13 13 12 12 Student 1033 972 380 549 672 754 1069 and two in Mali. Company Affiliate 143 128 132 126 123 128 124 Table II and Figure 1 indicate the growth trends in Total 3624 3742 3449 3700 3984 4365 4793 membership. We currently have the highest number of paying

Figure 1—Membership growth over the past 7 years L 830    
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® Actively focusing on upgrading members to higher grades G.V.R. Landman O.K.H. Steffen of membership R.P. Mohring J.N. van der Merwe ® Encouraging members to join ECSA and benefit from the J.C. Ngoma D.J. van Niekerk reduction in fees. R.G.B. Pickering M. Woodhall The Membership Committee is also working on new S.J. Ramokgopa initiatives for the year ahead: Membership ® Reviewing again the definitions of our membership The SAIMM membership comprises engineers, metallurgists, categories to ensure that we are accurately reflecting the chemists, physicists, geologists, certificated managers, and changes taking place in industry technikon diplomates, and other disciplines, all of whom have ® Re-design of the SAIMM website to further improve an interest in the fields of mining, extractive metallurgy, metals application and payment efficiency technology, and other related areas. ® Rolling out the brand new 5 Star Incentive Programme for members Requirements for Corporate membership ® Recognizing our new Fellows at the annual banquet ® Ongoing encouragement of members to join ECSA and HONORARY LIFE FELLOW: An Honorary Life Fellow shall be a benefit from the reduction in fees person whom the Institute specifically desires to honour in ® Creating an electronic membership archive to ensure consideration of services rendered to the Institute, to science, or easier access and prevent loss of documentation to industry. Honorary Life Fellows shall have all the privileges ® Linking our Young Professionals Council with the student of Corporate Members. member database so that we can maintain continuity of ® The election of an Honorary Life Fellow shall take place this important class of member as they progress through at a Council meeting, due notice having been given at the their early careers. preceding Council meeting of Council’s intention to nominate a person as an Honorary Life Fellow. The There is no doubt that the twin objectives of membership election shall require the majority vote of Corporate growth and improved fee collection are going to be real Members of Council present at a Council meeting challenges for the 2016 year. Membership and conference fees ® The election of an Honorary Life Fellow shall be are maintained well within inflation parameters to ensure that announced at the following Annual General Meeting of our members continue to get value for their hard-earned cash. the Institute The 5 Star Incentive Programme represents a new initiative ® An Honorary Life Fellow will have all membership fees to recognize those members that actively support their Institute and subscriptions waived. Members will receive the following benefits: FELLOW: A candidate for admission to or transfer into the ® Top 5 Proposers for the current financial year are to be category of Fellow shall: given a free ticket to the SAIMM Annual Banquet with ® mention at the Annual General Meeting Be at least 35 (thirty-five) years of age ® ® Top 5 Referees for the financial year are to be given a free Have, for a period of at least 5 (five) years, been ticket to the SAIMM Annual Banquet with mention at the practising in a senior technical position in mining or Annual General Meeting metallurgical undertakings, or in governmental, ® Access to discounts offered by Service providers that educational, or research organizations concerned with those industries, or have negotiated discounted rates and special offers for ® Have, for a period of at least 5 (five) years, been you our valued member. practising as a consultant in the skills of mining and ® Conference attendance within a 2 year period and applies metallurgy, and to events that are paid for. If you attend 3 events you get ® Be practising his/her profession at the time of application, the next conference that you register for at no cost. satisfy Council that he/she is a fit and proper person to ® The author with the most number of papers published in become a Fellow, and Council shall be satisfied that the SAIMM Journal in the previous financial year would his/her qualifications, training, and technical experience be recognised at the Annual General Meeting and will justify such professional status, and receive a free ticket to the SAIMM Annual Banquet ® Have been a Member of good standing for 5 (five) years I would also like to congratulate the Membership Team in and have promoted the interests of the SAIMM through: the SAIMM office for dealing with the heavy workload during – Serving on committee structures, and/or the year and their incredibly proactive efforts to resolve – Publishing in the SAIMM Journal or conference membership fee collections, as well as keeping track of a very proceedings, and/or mobile membership. I look forward to working with this team – By other means acceptable to Council. and addressing the challenges in the year ahead. MEMBER: A candidate for admission to or transfer into the category of Member shall: 1.1 Membership Committee ® Be at least 25 (twenty-five) years of age J.L. Porter, Chairperson ® Have, for a period of at least 2 (two) years, been N.A. Barcza M.H. Rogers practising in a responsible or senior technical position in R.D. Beck D.A.J. Ross-Watt minerals and metals industry undertakings or in J.A. Cruise G.L. Smith governmental, service, educational, or research J.R. Dixon T.R. Stacey organizations concerned with those industries, or

       
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Table I

Summary of new applications and membership movements for 2014/2015 and comparison of membership grades and total membership 2014/2015

Members New Transfers Transfers Reinstate- Resig- Deceased Struck off Net gain/ Members Membership grade July 2014 members in out ments nations (loss) June 2015

Honorary Life Fellow 53 0 3 0 0 0 -3 0 0 53 Honorary Fellow 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Life Fellow 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Fellow 434 0 9 -18 0 -4 -3 -6 -22 412 Retired Fellow 123 0 17 -1 1 0 -1 0 16 139 Life Member 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Member 1 584 117 30 -11 31 -17 0 -32 118 1 702 Retired Member 94 0 3 0 0 0 -1 0 2 96 Associate 1 173 114 21 -31 2 -14 0 -89 3 1 176 Retired Associate 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Student 754 706 1 -21 1 0 0 -372 315 1069 Company Affiliate 128 3 0 0 0 -1 0 -6 -4 124

Total 4365 940 84 -82 35 -36 -8 -505 428 4 793

® Have, for a period of at least 2 (two) years, been occupy a technical position or associated with the practising as a consultant in the minerals and metals minerals or metals industries industries, and ® Satisfy Council that he/she is a fit and proper person to ® Be practising his/her profession at the time of his/her become a Student Member application, satisfy Council that he/she is a fit and proper ® Remain a Student Member only while he/she is being person to become a Member, and Council shall be educated in a manner approved by Council satisfied that his/her qualification, training, and technical ® experience justifies such professional status. Confirm their membership at the beginning of each academic year by submitting proof of registration at their Requirements for Non-corporate membership applicable tertiary institution. Failure to submit proof of COMPANY AFFILIATE: Companies involved in or associated with registration will result in termination of membership the mining and metallurgical industries are eligible for ® Not remain a Student Member after the end of the admission to the category of Company Affiliate. Institute’s financial year in which he/she attains the age of 28 (twenty-eight) years. Council may relax the HONORARY FELLOW: Honorary Fellows shall be persons of distinction in public service, science, or the arts and shall be provisions of this clause in such cases as it considers elected or re-elected by Council for the current year. They shall appropriate. enjoy all the privileges and rights of members, except those of Membership roll holding office and voting. Members of the Institute are divided into Corporate and Non- ASSOCIATE: A candidate for admission into the category of Corporate Members, all of whom are entitled to attend and Associate shall: speak at meetings. Only Corporate Members are entitled to ® Be at least 18 (eighteen) years of age, and vote. All applications for membership or transfer require one ® Be involved in minerals and metals industry proposer and one seconder. undertakings or in governmental, service, educational, or research organizations concerned with those industries, RESIGNATION: A Member may resign from the Institute by but not meet requirements to be registered as a Corporate sending his or her written resignation to the Secretary together Member with payment of any monies due. ® Satisfy Council that he/she is a fit and proper person to RETIRED MEMBERSHIP: A Fellow or Member who has bona fide become an Associate Member. retired from active business may retain membership at a reduced STUDENT: A candidate for admission into the category of Student subscription providing he or she has been a member for 20 shall: years. Members can contact the Secretary to establish the ® Be a person, in the third or further year of being number of years of service prior to submitting a written request educated or trained in a manner approved by Council to for Retired Membership to the Institute. L 832    
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STUDENTS: A candidate may remain a Student Member only 1.2 Young Professionals’ Council (incorporating the while he or she is being educated or trained in a manner Career Guidance and Education Committee) approved by the Council. T. Mmola, Chairperson When he or she no longer qualifies as a Student Member, he N.G.C. Blackham* M. Mafiri or she shall automatically be transferred to the category of R. Blunden V.G. Maseko Associate. Students are reminded to forward a copy of their A.W. Dougall* K. Mmoloke degree certificates to the Institute on graduation. V.G. Duke* T.D. Mokoena A candidate may not remain a Student Member after the D.M. Gama T.T. Moraba end of the Institute’s financial year in which he or she attains J. Janse van Vuuren M.S. Motlhabane the age of twenty-eight years, unless the Institute receives M. Khorombi, S. Ndlovu* written confirmation from the university or technikon that the D.E.P. Klenam L. Nene** Student Member is still a full-time student. P.J. Knottenbelt* A.S. Nhleko G.V.R. Landman* K. Ramasia CHANGE OF DETAILS: It is essential that members contact the E.S. Links S.M. Rupprecht* Institute without delay about change in designation, change in J.A. Luckmann* C. Setuke employer, payment address, or change in postal address. P.J.K. Leeuw* A.G. Smith* Without this the communication link to members is broken. G. Mahlong I.R. Wermuth* Also, members must ensure that, where subscriptions are paid T.K. Makomane L. Zombene by a company, the Institute has on record the correct payment *Career Guidance and Education Committee members address. ** SANCOT Observer Benefits of membership On 12 September 2014, the Career Guidance and Education (CGE) Committee held a workshop with the primary objective of Individuals derive various benefits from membership of the convening an interim council of young professionals to: Institute: ® Establish and entrench a Youth Council to represent the ® Contact with fellow members interests of SAIMM members 35 years of age and ® Special reduced fees when attending congresses, younger symposia, colloquia, conferences, schools, discussion ® Set up the rules for the functioning of the Youth Council groups, etc. (similar to the SAIMM Council, but subordinate) ® Notices of events promoting technology transfer, which ® Draft suitable terms of reference for the Youth Council for also satisfy the need for continuing education approval ® A monthly Journal with a balanced content and of high ® Prepare an election process for members to serve on the technical standard, which serves as a communication Youth Council. medium to keep members informed on matters relating to In this regard, the interim council and the CGE committee their professional interests have been exceedingly successful. The establishment of the ® Participation in technical excursions, banquets, and other Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Young social events, which create further opportunities for Professionals’ Council (SAIMM-YPC) and the rules for the professional association and fellowship functioning of the SAIMM-YPC (By-law I – Young ® Tax deduction of membership fees in most cases Professionals’ Council) have been approved by Council ® Reduced registration fees for professional registration (16 January 2015). The election process for the 2015/2016 YPC through the Engineering Council of South Africa. commenced in March 2015 and will conclude in July 2015. The SAIMM-YPC has been involved in activities that were Companies that become Members of the Institute previously organized by the CGE Committee. The SAIMM-YPC ® Benefit from the opportunities to exchange knowledge, presented at the Engineering Focus Week that took place on 4– particularly about new developments and research 8 May 2015 at the Sci-Bono Discovery Centre. A Career ® Receive the Institute’s publications of international Development in the Minerals Industry event is being organized conferences held in South Africa, as well as monographs on for 31 of July 2015 as a follow-up to the 2013 career guidance a variety of subjects and regular copies of the monthly event. The SAIMM-YPC has also joined the organizing Journal committee of the Young Professionals’ Conference to be held from 21–22 October 2015. Participation in these activities has ® Are entitled to send two non-member employees to been an important process in the transfer of know-how from mining and metallurgical schools, colloquia, congresses, the CGE Committee to the SAIMM-YPC. visits, and excursions at Member rates Several programmes to address the various challenges ® Receive newsletters and notices about all Institute faced by young professionals in mining and metallurgy are still activities in the early stages of development. The YPC has decided to ® Benefit from the fact that Company Affiliateship is tax revisit the Mentorship Programme, as mentorship remains an deductible important part of the development of young professionals. The ® Have ample opportunity to send delegates to attend YPC has also involved itself in the fundraising and marketing technical meetings to obtain information and to benefit efforts of the Scholarship Trust Fund. Going forward, the from the experience of others. SAIMM–YPC focus will engage with the mining industry to

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 833 L Annual report support young professionals in mining and metallurgy. In this the achievements in this and recent years. They are, however, regard, the SAIMM-YPC has identified three focus areas – not sufficient when viewed against the backdrop of a depressed Education, Career Guidance, and Enterprise. global mining industry and some significant regional Overcoming challenges such as getting time off work and challenges that impact on the operation of the Institute. travelling long distances to attend meetings, the members of The promotion of the SAIMM going forward will require the interim council have shown remarkable commitment, Council to consider additional tactics by which the Institute can energy, and eagerness to provide active leadership and bring engage with new role-players in the industry, leverage our about positive influence in the mining industry. Their efforts growing regional footprint, and continue to support the career and that of the CGE Committee in ensuring the sustained long- development of our young professionals. term success of the younger members of the Institute, and ensuring that the SAIMM–YPC becomes an integral part of the Professional Associations Institute, is acknowledged. During the past year the SAIMM has maintained dialogue and collaboration with associated organisations, specifically the: 1.3 Promotion of the SAIMM ® Association of Mine Managers of South Africa (AMMSA) Portfolio holder: J.L. Porter ® South African Colliery Managers Association (SACMA) The year has been characterized by the usual highs and lows in ® Southern African Coal Processing Society (SACPS) terms of our efforts to grow the reach of the Institute ® Mine Metallurgical Managers Association (MMMA) geographically as well as building greater relevance to industry ® Institute of Mine Surveyors of South Africa (IMSSA) and offering value to our members. The latter aspect is critical. ® Mine Ventilation Society of South Africa (MVSSA; After 121 years of successful existence, our institutional ® Fossil Fuel Foundation (FFF) environment is changing faster than ever before. My message ® Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA). here is that we have to be more proactive. The status quo is no The Global Minerals Professionals Alliance (GMPA) longer acceptable if we are to maintain our relevance and between the SAIMM, the Australasian Institute of Mining and continue to offer value to our membership. Metallurgy (AusIMM), the Canadian Institute of Mining, As a result of deep structural changes in the Southern Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM), and the Society for Mining, Africa mining industry in recent years, the SAIMM has been Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) continues to explore ways to reviewing how it operates as an Institute and addressed the improve collaboration, and the SAIMM participates fully in following question: ‘What do we need to do to adapt to regional meetings. One of the initiatives is the Global Mining changing circumstances?’ For example, several of the larger Standards and Guidelines Group (GMSG). As this is a structure mining groups have reduced the numbers of staff employed in that requires some technical delivery capability, the SAIMM has their corporate offices, with some capacity moving to other established a relationship with the Centre for Mechanised sectors and geographies. This has resulted in lower attendance Mining Systems at the University of the Witwatersrand, which at conferences. Swings in commodity prices and ageing mining will manage future projects in the GMSG on behalf of the assets have curtailed operating budgets and capital SAIMM. expenditure, resulting in individuals, rather than their employers, paying their own membership fees. At the same Management and Office Administratioon time, many new junior and mid-tier mining companies have In recent years the SAIMM had moved away from monthly entered our region, and our membership demographics have Council meetings to a one meeting per quarter schedule, which we also changed significantly. Employment opportunities for also included all of the Branch Chairmen (four Council our young professionals are under extreme pressure. meetings plus the AGM). This was one of the responses to the Key actions undertaken by the SAIMM to respond to the changing circumstances/pressures on corporate members, who above in recent years include: give their time on a voluntary basis. However, during the past ® The change from ‘South’ to ‘Southern’ in our name year the pace of change and the number of initiatives being ® Re-writing our by-laws to bring them in line and to actioned by the Institute resulted in slow delivery and gaps in create organizational flexibility communication and follow-up, as there was insufficient time ® Implementation of the two-tiered Complaints and Ethics devoted to discussion by Council. This was resolved by Committees introducing two additional Council meetings to discuss a ® The establishment of new branches throughout the limited agenda. This situation will be monitored in the year region ahead. ® The creation of the Young Professionals Council (YPC) Attendance at all Council meetings has been excellent with ® The appointment of a Regional Development role within all-round participation in the deliberations. The various the SAIMM office committees of the SAIMM have performed well during the year, ® Support of the Mining Dialogue 360 initiative. as is reflected elsewhere in this report. Of the active Council The last five points are highlights of the year under review, members, Office Bearers, management, and staff, the SAIMM but could not have been actioned without the first two being now has approximately a 45% representation from those already in place. Furthermore, the SAIMM is financially secure members of our population that were previously excluded from for the present; we now have ten formally established such participation. The collective effort of the 17 dedicated staff branches; we are running in excess of 25 per cent of our members is acknowledged, with each person contributing in membership in the Student category; our YPC is already adding their own way to the overall success of the SAIMM. We value in terms of its guidance to Office Bearers and Council. specifically acknowledge staff members who have received long These are all by design, are highlights, and represent some of service awards during the year: L 834    
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® Anna Panana (25 years) increasingly erratic, resulting in five planned conferences being ® Dawn van der Walt (17 years) cancelled with losses in excess of R50 000. With some ® Apathia Sello (15 years) international conferencing requiring over R1 million in upfront ® Zuliakha Malgas. funding, it is clear that the short-term financial risks are We give them our heartfelt thanks for their loyal and becoming unacceptable. For this reason, Council has mandated valuable service. that insurance be taken out to cover losses in the event of conference cancellation. In addition, the President called for a Finance and Accounts joint workshop between the two Technical Programme This topic is covered fully in the Treasurer’s Report. However, Committees (TPCs) and Council members. The objective was to it is important to note that at the beginning of the year, Council review performance and consider ways of changing the made a clear decision to maintain expenditure and momentum function of the TPCs to better reflect the economic and on all projects and events. It was fully recognized that revenues operational circumstances in the southern African mining would be under pressure due to the downturn in commodity industry. A follow-up session has been scheduled for prices, but the accumulated invested funds of approximately September 2015. R30 million were in place for just such a situation. It was Despite the economic circumstances, the SAIMM continued necessary to draw down funds from both the AFC (investment) to receive invaluable support from industry partners in terms of account as well as the short-term call account to manage cash conference sponsorship and participation, and we would like to flows during the year and fund the operating loss of R1.4 place on record our gratitude to them. million. Notwithstanding this operating loss, our fair value Publications investments gained a further R2.2 million and we managed a very small surplus for the year of R13 000. The Journal continued to be published monthly, although there At the last Council meeting the budget for the 2015/16 were delays again in deliveries due to ongoing postal strikes. financial year was approved but with clear guidelines from The Journal includes the President’s Corner by the Institute’s Council that should revenues continue to be under pressure current President, Jim Porter, and the Journal Comment, to there would have to be a review. This will be monitored by which there have been various contributions over the past 12 Council on a quarterly basis. months. The quality of published papers continues to be of a A key initiative that moved forward during the year was high standard, and contributions from SAIMM conference and the implementation of the Pastel accounting package in the authors world-wide continue in significant numbers. There was Western Cape Branch. The Western Cape Branch is the pilot for no gold medal award for the best published paper this year. how we would want all of the SAIMM branches to be structured The open access system for electronic communication and and managed financially in the long term. Financial the retrieval of information is functioning well and the SAIMM sustainability through membership numbers and core regional is served by the OneMine system (www.onemine.org), the conferences are the indicators that trigger when and how we African Journal Archive (www.ajarchive.org), and SciELO SA continue to implement the financial management, accounting, (www.scielo.org.za). and treasury systems. The SAIMM began publishing a newsletter during the year. The Investment sub-committee was tasked by Council to: The objective is to create a medium through which more informal information about people and events can be 1. Independently assess the quality of the current communicated to membership. This is also available on the investment and effectiveness of the managed website and through other electronic media. investment account 2. Independently determine if there are other investment Membership instruments that could be employed by the SAIMM 3. Make recommendations on the way forward. The SAIMM began the financial year with 4 365 members and ended with 4 793, a gain of 428. There has been a 7 per cent We are able to report that an independent investment growth in full members, and a remarkable growth of 42 per advisor confirmed that: cent in student memberships. This is a direct result of the ® AFC is a well-managed investment account with higher activities of the Regional Development Manager and a than average returns. However, the risk profile of the successful conclusion to the first year of activities in this task. investments was not optimized and Council mandated The Membership Committee continues to function well with the President to adjust the investment mandate to AFC many initiatives in hand. One of the key strategies in this accordingly regard is the link between the Committee and the work of the ® It was determined that fixed property is an additional and Young Professionals Council. In the year ahead, the tools for viable investment instrument that warranted further keeping contact with young professionals as they embark on investigation their first five years in industry are to be developed. ® Council has re-appointed a new Investment Committee Furthermore, an overhaul of our Company Affiliate database with a mandate to investigate the viability of the SAIMM and the SAIMM offering to industry is required. investing in fixed property. At this AGM we will be launching the SAIMM 5 Star Incentive Programme. This has been in gestation for at least Technical Programme: Conferencing three years. It is aimed at recognizing the contributions of The conferencing department hosted some 16 events during the Fellows and Members to the technical and professional period August 2014 to July 2015. SAIMM events were hosted activities of the Institute. Each member of the SAIMM who throughout the southern African sub-region with delegates wished to participate in this initiative will be issued with an from across the globe. However, attendances have been Incentive membership card.

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Strategy A.F. Crosse J.P. Williams The future of the Southern African Institute of Mining and J. Littleton Metallurgy has been dependent on meaningful regional 1923 J. Moir expansion for several years. It is now time for consolidation 1930 H.A. White and a focus on creating sustainability in the branches as well 1931 P. Cazalet J.A. Wilkenson as on marketing to industry so that they, as well as our new A. Whitby members, are aware of what the SAIMM has to offer. 1932 J.R. Thurlow Developing and maintaining this plan will be the basis of the 1934 Wm. Cullen A. McArthur Johnston Regional Development Manager’s activities for the next year. W.R. Feldtmann G.H. Stanley The 2015 strategy review was held on 28 July. This is a E.H. Johnson critically important session that facilitates the hand-over from 1938 G. Melvill F.W. Watson the outgoing to the incoming President and Council. It has now S. Newton 1941 J. Henderson become a fixture in the SAIMM calendar. 1943 Sir R.N. Kotzé Conclusion 1946 J. van N. Door T.K. Prentice C.J. Gray R.S.G. Stokes In my first contribution to the President’s Corner in the Journal Jas Gray S.J. Truscott last year, I closed the article with the following short J.V. Muller G.A. Watermeyer paragraph: John Orr J.A. Woodburn ‘As I have pointed out in my Presidential address, the 1951 W.W. Mein challenges are severe and the need for action acute. Now is not 1953 P.E. Hall B. St. J. van der Riet the time for insular thinking, it is time for greater levels of 1954 C. Biccard Jeppe collaborative thinking and investment than at any time in our 1955 P.N. Lategan mining history. The speed with which we are able to find the 1958 R.A.H. Flugge-de-Smidt collaborative structures and make changes to the mining 1960 G. Hildick-Smith A.J. Walton process in hard rock mines will be the measure of success.’ A.J. Orenstein F. Wartenweiler As members of the SAIMM it is no longer good enough for H.J. van Eck us to sit on the sidelines and lament over the current 1961 C.S. McLean difficulties. I invite our members to submit constructive 1966 F.G. Hill F. Meyer suggestions to the SAIMM on what YOU believe we should be 1970 H.E. Cross D.M. Jamieson doing to contribute as a role-player in the mining industry. R.C.J. Goode What can we do to move the issues forward and contribute to 1974 R.J. Adamson C.J. Irving activities such as the Mining Laboratory? Is it through the W. Bleloch J.F. Reid Mining Dialogues 360 initiative or other vehicles still to be H. Britten defined? 1975 M. Barcza J.T. McIntyre We have many highly knowledgeable and experienced J. de V. Lambrechts members in our ranks who would like to find a way to be 1976 D.G. Maxwell A.R.O. Williams engaged. Let us hear your thoughts, ideas and suggestions. 1978 J.K.E. Douglas V.C. Robinson D.D. Howat 1.4 Awards and Adjudication Committees 1979 J.P. Hugo P.W.J. van Rensburg Awards and Adjudication Committee—Mining 1980 Hon. S.P. Botha R.P. Plewman Hon. P.G.J. Koornhof R.E. Robinson M.H. Rogers, Chairman A. Louw J.R. Dixon G.L. Smith 1982 M.G. Atmore F.M.G. Egerton T.R. Stacey 1983 C.S. MacPhail M.F. Handley D. Tudor 1985 P.R. Jochens M.D.G. Salamon R.G.B. Pickering D.G. Malan 1986 D.G. Krige G.Y. Nisbet Awards and Adjudication Committee—Metallurgy 1987 A.N. Brown D. Tudor, Chairman 1988 J.D. Austin D.A. Viljoen R.D. Beck R.T. Jones R.P. King A.M. Garbers-Craig R.L. Paul 1989 P.A. von Wielligh 1990 S. Budavari G.T. van Rooyen Honorary Life Fellows L.W.P. van den Bosch 1991 H. Wagner Honorary Life Fellowship is awarded by Council to Corporate 1992 J. Lurie Members of the Institute who have rendered outstanding 1993 No award service to the industry or to the Institute over a considerable 1994 B.C. Alberts period. Council has conferred Honorary Life Fellowship on the 1995 R.D. Beck H.E. James following persons: P.R. Janisch Pre– 1996 R.J. Dippenaar H.G. Mosenthal 1923 A. Aiken S.H. Pearce J.S. Freer L 836    
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1997 J.A. Cruise 2010 C. O’Connor 1998 D.A.J. Ross-Watt 2011 B.C. Alberts 1999 No award 2012 R.P. Mohring 2000 N.A. Barcza J.R. Dixon 2013 H.R. Phillips R.P. Mohring 2014 R.M. Godsell 2001 M.H. Rogers D.J. van Niekerk This year the award is made to S.A. Nkosi for his 2002 L.A. Cramer R.F. Sandenbergh outstanding contribution to the industry over many years. C.T. O’Connor J.H. Selby 2003 A.A.B. Douglas P.J. Knottenbelt SAIMM 50 Year Club 2004 No award The Institute established the 50 Year Club in 1989 to recognize 2005 F.A. Camisani-Calzolari the faithful and loyal support of its senior members with 50 2006 T.R. Stacey years’ unbroken membership. They become members of the 2007 No award club on the 50th anniversary of their joining the Institute. Their 2008 E.U.H. Sachse names are published each year in the Annual Report and they 2009 I. Walton are presented with a gold lapel badge on a suitable occasion. 2010 R.T. Jones There are no fees, and the only obligation of members is to 2011 No award wear their lapel badges with pride and affection at all meetings 2012 No award of the Institute. The present mem bers of the club are as follows: 2013 No award 2014 G.V.R. Landman R.G.B. Pickering Year to A.S. Macfarlane June Member 2015 O.K.H. Steffen M.F. Handley 1924 E.C. Polkinghorne* 1926 R.M. Martin* Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award 1927 W. Allen* The Brigadier Stokes Memorial Award, which takes the form of 1930 E.T. Dunstan* (posthumously) a platinum medal, is awarded to an individual for the very P.L. Ward* highest achievement in the South African mining and metallur- 1931 F. Bowdler* gical industry, and is not necessarily based on technical 1932 J.E. Laschinger* expertise. 1933 F.D. Cartwright* E.R.C. O’Connor* The Award was established in 1980, and the previous C.H. Coxon* B.M. Roberts* recipients were as follows: J. Levin* A.A. von Maltitz* 1980 H.F. Oppenheimer D.D. McWilliam* T. Waterman* 1981 W. Bleloch 1934 A.C.M. Cornish-Bowden* J.W.V. Mortleman* 1982 F.G. Hill H.E. Cross* K. Rood* 1983 A.W. Whillier (posthumously) E.F. Laschinger* A. Siff* 1984 D.G. Krige E. Margo O. Weiss* 1985 R.E. Robinson 1935 O.B. Swallow* 1986 M.D.G. Salamon 1936 O. Deane* A.H. Mokken* 1987 T.F. Muller T.L. Gibbs* H.L. Munro* 1988 W.J. (Wim) de Villiers R.C.J. Goode* R.M.F. Seawright* 1989 R.A. Plumbridge F.G. Hill* A.C. Pigott* 1990 W.G. Boustred D.M. Jamieson* J.S. van Zijl* 1991 P. du P. Kruger D.J. Rogers* L. Walter* 1992 E. Pavitt 1937 W. Bleloch* J.J. Klein* 1993 D.A. Pretorius L.A. Bushell* C.D. Storrar 1994 H. Wagner K.W. Findlay* 1995 O.K.H. Steffen 1938 V.C. Barnes* C.A. McKechnie* 1996 B.E. Hersov E.T.S. Brown* J.A. Nixon 1997 D.W. Horsfall (posthumously) R.S. Cooke* E. Popplewell* 1998 B.P. Gilbertson J.K.E. Douglas C.G. Sowry* 1999 L. Boyd A.L.A. Forder* E.W. Thiel* 2000 A.H. Mokken 1939 G. Armstrong-Smith* R.S. Pearson* 2001 T.L. Gibbs D.E.R. Ayres* D.C.J. Squirrell* 2002 J. Ogilvie Thompson E.H.D. Carman R.F.J. Teichmann* 2003 P.V. Cox W.G.H. Jackson* I.S. van Eyssen* 2004 H.J. Smith T.A. Newman S.J. Venning* 2005 P. Motsepe 1940 L.D.C. Bok* G.D. Gettliffe* 2006 G.T. van Rooyen A.W.L. Brereton* G.G. Stanley* 2007 D.H. Laubscher 1941 A.H.H. Davison* D. de V. Oxford* 2008 T.R. Stacey D.J. Forder E. Pavitt 2009 C.J. Fauconnier A.R.C. Fowler* A.C. Petersen*

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H.F.W. Ketelbey* E.R. Rudolph* 1961 W.B. Evans G.S. Lee J.D. McNamara* P.W.J. van Rensburg* R.A. Featherstone B.J. Love T.F. Muller* I.R.H. Forrest P.J. Muller 1942 R.E. Burnton* O.L. Papendorf* J.S. Freer G.J.C. Young R.C. Espley-Jones* V.O. Steed B.W. Holtshousen W.J.G. Young N.M. Hayne* J.E. van Leeuwen* 1962 S.I. Du Preez E. Schmid R.T. Naudé* W.C. Walmsley* P.J. Heystek 1943 D.J. Molony* R.P. Plewman* 1963 L. Anderson J.N. Gallie J.D. McMorran* H.K.R. Cahnbley J.J. Geldenhuys 1944 A.F. Dick V.M. Reinecke* G.C. Clatworthy T.J. Kotze R.B. MacGillivray* A.S. Swartz R.E.F. Cowley A.H. Munro L.J. Prince* A.H. Taute* J.A.J. De Cuyper A.G. Netto J.F. Reid* P.B. Weehuizen* 1964 J. Douglas A.W. John 1945 J.L. Curtis* K.E. Steele* K. Imre A. Simon E.T. Pinkney* * Deceased since becoming members of the Club 1946 W.I. Spence 1947 G.H. Grange J.D. Pollard W.B. Howe V.C. Robinson* The Danie Krige Memorial Award J. Marr-Levin A.N. Shand* Following discussions at Office Bearers and Council during C.J. Parr* G.R. Still 2013 it was agreed to honour the memory and contribution to 1948 D.F. Foster J. Pope* the minerals industry made by the late Prof. Danie Krige. M.H. Grusd* N.A. Stacey It was agreed, amongst other activities, to make an annual P.A. Laxen* J.A. Tyser award of a Danie Krige medal for a qualifying geostatistics G.Y. Nisbet paper published in the SAIMM Journal of the previous year. 1949 G.P. Bennett* J.P. Hugo The recipient of the award for 2015 is Dr M.Z. Abzalov. J.F. Curtis* D.A. Immelman O. Davel Gold and Silver Medals 1950 D.F. Grieve R.P. Plasket* Papers published in the Journal from March 2014 to February B.E. Hersov V.C. Ward 2015 by members of the Institute were considered for medals. D.G. Maxwell 1951 D.G. Krige* N.C. Pope Gold Medals B.H.L. Leach W.T. Ruhmer Gold medals are awarded for papers that are of a world-class M.J. Martinson T. Zadkin* standard, and judged to be publications that will become key W.D. Ortlepp* references in their mining or metallurgical field in the future. 1952 A.N. Brown E.P. Mortimer No medals were awarded. M.J. Deats D.J. Murphy W. Lurie* H.J. Stucke* Silver Medals N. Martincevic R.G. Williams Silver medals are awarded for papers that make a major 1953 B.G. Fordyce G.D. Tainton contribution to the professions of mining and metallurgy and to G. Langton* J. Uys* the prestige of the Institute. A.A. Sealey N. Zolezzi 1954 R.C. Bertram R.B.W. Wiggill Silver Medal were awarded to: 1955 R.A.O. Chelius* G.R. Parker J. Wesseloo for his paper published in the October 2014 S.P. Ellis W.B. Parker issue of the Journal entitled ‘Evaluation of the spatial variation C.T. Fenton of b-value’. 1956 G.A. Brown M.A. Madeyski* G.F. Esterhuizen for his paper published in the October D.R. Chelius D. Rankin 2014 issue of the Journal entitled ‘Extending empirical M.F. Dawson G.C. Thompson evidence through numerical modelling in rock engineering L.M. Falcon design’. 1957 K. Babich A.M. Edwards V. Yahorava, for his paper published in the May 2014 issue J.J. Blom R.C. More O’Ferrall of the Journal entitled ‘Evaluation of different adsorbents for R. Campbell N.C. Officer copper removal from cobalt eletrolyte’. 1958 J.F. Dear* B.S. Tatterson R.H. Swan P.J. van der Walt Student Prizes 1959 H.E.K Allen H.A.G. Slater Prizes were awarded to the following students and were D.C. Brink G.T. Van Rooyen presented at faculty prizegiving ceremonies held at the G.D. Louw respective universities. 1960 R. Hemp C.T. Shaw The prize winners were as follows: G. Joynt L.W.P. van den Bosch* B. Moore H. von Rahden University of the Witwatersrand R.E. Robinson M. Wishart Mining Engineering P. Padayachee C. Roper Metallurgical Engineering M.M. Maltse L 838    
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University of Pretoria managers who will contribute to maintaining and growing the Mining Engineering K. Lombard industry so that it continues to be a productive part of South Africa’s economy. University of Johannesburg Members are reminded that contributions to the Trust Fund Mining Engineering O.P. Khunou are tax-deductible and can be made online to the Trust Fund’s Metallurgical Engineering C.M. Maleka bank account, (SAIMM Trust Fund, FNB, branch code 251705, account number 62227511286). University of Cape Town We look forward to your continued support. Mineral Processing D. Brown University of Stellenbosch 1.6 Banquet Committee Mineral Processing A. Henning M. Dworzanowski S. Ndlovu R.T. Jones J.L. Porte Cape Peninsula University of Technology C. Musingwini Mineral Processing J. Brassell The 2015 banquet was held in the Ballroom at the Sandton The prizes for the universities of Cape Town and Convention Centre, and this will probably be the venue for the Stellenbosch and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology banquet in the future as the Sandton Sun does not have a were awarded at the Western Cape Branch Annual General ballroom any longer. Meeting on 5 August 2015. The guest speaker was Mr Jason Drew, who described In addition, the Western Cape Branch also award two himself as a ‘serial entrepreneur, passionate environmentalist, Outotec Postgraduate Scholarships for students conducting and visionary’, who argued that the industrial revolution is research in the area of sustainable mineral processing. These over and the sustainability revolution has begun. scholarships were awarded to: There were two VIP tables and 26 Sponsors and Members ® Alex Opitz (University of Cape Town)The Development of tables, with 414 guests in total. The evening was a great an Integrated Approach for ARD prediction from waste success, with many friends and acquaintances catching up with rock each other and the news in the industry. ® Pierre Albertyn (University of Stellenbosch) The Recovery of Precious Metals from Waste PCBs with 2. Technical Meetings Ammonium Thiosulphate – Effect of Copper Feed Portfolio Holders: R.T. Jones and C. Musingwini Impurities. The SAIMM conference department organised a total of 13 1.5 SAIMM Scholarship Trust Fund events for the period July 2014 to June 2015 with an attendance of 2077 delegates. A total of 62 conference J.R. Dixon, Chairman delegated signed up at conferences to become members of the R.P. Mohring, Vice-Chairman SAIMM. F.M.G. Egerton T. Mmola (co-opted from YPC) Geographically, SAIMM events were held all over the M.H. Rogers W.H. van Niekerk Southern African region with delegates from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, China, Denmark, DRC, Contributions to the Trust Fund by individual members and France, Germany, Lesotho, Madagascar, Namibia, Nigeria, company affiliates totalled R42 712, which is disappointing but Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Sweden, probably reflects the current economic environment. The Switzerland, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, USA, Zambia SAIMM continued its support of the Trust Fund with a and Zimbabwe. contribution of R220 000. Awards of R262 000 (R305 000 last The SAIMM, partnered with other kindred organisations year) were made to the Universities supported by the Trust such as the Association of Mine Manager of South Africa, Fund. The money was allocated based on the number of South African Coal Managers Association and Mine students, in all four years of study, at a particular institution as Metallurgical managers Association of South Africa during this a percentage of the total of 2627 students, which is a period. Events in partnership included the MineSAFE 2014 remarkable number in itself. conference with a record attendance of over 976 delegates. The role of the Scholarship Trust Fund has become even The agreement negotiated with the Advance Metals more important as student numbers continue to grow at an Initiative (AMI) in 2010, as endorsed by the Department of alarming rate. The Trust Fund is struggling to meet its mandate Science and Technology were concluded is scheduled to in supporting those needy students who do not have bursaries continue until 2020 and will hosts a special edition of the and depend on family, friends, and part-time work for funding. Journal. The Trustees have recognized that the current marketing of The SAIMM received tremendous support from our industry the Trust and the user-friendliness of the payment system need partners in terms of conference sponsorship and participation; a re-think. To this end we have engaged with the Young we would like to thank them for their invaluable support. Professionals Forum (YPF), and jointly we will be discussing The conference department looks forward to another our strategy with a professional marketing company. successful financial period and to providing our members and The mining and metallurgical industry currently benefits potential members with a conference service that will be from the quality and numbers of graduates who have in the educational, informative and provide excellent networking past received support from the Trust Fund. Students who opportunities, at the high level that has become synonymous receive support are the future innovators, engineers, and with the SAIMM.

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2.1 Technical Programme Committee—Mining to the broader industry. However, it has also prompted the D.D. Munro, Chairman Committee to investigate the actual needs of our members over R.T. Jones, Metallurgy Representative the next financial year. The first event in the year was the very popular Mine A.W. Dougall S.P.F. Nong Planning School. This event attracted 68 delegates to the new V.G. Duke J.L. Porter Mine Design Laboratory at the University of the Witwatersrand, A. du Plessis B. Ripp Johannesburg. Presentations discussed techniques in the C.R. Frederick y S.M. Rupprecht estimation of mineral reserves and new technology in the form G. Guler N.W. Searle of case studies, which proved to be a functional concept, and M.F. Handle R. Sivalingum which received positive feedback with healthy sponsorship W. Joughin A.G. Smith from industry. G.V.R. Landman C.B. Smith One area of collaboration between the SAIMM and other D. Limpitlaw G.L. Smith bodies is through the Global Mining Standards and Guidelines J.A. Luckmann M.H. Solomon Group, which aims at facilitating the adoption of global A.S. Macfarlane T.R. Stacey standards across all spheres of mining. The first meeting in N.J. McGeorge J. Theron South Africa was held at Emperors Palace, Kempton Park in R.C.A. Minnitt T. van den Berg August 2014 and attracted 15 international delegates. This is I.M. Mthenjane R.C.W. Webber-Youngman to be an ongoing initiative, and future meetings will be held at C. Musingwini I.R. Wermuth in different locations around the globe. J. Ngoma M. Woodhall The annual MineSafe Conference continues to be one of the G. Njowa largest on the SAIMM calendar, with the 2014 event attracting 976 attendees from industry over the three days (two technical The Mining Technical Programme Committee is mandated to and an awards day). Emperors Palace, Kempton Park, was a provide a selection of events through the year that address the fitting venue for this conference due to its location and needs of the members of the Institute. These events are facilities, and our sponsors generously added to the success of generally technical in nature and comprise schools, colloquia, the event. Planning is already under way for the next event, and conferences. running as a partnership to ensure that the SAIMM and its During the past year seven such mining and three joint partners remain in tune with industry. mining-metallurgy events were held, attracting over 1700 The third Mine Project Valuation School was presented in attendees. During a strategy session later in the year, most of September, again utilizing the Mine Design Laboratory facilities the Committee members were surprised by the fact that the at the University of the Witwatersrand. There were 58 people attendees were predominately non-members of the Institute. who attended this school, which focused on the career This is seen as a sign of the value that the SAIMM is delivering development of our members.

Schedule of Mining/Metallurgy Technical Conferences, 2014/2015

Type of Event Date Title Convenor Attendance

School 15–16 July 2014 Mine Planning School C. Musingwini 68

Conference 4–5 August 2014 Pyrometallurgical Modelling Conference K. Vreugdenburg 66

Workshop 20 August 2014 Global Mining Standards and Guidelines Group Workshop J. Porter 15

Conference 20–22 August 2014 MineSAFE 2014 Conference T. van den Berg 976

School 9–11 September 2014 3rd Mineral Project Valuation School M. Woodhall 58

Conference 16–17 September 2014 Surface Mining 2014 Conference C. Frededicks 126

Conference 20–22 October 2014 6th International Platinum Conference G. Smith 297

Colloquium 12 November 2014 12th Student Colloquium 2014 Z. Botha 142

Conference 11–12 March 2015 Mining Business Optimisation Conference 2015 M. Woodhall 14

Conference 8–10 April 2015 5th Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid 2015 Conference T. Claassens 93

Conference 23–25 April 2015 SANCOT - Mechanised underground Excavation in R. Tluczek 50 Mining and Civil Engineering

Conference 12–13 May 2015 Mining Environment and Society 2015 Conference I. Watson 45

Conference 25–26 June 2015 International Metal recovery and Accounting S. Ndiyamba 127 Conference 2015 - Zimbabwe

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Nasrec was the venue for the bi-annual Electra Mining processes and techniques for improvements in the industry, as show in late September, providing an ideal opportunity for both well as promoting networking between industry professionals the SAIMM and Electra Mining to attract the key role-players in working in the metallurgical field. Some events were organized the surface mining industry. The SAIMM presented the 2014 in conjunction with the Mining Technical Programme Surface Mining Conference over two days, attracting 120 Committee. SAIMM conferences generally receive accreditation delegates. This was also a testing ground for accepting walk-in from the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) for the visitors for this event, and appeared to work well. requirements of continuing professional development (CPD). Platinum 2014, was held at Sun City in October, attracting The proceedings of these conferences provide valuable 297 attendees. This was the sixth such event and its popularity reference material. has not dwindled. This event received the most sponsorships, Formal proceedings of high-quality peer-reviewed papers which is testament to the diligence of the organizing committee were published for some of the larger conferences. This year, as well as the value that our generous sponsors see in our conference delegates were provided with an electronic copy of events. the proceedings, and were given the choice of purchasing a The jointly chaired Student Colloquium brings the best of printed copy as an optional extra. Conference proceedings are southern African students to a single venue to present their also fully published on the SAIMM website, in order to make research projects. As always, tensions ran high and the judges the information searchable and available to as wide an were impressed by the breadth of the presentations at the audience as possible. The SAIMM continues to make their Mintek venue. The 142 attendees all registered on the day of website publications available free of charge (via open access) the event. We all look forward to next year’s event, which will to the general public, in recognition of the time and effort freely precede the Young Professionals Conference. contributed by authors and the organizations to which they The Mining Business Optimization Conference that was belong. held at Mintek in March attracted 14 attendees. Attendance figures for this year’s metallurgical technical Our annual SANCOT-SAIMM event was postponed to April conferences varied from 66 to 297. Sponsorship from industry 2015 and moved to the Elangeni Maharani Hotel in Durban. has continued at a very significant level, despite the rather poor The focus was on mechanized underground tunnelling in both state of the economy. The support of our sponsors is highly mining and civil applications, which attracted an audience of 50 appreciated. people. Thank you again to our generous sponsors. The final event for 2015 was the Mining Environment and Society Conference, held at Mintek. This event attracted 45 attendees from across industry and government and highlighted some of the latest thinking in the South African Conference by Event Type market. Mining 7 The 2016 calendar plans have already begun, with the Metallurgy 3 conferences expected to be larger and to have an international Mining & Metallurgy 3 appeal. In addition, we will be piloting a few new programmes 13 of shorter duration, aimed at local attendees who cannot afford the time out of the office that is associated with multi-day events. We encourage your support and any ideas that you may have for enhancing the programme in future.

2.2 Technical Programme Committee—Metallurgy R.T. Jones, Chairman Z. Botha, Vice-chairperson T. Claassens N. Naude P. den Hoed S. Ndlovu E. Dhlamini H.A. Simonsen M. Dworzanowski K.C. Sole Attendee Breakdown K.J. Hay J. Steenkamp Members 578 A.S. la Grange M. Valenta Non-Members 1499 J. Mishra P.J. van Staden 2077 M. Motuku K. Vreugdenburg A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi The Metallurgy Technical Programme Committee has supported a good selection of topical technical conferences for the continuing education of metallurgical professionals throughout the year. The choice of subject matter for these conferences is volunteer-driven, and the work of the conference convenors is highly appreciated. These events provide an important forum for the efficient dissemination of information about new

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Attendance by Continent The 2014/2015 year has included a variety of events, and South Africa 1850 some highlights are mentioned below. A conference on Pyrometallurgical Modelling was held in Africa 149 August 2014, and was attended by 66 delegates. Europe 55 Pyrometallurgy superficially appears primitive and little Americas 18 changed from hundreds of years ago, but is one of the most Asia 4 challenging areas to understand and model. The simultaneous United Emirates 1 effects of very high temperatures, energy transfer, fluid 2077 dynamics, electromagnetics, phase changes, multiphase flow, free surface flow, particulate materials, and thermochemistry continue to provide much to interest pyrometallurgical modellers. The dramatic increases in computing power in recent years make it possible to carry out different modelling approaches that earlier generations could only have dreamed about. The Western Cape Branch of the SAIMM held the 32nd event in their annual Mineral Processing Conference series, now expanded to the ‘Southern African Mineral Beneficiation and Metallurgy Conference’, at the Vineyard Hotel in Cape Town in August 2014. This well-established event features close interaction between the local universities and industry.

Countries in attendance at conference

Australia 4 Nigeria 3 Austria 6 Philippines 1 Belgium 1 Portugal 1 Botswana 11 Qatar 1 Canada 5 Sweden 5 China 3 Switzerland 1 Denmark 3 The Netherlands 5 DRC 8 United Kingdom 13 France 1 USA 13 Germany 15 Zambia 3 Lesotho 2 Zimbabwe 118 Madagascar 1 227 Namibia 3 L 842    
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Conference Days - Per Event

Programme Days

Mine Planning School 2

Pyrometallurgical Modelling 2 Conference

Global Mining Standards and 1 Guidelines Group Workshop

MineSAFE 2014 Conference 3

3rd Mineral Project Valuation School 2

Surface Mining 2014 Conference 2

6th International Platinum Conference 3

12th Student Colloquium 2014 1

Mining Business Optimisation 2 Conference 2015

5th Sulphur and Sulphuric 3 Acid 2015 Conference

SANCOT - Mechanised 2 undergroundExcavation in Mining and Civil Engineering

Mining Environment and Society 2 2015 Conference

International Metal recovery and 2 Accounting Conference 2015 - Zimbabwe Total Number of Conference Days 27

Conference Sponsorship - Per Event

Programme Days

Mine Planning School 90 000,00

Pyrometallurgical Modelling 20 000,00 Conference

Global Mining Standards and 0,00 Guidelines Group Workshop

MineSAFE 2014 Conference 532 500,00

3rd Mineral Project Valuation 37 500,00 School

Surface Mining 2014 Conference 65 000,00

6th International Platinum 935 000,00 Conference

12th Student Colloquium 2014 30 000,00

Mining Business Optimisation 10 000,00 Conference 2015

5th Sulphur and Sulphuric 535 000,00 Acid 2015 Conference

SANCOT - Mechanised 89 000,00 underground Excavation in Mining and Civil Engineering

Mining Environment and 17 000,00 Society 2015 Conference

International Metal recovery and 368 357,00 Accounting Conference 2015 - Zimbabwe Total Sponsorship 2 729 357,00

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The MineSafe conference, held in August 2014, included professional approach in handling conference arrangements, metallurgical plant operations for the first time. This resulting in many favourable comments from attendees. The prestigious event recognizes safety accomplishments in the combined effort of all these people has resulted in a number of mining industry. worthwhile technical events being provided for the benefit of The 6th International Platinum Conference was held at Sun the metallurgical community of southern Africa. City in October 2014. There were 297 attendees, somewhat fewer than for previous events but a quite reasonable number 2.3 South African National Committee on Tunnelling given the difficult conditions prevailing in the platinum (SANCOT) industry. This conference remains a very important gathering of industry professionals, and encompasses geology, mining, H.J. (Ron) Tluczek, Chairman metallurgical processing, market applications, and economics. C. Viljoen, SANCOT Vice Chairman The importance of the event is underlined by the very L. Nene, SANCOT Young Members Group Chairman significant support from a number of industrial sponsors and G.A. Davis T.R. Stacey exhibitors. P.H. Ferreira F.B. Stevens The annual Student Colloquium was held during November M. Lebitsa J. van der Westhuizen 2014 at Mintek in Randburg, and included parallel sessions J.L. Porter J.W. Walls encompassing mining and metallurgy. This event is subsidized D. Roos M. Walnstein by the SAIMM from the surplus funds from other events, in The International Tunnelling and Underground Space support of the various tertiary educational institutions in Association (ITA) held its 41st annual meeting in Dubrovnik, southern Africa. This event has, since 2002, continued to Croatia from 22 to 28 May 2015, in conjunction with the World provide a showcase for students to present their final-year Tunnel Congress 2015 ’Promoting Tunnelling in South East projects, and the 2014 colloquium was attended by 142 people. European Region’ organized by the ITA and the Croatian The student presentations were generally of high quality, and Association for Tunnelling and Underground Space. More than some were subsequently published in the Journal of the 1550 persons participated in the conference. The Association SAIMM. registered two new Member Nations, Guatemala and Qatar, and Another long-running conference series published by 21 new Affiliate Members in the preceding year, which resulted SAIMM is Industrial Fluidization South Africa (IFSA). The IFSA in a total of 73 Member Nations and 282 Affiliate members conferences are held every three years, and the November 2014 (taking into account some resignations). Fifty-seven of the 73 event held at the Cradle of Humankind was the fifth in the Member Nations were represented in the General Assembly. series. This conference focuses on fluidized-bed reactor Ron Tluczek, Chairman of SANCOT, represented South Africa technology, with a particular emphasis on coal combustion. at the General Assembly on behalf of the SANCOT Committee. The 5th Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid Conference was held in The Open Session, which took place on 26 May, was Durban in April 2015. This new venue made it possible to dedicated to ’Underground Space and Natural Resources’ with a accommodate new and interesting technical visits. The special focus on hydro. A panel of seven experts made conference was attended by 93 people, and was very well presentations and a floor discussion was held on three main supported by sponsors. themes – sustainability, constructability, and finance and The Fourteenth International Ferro-Alloys Congress insurance. At the end of the session it was very clear that (Infacon XIV), which is covered in more detail elsewhere in this hydro power tunnels have proven to be a very sustainable Annual Report, was held in June 2015, in Kyiv, Ukraine. The solution, especially when due attention is given to technical proceedings are in English, but simultaneous constructability by utilizing advanced technology and translation between Russian and English was provided for the contractual practices. Financial models should be based on presentations. The next Infacon event will be held in South long-term revenues. With the current market development in Africa in 2018. renewable energy, hydro tunnels and related structures have The Zimbabwe Branch of the SAIMM hosted a major two- proven to provide the most reliable and economical long-term day conference in Harare in June 2015, and managed to attract solutions for the supply of energy for our planet. Underground 127 delegates to the International Metal Recovery and space can make hydro power schemes more sustainable with Accounting Conference. The event was well supported by respect to environmental, social, and economic aspects, when government, industry, and university representatives. used in suitable settings and with a clear understanding of all There has continued to be excellent cooperation between risk, particularly geotechnical risk. Other risks to be aware of the various international mining and metallurgical societies, include financial challenges, construction risk, hydrological including those based in the USA (SME, TMS, and AIST), risk, offtaker risk, regulatory risk, life-cycle risk, and changes Australia (AusIMM), Canada (CIM), and Europe (GDMB). This in climate and technology. has led to SAIMM participation on the organizing committees The ITA has produced a video of the Open Session which of a number of overseas international events, as well as co- can be viewed on the ITA Youtube Channel sponsorship of events (which also entails publicizing the (https://youtu.be/47fcycz9pyg). events to SAIMM members). Although formed only a year ago, the ITA Young Members The Metallurgy Technical Programme Committee continued Group has been very active, strengthening the international to be supported by a group of highly capable members, and network between young members and participating in two many enjoyable meetings were held during the year. SAIMM’s major events in Greece and UAE. The ITA YM group has also conferencing team is to be commended for their highly created a new magazine, ‘Breakthrough’. L 844    
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South African representatives participated in four Working envisaged that all interested companies would encourage their Groups. Ron Tluczek participated in WG 2 (Research), Tony young professionals, both within mining and civil engineering, Boniface in WG 5 (Health and Safety in Works), Chris Viljoen to nominate representatives within SANCOT–YMG. This in WG 12 (Sprayed Concrete Use), and Monica Walnstein in participation and involvement is encouraged to extend beyond WG 21 (Life Cycle Asset Management). Chris Viljoen made a the workplace and will include those young professionals that presentation to W G 12 on the status of a guideline for sprayed are at academic institutions. concrete. SANCOT held a Conference in Durban from 23–25 April Eight reports were published in the previous year, three 2015. The theme of the conference was ’Mechanized from ITA Working Groups, four from ITAtech Activity Groups, Underground Excavation in Mining and Civil Engineering’. The and one from the ITA COSUF Committee.: conference was intended to promote interaction and closer ® Strategy for Site Investigation on Tunneling Projects communication between personnel and companies in the ® Guidelines for Good Working Practice in High Pressure mining and civil industries, and to create a platform where Compressed Air (HPCA) expertise and experience gained in mechanized underground ® An Owners Guide to Immersed Tunnels excavation could be shared. ® Rebuilt Equipment – Guidelines on Rebuilds of In the civil engineering sector, due to the global increase in Machinery for Mechanised Tunnel Excavation urbanization, pressure is being placed on governments and the ® Guideline for Good Practice of Fibre Reinforced Concrete public sector to provide expanded services such as safe and Precast Segments reliable public transport, electricity, gas, water, and sewage ® Guidelines on Measurement Frequencies facilities. This results in further development of road, rail, and ® Remote Measurement metro infrastructure. However, the availability of space for this ® Survey of existing regulations and recognised necessary infrastructure in the urban environment is becoming recommendations (on operation and safety of road a major challenge. In order to keep up with this increasing tunnels). demand, civil designers and contractors are having to resort to tunnelling more than ever before and, in order to deliver these All these documents are available free of charge on the ITA services timeously, mechanized underground excavation and website and are available for comments. support installation is proving to be cost-effective. The next annual meetings of the ITA General Assembly will In the mining sector, the fast, efficient, and safe abstraction be held at the following venues: of raw mineral reserves is of strategic importance. However, San Francisco, USA, from 22–28 April 2016, during the rising labour costs, coupled with labour unrest, impact heavily ITA-AITES WTC 2016 ‘Uniting our Industry’. on the ability of companies to achieve these goals. The South Bergen, Norway, from 9–16 June 2017, during the ITA- African mining sector needs to mechanize at a faster pace in AITES WTC 2017 ’Surface Problems – Underground Solutions’. order to remain globally competitive. This is especially true Dubai, UAE, from 20–26 April 2018, during the ITA-AITES when developing stopes and vertical shafts, since a typical WTC 2018 ’Smart Cities: Managing the Use of Underground deep-level mine has a life of 30 to 40 years, meaning that Space to Enhance Quality of Life’. shafts are not sunk regularly and the specialized expertise may not be readily available. SANCOT News With the prospect of several major tunnelling projects on At a meeting held on 14 January 2015, the South African the horizon, the active SANCOT membership is increasing. As a National Committee on Tunnelling approved the formation of a result, a number of Working Groups have either been Young Members Group (SANCOT–YMG). Mr. Lucky Nene was resurrected or created within SANCOT, namely: nominated and accepted as the Chairman of the YMG. WG 3: Contract Practices/SANCOT Constitution SANCOT–YMG has adopted its mandate from its mother WG 12: Sprayed Concrete Use bodies SANCOT and SAIMM and is working closely with the WG 14: Vertical Tunnelling youth body of ITA, which is ITA–YM. The mandate as adopted WG 21: Life Cycle Asset Management. from the ITA–YM is structured as follows: There is also a Working Group that will be looking at (a) To provide a technical networking platform within the hosting the ITA World Tunnel Congress in South Africa in ITA, SANCOT, and SAIMM for young professionals and 2020. This is as a result of numerous enquiries that Ron students Tluczek has received at recent ITA World Tunnelling (b) To bridge the gap between generations and to network Congresses, and there would appear to be a lot of international across all experience levels in the industry support for holding a WTC in Africa, and specifically in South (c) To create awareness of the tunnelling and underground Africa. space industry among new generations 3. Publications (d) To provide young professionals and students with a voice in the ITA, SANCOT, and SAIMM, including the Portfolio Holder: S. Ndlovu Working Groups. D. Tudor, Chairman (e) To look after the next generation of tunnelling R.D. Beck W.C. Joughin professionals and to pass on the aims and ideals of the J. Beukes J.A. Luckmann ITA, SANCOT, and SAIMM. P. den Hoed C. Musingwini Through general interactions with other professional M. Dworzanowski R.E. Robinson platforms, young professionals have shown interest in this M.F. Handley T.R. Stacey youth structure and a desire to take part. It is therefore R.T. Jones R.J. Stewart

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Journal . Each DOI is Journal . is now available online at is now available Journal Journal We are indebted to our members who undertake the We are indebted to our members who undertake Zuliakha The publications team of Dawn van der Walt, As part of its services to South African scholarly As part of its services with CrossRef, and has been assigned ASSAf has registered The        the course of the coming year. Committee onerous task of refereeing papers. The Publications to alleviate the need has introduced a process of ‘prescreening’ publishing criteria to referee papers that may not meet the basic when the submitted abstract is reviewed. its good work in Malgas, and Kelly Matthee has continued producing the http://issuu.com/saimm and has been allocated the on-line and has http://issuu.com/saimm ISSN 2411-9717. of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) publications, the Academy with the introduction of a digital object has been assisting us is assigned to each and every article that identifier (DOI) which the world wide web. DOI is a is digitally available thought string assigned to each separate digital unique alphanumeric as part of our item (article) published of basic metadata and a URL pointer to associated with a set the full text. which can be used by a DOI prefix (http://dx.doi.org/10.17159) SciELO journal will use a unique all SciELO journals. Each will introduce to the string which the SAIMM VOLUME 115    
 846 Of the 128 papers published in 2015, 54 were from outside Of the 128 papers published print run during the year was 3675 The average monthly 684 082 which Advertising revenue for the year totaled R1 database Additions to, and refinement of, the referee 2015 75 49 4 128 Year2014 Mining 43 Metallurgy Other 41 Total 13 97 L 3.1 Journal is as during the year of papers published The breakdown follows: Annual report Annual South Africa. The rejection rate of papers received was 24 South Africa. The rejection per cent copies. It became was some 4 per cent (R65 918) below forecast. a number of our apparent during the course of the year that were cutting back traditional and long-supporting advertisers some withdrew on their advertising spend to the extent that altogether. system continued during the year. Annual report

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Abbasy, Farzaan Eric, Rauf Matinde, Elias Saydam, Serkan Abdellatif, Masoud Erwee, Markus Mbaya, Richard Schutte, Schu Abzalov, Marat Everson, Ray McDonald, Andy Schwartz, Ian Akdogan, Guven Falcon, Rosemary McGeorge, Norman Schweitzer, Jochen Aldrich, Chris Fatti, Paul McKechnie, Bill Seebregts, Andrew Angus, Auchterlonie Felipe, Joao McMillan, Kevin Shackleton, Natalie Armstrong, Robert Foster, Stephen Mendecki, Aleksander Singh, Navin Ashmole, Ian Freulon, Xavier Mills, Ken Singh, Nirdesh Auret, Lidia Genc, Bekir Minasny, Budiman Siyasiya, Charles Bada, Samson Gerhard, Stenzel Minney, Dave Slabbert, Deon Bakker, Dirk Ghosh, Tathagata Minnitt, Richard Smith, Craig Banks, Kevin Giblett, Aidan Montiel, Luis Smith, Gordon Barker, Ian Gibson, Jon Morgan, Craig Sole, Kathy Bartlett, Hugh Glacken, Ian Morrison, Nigel Solomon, Mike Beck, Richard Goodfellow, Ryan Mostert, Roelf Spearing, Sam Bekker, Annie Groot, Dick Muller, Jacques Spears, David Benade, Jaco Guibal, Daniel Musingwini, Cuthbert Spottiswoode, Steve Bertoli, Olivier Hadjigeorgiou, John Mustapha, Hussein Srivastava, R. Mohan Beukes, Johan Hancox, John Naicker, Oomeshnie Stacey, Thomas Beukes, Paul Hand, Peter Naik, Sandip Steenekamp, Nico Birch, Clinton Handley, Matthew Naismith, Alan Steenkamp, Joalet Bisaka, Kabwika Hangone, Gregory Napier, John Steinhouse, Roelf Blackham, Norman Harley, Michael Nasiri, Mehdi Stewart, Ron Bluhm, Steven Harris, Richard Neomagus, Hein Stumpf, Waldo Bock, Immo Hay, Kevin Newcombe, Bianca Theron, Kobus Bohringer, Walter Hebblewhite, Bruce Nheta, Willie Thomson, Andrew Botha, Doret Hermanus, May Njowa, Godknows Thursten, Malcolm Bourgault, Gilles Heydenrych, Mike Nolet, Isobel Topal, Erkan Noppe, Mark Brink, van, Zyl Hobbs, Phillip Topic, Mira Ntuli, Freeman Bryson, Leslie Holm, Kevin Uludag, Erhan Nyembwe, Didier Bryson, Mike Humby, Tracey Valenta, Mike O’Connor, Donald Buttemer, Keith Hundermark, Rodney Van Alphen, Chris James, John Oboirien, Bilainu Campbell, Quentin Van der Merwe, Josias Canulat, Ismet Jansen, Joel Olea, Ricardo Van der Merwe, Nielen Carsky, Milan Joughin, William Olivier, George Van der Riet, Mark Cawood, Fred Kapageridis, Ioannis Ortiz, Julian Van Deventer, Piet Chamberlain, Vaughn Karimi, Mohsen Orton, Thomas Van Heerden, Daan Chatterjee, Snehamoy Kecojevic, Vladislav Orzol, Carsten Chileshe, Peter Kis, Ekin Oyekola, Sean Van Hille, Rob Chown, Lesley Knobbs, Clive Parker, Harry Van Meirvenne, Marc Cichowicz, Artur Kotze, Marthie Pelton, Arthur Van Niekerk, Dirk Clark, Isobel Krause, Paul Petersen, Jochen Van Olst, Rex Clay, Andy Kruger, Buks Petersen, Kurt Van Schalkwyk, Rudi Coetzee, Henk Kruger, Coert Petho, Sandor Van Schoor, Michael Cook, Alan Kyriakidis, Phaedon Petrik, Lesley Van Zyl, P.G. Corin, Kirsten Labram, Steve Pettit, Wayne Vegter, Nanne Cornish, Lesley Labuschagne, Inus Phillips, Huw Vietti, Andrew Craig, ken Lagendijk, Herman Pickering, Rod Virnig, Mike Croll, Robert Lake, James Pieterse, Jason Visser, Jurgens Cunningham, Claude Landman, Gys Pistorius, Chris Vogt, Declan Davis, Burton Lane, Gary Pistorius, Pieter Von Glehn, Frank De Korte, Johan Leach, Tony Potgieter, Herman Vosloo, Manie De Vaux, Deryck Limpitlaw, Daniel Priest, Graham Vreugdenburg, Kobus Demyanov, Vasily Lloyd, Phillip Prins, Chris Waanders, Frans Den Hoed, Paul Lodewijks, Henk Prinsloo, Herman Wakefield, Tim Deng, Zhiyong Lomberg, Ken Prout, Barry Walters, Derek Deutsch, Clayton Loveday, Brian Purcell, Walter Weerasekara, Nirmal Digby, Caroline Luckmann, John Qiu, Biao Wermuth, Ivan Dixon, Roger Luckos, Adam Radcliffe, Peter Wesseloo, Johan Dohm, Christina Lyman, Geoff Randolph, Neville Whyte, Rod Dougall, Andre Lynch, Richard Render, Christine Wijns, Chris Dougherty, Heather Machaka, Ronald Reynolds, Quinn Wilke, Andries Du Plessis, JJL Mainza, Aubrey Rivoirard, Jacques Wood, Andrew Du Preez, Nick Malan, Francois Roodt, Andreas Woodhall, Mike Durrheim, Ray Malovichko, Dmitry Rorke, Tony Wortley, Mike Duthe, Diane Malysiak, Vratislav Rose, David Ye, Scott Dworzanowski, Marek Marcotte, Denis Rupprecht, Steven Yilmaz, Halil Engelbrecht, Andre Maritz, Jannie Saka, Abdurakee Young, David Erasmus, Lourens Marriott, John Sandenbergh, Roelf Zietsman, Johan

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4. Regional Development G. Dellas M. Mthenjane V.G. Duke D. Porter Key Performance Areas C. Heili G. Ralph To promote the interests of members based in different regions, R. Heins G. Stripp the SAIMM: H. Jantzen M.R. Tlala D. Jensen I. Wermuth ® Supports the establishment and maintenance of branches to satisfy the local needs of its members for professional Introduction association and the exchange of technical information The Johannesburg Branch’s main activity is to organize ® Co-operates with other member societies of AS&TS and technical presentations on a monthly basis between February with associations and interest groups that have close ties and November each year. These are generally held on the third with operating mines and metallurgical plants by holding Thursday of each month, and since June 2014 have been held joint technical meetings and collaborating in the field of at the premises of Worley Parsons at Melrose Arch. During the publication. year under review, we have been very successful in securing a 4.1 SAIMM Branches large number of high-quality presentations. The increased student attendance at these events reported 4.1.1 Botswana over previous years has been maintained, and we have also S. Maleba, Chairman over the past year managed to obtain significant participation from the metallurgy students at the University of the No report. Witwatersrand (Wits), to add to the numbers from the mining 4.1.2 DRC Branch departments at Wits and the University of Johannesburg. This student involvement is considered important, as through the S. Maleba, Chairman Johannesburg Branch events many of these students are signed K. Banika D. Sambwa up as student members of the Institute, with a good conversion F. Lubala D. Tshibanda ration to Associate Membership after graduation. The DRC Branch currently has about 50 members, and the Increased attendance has continued to put pressure on the number is increasing. costs associated with the presentations and associated cocktail parties, while the poor economic situation has put pressure on Events for 2015 the sponsorship received. The Committee has thus endeavoured The Branch planned for two technical events for 2015: to continue to control the costs, with the most significant measure being the change in venue from the South African ® Technical event at Tenke Fungurume Mining (TFM). Museum of Military History to the Worley Parsons premises in Preparation is under way and we are hoping to hold the Melrose Arch – we are most grateful to Worley Parsons for event in September 2015 providing us with a high-quality venue at no charge. ® Visit to Kamoa (Ivanoe Mines), October 2015 We kicked off the year in July 2014 with a presentation ® iPad DRC/2015 : SAIMM Support October 2015 entitled ‘Is Africa still the Wild West of the mining industry?’ A visit to mine in the Lubumbashi area is still in from Gavin Andrews of The Minerals Corporation – an preparation, and the Committee is looking to MMG interesting and thought-provoking discussion of doing Kinsevere to host the event around the first week of business in the minerals industry in Africa. This was followed November 2015. in August by our annual student debate, entitled ‘Socio- The AGM will be organized in November. economic Issues around Mining – how do we turn around the New Year event. Studen’s prizes: grants to students in the negative image and attract investment back?’ This proved a Polytechnic Faculties of the universities of Lubumbashi and lively and interesting debate – the students were well prepared, Kolwezi. This event will be scheduled according to the and the question time ran well over the allotted time. universities’ programmes. In September, Allan Widlake of Murray and Roberts gave Workshops: an interesting talk on the ‘Next-generation shaft boring machine for shaft enlargement’ – a talk which offered ® Workshop on reporting standards (SRK and SAIMM), interesting possibilities for the future of shaft-sinking on 20–21 August 2015 brownfield project extensions. October saw a return to ® Geotechnical and hydrogeology: impact of water on metallurgical subjects, with Arnold Swarts of SMP delivering a mines’ stability, October 2015. very interesting talk on a new modular leach technology which Committee Meeting 27 July 2015 can be installed and commissioned in a fraction of the time required for conventional processes and allows for fast-tracking A Committee meeting was held to discuss the second bi-annual of projects for early production. 2015. In November, Jeremy Clarke of Paradigm Project 4.1.3 Johannesburg Branch Management delivered a talk entitled ‘Mineral projects – a new paradigm’ – certainly an interesting and thought-provoking I. Ashmole, Chairman approach to delivering projects more efficiently. J. Luckmann, Vice-Chairman 2015 kicked off with a thoroughly interesting presentation B. Abilliera J. Luckmann on ‘Doing business with China’ by Dr Shengfei Gan in J. Clarke M. Mostert February, while in March Luis Fernando Contreras of SRK L 848    
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Johannesburg Branch of the SAIMM: technical presentations 2014/2015

Date Title Presenter Sponsor Responsibility Venue

17 July 2014 Is Africa still the Wild West of the mining industry? G. Andrews The Mineral Corporation R. Heins Worley Parsons

21 August 2014 Socio-economic issues around mining/how to turn Student Debate I. Ashmole, Worley Parsons around negative image and attract investment V. Duke, and R. Heins

18 September 2014 Murray and Roberts New Mining Equipment A. Widlake Murray and Roberts I. Ashmole Worley Parsons

16 October 2015 Scorpion Mineral Processing - A. Swarts Scorpion Mineral R. Heins Worley Parsons new leach technology Processing

19 February 2015 How to do business with China Dr Gan Sound Mining I. Ashmole Worley Parsons, Melrose Arch

19 March 2015 Slope stability risk assessment L.F. Contraros SRK M. Mostert Worley Parsons, Melrose Arch

16 April 2015 Waterberg coal mineralogy / automated Dr C. van Alphen Eskom? G. Stripp Worley Parsons, mineralogical analysis of coal and related products Melrose Arch

21 May 2015 Venetia underground project K. Botha DBCM G. Dellas Worley Parsons, Melrose Arch

16 July 2015 SAMREC/SAMVAL K. Lomberg and S. Rupprecht Worley Parsons, S. Rupprecht Melrose Arch

presented a paper entitled ‘An economic risk evaluation 4.1.4 Namibian Branch approach for pit slope optimization’. There was no presentation G.B. Ockhuizen, Chairman in April, as we were unable to confirm either a speaker or sponsorship. H.N. Abraham A.M. Mutileni May saw a presentation from Kevin Botha of De Beers on D. Chimanikire N.M. Namate ‘The Venetia underground project’. While this presentation S.S. Massipa attracted a record attendance of nearly 280 people, sponsorship T.G. Murasiki arrangements that had seemed secure fell through days before Our membership drive is continuing. A focused effort is being the event, leaving the Committee with a difficult decision as to made to convert the student members who entered the whether to cancel the event or proceed without sponsorship. It workforce to Associate Members, as well as trying to get the was decided in view of the confirmed attendance that we existing members who have discontinued their subscriptions to should proceed, but this obviously resulted in a huge financial reactivate them. We have created a Namibian Branch Facebook shortfall. group in an effort to encourage more membership and to A presentation on the updates to the SAMREC and discuss issues faced in the mining industry. Increased efforts SAMVAL codes, which had been scheduled for June, was are being made to recruit new members from the mining postponed to July due to very poor confirmed attendance companies that are currently developing new projects (Swakop numbers. Uranium and B2 Gold). Going forward, we once again appear to have a full Owing to the depressed commodity prices, especially programme ahead of us, although in some cases it appears that uranium, some members are being affected by retrenchments, we may struggle to secure full sponsorship of the which could have an effect on our membership numbers. presentations. The Drill and Blast school that was scheduled to take place In terms of the Committee, I would like to thank in in May 2014 has been postponed to September 2014, due to particular Russell Heins, Jeremy Clarke, Dave Porter, Hein limited registrations and the depressed market. Efforts are still Jantzen, and George Dellas for their contributions in securing being made to host more events. presentations and sponsorships, and Jacqui E’Silva for the secretarial and organizational duties. 4.1.5 Northern Cape AGM C. van Wyk, Chairman T. du Toit, Vice Chairman The Branch AGM was held on 18 June 2015. A. April J. Leader Committee B. Basson I. Lute C. Kearns B. Theron We welcome the following new members who were elected at the AGM to the Committee: Ronald Tlala, Danie Jensen, and A Branch committee was elected at a meeting at the Namakwari Bruno Abilleira. Lodge at Kathu, which was attended by more than 20 We would like to thank outgoing members Andre Dougall members. Six professionals were accepted as members and a and Vaughn Duke for their contributions over the years. number are awaiting approval of their applications.

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Since the election, Brenda Theron has had to withdraw due November 2014, did not materialize due to the lack of interest. to personal commitments. The committee was led by the This might be attributed to the overloading of diaries of people SAIMM Constitution (By-law F) in the nomination and in industry. appointment of a new committee member, Mr. Marius Luther One of the core functions of the Pretoria Branch is to grow from Petra Diamonds. SAIMM member numbers through student membership. This is Activities achieved through hosting events on relevant topics, and it also gives the students an opportunity to mingle with industry The promotion and recruitment strategy was reviewed at the professionals on an informal basis. The second event Branch committee meeting on 19 June 2015. Members agreed comprised a mini-colloquium on campus, at which Professor that attendance at technical events will be adversely influenced Courtney Young, Department Head and Prater Distinguished by the current economic climate. It was decided to arrange Professor of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at technical information sessions between Khumani and Kumba Montana Tech, University of Montana, gave two presentations: Iron Ore’s Sishen Mine, and an event is planned for the next ® Enargite spectroectrochemistry in acid or basic two months. We also plan to host a promotional stall at the environments Kathu Exhibition event, which will take place in Hotazel. ® Flow sheet development for lunar soil simulant Membership production. Members were recruited mainly from the Kathu area, The session was well attended by metallurgical engineering specifically from the Khumani and Sishen mines. A few students, university personnel, and industry professionals, and members from the Kolomela Mine in Postmasburg also joined was followed by a cocktail function. A special word of thanks the Institute. goes to the sponsor (the Department of Materials Science and Challenges Metallurgical Engineering) for providing snacks and refreshments. The development of a strategy for the Northern Cape Branch Finally, thanks to the Committee, the SAIMM Secretariat, was discussed at the first Branch meeting on 14 January 2015. and lastly a special word of thanks to Daleen Gudmanz and This included events planned for 2015. The committee also Gabi Ngema for playing a key role in making sure that all the reviewed the strategy for 2015 in view of the current economic events ran smoothly. climate. Prices for bulk commodities decreased significantly in 2014/2015 to their lowest levels in recent times. The Northern 4.1.7 Western Cape Branch Cape mining companies that are affected the most are currently C. Dorfling, Chairman focused on mitigating the influence of this on their operations. A decision was taken at the 19 June Branch meeting to L. Auret A. Nesbitt focus on growing and maintaining interest among core L. Bbosa T. Ojumu members. A technical session is to be held between Khumani R.D. Beck J. Petersen and Sishen mines, and an event facilitated with vendors can be J.A. Cruise C. Sweet combined with the Branch Annual General Meeting in 2015. No D. Deglon J. Sweet date for the Annual General Meeting has been determined yet. A. Mainza Integrated professional strategies Academic personnel and students from the three main tertiary educational institutions in the Western Cape (the Cape Discussions were held regarding strategic collaboration with Peninsula University of Technology, Stellenbosch University, the Northern Cape Mine Managers Association, which is and University of Cape Town) represent the majority of the already established in the Northern Cape, as well as on members of the Western Cape Branch. Branch events are maintaining the SAIMM brand and identity. Members agreed therefore aimed mainly at providing students with information that collaboration could enhance the sharing of technical about mineral processing career options and at creating a knowledge in the area. This will also present more potential platform for students and academics to discuss their research. members to the Institute and ensure buy-in from senior The annual Southern African Mineral Beneficiation and management. A strategy had been drafted and is currently in Metallurgy Conference (Minproc) was held at the Lord Charles circulation for review. Hotel in Somerset West on 7–8 August 2014. Titus Mathe from Eskom delivered the first plenary presentation focusing on the 4.1.6 Pretoria Branch regulation of the engineering practice in South Africa, the N. Naudé, Chairman accountability and liability of Engineering Practitioners, and G. Ngema, Secretary the potential impact on the mining industry. A total of 32 full oral presentations, 29 short poster presentations, and 20 K. de Wet R. Mabapa posters without presentations were delivered over the course of W.W. de Graaf C. Siyasiya two days. Research in bio- and hydrometallurgy (18 oral and D. Powell short poster presentations), comminution (9 presentations), The activities of the Branch continued with the format of flotation (11 presentations), and sustainability in mining and previous years. A number of seminars were organized in minerals processing (9 presentations) featured strongly in the conjunction with the Department of Mining Engineering and proceedings. The conference was concluded by a plenary the Department of Material Science and Metallurgical presentation by J-P Franzidis, providing delegates with an Engineering at the University of Pretoria’s main campus. The interesting overview of his experiences in the mineral first event, ‘Shovel to Shelf Conference’ scheduled for 26 processing industry over the past 40 years. L 850    
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Several student prizes were awarded at the conference of Zambia (CMZ), and the membership presentation from the dinner, including the conference poster prize which was won SAIMM secretariat. The technical event that was scheduled in by Yusuf Bello from Stellenbosch University. The Outotec Chingola in June did not take place as planned due to some Sustainability poster prize was won by Jana van Rensburg from external disruptions in the preceding events. North West University for her project entitled ‘Drying of fine Membership recruitment drive coal using warm air in a fluidised dense medium bed’. The President-elect of the SAIMM, Jim Porter, presented SAIMM The Zambian Branch has mounted a vigorous membership prizes to the best final-year student in Mineral Processing at recruitment campaign at both the corporate and the individual the three main Western Cape tertiary education institutions in levels. During the period May 2014 to June 2015, membership 2014. The recipients of these awards were Sipiwe Shoko from increased by 41%, ands is likely to increase further above 50% Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Mieke Lareman from with special focus on corporate and company membership. Stellenbosch University, and Bianca Jansen from the University Branch Annual General Meeting of Cape Town. The conference dinner was preceded by the Branch AGM, at This is scheduled for end of August 2015. which the outgoing chairperson, Tunde Ojumu, presented his Other activities report and the new Committee was elected. Christie Dorfling was elected as chairperson, Aubrey Mainza as vice- The Branch has taken serious interest in the hosting of the chairperson, and Craig Sweet as treasurer. Copper-Cobalt Africa Conference, in association with the 8th The conference was preceded by a one-day workshop Southern African Base Metals Conference to be held from 6–8 entitled ‘Opportunities to improve energy efficiency in July in Livingstone, Zambia. This conference is hosted by the processes’. Jim Petrie (Department of Economic Development, Mining and Metallurgy Technical Committees of the Southern Western Cape Government), Markus Reuter (Outotec), Titus African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (SAIMM). The Mathe (Eskom), Kiangi Kiangi (Metso), Tony Anyimadu Zambian Branch has offered to render support where possible (AngloGold Ashanti), and Jacques Eksteen (Western Australian and also strengthen the links between government agencies, School of Mines, Curtin University) presented material to the mining industries, and the SAIMM. facilitate lively discussions regarding this very important topic. The Western Cape Branch held its annual students’ evening 4.1.9 Zimbabwean Branch at the University of Cape Town on 15 April 2015. The event N. Stephen, Chairman aims to be a platform where final-year chemical engineering E. Hove, Secretary students are informed about the role and activities of the S. Clara Z. Othniel SAIMM as well as careers in the mining and metallurgy M. Georgina G. Shepherd industries. Approximately 70 students from the three main D. Godfrey M. Stanley tertiary education institutions attended the event, and found M. Godfrey C. Wenvceslaus the presentation by Malcolm Walker (SAIMM Regional G. Mufulatelwa Development Manager) very interesting and informative. Given the Western Cape Branch’s commitment to Membership supporting student activities and through generous The Zimbabwe Branch membership continues to grow through sponsorship from Outotec, the Outotec Travel Grants were networking and awareness events targeted at engaging again awarded in the past year. Lucy van de Ruit and Dereck potential members, particularly students at tertiary institutions. Ndoro received Outotec travel grants to attend the XXVII The Regional Development Manager has been instrumental in International Mineral Processing Conference 2014 in Santiago assisting in this endeavour with presentations at various and the International Symposium on Industrial Crystallization forums. 2014 in Toulouse, respectively. The Branch finances are in good order. A total of 81 Networking events abstracts have been received for Minproc 2015, which takes The Branch successfully organized networking and technical place at The Vineyard hotel in Cape Town on 6–7 August 2015. events, including one international conference, during the course of the year. 4.1.8 Zambian Branch An event was held on 22 July 2014 at the Zimbabwe School D. Muma, Chairman of Mines in Bulawayo, with the theme: ‘Supply Chain C. Mwale, Vice Chairman Challenges in the Zimbabwean Mining Industry – Enhancing A. Mhone, Secretary Local Procurement in Line with ZIMASSET Economic C. Ngulube, Treasurer Blueprint’. The conference provided an opportunity to debate the local procurement and supply chain challenges in W. Munalula H. Zimba Zimbabwe, and explore the way forward in building capacity S. Sondashi for local procurement. The conference drew participants from The Branch held a successful student colloquium at the various mining companies in Zimbabwe and the region. Copperbelt University in Kitwe on 11 June 2015. A total of 141 On 24 July the Branch visited Nimr and Chapman in delegates attended the event, the majority of whom applied to Bulawayo, one of the biggest foundries in Zimbabwe. become members of the Institute. The event consisted of project In March 2015, the Branch organized a very successful presentations from the final-year students, a technical event the University of Zimbabwe, the main focus of which presentation from the representative of the Chamber of Mines was to create awareness of the SAIMM’s activities among staff

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and students in all relevant departments. The departments of Technical meetings Mining Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, Geology, Branch meetings to date were sponsored by equipment Chemistry, and the Institute of Mining Research also gave suppliers. presentations. The Regional Development Manager, Mr ® 25 March 2015—polyurethane wear lining and other Malcolm Walker, presented an overview of the SAIMM. It is products, Uretech (Pty) Ltd, 22 people attending. planned to hold similar events at the other tertiary institutions ® 27 May 2015—Safeway Furnace Monitoring Systems in the near future as part of the awareness and membership (Pty) Ltd, 12 people attending. Sam Moolla and Jacqui drive. E’Silva from SAIMM head office also attended this In June 2015 the Branch, with the assistance of the SAIMM meeting. administration, organized a two-day inaugural International Conference on Metals Recovery and Accounting. The highly The year ahead successful conference was well attended and well sponsored, The following activities are planned for the forthcoming year. and featured presentations from various speakers on the ® Technical presentation—vibrating screens and feeders subject across the value chain. A review of the conference is ® Plant visit—Tronox Mine rehabilitation currently being conducted, while the papers are being peer- ® Plant visit—BHP Billiton Hillside (aluminium smelter) reviewed so as to prepare a proceedings booklet. ® Other—financial/investments Branch elections ® Social—birdwatching event with family braai ® Social—end–of-year wine or whiskey tasting. The Branch Chairman, Dr Elias Matinde, resigned in December following his relocation to South Africa. The Branch Secretary 5. Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA) also resigned for personal reasons. Stephen Ndiyamba and Stanley Matutu took over as interim Chairman and Secretary Professional Advisory Committees respectively. PAC Mining Elections for the 2015/2016 committee will be held in July M.H. Rogers, Chairman 2015, as the Committee was focusing on the organizing the R.P. Mohring, Vice-Chairman recently held international conference. M.J. Motomogolo V.P. Tobias Calendar of events C. Musingwini D.J. van Niekerk ® July 2015: Membership drive desk at the Minentra J.C. Ngoma S. Uludag ® October 2016: Branch event and mine visit – details to be R.C.D. Phillis R.C.W. Webber-Youngman provided V.O. Seboni L. Zindi ® March 2016: Branch event and mine visit – details to be G.L. Smith S. Zitha provided PAC Metallurgy ® June 2016: International conference – details to be M. Dworzanowski, Chairman advised. K.C. Mistry, Vice-Chairman R.H. Eric K. Poonan 4.1.10 Zululand Branch I.J. Geldenhuys R.F. Sandenbergh C. Mienie, Chairman R.T. Jones M.D. Seke S.M. Naik M. Vermaak K. Adams W. Jordaan J. Phiri E. Clare R. Kutama B. Cox B. Maramba PAC Mining Kirri Adams resigned from the Committee as she has accepted a The SAIMM has been associated with ECSA and its forerunner, position at a mining company in Kenya. We are looking into a the South African Council for Professional Engineers (SACPE), new member from BHPB to fill her shoes. as a founding Voluntary Association since their inception. The Blessing Maramba resigned from Tata Steel and moved out SAIMM provides input into the ECSA committees by of the area, and has also left the metallurgical field. nominating SAIMM members to stand on those committees on a voluntary basis. The Institute also propose nominations for Conferences persons representing mining and metallurgy to stand on the There were no major conferences in the area planned for this ECSA Council year. The industry is under pressure from low commodity The Committee continued to review and recommend prices and sluggish sales. Most of the mines are operating applicants for registration as Professional Engineer. The below budget and are busy with cost-cutting initiatives. SAIMM continued to arrange peer reviews of candidate The Zululand Branch is working closely with SAIMM professional mining engineers, which assistance is appreciated. central office with regard to organizing the Heavy Minerals The impasse between ECSA and the Council for the Built Conference (HMC). Due to the low level of interest at this time, Environment in respect of the ‘Identification of Engineering the conference has been postponed by a year to August 2016. Work’ continues, with little progress having been made. No input was required from the Committee. Branch activities Work on ‘Discipline Specific Training Guides’ for candidate Branch committee meetings were held on 20 January, engineers progressed during the year, with the Committee 18 February, and 25 March 2015. focusing on the mining engineering discipline. L 852    
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ECSA is in the process of implementing the ‘New ® The proposed IDoEW Regulations, which have been Registration System’ whereby future candidates for registration approved by the Council for the Built Environment (CBE), will be able to register on-line. are is being considered by the Competition Commission The transformation of this Committee has been of South Africa (CC) for the purpose of determining implemented as planned, except that we have not been able to whether ECSA will qualify for exemption from the anti- locate an Asian for appointment to the Committee. Six members competitive legislation of the current Committee with greater than twelve years’ service ® ECSA has provided the CC with appropriate information will no longer be eligible to serve after July 2016 and will resign. to enable the Council of the CC to make its decision in Although it will be reasonably easy to appoint a more racially respect of the CBE/ECSA’s said exemption application. balanced Committee, this is not the case for women. The The CC’s decision is imminent incoming Chairman and Committee will have to fill the ® The CC, with the support of ECSA, has consulted all the vacancies with assistance from the SAIMM. It is noted that 57 interested and affected parties who submitted comments per cent of the Committee are black or coloured, and 14 per cent and who have raised concerns regarding the proposed are women. The emphasis for the incoming Committee will be IDoEW Regulations (CBE Board Notice). gender equality. Engineering candidature PAC Metallurgy ® ECSA is busy investigating an appropriate The mission of ECSA is to ensure, through a co-operative approach/model that will enable employers who train process of quality assurance, that persons entering the candidate engineering practitioners under ECSA’s profession are educated and trained according to widely Commitment and Undertaking (C&U) to claim some of accepted standards, so as to be able to render a professional the education and training expenditure from the relevant service for the benefit of the public and the country as a whole. Education and Training Quality Assurer (ETQA) The Professional Advisory Committees (PACs) of ECSA ® ECSA has established task teams to investigate and contribute to this mission by considering matters specific to the advise in respect of the preferred model for the funding discipline, and also contribute to wider policy matters as of the Stage 2 training and experience of candidate required. engineering practitioners. During 2014/2015 the PAC Metallurgical Engineering again New Registration System (NRS) considered applicants for registration as Professional Engineer ® by means of paper evaluations and interviews, in which The NRS departs from the legacy registration system in volunteers from the SAIMM participated. The requirement for that ECSA has decided to adopt an OBET-compliant Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of Professional competency standards and assessment model that is Engineers for all registered persons opens up opportunities for internationally benchmarked and recognized ® the SAIMM to support the profession by offering seminars and ECSA undertook a most successful NRS public conferences. This contributes to the CPD category 1, consultation process during March 2015 in the main developmental activities. The SAIMM also supports the CPD centres across South Africa ® process in category 3, individual activities, in which Applicants will continue to submit their applications to membership of the SAIMM, presenting papers at SAIMM register with ECSA in a paper-based format until the conferences, and participating in SAIMM committees all online registration system becomes operational. An contribute to CPD credits. The Committee records its thanks to appropriate phasing-in period of 12 months will be the organizing committees and the secretariat of the SAIMM for observed for paper-based applications. the issuing of CPD certificates. IEW in the SA Mining and Minerals Sector (SAM&MS) During 2014/2015 three new members of the Committee ® Engineering practitioners in the SAM&MS who perform were nominated by the SAIMM and their nominations were IEW and take responsibility for such work will need to approved by the ECSA Council. The new members are Mr S.M. become registered in the appropriate category with ECSA Naik, Mr K. Poonan, and Mr M.D. Seke. ® The engineering practitioners in the SAM&MS who will be most affected by the proposed IDoEW regulations 6. State Liaison include Engineers, Engineering Technologists, Portfolio Holder: J.L. Porter Certificated Engineers, and Engineering Technicians ® The level descriptors in the proposed IDoEW Regulations 6.1 Outcomes-based Education and Training (OBET) make an unambiguous distinction between the levels of Portfolio Holder: D.J. van Niekerk engineering practice vis-a-vis ‘complex’ (PrEng), ‘broadly-defined’ (PrEng Tech and Pr Cert Eng), and Compulsory registration with ECSA ‘well-defined’ (PrEng Techn) ® The registration of persons currently performing ® Numerous discussions held between the Mine Health and Identified Engineering Work (IEW) is voluntary Safety Council (MHSC), the Mining Regulations Advisory ® The promulgation and implementation of the proposed Committee (MRAC)’s Task Team dealing with mandatory Identification of Engineering Work (IDoEW) Regulations licensing in the SAM&MS, and ECSA, have led to a joint will make registration with the Engineering Council of SA agreement to investigate the possibility of instituting (ECSA) compulsory for engineering practitioners who some form of exemption for competent persons who perform IEW and take responsibility for such work perform and take responsibility for IEW

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® ECSA has also consulted PLATO, SACNASP/GSSA, and Trades and Occupations (QCTO) for consideration and the SAIMM and its associated Recognized Voluntary approval Associations in respect of overlaps between the Identified ® The draft stage 2, Level 5 QCTO-compliant qualification Work for the different professions/occupations in the for Mine Overseers awaits submission to the QCTO SAM&MS. The agreed way forward in regard to the said ® The Level 4, QCTO-compliant qualification for Mine overlaps that will be proposed to the CC is the Planning Officers has been submitted for incorporation of an appropriate exemption clause to the consideration/approval to the QCTO proposed IDoEW Regulations, as well as the ® The Level 4, QCTO-compliant qualification for establishment of joint IDoEW committees that will deal Occupational Environmental (Ventilation) Officers has with specific overlaps. been submitted for consideration/approval to the QCTO ® Cheadle, Thompson, and Haysom (CTH) report Numerous CocCs have been issued by the DMR as well as the Chamber of Mines of SA at levels 5 to 8 on the 10- ® The Cheadle, Thompson, and Haysom (CTH) report level National Qualifications Framework (NQF). dealing with competency certificates in the SAM&MS was approved by a Stakeholder Consultative Workshop 7. International liaison arranged by the Mining Qualifications Authority (MQA) Portfolio Holder: R.T. Jones held on 20 July 2012 ® The work relating to the implementation of the Key Performance Areas recommendations of the said report was subsequently To achieve its objectives, the SAIMM temporarily suspended until the completion of the ® Participates in and represents South Africa on bodies Classification of Mines Project such as the Mining, Metals & Minerals Society (TMS), ® The CTH report was referred for implementation to the and together with Mintek on INFACON DMR MRAC. ® Appoints corresponding members in areas such as Statutory Licensing in the SAM&MS Australasia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Europe, ® The DMR undertook to expedite the implementation of the Far East, Ghana, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the report ‘Reverting back to the Blasting Certificate’ and the United States of America, and interacts with ® The Inspectorate: Mineral Resources holds the position sister institutions in other countries to promote that Certificates of Competency (CoCs) issued by the DMR international exchange of scientific and technical are not qualifications and may therefore be withdrawn or information. suspended. Legal counsel considers the use of CoCs as a licence-to-practice as unconstitutional 7.1 APCOM ® The DMR undertook to publish a draft list of occupations Prof. C. Dohm, South African Representative in the SAM&MS that would be subject to statutory APCOM symposia licensing, e.g. ‘the Big Five appointments’. APCOM was founded in 1961 by professors and students from Poor examination results: GCCs the Earth sciences and mining departments at the universities ® The draft final report ‘Poor Examination results of of Arizona, Stanford, Pennsylvania, and the Colorado School of Government Certificates of Competency (GCCs)’, compiled Mines. The Society of Mining Engineers (SME) also by a University of Johannesburg (UJ) team, was participated in the meeting. The focus was on exchanging approved at an industry workshop held on 22 August knowledge and experience in operations research and computer 2014 methodologies and technologies available at that time, and the ® The MQA Board approved the report and forwarded it for development of new techniques applicable to the mining consideration and implementation to the MHSC. industry. In 1969 the Operational Research Society of South Africa (ORSSA) played a significant role in formalizing and The ‘New Model for CEs’ recording the proceedings of the meetings. Annual or bi-annual ® An ECSA Standards Generation Group (SGG) developed a international APCOM Symposia have become important events, ‘New Model for Certificated Engineers (CEs)’ which where practitioners and researchers use the opportunity to proposes that the GCCs (seven in total) for Managers and showcase innovative applications of computer technology. Engineers in the RSA be replaced by registration with These forums stimulate debate, and promote and facilitate the ECSA in the appropriate category of Pr Cert Eng advancement of operations research methodologies and ® ECSA is busy establishing a high-level Joint Steercom computer technologies for the mining industry. They constitute composed of representatives from the DMR, Department a meeting place for industry leaders who have accepted the of Labour, Department of Transport, Department of challenges of the mining environment, and are adapting old or Public Works, and ECSA to address the inappropriate developing new technology to solve age-old problems under duplication of requirements for CEs found in the different different conditions. The aim is to develop, operate, and close sets of legislation. mines in a manner that provides long-term value. That is, to improve the economic viability of mining within the ever- Implementation of an OBET-compliant dispensation in the demanding mining climate and the evolved broad view of SAM&MS long-term value. ® The draft Stage 2, Level 7 QCTO-compliant qualification The 2015 International APCOM Council consists of the for CEs awaits submission to the Quality Council for following members: L 854    
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Dr Ernest Baafi representing the Australasian Decision Making Computer Applications (4), Computer Institute of Mining and Modelling in Unconventional Resource Development (4), Metallurgy (AusIMM) Optimization in Mining (4), Drilling and Blasting (6), Dr Sukumar Bandopadhyay representing the Society for Underground Mining(6), Off-shore Placer Resource Estimation Mining, Metallurgy and (5), as well as a few in the Miscellaneous category (6). Exploration (SME) The Symposium Proceedings, containing 146 publications, Dr João Felipe Costa representing the Federal are available to member on Onemine at www.onemine.org. University of Rio Grande De Sul, The main sponsors of the 37th APCOM were Maptek, Pogo Brazil Mine, Kinross Fort Knox, ProCogs, and Cradle. Other sponsors Dr Kadri Dagdelen representing Colorado School of were the University Alaska Fairbanks, the Australasian Mines, USA Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, the SME, Usibelli Coal Dr Sean Dessureault representing the University of Mine, and the Association of Engineering and Environmental Arizona, USA Geologists (AEG.) Dr Christina Dohm representing the South African Institute of Mining and 38th APCOM Symposium Metallurgy (SAIMM) The 38th International Symposium on the Application of Dr Robert Hall representing the Canadian Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry Institute of Mining, Metallurgy (APCOM 2016) will be held in Denver, Colorado, during August and Petroleum 2016 at the Colorado School of Mines. The conference is co- Dr Evengy Kuzmin representing Moscow Mining sponsored by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Institute, Russia Exploration (SME). Dr Eduardo Magri representing the University of The technical programme of this Symposium will be a Santiago, Chile balance of traditional areas of exploration, including Dr Antonio Nieto representing Pennsylvania State geostatistics, mine design, production planning, investment University, USA analysis, artificial intelligence simulation, mine automation, Dr Harry Parker representing the Society for rock mechanics, mineral processing, and data management Mining, Metallurgy and systems. Exploration (SME) Important dates and conference details will be provided as Dr Axel Preusse representing Aachen University, and when received. Germany The Chairman of the 37th Symposium and contact Dr Andrej Subelj representing the Institute of person is: Mining, Geotechnology and Dr Kadri Dagdelen Environment, Slovenia Department of Mining Engineering Dr Wang Yuehan representing China University of Colorado School of Mines, Mining and Technology. Denver, USA 37th APCOM Symposium 2015 7.2 INFACON The 37th APCOM Symposium was held at the Westmark Hotel N.A. Barcza, Chairman and Convention Centre in Fairbanks, Alaska, during 24–27 R.T. Jones, Secretary General May 2015, with 120 delegates, including 30 graduate students, attending. The INFACON Congress was founded in South Africa in 1974 The Chairman of the Conference was Dr Sukumar by the SAIMM, Mintek, and the Ferro Alloys Producers' Bandopadhyay of the University of Fairbanks. Mayor Luke Association (FAPA) when the first INFACON was held in Hopkins of Fairbanks North Borough and Steven Gardiner, Johannesburg. INFACON has already been held three times in 2015 SME President, delivered the welcoming addresses. The South Africa, the most recent event being in Cape Town in Conference kicked off with three keynote deliveries. Dr Raj 2004. The fourteenth Congress, INFACON XIV, was held in Armani entertained the audience with the 50-year story of Kyiv in Ukraine in June 2015 (http://infacon14.com.ua). APCOM. This was followed by a presentation on ‘Technological The International Committee on Ferro-Alloys (ICFA) was Perspective on Risk Management and the New Paradigm for formed by the SAIMM, FAPA, and Mintek. Mintek provides Smarter Mining and Complex Mineral Value Chains’ by Dr the secretariat for ICFA. Dimitrakopoulos. Finally, Dr Deutsch presented the The primary objectives of ICFA are to promote the holding ‘geostatistical myths’ that are much talked about but rarely of the International Ferro-Alloys Congress (INFACON) every seen – referring to, for example, theoretical models using two to three years in appropriate locations, to ensure that the gridded blocks, which exist only in models and not in mines. high technical standard of papers and presentations is The programme included a variety of topics, with 120 maintained, and to increase and promote participation. ICFA presentations delivered in 19 sessions over three days and also provides high-level assistance in the important process of covering Mine Automation (4), Geostatistics (14), Mine transferring the hosting of INFACON from one country to the Exploration (6), Production Scheduling (8), Project Evaluation next, with the valued involvement of recent INFACON hosts. (4), Mine Planning (14), Mine Design Simulation (5), Mineral ICFA arranges the meeting of representatives from ferro- Processing (6), Mine Ventilation (10), Discrete-System alloy producing and consuming countries during each Simulation in Mining (6), Geotech-Rock Mechanics (5), INFACON, to discuss the relevant technical content for

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INFACON and decide on the country that will host the ® Director of the Public Association INFACON XIV – Natalia subsequent INFACON Congress. Prospective host countries are Legkaya. invited to make submissions in advance to ICFA accordingly. The theme of INFACON XIV was ‘Energy efficiency and Criteria for selection include the appropriate professional environmental friendliness are the future of the ferro-alloy standing of the organizing entity, the suitability of the location, industry’. INFACON XIV was a very successful event, with and the necessary level of local and regional support from close to 250 delegates and exhibitors representing almost 30 stakeholders such as industry, government, and relevant countries. The leading participants in terms of delegates were technical institutions. Ukraine (64), South Africa (36), Norway (19), Kazakhstan (7), The current members of ICFA include: ABRAFE (Brazil), and Finland (7). There are 103 papers published in the two CSM (Chinese Society for Metals and the Chinese Ferroalloy volumes of the INFACON XIV Proceedings. Professor Sergey Association, China), Euroalliages (Europe), IFAPA (India), JFA Grishchenko and the INFACON XIV team can be justly proud of (Japan), CMI (Chemical-Metallurgical Institute, Kazakhstan), the excellent Congress held in Kyiv and for providing the AIST (North America), FFF (Norway), Russia, FAPA (South delegates and their partners with a most enjoyable time in their Africa), UkrFA (Ukrainian Ferroalloys and other wonderful city. Congratulations are due to all those involved Elektrometallurgy Products Manufactures Association, with the success. Ukraine), and invited attendee Turkey, who participated in the The technical programme contained many interesting and ICFA meetings in Almaty and Kyiv. topical presentations covering the major and minor ferro-alloys. INFACON has been held in the following countries and The social activities were outstanding including an entertaining locations: and spectacular evening boat cruise on the Dnieper River. The ® Brazil (1) in 1986, in Rio de Janeiro (ABRAFE) cultural highlight of the social programme was held in the State ® Canada (1) in 2001, in Québec City (TFA) Hall with an evening of traditional Ukrainian cuisine, music, acrobatics, and dancing that reflected the proud traditions of ® China (1) in 1998, in Beijing (CSM) this very historical city and the whole country. ® Finland (1) in 2010, in Helsinki (Outotec) The post-Congress technical visits to the Nikopol ® India (1) in 2007, in New Delhi (IFAPA) ferromanganese and Pobuzhie ferronickel plants provided ® Japan (1) in 1983, in Tokyo (JFA) delegates with a great opportunity to see some of the very ® Kazakhstan (1) in 2013, in Almaty (CMI and National innovate pyrometallurgical processes in operation there. Center on Processing of Complex Materials) The meeting of ICFA was held during INFACON XIV on ® Norway (1) in 1995, in Trondheim (SINTEF) 2 June 2015 and was attended by representatives from most of ® South Africa (3) in 1974, 1992, and 2004 in the main ferro-alloy producing regions who are members of Johannesburg (1) and Cape Town (2) (FAPA, Mintek, ICFA. The two most important decisions discussed at the and the SAIMM) meeting were the appointments of the new Chairman and ® Switzerland (1) in 1980, in Lausanne (IFPEO, now Secretary General of ICFA and the award of the hosting of Euroalliages) INFACON XV. ® Ukraine (1) in 2015, in Kyiv (UkrFA) The meeting supported the appointment of Rodney Jones to ® USA (1) New Orleans, in 1989 (TFA). succeed Dr Nic Barcza, who has served ICFA for over twenty INFACON contributes to the exchange of research and years. Isabel Geldenhuys, Manager of Mintek’s Pyrometallurgy development information by publishing refereed papers Division, will succeed Rodney as Secretary General of ICFA. covering the major and minor ferro-alloys. Participants include Both appointments became effective from the date of the ICFA universities, research and development organizations, suppliers meeting in Kyiv. The ICFA Committee offered their of services, engineering, and equipment, and in particular the congratulations to the new appointees and thanked the ferro-alloy industry. The constitution for INFACON has been outgoing Chairman. updated and is hosted on the Infacon website. The award of the 15th International Ferro-Alloys Congress, The host organization for INFACON XIV was UkrFA, the INFACON XV, to South Africa was announced at the closing Ukrainian Ferroalloys and the Elektrometallurgy Products ceremony, and the event is planned for early 2018. Manufactures Association. The Organizing Committee for INFACON XV will be held under the auspices of SAIMM, FAPA, and Mintek. The website for INFACON XV is INFACON XIV was as follows: http://www.infacon15.com ® Honorary Chairman – Professor Boris Paton, The SAIMM has extensive experience in organizing the Academician and President of the National Academy of three previous successful ferro-alloy congresses in South Sciences of Ukraine Africa. This track record should encourage good support from ® Chairman of the Extended Programme Committee and prospective delegates from around the world. Special attention Programme Committee – Professor Sergey Grishchenko will be given to some regions that have not attended recent ® Chairman of the Organizing Committee – Pavel INFACONs to the extent that they did in the past. Kravchenko, Director General of PJSC Zaporozhye The SAIMM is the custodian of the INFACON Bursary Fund, Ferroalloy Plant which supports research and development in the field of ferro- ® Co-chairman of the Extended Programme Committee and alloys. The fund was established from the surplus generated Programme Committee – Dr Vladimir Kutsin, Director from the earlier INFACON X Congress in South Africa. Further General of PJSC Nikopol Ferroalloy Plant details can be obtained from the SAIMM. ® Chief Executive Officer of UkrFA and Deputy Director of INFACON XIV was well supported by sponsors who were the Public Association INFACON XIV – Sergey acknowledged in the usual way. INFACON XV will, as in the Kudryavtsev past, provide opportunities for sponsorship in the usual L 856    
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Annual report categories, namely: Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Details released to members of the GSSA and SAIMM at branch will be made available on the INFACON XV website and from meetings, and consultation included roadshows at Witbank, the contacts below. Cape Town, Rustenburg, Kimberley, and Johannesburg. The ICFA contacts: target date for launching the new updated SAMREC Code is Chairman: Rodney Jones, [email protected] May 2016. The next part of the approval process will be to Secretary General: Isabel Geldenhuys, [email protected] consult with the JSE and the Financial Services Board (FSB). Infacon website: http://www.pyrometallurgy.co.za/Infacon/ Thereafter, the Code will need to be published in the Government Gazette. 7.3 SAMREC/SAMVAL A companion volume to provide industry guidelines is F.T. Cawood, Chairman currently being compiled for release at a conference in May 2016 under the joint auspices of the GSSA and SAIMM. A. Bals K. Lomberg Competent Person training was undertaken through the GSSA R. Becker C.D.A. Loxton and participation at the 35th International Geological Congress M. Booysens A. Macfarlane in August/September 2016 is planned by the South African A. Clay K. Redman CRIRSCO representatives. K. Davies G.L. Smith The SAMREC Code is regarded as the basis from which the A. de Bruyn E. Swindell other SAMCODES have developed, and the SAMREC Working J.R. Dixon D. van Niekerk Group therefore has to liaise with the other Working Groups on S. Foya J. Visser a regular basis. For example, the SAMESG Working Group D. Kruger added environmental, social, and governance content to Table The SAMREC/SAMVAL Committee (SSC) operates under the 1 of the SAMREC Code, which required a close relationship auspices of the Southern African Institute of Mining and between the two groups. Metallurgy (SAIMM) and the Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA). It oversees and administers the SAMCODES, which is SAMVAL Working Group (A. Macfarlane and K. Redman, a collective acronym for the following documents: Chairpersons) ® The SAMREC Code, dealing with the reporting of mineral The SAMVAL Working Group has been busy with a review and resources and reserves update of the SAMVAL Code. The final draft was circulated for ® The SAMVAL Code, dealing the reporting of mineral internal comment and released for wider comment in May 2015 asset valuations to the members of the Working Group, the SAIMM, and GSSA. ® The SAMOG Code, dealing with the reporting of upstream Through a public participation process, key issues for review petroleum resources, reserves, and asset valuations. were identified and discussed during the roadshows mentioned During 2014 the SSC established a new Working Group under the SAMREC section. (SAMESG) to consider the need for drafting a guideline Revision issues include value definition, Competent document on how environmental, social, and governance Valuator statutory registration, and alignment (although this issues impact on the reporting of resources, reserves, and asset issue is substantively complex and to date has not been valuations. resolved) with international practise. The target date for The SSC meets quarterly, while its Working Groups (on launching the new updated Code is also May 2016 at the SSC each of the documents under administration) meet monthly. conference on the updated Codes. Mrs Redman developed SSC Ad hoc meetings and complaints are also dealt with in-between materials for public consultation and presented these to the meetings. Key issues and events that influenced the business Competition Commission and MIASA. The focus of the period of the SSC during the past year are summarized below and are June 2014 to June 2015 was to finalize a draft that could be discussed in more detail later in this report: released for comment on the following basis: 1. The SAMREC Working Group revised its Code and is on ® The final exposure draft was sent to members of the target for implementation in May 2016 GSSA and SAIMM for further comment and consultation, 2. The SAMVAL Working Group made good progress on which included roadshows the updating of the SAMVAL Code ® The next part of the approval process will be to consult 3. The SAMOG Code was implemented in early 2015 with the JSE and the FSB. This step includes a public 4. The SAMESG Working Group amended Table 1 of the participation process for further comment. Once any FSB SAMREC Code 5. The TOR of the SSC was revised issues have been resolved, the SAMVAL Code will be 6. The ECSA Board notice on Identification of Engineering published in the Government Gazette ® Work matter is potentially resolved Once the SAMVAL process is complete, overlaps with the 7. Three complaints were handled by the SSC during the South African Property Valuers Profession Act of 2000 period under review. (SAPVPA) must be resolved. Currently, valuations for companies that list on the JSE are performed under either SAMREC Working Group (K. Lomberg, Chairperson) the SAMVAL or SAMOG codes, while valuations of assets The SAMREC Working Group meets on a monthly basis. The that are not held by a JSE-listed company overlap with group consults stakeholders regularly in-between meetings, in SAPVPA addition to making formal presentations and publications in ® A companion volume to provide industry guidelines is the SAIMM and GSSA bulletins. The Working Group also currently being compiled. This is in preparation for the developed SAMREC learning materials for presentations at conference to be held in May 2016 under the joint schools and public consultations. The Exposure Draft was auspices of the GSSA and SAIMM

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® Mrs Redman presented an overview of the SAMCODES to ® Amendment of Table 1 of the SAMREC Code. The MIASA (Mining Industry Association of Southern Africa) Working Group has also initiated a public consultation on 13 February 2015, in addition to giving a process in this regard. The SAMREC Working Group, as presentation in Kimberley at a diamond conference on the custodian of the SAMREC Code and Table 1, provided behalf of the SSC. comment and additional input ® Mr McFarlane chaired the IMVAL Committee and The first working draft of the SAMESG guideline was successfully initiated discussions with international submitted to the SSC for consideration on 28 May 2015. counterparts in setting up a global Mining Asset Valuation During that SSC meeting, the Committee indicated that Group, with the intention of establishing a global counterpart the guideline would be published on the SSC website and referenced as the official document for reporting to CRIRSCO. He was instrumental in getting the IMVAL purposes. The SAMESG guideline is aligned with both template to finalization and the final draft has been circulated national and international principles. to member organizations, including the SAMVAL Working Group, for comment before finalization. Discussions with the Both SAMREC and SAMVAL chairpersons have invited the International Valuations Standards Council with regard to the SAMESG Working Group to submit a proposed edit for the IMVAL template and the association of Mineral Asset Valuators SAMREC/SAMVAL codes as to how the SAMESG should be with the IVSC are ongoing. Mr Clay and Mrs Redman are considered when reporting under the auspices of the respective Codes. The next part of the approval process will be to obtain additional representatives on IMVAL. The current Chairperson approval from the SSC, and publication on the SSC website, of IMVAL is Mr Roscoe. following conversion of the SAMESG to an appropriate format. During the review period, Mr McFarlane was succeeded by Its implementation might require amendment of the JSE Act Mrs Redman as Chairperson of the SAMVAL Working Group. and affect the composition of the JSE Readers Panels. Mr McFarlane made a tremendous contribution during his time, and his hard work is recognized and appreciated by the SSC. Revision of SSC terms of reference Oil and Gas Working Group (A. Clay, Chairperson) The current TOR document is dated June 2009 and permission for revision was approved by SAIMM office-bearers on 11 April In late 2012, the Oil and Gas Committee was provided with a 2014 after consultations with the GSSA. The new TOR new mandate from the SSC to reactivate its work and create an document is likely to be implemented before the end of 2015. Oil and Gas Reporting Standard for Public Reporting in South The main issues are: Africa. The SAMOG Code is the output document and the ® The SSC Chair’s role needs to be properly defined at the SAMOG Committee included experts (international and local), time of appointment together with interested and affected parties. The Committee ® All SSC revenue received will be ring-fenced within the established a relationship with the Alberta Securities SAIMM accounting system in order to provide for Commission as the custodians of the National Instrument 51- operational (including legal) expenses 101 reporting code, and Part 5 of that Code has been adopted ® The work of the SSC needs to be frequently with minor modifications to create the draft SAMOG Code. The communicated to members. Since the meeting, the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) is the President decided that the SSC Chair be invited on internationally accepted classification system for the petroleum Council to communicate SSC business on a regular basis industry and is the anchor of the new SAMOG Code for ® An Oversight Committee consisting of GSSA and SAIMM reporting resources and reserves as well as global definitions. office-bearers was established to discuss additional Section 12 of JSE Act was redrafted to include oil and gas, matters related to the TOR, budgetary requirements, and which changes were approved by the JSE EXCO. The SAMOG management of possible risks to the parent bodies. Code was ratified by the SSC in 2014, and implemented early in The TOR of the SSC provides for a system of rotating chairs 2015 after the JSE Act had been amended to accommodate this between the GSSA and SAIMM. My two-year term as SSC Chair Code. The SSC managed the process of establishing the Oil and ends at the end of 2015 and the GSSA will nominate the Chair Gas JSE Readers Panel, which process required approval of a for the period 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2017. In terms TOR, nominations, and JSE appointment. The Readers Panel is of the TOR, the SAIMM has to nominate a Deputy Chair for this now waiting for the first submission under this Code. The JSE period. This SSC leadership matter must be an agenda point for has managed to secure a memorandum of understanding with decision at the final Oversight Committee Meeting for 2015. the Alberta Securities Commission for future maintenance of the Code. A revised version of the NI 51-101 is currently in IDoEW Board Notice – CBE Notice on the imminent preparation. regulation of the Engineering Profession Members of the SAMVAL Working Group were involved in Reporting on environmental, social, and governance parameters providing written and verbal comments to the Competition (S. Dyke, Chairperson) Commission on the Engineering Council of South Africa The SSC gave its provisional blessing to an exploration of the Identification of Work proposals (IDoW) published as part of possibility of developing a guideline document for the reporting the requirements in fulfilment of the Council for the Built of environmental, social, and governance issues. The first Environment Act. In addition, the SSC had fruitful meetings meeting was in July 2014 and since then the Committee has with ECSA, SAIMM, and the CC. The current state of affairs is: met monthly. The Working Group has been productive, and ® ECSA acknowledged the overlaps and assuming that the their outputs to date are: CC is satisfied that the Notice is not uncompetitive, ECSA ® An initial consultation paper will address the exemptions issue in the Regulations to ® The case for developing a scoping exercise its Act

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® ECSA further acknowledged that mutual exemptions may The key highlights for 2015 are (in million rands) not work and it will be more appropriate for the wording 2015 2014 Diff. in the different Acts/Regulations to ‘speak’ to each other Assets 37.5 38.9 -1.4 ® A joint working committee to address overlaps and Reserves 37.0 36.8 +0.2 develop appropriate legal text, consisting of members Liabilities 0.5 2.1 -1.6 from ECSA, SACNASP, and PLATO, will be created. Its Revenue 17.2 17.1 +0.1 TOR will be established with SSC input. Cost of sales 13.2 12.7 +0.5 Complaints handled by the SSC Operating expenses 7.0 6.7 +0.3 Three complaints regarding Competent Person/Valuator reports Operating surplus -01.39 0.2 -1.5 affecting the following companies were handled by the SSC Total surplus +0.013 5.5 -5.49 during the period under review: The value of our assets, apart from this year’s dip, still In conclusion, as the outgoing Chairperson of the SSC, I remains healthy and has increased by R17.2 million over the would like to thank the SAIMM, GSSA, and SSC members for past five years while our total liabilities at year’s end remain their hard work and support. This group of professionals is low at R0.5 million hard-working, and passionate about the work of the SSC and Special projects the future of the Committee and its working groups. I also want to thank the JSE, Working Group Chairs and all committees, The increase in the cost of sales over the previous financial who are all contributing enormously in developing and year can be attributed primarily to special projects, which were maintaining codes, guidelines, and regulations involving the not imprudent spending, but were authorized by Office Bearers business of the SSC. and approved by Council. These include: 8. Management and Administration ® R 136 000 for computer software for technical Portfolio Holder: M. Dworzanowski programmes The Secretariat consists of: ® R 104 000 for Danie Krige Awards Miss Sam Moolla (Manager) ® R 220 000 donation to the Scholarship Trust Fund Mr Alf Bettoni (Accountant) ® R 51 000 for Global Mining Standards Group Miss Jacqui E'Silva (Head of Membership and Branch administrator) ® R 27 000 for INFACON Mrs Camielah Jardine (Conference Co-ordinator) ® R 105 000 as bridging finance for Mining Dialogue Miss Portia Malatji (Accounts Assistant) ® R 305 000 membership write-off Mrs Zuliakha Malgas (DTP Operator) ® R330 000 for Regional Development/expenses Miss Nazli Mamdoo (Conference Publications Co-ordinator) Miss Kelly Matthee (Journal and Subscriptions Co-ordinator) AFC Investment Portfolio Miss Prudence Ntumeleng (Switchboard/Recept. & Asst. to Manager) This portfolio continues to perform and has maintained value Mrs Anna Panana (Conference Assistant) under the expert guidance of Dee Campouroglou at AFC Miss Yolanda Ramokgadi (Conference Co-ordinator) Investment Management. The portfolio opened on 1 July 2014 at R33.7 million and Mrs Apathia Sello (Administration Clerk) closed on 30 June 2015 at R34.4 million, an overall gain of Miss Keabetswe Shumba (Membership Application Processor) R0.7 million after the R1 million we drew down to support cash Mr Raymond van der Berg (Head of Conferencing) flow. These figures include the Western Cape Branch’s share. Mrs Dawn van der Walt (Head of Publications) Western Cape Branch Miss Naomi Wernecke (Membership Application Processor) The SAIMM, Office Bearers, and Council record their The Branch has successfully migrated to Pastel Accounting and appreciation to the above for their service. has ended the year with its own set of accounts, which is included in the Annual Report. Special thanks to Meg Winter, 8.1 Finance Clare Pomario, and Treasure Craig Sweet for their patience and J.L. Porter, C. Musingwini perseverance. It has been expected for several years that the SAIMM would And, speaking of thanks, as Treasurer I would like to experience challenges to its income and expenditure, brought extend my appreciation to Sam Moolla, Alf Bettoni, and the rest about by influences in the industry, labour volatility, and of the team, as well as to our auditor Bobby Kitching for yet economic sluggishness. another successful audit. Well, it has happened this financial year. The cancellation of five technical programmes has strained our cash flow; we New Members have had to draw down R1 million from our investments in Members order to fund daily operations and to continue to providing the quality service our members expect. C.E. Addinall, I.O. Asante, L. Auret, M.A. Austin, D. Avutia, Fortunately, over the years of abundance, our investment L. Banda, V.N. Banda, E. Banga, S.W. Bhero, J. Botha, portfolio has performed better than expected and thus was able M.I. Botha, M.M. Brown, R.E.D. Bush, V.N. Buthelezi, to sustain us during this past year; and perhaps will have to do H.M. Chauke, I. Chifamba, G. Chipepera, M. Chizura, so into the next. The uncertainty in the industry is not being L.P. Crabbe, J. Dadswell, M.T. Daling, D.D. Dames, calmed by rumours vis-à-vis job cuts. I.E. Davidson, R. de Franca Rosendo, J.T. De Souza, C. de Wet,

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M.S. Dekeda, G.M. Denton, N. Deonarain, C.M. Digby, R. Mitra, L.A. Mokgokong, L.A. Mokgokong, G.E. Mokoisa, G. Dombo, J.J. Dreyer, H.G. du Bois, J.H. Engelbrecht, K.S. Mumatsi, T. Munjeri, S.T. Nyamwawza, C. Reddy, E. Rex, A.G. Erasmus, Z. Fakhraei, A.O. Fapohunda, B. Farshadi, E. Rodrigues, M.M. Salamba, A. Seconds, P.R. Segopolo, I. Ganje, T.J. Goosen, D. Gordine, X.C. Goso, G.L. Govender, N.G. Sekgobela, P. Seyanumd, P.C. Snyders, A.J. Swart, C. Grobler, B.A.G. Grymonprez, D. Gwatinetsa, C.G. Higgins, I.N. Tunnicliffe, L. van Heerden. D. Hlahane, M.A. Jethro, A.J. Joubert, F. Kabamba, E.F. Kankeu, J. Kasumba, A. Khot, G.S.R. Koll, P.M. Krishna, Students S. Krishnan, S.J. Louw, F. Madyirapanze, S. Mafu, G. Mafunda, T.E. Mapanzure, O.C. Mashabila, D. Mathuba, G. Mawere, P.P. Aderam, J. Ahlers, A. Akinola, B. Amitu, N.N. Amwelo, P.M. May, B. McGeorge, D.S. Mdhlalose, J.P. Mirirai Bishi, O.A. April, A. Arumero, C.J. Badenhorst, N.J. Baloyi, A. Mlambo, K. Moswela, P.M. Motswagole, T. Moyo, V.D. Baloyi, S.T. Baloyi, M.S. Banyini, P.P.A. Beetge, K.A. Bele, T.B. Mubvirwi, L.C. Mudzingwa, C. Mukonoweshuro, L.M. Bester, P.W. Bester, N. Bhuda, S. Bilitane, Z.S.S. Binta, L.B. Mukumbi, M.G. Mulaudzi, P.P. Mulder, M. Mungoni, A.D. Biya, O.A. Boikanyo, S.C. Booi, M.T. Bopape, S. Buthelezi, K. Mushinka, K. Musiwa, A. Mutiti, C. Muzoriwa, M. Nasiri, Y. Chambati, T. Chauke, C. Chauke, A.N. Chauke, N.P. Chepape, L. Ncube, M.B. Ndasi, M. Nekongo, J.N. Nel, AM. Ntinginya, C.K. Chigudu, C. Chigwede, T. Chikomo, K.D. Chima, L.M. Ntsipe, W. Nyamapfeni, D. Oosthuizen, C.A. Opperman, V. Chipakwe, R.K. Chipara, I. Chiramba, T. Chitima, M.A. Pereira, O. Pillay, K. Ponnan, L. Ramanala, C.P. Sadomba, R.K. Chitsiku, K. Chivasa, J.M. Chiwara, M. Chiwawa, G. Sakuhuni, B.M. Schlenter, M.S. Sekano, V.P. Sharma, M.F. Chokoe, A. Damone, C. Dau, J. De Goede, D.M.D.N. De H. Sikana, R. Sililo, A. Simutowe, N. Singh, B. Stofberg, Ponte, J. De Villiers Thirion, E.R. De Wet, R. Demana, R. Sukdhoe, N. Tatalias, F. Tembo, J.J. Thompson, O.F. Dibwe, V.L. Diergaardt, N.P. Digomo, R.E. Dinkelmann, I. Tichivangana, M. Tozvireva, A. Tsapayi, Y.M. van der Grijp, K.T. Dirwai, M. Dlamini, O.J. Dlamini, O. Dombo, S.F.C van der Wath, B. Zimba, M.B. Zvigumbu. J.A. du Plessis, S. Du Plessis, J.P. du Plessis, A.G.N. Du Toit, J. Du Toit, V. Dube, B.W. Dunhira, L.J. Ebrahim, A.J. Els, S.N. Epiga, O.A. Filani, C.L. Fourie, E.P. Furamera, Associates T.Z. Galetuki, R.M. Ganga-Limando, L. Gcwabe, W. Goboza, W.K. Banda, N.P. Boonzaier, G.G. Booth, T.P. Boshego, I.T. Godra, G.L. Gomes-Sebastiao, A.A. Gqada, M. Grewar, M.B. Bululu, P.K. Buthelezi, M.F. Cedron, B.T. Charandura, L. Grobbelaar, M. Grobler, J. Groenewald, M.M. Guidao-Oab, J. Chetty, S. Chibwe, M. Chikwekwe, C. de Jager, F.H. Enslin, T.W. Gwishiri, N.I. Hainana, A.W. Hall, R. Hambeka, G.T. Farirepi, J.H. Ferreira, E.L. Forner, T.N. Francis, J.K. Hamunyela, S.I. Hango, T.P.M. Hawadi, H.H. Heinrichs, M.C. Gaula, T. Gcwabaza, H.H. Gouws, S. Gunpath, K.B. Hervé, K.C. Hendricks, M.D. Hendrique, J.C. Hlako, T.S.C. Hlatshwayo, C. Hofisi, R.G. Hove, C. Ilbury, C.S.A. Joseph, M. Kapembwa, B. Hlatshwayo, T. Hlengiwe, N.C. Hlongo, M.M. Hopane, N.M. Kazembe, M.J. Khumalo, P.F. Knights, J. P Labuschagne, P. Hove, M. Hurter, A. Hwacha, Y.L. Ikaneng, I. Itiola, T.M. L. Lehasa, M.M .A. Lelope, A.M. Lesufi, M. Letsoalo, X. Liu, Jack, I.M. James, N.E. Jeli, N. Jinyane, S.G. Jobson, A.B. John, S.C. Louw, A.F. Lubbe, R. Mahove, A.K. Majachani, N. Jokazi, B. Jordaan, T. Julius, B. Kabuya, M. Kadengwa, A.T. Majachani, T.S. Makacha, N.M. Makgoto, N. Makheda, L. Kahenge, A. Kaka, F.N. Kalamba, I. Kalande, J. Kalenga, T.C. R. Makwela, M.T. Mamina, M.S. Manono, M.P. Maphutha, Karino, G.W. Kasonga, J.P. Kayumba-Saleh, A.M. Kekana, G.T. H.L. Maringa, S.X. Mashaba, K.M. Matare, S. Mazonde, Kgaladi, D.J. Kgoete, M.G. Khalane, M.F. Khashole, P.S. Mbedzi, A.A. Mhlongo, R. Mitra, J.S.T. Moabi, H.H. Khoali, T.L. Khorommbi, B. Khosa ,N. Khosa, L.T. Khoza, N.N. Moeketsi, N.J. Mohlomi, L.A. Mokgokong, C.K.A. Khumalo, L.T. Khumalo, L Kloppers, P.M. Komana, L.A. Mokgokong, G. Mokoisa, T.I. Molaoa, M.C. Moyo, L.M. Korope, C.H. Kubayi, I.P. Kube, M.I. Kulula, S.J. Kunene, A.E. Mudau, C. Mulenga, K. Mumatsi, T. Munjeri, C.T. Kurira, V.B. Kuys, L.E. Labase, L.N. Langa, T.S. Lebona, H.C. Mushure, T.P. Mvubu, G.L. Mwenzi, N.G.N.G. Matthews, K.T. Lebopo, M.B. Ledwaba, P. Lefifi, P. Lehgwati, W. Naude, M. Ndlovu, T.F. Ndlovu, M. Nekongo, T.P. Ngobeni, K.M. Lekganyane, M.A. Lekoloane, D. J. Lekomanyane, P. Ntikang, N. Ntini, S.T. Nyamwawza, O.C. Nyaqela, T. Lekone, S. Leng, M.A. Lenonyana, K.F. Leshaba, S.T. Phalane, T.A. Rampai, C. Reddy, E. Rex, E. Rodrigues, T.C. Lesupi, K Letsoalo, W.M. Little, L.J. Little, P.T. Livhusha, M.M. Salamba, E.M.B. Santiago, F. Sasman, J. Scheepers, L. Lizwane, K. Lombard, R. Lombard, T. Luvhengo, A. Seconds, N.O. Segapela, P. Segopolo, N. Sekgobela, T.K. Maaba, T. Maake, J. Mabaso, S.B. Mabaso, A. Mabilu, S. Seporo, R.F. Serefentse, K. Setlhako, P. Seyanumd, R.S. Maboya, K.A. Mabule, S.W. Mabuza, N.R. Mabwe, N.A. Sithole, P.A. Sithole, I.H. Smuts, P.C. Snyders, A.J. Swart, K. Macheru, L.G. Machete, C.R. Machumi, S.A. Madanda, P. Thuleleni Mathumbu, J.R. Town, S.P. Tsebe, K.D. Tshivhase, L. Madidimalo, A. Madolo, M. Maduna, K. Madzhasi , I.N. Tunnicliffe, K. Uazeua, L. van Heerden, N. van Noordwyk, A. Madzvimbo, K. Mafema, T. Mafohla, M.G. Mafokeng, R.H. van Zyl, P.J. Wessels. M. Mafunisa, P.P. Magagane, P.M. Magagane, S.B. Magagula, R.R. Magakane, H.S. Magampa, N.D. Magidela, H.T. Magidi, T. Magora, M.M. Magoro, G. Magosvongwe, S.J. Magwala, Associate from Conferences L.S. Magwaza, M.M. Magwede, K. Mahapa, P. Mahlabela, G.G. Booth, T.P. Boshego, P.K. Buthelezi, M.F. Cedron, N.M. Mahlalela, V. Mahlangu, G.N. Mahlangu, C.R. Mahlaule, J.H. Ferreira, T.N. Francis, M.C. Gaula, T. Gcwabaza, J. Mahomed, R.B. Mahundla, L. Maimela, D.E. Majika, H.H. Gouws, S. Gunpath, C. Ilbury, P.F. Knights, L. Majola, J.S. Makaai, S.E. Makgata, M.T. Makgene, J.P. Labuschagne, S.C. Louw, T.S. Makacha, R. Makwela, D.M. Makgoale, M. Makgolane, K.D. Makhafola, M.S. Manono, H.L. Maringa, N.G. Matthews, P.S. Mbedzi, Z.M.M. Makhanda, L.M. Makhari, A.S. Makhubu, M.B. Makola, L 860    
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M.E. Makongoza, M.S. Makubasena, R. Makuku, A.G. Ndou, M.G. Ndouvhada, N. Ndwendwa, Z.A. Nekhumbe, N.P. Makwarimba, P.R. Malatji, O. Malatji, C.M. Malatji, E.G. Nel, Y. Nel, L. Nemabaka, P. Nemaheni, A. Nemakonde, C.M. Maleka, M.J. Maloka, S.M. Maluleka, W. Mambana, T. Nemasea, T.A. Nemavhola, R. Nepfumbada, E. Nephawe, T.D. Mametja, M.J. Mampshika, G. Mampuru, F. Manan, F. Nesengani, L. Nethamba, M. Netshifhire, V.C. Netshilaphala, R.L. Mandiwana, K. Mandiwana, I.P. Manenzhe, M. Netshilema, M.C. Netshiomvani, G.E. Netshipise, M.T. Manganyi, N.W. Mangezi, M.C. Mankuru, H.S. Mans, T.P. Netshisaulu, R. Netshithuthuni, T.M. Ngake, S.N. Ngcobo, R. Manyadze, M.Z. Manyathela, M. Manyoba, T.H. Mapholo, Z. Ngculu, P. Nghonyama, J. Ngoato, N. Ngobeni, L. Ngobeni, T.J. Maphosa, M.G. Maphunye, K. Mapotsane, T.L. Mapoulo, K.R. Ngoma, C.M. Ngomane, T. Ngubane, V.N. Ngubane, A. Mapuranga, H. Maree, W.B. Maree, M. Mariba, R. Marubini, K. Ngundu, L.V. Ngwenya, N.Q. Ngwenya, G.A. Nhenderere, N.G. Maruping, T.L. Masehla, H. Maseru, C. Mashamba, S. Nkabinde, S.J. Nkosi, P.N. Nkosi, S. Nkosi, T.P. Nkosi, P. Mashavhathanga, T.P. Mashiane, T. Mashike, K.M. Mashile, M.C. Nkwana, M.T. Nkwane, Y. Nleya, M.P. Nobela, P.R. Mashitisho, K. Mashoene, V.L. Masiane, M.T.C. Masilo, W.H. Nobela, Z.Z. Nondudule, M.L. Ntangeni, M.E. Ntantiso, S.O. Maskua, T. Masunda, M.S. Mathabatha, K.T. Mathabathe, M.M. Ntsane, P.R. Ntuli, K. Ntwe, T.M.N. Nuukongo, I.N. Mathe, M. Matheba, K. Mathebula, T.F. Mathebula, T.T.T. Nyabote, C.T. Nyahwai, I. Nyamadzawo, G. Mathebula, F. Mathedimosa, M.J. Mathekga, T.C. Mathonsi, K. Nyamuchiwa, R.N. Nyamugafata, H. Nyamwanza, T. Matidza, A. Matita, T. Matjila, P.P. Matlala, R.P. Matlala, N.B. Nyandeni, M. Nyanhongo, T. Nyasha, N. Nyathi, E.M. Matloa, T. Matlokotsi, B. Matlola, N.G. Matsanga, E. Nyikadzino, P. Olivier, T.L. Olyin, N. Othusitse, T. Otsengue, A.N. Matsemela, M. Matshinyatsimbi, M.E. Mavhungu, J.M. Page, T. Panganayi, T.M. Petje, T.C. Phago, B.I. Phakedi, T.T. Mayisa, N.S. Mazibuko, S.G. Mazule, K.K. Mbhele, H. Phaswana, K.G. Philo, T.L. Phophi, T.G. Phukubje, I.H. Mbodi, F.N. Mboumba, M. Mbulayeni, L. Mbuqa, S. Phunguza, T. Poffu, S. Poswa, G.V. Potjieter, H.J. Prins, H.K. Mdluli, S.M.G. Mdumela, G. Mentor, L Meyiwa, D.J. Prozesky, S.W. Qwabe, P.T. Raikane, J. Ramabu, N.M. Mgiba, P. Mgwebeni, J. Mhani, N.M. Mhinou, N. Ramaremisa, D.R. Ramaridili, S. Ramaru, S.C. Ramashala, Z.S. Mhlanga, K. Mhlanga, B.S. Mhlongo, T.G. Mhlophe, R. Ramathieledza, M. Ramavhoya, L. Ramawela, K. Ramonnye, N. Mhlungu, J.S. Minnar, M.E. Mitshiabo, T.L. Mkhize, A.A. Ramovha, T.D.O. Rampai, P. Ramudzult, M.T. Ramushu, S.C. Mkhonto, I.K. Mkhwanazi, N.S. Mlotshwa, T.E. Mmethi, P.M. Ramushu, K. Randau, B.D.P. Rapoo, P.E. Ratshiedana, R. Mmola, K.J. Mmonwa, K.P. Mmotlana, M.E. Mncube, Z.D. Ratshothe, R.S. Ravele, C. Reddy, N.B. Rekhotho, S.Z. Mntonga, O. Moagi, T.K. Moagi, A.O. Moakofi, N. Rembuluwani, T. Ribeiro, K. Rikhotso, J.J. Roets, R.J. Moeketsi, M.M. Moela, E. Moemedi, K.L. Moepi, D. H. Rossouw, A.J. Rossouw, T. Rukono, C. Rumbidzai, Mofokeng, L. Mofokeng, T.A. Mogajane, K. Mogale, M.A. K.T. Rusere, M.Y. Salojee, J. Sapsford, R. Schrywer, Moganedi, M.R. Mogano, T.J. Mogashane, K.L. Mogodiri, R.W. Sebapu, S. Seboko, M.E. Seete, J.L. Segoale, F. Mohale, M. Mohapi , M.A. Mohlala, L.D. Mohloua, R.P. Segosapelo, M.B. Seima, T.G. Seimela, T.M. Sekoaila, T.M. Mojela, M. Mokhele, A.Z. Mokoena, P.B. Mokoena, P.J. Selepe, N.M. Seloadi, M.C. Sema, T. Semenya, T.S. Sepuru, A.T. Mokoena, B.C. Mokomele, L.K. Mokonyane, B.T.V. Serutla, P.M. Seshoeni, M.G. Shabalala, T.E. Mokoqama, O.N. Molefe, S. Molekwa, N.R. Molele, M.T.V. Shabanga, M.C. Shabangu, T. Shandirwa, F.K. Shetu, M. Molobeng, T.C. Moloi, T. Monaheng, T. Monchu, A.N. Shiwalo, M. Shongwe, F.I. Shumba, M.S. Sibande, M.D. Montse, K.T. Moreme, D. Morena, T. Moretsele, N.F. Sibisi, N.I. Sibisi, M.N. Sibiya, S.G. Sibiya, K.J. Sibiya, F.D. Morkel, K.D. Morokong, A.P. Mosadi, K. Mosebedi, S.M. Sibuku, T. Silika, J.P. Silinda, W.G. Silva, C.T. Simelane, V.S. Mosebele, R. Moses, M.C. Moswatse, T.E. Moswete, G.K. Sindumba, N.T. Singo, K. Sinthumule, M.G. Sitefane, P.N. Motete, P.N. Motha, W.B. Motholo, M. Mothulwe, K.C. Sithole, T.M. Sitimela, X.N. Siwela, J. Skoczynski, L.D. Mothwa, T.K. Motjopi, B.Z. Motlhaping, L.M. Motlhoki, T.F. Skosana, G.P. Slabbert, M. Smith, M.E.G. Snyman, F.K. Motlogoneng, G. Motloung, I.M. Motloung, N. Snyman, A. Spratt, J.S. Steyn, Z. Stuurman, N. Sunduzwayo, B. Motsaathebe, N. Moyo, M.H. Mpe, Y.K. Mphahlele, J.C. Swanepoel, C.F.N. Tadonkeng, C. Tafadzwa, M. Takalo, P.R. Mphahlele, N.B. Mphakoba, A. Mphaphuli, C.M. Mphela, A.S. Tambwe, C. Taute, R.T. Tavenga, S.S. Tema, M.R. Mphule, S. Mpila, B. Mpina, S.S. Mpofu, K.E. Mrwata, E.N. Tembwa, M. Tharage, T. Thiba, J.L. Thobejane, P.P. Mthimunye, B.P. Mthombeni, P.T. Mubaiwa, C.M. Mudau, M.S. Thokoane, D. Thomase, K.C. Thovhakale, T.J. Thulare, J.N. Mudau, D. Mudau, T, Mudau, D.F. Muendane, Z. Tjangura, M. Tjege, D. Tjiuongua, R.P.P. Tlhoaele, A.T. Mugadzi, A.V. Mugari, F.K. Mukazi, M. Mukheli, G. Tlhobolo, T. Tlhopile , S.T. Tlowana, S. Toperesu, N.N.B. Mukonoweshuro, P. Mukwevho, M. Mulaudzi, R.L. Tseka, S.T. Tshabalala, S. Tshabalala, N.R. Tshibalo, R. Mulovhedzi, M. Munkombwe, E. Munyikwa, E. Munzhedzi, T. Tshipani, R. Tshotheli, M. Tshukudu, M. Tshuma, U.Y. Murangi, L.T. Mureverwi, Z. Muruge, B. Murwira, M. Tsiane, C.K. Tsibuli, T. Tsiku, L.V. Tsikwe, M.L. Musariri, P.C. Musehane, F.S. Musekwa, P. Muserere, V.T.M. Tsotsotso, M. Tuku, P.K. Twite, A.Q.Z. Tyira, L.L. Mushavhanamadi, J.T. Mushore, M. Mushwana, A.T. Uchena, L. Valjee, C. van Aarde, M.C.J. van der Merwe, N. Mutanga, K.T. Mutanga, S. Muthala, K. Muthuhadini, V.R. van der Merwe, S. van der Walt, R. van der Walt, P. Mutimutema, N. Mutshinya, E. Muvuti, D.Q.A. Mvelase, J. van der Westhuizen, M. van der Westhuizen, S.M. van R.I. Mwalange, A. Mwiya, D.P. Myburgh, M.N. Mzenzi, Wijngaarden, L. van Wyk, A. van Wyngaardt, W. van Zyl, N. Naidoo, S. Nala, H.I.N. Namupolo, J.E. Naudé, L. Vece, H. Venter, P.M. Venter, E. Veterai, G.L. Visser, T.N. Nbmakundani, R.F.Nchabeleng, M.V.Nchabeleng, N. Vuma, A.J. Wessels, M. Wessels, T.C. Wheatley, S. Wicks, N. Ndangana, D.K. Ndebele, S.G. Ndhlazi, S. Ndinisa, J. Witcho, K. Yabo, F. Zambezi, D.K. Zimucha, L.P. Zondo, N.N. Ndiweni, P.S. Ndlangamanala, M. Ndlovu,P.V. Ndou, S.L. Zulu, T.T. Zulu, F. Zvavamwe, K. Zwane.

        VOLUME 115    
 861 L Annual report

Company Affiliates H. Mukamba, K.B. Ngoma, B. Ngwenya, E.N. Ogunmuyiwa, DTP Bouygues Construction, MIP Process Technologies, L.B. Sekhokoane, T.M. Sinugo, A. Siwali, A.P. van Wyk, Technology Innovation Agency. F.Y. Zitha.

Members who retired Resignations Fellows Fellows B.A .Montpellier, G. Ashworth, B, Broekman, I.D. Cockerill. R.J . Daniel, E. Ford, D .A. Giese, T.G. Heslop, K .G. Kartun, P.J. Ledger, W. Marais, M.H. Moys, G.P. Murray, P.A. Noble, Retired Fellows K.C. Owen, G.R. Parker, L.M.S. Pinel, J.M.M. Rendu, M.G. Saner, L.F. Scheepers, M.E. Smith, D .A. Spencer. P.N. Vernon. Members Members A.C. Botha, K.G. Fisher, C.P.J.B. Jeppe. F.H. Badenhorst, K.J. Botes, A.H. Campher, P.J. Chetty, J.B. de Jager, R. Hayes, B. Lalla, A. Lewis, C. Lucion, S.R. Machaea, W.J. Marais, D.E. Marsden, C.U. Montan, Deceased D. Nowak, D.C. Swarts, R.J. Verster, D.J. Williams. Honorary Life Fellows L.W.P. van den Bosch, S. Budavari, J. Lurie. Associates M. Borrett, M.A. Bouchier, U.A. Curle, F. Daliri, M.T. Frans, Fellows J.L. Mokgawa, T.E. Muzinda, J. Nhiwatiwa, L. Njenge, R. Graham, R.M. Hlatshwayo, M.K.C. Roberts M.N. Phasha, L. Rabé, A. Roodt, J.J. Talija, E.C. van Heerden, A.C. van Niekerk. Retired Fellows I.R.M. Chaston. Students I. Huysamen, S.R. Nichol. Retired Members Company Affiliates W.B. Howe. Paul Wurth International SA. Members who were reinstated Reinstated as a Member Members transferred to Higher Grade I. EKitchin, L. Meyer, T. Sisya. Transfer from Fellow to Honorary Life Fellow G.V.R. Landman, A.S. Macfarlane, R.G.B. Pickering. Reinstated as Associates A.T. Manuwa Transfer from Member to Fellow J.A. Buckley, C.J.N.Dempers, P. den Hoed, L.J. Gardner, Members who were re-admitted C.A. Roode, J.J. van Wijk,C Williams. Re-Admitted as a Retired Member Transfer from Associate to Member I. Corrans. R .M. Bailey, J.R. Ballot, C.C. Ballot, G.G. Booth, E.T. Boshoff, Re-Admitted as a Member P.C. Botes, A.J. Carr, S.C. de Jager, N.N. Gerard, E. Katsande, M.D. Adams, N. Anthony, U. Bester, A.C. Botha, R. Kutama, V. Maronga, D.S. Mathebula, K. Mukuku, J. Muller, J.T.M. Chauke, . de Hill, K.C. Dirapelo, M. Duddy, D . Muma, S.K. Murphy, C.A. Ndunguru, M.J. Nethsipale, S.J. Hattingh, D.F. Jensen, J.M. Kanda, W.M. Kuswani, H. Ngarivume, J. Odendaal, S. Sandres, K.D. Scott, G. Strydom, L. Lijojo, S.I.S. Mahote, L. Makwamya, D. Mamphitha, F. Taljaard, M.R. Trivabaya, D. Van Deventer, J.J. van Vuuren, L. Matthysen, E.M. Mochubele, M.H. Motloutsi, J.H. Visser, V.S. Zulu. T.D. Mudimeli, K.M. Mushonga, T. Naidoo, J. Ncube, M.A. Ralephata, B. Swarts, P. Tyobeka, M.S. van Staden. Transfer from Associate to Student J.H. Ferreira. Re-Admitted as a Associate T.D. Lekoko. Transfer from Student to Associate M. Brendon, M. Chhiba, T.S. Kagogo, T. Kwenane, K. Lombard, Re-Admitted as a Student R. Lombard, D.N. Makili, C. Masinamela, F.M. Mohale, T.M. Chagwedera, M. Matsebula, F.T. Mdlongwa, K. Moothi, O. Mosikare, D.E. Möwes, D.T. Mudau, L.G.I. Motsepe, T.N. Phuthi, M.N. Sinchembe. N L 862    
 VOLUME 115         Outotec provides leading technologies and services for the sustainable use of Earth’s natural resources. As the global leader in minerals and metals processing technology, we have developed many breakthrough technologies over the decades for our customers in metals and mining industry. We also provide innovative solutions for industrial water treatment, the utilization of alternative energy sources and the chemical industry. www.outotec.com

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Increased mine plan efficiency with: s¬¬ ¬ Steeper walls Steep, unconsolidated rock and rock slopes are stabilized and offer protection for workers and equipment s¬¬ ¬ Fewer berms Flexible barriers take over protective function from the berm s¬ ¬ Better access to ore pockets Value of additional ore exceeds installation cost and less non-ore waste rock removal saves on mining costs

Geobrugg Southern Africa (Pty) Ltd Geohazard Solutions 1503Geobrugg Citrus AGStreet s Honeydew Business Park GeohazardBlock B s Unit Solutions 3 s Honeydew 2170 GautengAachstrasse s South 11 s CH-8590 Africa Romanshorn s Schweiz Tel:Cell +41SA +2771 466 845 81 132 55 732 s Fax: +41 71 466 81 50 www.geobrugg.com s[email protected] [email protected] Annual Financial Statements The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Annual Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Statement of Council members’ responsibilities and approval

The Council members are required to maintain adequate accounting records and are responsible for the content and integrity of the annual financial statements and related financial information included in this report. It is their responsiblity to ensure that the annual financial statements fairly present the state of affairs of the Institute as at the end of the financial year and the results of its operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in conformity with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute. The external auditor is engaged to express an independent opinion on the annual financial statements.

The annual financial statements are prepared in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute and are based upon appropriate accounting policies consistently applied and supported by reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates.

The Council members acknowledge that they are ultimately responsible for the system of internal financial control established by the Institute and place considerable importance on maintaining a strong control environment. To enable the Council members to meet these responsibilities, the Council set standards for internal control aimed at reducing the risk of error or loss in a cost- effective manner. The standards include the proper delegation of responsibilities within a clearly defined framework, effective accounting procedures, and adequate segregation of duties to ensure an acceptable level of risk. These controls are monitored throughout the Institute and all employees are required to maintain the highest ethical standards in ensuring the Institute’s business is conducted in a manner that in all reasonable circumstances is above reproach. The focus of risk management in the Institute is on identifying, assessing, managing and monitoring all known forms of risk across the Institute. While operating risk cannot be fully eliminated, the Institute endeavours to minimize it by ensuring that appropriate infrastructure, controls, systems, and ethical behaviour are applied and managed within predetermined procedures and constraints.

The Council members are of the opinion, based on the information and explanations given by management, that the system of internal control provides reasonable assurance that the financial records may be relied on for the preparation of the annual financial statements. However, any system of internal financial control can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss.

The external auditor is responsible for independently reviewing and reporting on the Institute’s annual financial statements. The annual financial statements have been examined by the Institute’s external auditor and his report is presented on page 866.

The annual financial statements set out on pages 867 to 879, which have been prepared on the going concern basis, were approved by the members and are signed on their behalf by:

Signed by: J.L. Porter 4 August 2015 President Date:

Signed by: C. Musingwini 4 August 2015 Treasurer Date:

       
VOLUME 115    
 865 L Annual Financial Statements

Report of the independent auditor

To the members of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy I have audited the annual financial statements of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, which comprise the statement of financial position as at 30 June 2015, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in reserves, and statement of cash flow for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes, as set out on pages 867 to 877. Council Members’ responsibilty for the Annual Financial Statements The Institute’s Council members are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these annual financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute and for such internal control as the Council members determine is necessary to enable the preparation of annual financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s responsibility My responsibility is to express an opinion on these annual financial statements based on my audit. I conducted my audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. These standards require that I comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the annual financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the annual financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the annual financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the Institute’s preparation and fair presentation of the annual financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Institute’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the annual financial statements. I believe that the audit evidence obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my audit opinion. Opinion In my opinion, the annual financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy as at 30 June 2015, and its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute. Supplementary information Without qualifying my opinion, I draw attention to the fact that supplementary information set out on pages 878 to 879 does not form part of the annual financial statements and is presented as additional information. I have not audited this information and accordingly do not express an opinion thereon.

AUDITOR: R.H. Kitching Chartered Accountant (S.A.) Registered Accountant and Auditor L 866    
 VOLUME 115        
Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Statement of Financial Position for the year ended 30 June 2015

Note 2015 2014 RR Assets

Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 2 189 214 178 497 Loan to associate entity 3 - 9 791 Other financial assets 4 32 155 290 29 957 445 32 344 504 30 145 733

Current assets Inventories 5 210 487 203 391 Trade and other receivables 6 1 532 391 1 459 503 Cash and cash equivalents 7 3 699 125 7 136 413 5 442 003 8 799 307 Total assets 37 786 507 38 945 040

Reserves and liabilities

Reserves

Reserves 8 4 998 949 4 783 683 Retained income 32 074 915 32 061 650 37 073 864 36 845 333

Liabilities

Non-Current liabilities Loan from associate entity 3 215 209 -

Current liabilities Trade and other payables 202 967 1 758 122 Deferred income 51 365 82 180 Provisions 243 102 259 405 497 434 2 099 707 Total liabilities 712 643 2 099 707 Total reserves and liabilities 37 786 507 38 945 040

       
VOLUME 115    
 867 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 30 June 2015

Note 2015 2014 RR

Revenue 17 308 745 17 102 755 Cost of sales (13 263 913) (12 736 233) Gross profit 4 044 832 4 366 522 Other income 1 592 400 2 534 748 Operating expenses (7 035 335) (6 700 453) Operating surplus 9 (1 398 103) 200 817 Investment revenue 918 701 678 185 Royalties OneMine 54 093 52 209 Fair value adjustments 498 945 4 671 867 Finance costs (60 371) (67 574) Surplus for the year 13 265 5 535 504 L 868    
 VOLUME 115        
Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Statement of Changes in Reserves for the year ended 30 June 2015

Funds Retained Total incomes reserves RR

Balance at 1 July 2013 4 577 687 26 526 146 31 103 833 Changes in reserves Surplus for the year – 5 535 504 5 535 504 Transfer of interest 205 996 - 205 996 Total changes 205 996 5 535 504 5 741 500 Balance at 1 July 2014 4 783 683 32 061 650 36 845 333 Changes in reserves Surplus for the year – 13 265 13 265 Transfer of interest 215 266 - 215 266 Total changes 215 266 13 265 228 531 Balance at 30 June 2015 4 998 949 32 074 915 37 073 864 Note(s) 8

       
VOLUME 115    
 869 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended 30 June 2015

Note 2015 2014 RR Cash flows from operating activities Cash generated from (used in) operations 11 (3 534 904) (1 577 383) Interest income 136 914 74 571 Dividends received 781 787 603 614 Finance costs (60 371) (67 574) Net cash from operating activites (2 676 574) (966 772)

Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of property, plant and equipment 2 (75 251) (26 288) Loans received/(advanced) to associate entity 225 000 (50 499) Purchase of investments (1 125 729) (163 048) Net cash from investing activities (975 980) (239 835)

Cash flows from financing activities Interest allocated to fund investments 215 266 205 996 Total cash movement for the year (3 437 288) (1 000 611) Cash at the beginning of the year 7 136 413 8 137 024 Total cash at end of the year 7 3 699 125 7 136 413 L 870    
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Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Accounting policies

1. Presentation of annual financial statements The annual financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting policies appropriate to the Institute. The annual financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for the measurement of certain financial instruments at fair value, and incorporate the principal accounting policies set out below. They are presented in South African rands. These accounting policies are consistent with the previous year.

1.1 Significant judgements and sources of estimation uncertainty In preparing the annual financal statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts represented in the annual financial statements and related disclosures. Use of available information and the application of judgement is inherent in the formation of estimates. Actual results in the future could differ from these estimates which may be material to the annual financial statements. Significant judgements include: Provisions Provisions were raised and management determined an estimate based on the information available. Inventories The inventories of publications are held and sold by the Institute for its own account and on behalf of its publishing partners who have underwritten some of the publications. The inventories are reflected in the financial statements at nominal value. The inventories of authors’ gifts and stock held from conferences are carried at cost. Provision is made for impairment.

1.2 Property, plant and equipment The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized as an asset when: • It is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Institute; and • The cost of the item can be measured reliably. Maintenance and repairs which neither materially add to the value of assets nor appreciably prolong their useful lives are charged against income. Property, plant, and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and any impairment losses. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method to write off the depreciable amount of items, other than land, over their estimated useful lives, using a method that reflects the pattern in which the assets’ future economic benefits are expected to be consumed by the Institute. Depreciation is provided on leasehold improvements over the remaining period of the lease. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized in surplus or deficit in the period. The depreciation charge for each period is recognized in surplus or deficit. Medals, plaques, dies and banners are recorded at nominal values.

       
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 871 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Accounting policies

1.3 Impairment of assets The Institute assesses at each reporting period date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Institute estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. That reduction is an impairment loss. An impairment loss of assets carried at cost less any accumulated depreciation or amortization is recognized immediately in surplus or deficit. Any impairment loss of a revalued asset is treated as a revaluation decrease.

1.4 Financial instruments

Initial recognition The Institute classifies financial instruments, or their component parts, on initial recognition as a financial asset, a financial liability, or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized on the Institute’s balance sheet when the Institute becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are recognized initially at cost; any transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial instrument are added to the cost.

Subsequent measurement After initial measurement, financial assets are measured as follows: • Loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments are measured at amortized cost less any impairment losses recognized to reflect irrecoverable amounts. Afters initial recognition, financial instruments at fair value through surplus or deficit are subsequently measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value being included in surplus or deficit for the period. After initial recognition, financial liabilities are measured as follows: • Financial liabilities at fair value through surplus or deficit, including derivatives that are liabilities, are measured at fair value. • Other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Gains and losses A gain or loss arising from a change in a financial asset or financial liability is recognized as follows: • Where financial assets and financial liabilities are carried at amortized cost, a gain or loss is recognized in surplus or deficit through the amortization process and when the financial asset or financial liability is derecognized or impaired. • A gain or loss on a financial asset or financial liability classified as fair value through surplus or deficit is recognized in surplus or deficit.

1.5 Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories comprises all costs of purchase, costs of conversion, and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. L 872    
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Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Accounting policies

1.6 Provisions and contingencies Provisions are recognized when: • The Institute has an obligation at the reporting period date as a result of a past event; • It is probable that the Institute will be required to transfer economic benefits in settlement; and • The amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably. Provisions are not recognized for future operating losses. Provisions are measured at the present value of the amount expected to be required to settle the obligation. The increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense.

1.7 Revenue Revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Institute and the revenue can be reliably measured. Interest is recognized, in profit or loss, using the effective interest rate method. Donations are recognized as and when received. Dividends are recognized, in profit or loss, when the Institute’s right to receive payment is established.

       
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 873 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015 (Continued)

2. Property, plant and equipment

2015 2014 Cost/ Accumulated Carrying Cost/ Accumulated Carrying Valuation depreciation value Valuation depreciation value

Furniture and fixtures 395 554 (351 693) 43 861 395 554 (342 056) 53 498 Office equiment 31 955 (9 579) 22 376 19 529 (5 290) 14 239 IT equipment 1 181 450 (1 058 473) 122 977 1 118 624 (1 007 864) 110 760 Total 1 608 959 (1 419 745) 189 214 1 533 707 (1 355 210) 178 497

Reconciliation of property, plant and equipment - 2015 Opening Additions Depreciation Total balance Furniture and fixtures 53 498 - (9 637) 43 861 Office equipment 14 239 12 426 (4 289) 22 376 IT equipment 110 760 62 825 (50 608) 122 977 178 497 75 251 (64 534) 189 214

Reconciliation of property, plant and equipment - 2014 Opening Additions Depreciation Total balance Furniture and fixtures 65 762 1 842 (14 106) 53 498 Office equipment 6 205 10 449 (2 415) 14 239 IT equipment 142 630 13 997 (45 867) 110 760 214 597 26 288 (62 388) 178 497

3. Loan to associate entity

Associate Entity The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (215 209) 9 791 The loan is unsecured, interest free with no fixed terms of repayment.

Non-current assets - 9 791 Non-current liabilities (215 209) - (215 209) 9 791 L 874    
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Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015 (Continued)

2015 2014 RR

4. Other financial assets

At fair value Listed shares 29 830 527 29 957 445 Bonds 2 324 763 - 32 155 290 29 957 445 Non-current assets At fair value 32 155 290 29 957 445

5. Inventories Finished goods 210 487 203 391

6. Trade and other receiveables Trade receiveables 1 479 448 1 457 086 Franking machine 52 943 2 417 1 532 391 1 459 503

7. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of: Cash on hand 26 752 30 838 Bank balances 852 019 798 512 Short-term deposits 2 816 154 6 302 463 Investment settlement account 4 200 4 600 3 699 125 7 136 413

       
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 875 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015 (continued)

2015 2014 RR 8. Funds Balance at beginning of year 4 783 683 4 577687 Interest received 215 266 205 996 Balance at end of year 4 998 949 4 783 683 Comprising: Prof. R.E. Robinson Fund (Book Publications Fund) Balance at beginning of year 773 924 740 597 Interest received 34 827 33 327 808 751 773 924

Brigadier Stokes Memorial Fund Balance at beginning of year 7 053 6 750 Interest received 318 303 7 371 7 053

P.W.J. van Rensburg Memorial Fund (Education Fund) Balance at beginning of year 1 174 158 1 123 596 Interest received 52 837 50 562 1 226 995 1 174 158

MacArthur Forrest Memorial Fund (Awards Fund) Balance at beginning of year 494 208 472 927 Interest received 22 240 21 281 516 448 494 208

INFACON X Research Fund Balance at beginning of year 2 122 472 2 031 074 Interest received 95 511 91 398 2 217 983 2 122 472

SANCOT Fund Balance at beginning of year 134 682 128 882 Interest received 6 061 5 800 140 743 134 682 L 876    
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Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015 (continued)

2015 2014 RR 8. Funds (continued)

The Dave Ortlepp Fund Balance at beginning of year 77 185 73 861 Interest received 3 473 3 324 Balance at end of year 80 658 77 185

4 998 949 4 783 683

9. Operating surplus Operating surplus for the year is stated after accounting for the following: Operating lease charges Premises – Contractual amounts 201 069 187 038 Profit (loss) on sale of other financial assets (571 287) (1 868 088) Royalties OneMine (54 093) (52 209) Profit on revaluation of non-current assets held for sale (498 945) (4 671 867) Depreciation on property, plant and equipment 64 534 62 388 Employee costs 4 146 123 3 966 306

10. Taxation No provision has been made for 2015 tax as the Institute is exempt from taxation in terms of Section 10(1)(cB)(i)(ff) of the Income Tax Act.

11. Cash generated from (used in) operations Surplus before taxation 13 265 5 535 504 Adjustments for: Depreciation and amortization 64 534 62 388 (Profit) loss on sale of assets (573 171) 1 868 088) Fair value adjustments (498 945) (4 671 867) Dividends received (781 787) (603 614) Interest received (136 914) (74 571) Finance costs 60 371 67 574 Movements in provisions (16 303) 28 607 Changes in working capital: Inventories (7 096) - Trade and other receivables (72 888) (968 461) Trade and other payables (1 555 155) 911 121 Deferred income (30 815) 4 024 (3 534 904) (1 577 383)

       
VOLUME 115    
 877 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Notes to the annual financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015 (continued)

Detailed income statement

2015 2014 RR Revenue Revenue 17 308 745 17 102 755 Cost of sales (13 263 913) (12 736 233) Gross profit 4 044 832 4 366 522 Other income Administration fees recovered 320 536 313 695 Dividend revenue 781 787 603 614 Fair value adjustments 498 945 4 671 867 Gains on disposal of assets 571 287 1 868 088 Insurance claim refund 11 160 - Interest received 136 914 74 571 Miscellaneous sales 96 638 90 702 Refunds received 509 721 92 998 Royalties OneMine 54 093 52 209 Royalties publications 11 267 67 749 Samrec/Samval 71 791 101 516 3 064 139 7 937 009 Expenses (7 035 335) (6 700 453) Operating profit 9 73 636 5 603 078 Finance costs (60 371) (67 574) Profit for the year 13 265 5 535 504 L 878    
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Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Detailed income statement

2015 2014 RR Operating expenses AGM medals (21 025) (8 040) Auditor’s remuneration (60 500) (57 195) Bad debts (248 737) (34 602) Bank charges (62 086) (65 786) Branches (20 254) - Career guidance (3 000) (257 000) Cleaning (6 675) 9 625) Computer expenses (165 412) (143 124) Consulting fees (51 101) (13 290) Council dinner (77) (11 337) Delivery expenses (16 000) (12 650) Depreciation, amortization and impairments (64 534) (62 388) Discount allowed (183) - Employee costs (4 146 123) (3 966 306) Flowers, plants and decor (12 003) (36 996) General expenses (118 620) (18 353) Insurance (40 821) (36 104) Internet charges - (31 272) Lease rentals on operating lease (201 069) (187 038) Legal expenses (15 730) - Library services - (9 453) Loss on exchange differences (34 690) (3 889) Management fees - investments (248 570) (210 064) Membership internet connection (60 000) (53 015) Membership internet communication (40 964) (27 500) Minor assets written off (1 999) - Office bearers/councillors expenses (55 586) (142 723) Parking expenses (96 127) (113 711) Photocopier expenses (266 684) (214 902) President’s expenses (9 524) (4 246) Printing and stationary (90 511) (115 914) Refunds (61 486) (12 310) Repairs and maintenance (32 969) (52 735) Sancot expenses (41 452) - Scholarship trust fund expenses - (200 000) Secretarial fees (61 775) (62 400) Setcom/paygate charges (44 211) (3 322) Software expenses (136 642) (9 790) Staff expenses (59 287) (41 003) Staff welfare (35 613) (35 631 Student prizes (16 000) (30 439) Subscriptions (302 909) (293 398) Training (49 395) (65 892) Website development/maintenance (34 991) (47 010) (7 035 335) (6 700 453)

       
VOLUME 115    
 879 L Leading manufacturer of quality piping systems for mining and industry SANS1283 SANS1283

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The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Trustees’ responsibilities and approval

The trustees are required to maintain adequate accounting records and are responsible for the content and integrity of the annual financial statements and related financial information included in this report. It is their responsiblity to ensure that the annual financial statements fairly present the state of affairs of the fund as at the end of the financial year and the results of its operations and cash flows for the period then ended, in conformity with the accounting policies of the fund. The external auditor is engaged to express an independent opinion on the annual financial statements.

The annual financial statements are prepared in accordance with the accounting policies of the fund and are based upon appropriate accounting policies consistently applied and supported by reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates.

The trustees acknowledge that they are ultimately responsible for the system of internal financial control established by the fund and place considerable importance on maintaining a strong control environment. To enable the trustees to meet these responsibilities, the trustees set standards for internal control aimed at reducing the risk of error or loss in a cost-effective manner. The standards include the proper delegation of responsibilities within a clearly defined framework, effective accounting procedures, and adequate segregation of duties to ensure an acceptable level of risk. These controls are monitored throughout the fund and all employees are required to maintain the highest ethical standards in ensuring the fund’s business is conducted in a manner that in all reasonable circumstances is above reproach. The focus of risk management in the fund is on identifying, assessing, managing, and monitoring all known forms of risk across the fund. While operating risk cannot be fully eliminated, the fund endeavours to minimize it by ensuring that appropriate infrastructure, controls, systems, and ethical behaviour are applied and managed within predetermined procedures and constraints.

The trustees are of the opinion that the system of internal control provides reasonable assurance that the financial records may be relied on for the preparation of the annual financial statements. However, any system of internal financial control can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss.

The external auditor is responsible for independently reviewing and reporting on the Institute’s annual financial statements. The annual financial statements have been examined by the Institute’s external auditor and his report is presented on page 882.

The annual financial statements set out on pages 883 to 886, which have been prepared on the going concern basis, were approved by the trustees on 4 August 2015 and were signed on their behalf by:

Signed by: J.R. Dixon Signed by: R.P. Mohring Chairman Vice-chairman

       
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 881 L Annual Financial Statements

Audit Report

To the members of The SAIMM Scholarship Fund I have audited the annual financial statements of The SAIMM Scholarship Fund, which comprise the statement of financial position as at 30 June 2015, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in reserves and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes, and the trustees’ report, as set out on pages 883 to 886. Trustees’ responsibility for the annual financial statements The fund’s trustees are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these annual financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies of the fund, and for such internal control as the trustees determine is necessary to enable the preparation of annual financial statements that are free from material misstatements, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s responsibility My responsibility is to express an opinion on these annual financial statements based on my audit. I conducted my audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that I comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the annual financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the annual financial statements. The procedures selected depend upon the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the annual financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the fund’s preparation and fair presentation of the annual financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the fund’s internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the annual financial statements. I believe that the audit evidence I have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my audit opinion. Opinion In my opinion, the annual financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The SAIMM Scholarship Fund as at 30 June 2015 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the accounting policies of the fund.

Robert Henry Kitching Registered Auditor L 882    
 VOLUME 115        
Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Annual Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Trustees’ report The trustees submit their report for the year ended 30 June 2015. This report forms part of the annual financial statements.

1. Registration The fund was registered as a trust on 11 November 2002 with registration number IT 6837/02. The fund can sue and be sued in its own name.

2. Review of activities

Main business and operations • The principal objects of the fund are to: (1) Support and promote, foster and advance the interests of the minerals industry by providing the beneficiaries with funds to be used to support the education of students in the minerals industry; (2) To collect monies and accept contributions in monies or otherwise by way of donations, bequests or otherwise and to apply the same or the income therefrom for all or any of the objects set out in (1) above. • The principal address of the fund is 5th Floor, Chamber of Mines Building, 5 Hollard Street, Johannesburg. The fund has no full-time employees and is administered by The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.

The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Statement of Financial Position at 30 June 2015 Note(s) 2015 2014 RR Assets Current Assets The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2 215 209 -

Total Assets 215 209 -

Reserves and Liabilities Reserves Founding settlement 1 000 1 000 Accumulated surplus 214 209 (10 791)

215 209 (9 791) Liabilities Current Liabilities The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2 - 9 791

Total Equity and Liabilities 215 209 -

       
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 883 L - 321 500  
- (371 999) - - 50 499 RR RR RR 2015 2014 2015 2014 225 000 (225 000) - (deficit)/surplus reserves Note(s)        Note(s) Contribution Accumulated Total VOLUME 115 (Registration number IT 6837/02) number IT (Registration    
 884 Donations and expenses Balance at 30 June 2015 1 000 214 209 215 209 Total changes - 225 000 225 000 Total changesBalance at 1 July 2014Changes in reserves Total comprehensive deficit for the year - 1 000 225 000 - (10 791) (50 499) 225 000 (9791) (50 499) Statement of Changes in Reserves for the year ended 30 June 2015 (Deficit) Surplus for the year(Deficit) Surplus for Other comprehensive income the yearTotal comprehensive (loss) income for 225 000 225 000 (50 499) 499) (50 Operating (deficit) surplus 225 000 (50 499) Donations received The SAIMM Scholarship Fund Scholarship The SAIMM Income Statement of Comprehensive June 2015 for the year ended 30 The Southern Metallurgy of Mining and Institute African Balance at 1 July 2013Changes in reserves Total comprehensive income for the year - 1 000 (50 499) 39 708 (50 499) 40 708 Cash flows from operating activities Net cash from investing activities (225 000) 50 499 Cash flows from investing activities Loans advance Cash generated from (used in) operations 225 000 (50 499) Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended 30 June 2015 Proceeds from loans payable Annual Financial Statements Annual L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Accounting policies

1. Presentation of Annual Financial Statements The annual financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting policies of the fund. The annual financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, and incorporate the principal accounting policies set out below. They are presented in South African rands. These accounting policies are consistent with the previous period.

1.1 Significant judgements In preparing the annual financial statements, the trustees are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts represented in the annual financial statements and related disclosures. Use of available information and the application of judgement is inherent in the formation of estimates. Actual results in the future could differ from these estimates, which may be material to the annual financial statements.

1.2 Financial instruments 1.2.1 Initial recognition The fund classifies financial instruments, or their component parts, on initial recognition as a financial asset, a financial liability or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized on the fund’s balance sheet when the fund becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities are recognized initially at cost; transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial instrument are added to the cost. 1.2.2 Subsequent measurement After initial recognition, financial assets are measured as follows: • Loans and receivables and held-to-maturity investments are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method • Investments in equity instruments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured, are measured at cost • Other financial assets, including derivatives, at fair values, without any deduction for transaction costs, which may arise on sale or other disposal. After initial recognition, financial liabilities are measured as follows: • Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, including derivatives that are liabilities, are measured at fair value • Other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. 1.3 Loans receivable/payable This includes a loan to The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; the loan earns no interest, nor does it have any terms of repayment. This loan is carried at cost. 1.4 Revenue Revenue comprises contributions received from donors and is recognized on receipt.

VOLUME 115        
   
 885 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Scholarship Fund (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Notes to the financial statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

2015 2014 RR 2. Loans to (from) group companies

Loans payable The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 215 209 (9 791) The loan is unsecured, interest free with no fixed terms of repayment.

Current assets 215 209 - Current liabilities - (9 791)

215 209 (9 791)

3. Taxation The fund is exempt from tax in terms of Section 18A of the Income Tax Act. L 886    
 VOLUME 115        

SAFETY AND PRODUCTIVITY

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The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Statement of council members’ responsibilities and approval

The council members are required to maintain adequate accounting records and are responsible for the content and integrity of the annual financial statements and related financial information included in this report. It is their responsiblity to ensure that the annual financial statements fairly present the state of affairs of the branch as at the end of the financial year and the results of its operations and cash flows for the period then ended in conformity with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute. The external auditor is engaged to express an independent opinion on the annual financial statements.

The annual financial statements are prepared in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute and are based upon appropriate accounting policies consistently applied and supported by reasonable and prudent judgements and estimates.

The council members acknowledge that they are ultimately responsible for the system of internal financial control established by the branch and place considerable importance on maintaining a strong control environment. To enable the council members to meet these responsibilities, the members set standards for internal control aimed at reducing the risk of error or loss in a cost-effective manner. The standards include the proper delegation of responsibilities within a clearly defined framework, effective accounting procedures, and adequate segregation of duties to ensure an acceptable level of risk. These controls are monitored throughout the branch and all employees are required to maintain the highest ethical standards in ensuring the Institute’s business is conducted in a manner that in all reasonable circumstances is above reproach. The focus of risk management in the branch is on identifying, assessing, managing, and monitoring all known forms of risk across the fund. While operating risk cannot be fully eliminated, the branch endeavours to minimize it by ensuring that appropriate infrastructure, controls, systems, and ethical behaviour are applied and managed within predetermined procedures and constraints.

The council members are of the opinion, based on the information and explanations given by management, that the system of internal control provides reasonable assurance that the financial records may be relied on for the preparation of the annual financial statements. However, any system of internal financial control can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance against material misstatement or loss.

The external auditor is responsible for independently reviewing and reporting on the branch’s annual financial statements. The annual financial statements have been examined by the Institute’s external auditor and his report is presented on page 888.

The annual financial statements set out on pages 889 to 892, which have been prepared on the going concern basis, were approved by the board and were signed on their behalf by:

Signed by: J.L. Porter Signed by: C.G. Sweet President Treasurer

       
VOLUME 115    
 887 L Annual Financial Statements

Audit Report

To the members of The SAIMM Western Cape Branch I have audited the annual financial statements of The SAIMM Western Cape Branch, which comprise the statement of financial position as at 30 June 2015, the statement of comprehensive income, statement of changes in reserves and statement of cash flows for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes, as set out on pages 889 to 892. Council Members’ responsibility for the annual financial statements The Institute’s council members are responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these annual financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute, and for such internal control as the council members determine is necessary to enable the preparation of annual financial statements that are free from material misstatements, whether due to fraud or error. Auditor’s responsibility My responsibility is to express an opinion on these annual financial statements based on my audit. I conducted my audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those standards require that I comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the annual financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the annual financial statements. The procedures selected depend upon the auditor’s judgement, including the assessment of the risk of material misstatement of the annual financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the Institute’s preparation and fair presentation of the annual financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the branches internal control. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the annual financial statements. I believe that the audit evidence I have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for my audit opinion. Opinion In my opinion, the annual financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The SAIMM Western Cape Branch as at 30 June 2015 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with the accounting policies appropriate to the Institute. Supplementary information Without qualifying my opinion, I draw attention to the fact that supplementary information set out on page 892 does not form part of the annual financial statements and is presented as additional information. I have not audited this information and accordingly do not express an opinion thereon.

Robert Henry Kitching Registered Auditor L 888    
 VOLUME 115        
Annual Financial Statements

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Statement of Financial Position at 30 June 2015 Note(s) 2015 R Assets

Current assets Trade and other receivables 2 65 887 Cash and cash equivalents 3 738 037 803 924 Total assets 803 924

Reserves and liabilities

Reserves

Retained income 771 390

Liabilities

Current liabilities The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 4 22 356 Trade and other payables 10 178 32 534 Total Equity and liabilities 803 924

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Statement of Comprehensive Income at 30 June 2015 Note(s) 2015 R Revenue 320 859 Cost of sales (567 142) Gross loss (246 283) Other income 1 703 Operating expenses (30 755) Operating surplus 5 (275 335) Investment revenue 28 582 Royalties OneMine 298 696 Surplus for the year 51 943

       
VOLUME 115    
 889 L 28 582 22 356 22 356 18 590 (3 766) 738 037 719 447 (32 348) 2015  
7 3 51 94351 943 51 943 51 943 income Note(s) Retained reserves Total        (Registration number IT 6837/02) number IT (Registration (Registration number IT 6837/02) (Registration number IT VOLUME 115    
 890 Surplus for the year Total changes Balance at 30 June 2015 771 390 771 390 at 30 June 2015 The SAIMM Western Cape Branch Cape Branch Western The SAIMM of Changes in Reserves Statement Balance at 01 July 2014Changes in reserves 719 447 719 447 Annual Financial Statements Annual Cash flows from operating activities Cash used in oprations Opening balance on cash and cash equivalents Total cash at end of the year Net cash from investing activities Loans advanced to associated entity Interest income Net cash from operating activities Statement of Changes in Reserves at 30 June 2015 The SAIMM Western Cape Branch The SAIMM Western Cash flows from investing activities Total cash movement for the year L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 2015

Accounting policies

1. Presentation of Annual Financial Statements The annual financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting policies of the fund. The annual financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis. They are presented in South African rands. These is the first year of operations.

1.1 Significant judgements and sources of estimation uncertainty In preparing the annual financial statements, the trustees are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts represented in the annual financial statements and related disclosures. Use of available information and the application of judgement is inherent in the formation of estimates. Actual results in the future could differ from these estimates, which may be material to the annual financial statements. Significant judgements include:

Provisions Provisions were raised and management determined an estimate based on the information available.

1.2 Impairment of assets The Institute assesses at each reporting period date whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the Institute estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. If the recoverable amount of an asset is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to its recoverable amount. That reduction is an impairment loss. An impairment loss of assets carried at cost less any accumulated depreciation or amortisatioon is recognised immediately in surplus or deficit. Any impairment loss of a revalued asset is treated as a revaluation decrease.

1.3 Provisions and contingencies Provisions are recognised when: • The Institute has an obligation at the reporting period date as a result of a past event • It is probable that the Institute will be required to transfer economic benefits in settlement and • The amount of the obligation can be estimated reliable Provisions are not recognised for future operating losses. Provisions are measured at the predent value of the amount expected to be required to settle the obligation. The increaase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognised as interest expense.

1.4 Revenue Revenue is recognised to the exyenty that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Institute and the revenue can be reliable measured. Interest is recognised, in profit or loss, using the effective interest rate method. Donations are recognised as and when received. Dividends are recognised, in profit or loss, when the Institute’s right to receive payment has been established.

VOLUME 115        
   
 891 L Annual Financial Statements

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 30 June 2015 Note(s) 2015 Revenue 320 859 Cost of sales (567 142) Gross loss (246 283) Other income 1 703 Operating expenses (30 755) Operating surplus 5 (275 335) Investment revenue 28 582 Royalties OneMine 298 6967 Surplus for the year 51 943

The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

The SAIMM Western Cape Branch (Registration number IT 6837/02)

Statement of Changes in Reserves for the year ended 30 June 2015 Retained Total reserves income Balance at 01 July 2014 719 447 719 447 Changes in reserves Surplus for the year 51 943 51 943 Total changes 51 943 51 943 Balance at 30 June 2015 771 390 771 390 L 892    
 VOLUME 115        

    

14–17 March 2016, Gaborone International Convention Centre Workshop: 14 March 2016 Conference: 15 –16 March 2016 Technical Visit: 17 March 2016

BACKGROUND eing the sixth conference in the series, the Diamonds—still Sparkling Conference targets the full spectrum of the diamond pipeline from exploration through to sales Band marketing. The last conference was held in 2013 at Misty Hills, Muldersdrift: the 2016 conference is returning to Botswana which previously hosted in 2010. Photographs of diamonds courtesy Petra Diamonds

Sponsors:    > Cutting and polishing > he objective of the conference will be to provide a Marketing and sales > forum for the dissemination of information relating Diamontiers T to the latest mining methods and technologies > Mine managers applicable to the diamond mining industry. This will > Mining companies consider all stages of the value chain, from exploration > Students mining industry through mine design, drilling and blasting production, Conference Supporter Media Partner and processing, to cutting, marketing and sales.   > Geology and exploration
    > Mine expansion projects > Processing engineers > Mining, metallurgical and beneficiation technology > Mining engineers > Rough diamond sales and marketing > Geotechnical engineers > Cutting and polishing > Geologists > Financial services and industry analysis For further information contact: > Yolanda Ramokgadi • Conferencing co-ordinator · SAIMM, P O Box Consultants > Industry governance and legislation update 61127, Marshalltown 2107 > Suppliers > Mine specific case studies Tel: (011) 834-1273/7 • Fax: (011) 833-8156 or (011) 838-5923 E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://www.saimm.co.za

  
    THETHE SAMREC/SAMVALSAMREC/SAMVAL COMPANIONCOMPANION VOLUMEVOLUME CONFERENCECONFERENCE An Industry Standard for Mining Professionals in South Africa 17–18 May 2016, Johannesburg BACKGROUND The SAMREC and SAMVAL Codes have been updated and will be released in 2016. In the process of updating these Codes numerous aspects were discussed that required more explanation and guidelines than could be included in the codes. In addition it was noted that the SAMCODES have no recognised guidelines or recognised standards, besides the coal commodity specific SANS 10320 National Standard

OBJECTIVES WHO SHOULD ATTEND The conference provides Competent Persons and Competent Valuators the opportunity The conference provides a platform for: to prepare and present details of recognised standards and industry benchmarks in all  Resource geologists aspects of the SAMREC and SAMVAL Codes. These contributions will be collated into a  Companion Volume to provide a guideline and industry standard for the public reporting of Resource investors Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves and the Valuation of Mineral  Project Finance Practitioners Projects.  Exploration geologists The conference will provide a wide range of information pertaining to industry best  Geoscientists practice including aspects of a various geological deposit types, commodities, permitting  and legal obligations, resource estimation, mining engineering methodologies, Mining engineers metallurgical and process arrangements, engineering/infrastructure design, social and  Mineral Resource and Reserve managers environmental factors etc for SAMREC Code reporting. Other papers will cover the  Mineral Resource and Reserve practitioners application of the various methods of valuation and where and when they should be  Competent Valuators. applied in accordance with the SAMVAL Code. This is a valuable opportunity to be involved in the compilation of industry standards and benchmarks to support in all fields related to the SAMREC and SAMVAL Codes. SAMVAL CODE SAMREC CODE Cost Approach Exploration Targets Mineral Reserves Valuation of exploration properties using the Reporting of Exploration Results The modifying factors cost approach Exploration Targets Selecting a mining method Target generation Metallurgy Market Approach Markets A review of market-based approaches Mineral Resources Optimal mine scheduling Valuation of mineral properties without Mineral Geological data collection Cut-off grades Resources Drilling techniques and drilling density Feasibility studies Valuation methods for exploration properties Bulk density Risk assessment in Resource and Reserve and undeveloped Mineral Resources Sampling theory Classification and reporting QA/QC Cashflow Approach Grade reconciliation Sampling and analysis protocols A Review of cashflow approaches Geological interpretation and geological Other Aspects Discounted cash flow analysis input modelling Legal aspects parameters and sensitivity Mineral Resource estimation Environmental Discounted cash flow analysis methodology Conditional simulation Sustainability issues and discount rates Mineral Resource estimation Social and labour planning The valuation of advanced mining projects and Classification and reporting Diamond Resource and Reserve operating mines Audits and reviews Reporting Valuing mineral opportunities as options Deleterious elements/minerals Coal Resource and Reserve Reporting

For further information contact: Head of Conferencing, Raymond van der Berg SAIMM, P O Box 61127, Marshalltown 2107 Tel: (011) 834-1273/7, Fax: (011) 833-8156 or (011) 838-5923 E-mail: [email protected] · Website: http://www.saimm.co.za POWERROC T50 A TRUSTED PERFORMER

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 www.atlascopco.co.za INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

2015 2016 28 September-2 October 2015 — World Gold Conference 14–17 March 2016 — Diamonds still Sparkle 2016 2015 Conference Misty Hills Country Hotel and Conference Centre, Gaborone International Convention Centre Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa Contact: Yolanda Ramokgadi Contact: Camielah Jardine Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Website: http://www.saimm.co.za 17–18 May 2016 — The SAMREC/SAMVAL Companion 12–14 October 2015 — Slope Stability 2015: Volume Conference International Symposium on slope stability in open pit Johannesburg mining and civil engineering Contact: Raymond van der Berg In association with the Surface Blasting School Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 15–16 October 2015 Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Cape Town Convention Centre, Cape Town E-mail: [email protected] Contact: Raymond van der Berg Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 21–28 May 2016 — ALTA 2016 E-mail: [email protected] Perth, Western Australia Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Allison Taylor 20 October 2015 — 13th Annual Southern African Student Tel: +61 (0) 411 692 442 Colloquium E-mail: [email protected] Mintek, Randburg Website: http://www.altamet.com.au Contact: Yolanda Ramokgadi Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 9–10 June 2016 — New technology and innovation in the Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Minerals Industry Colloquium E-mail: [email protected] Mintek, Randburg Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Camielah Jardine Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 21–22 October 2015 — Young Professionals 2015 Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Conference E-mail:[email protected] Making your own way in the minerals industry Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Mintek, Randburg Contact: Camielah Jardine 1–3 August 2016 — Hydrometallurgy Conference 2016 Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 ‘Sustainability and the Environment’ Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 in collaboration with MinProc and the Western Cape Branch E-mail:[email protected] Cape Town Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Yolanda Ramokgadi 28–30 October 2015 — AMI: Nuclear Materials Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 Development Network Conference Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, North Campus E-mail: [email protected] Conference Centre, Port Elizabeth Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Raymond van der Berg Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 16–18 August 2016 — The Tenth International Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 Heavy Minerals Conference ‘Expanding the horizon’ E-mail: [email protected] Sun City, South Africa Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Camielah Jardine Tel: +27 11 834-1273/7 8–12 November 2015 — MPES 2015: Twenty Third Fax: +27 11 838-5923/833-8156 International Symposium on Mine Planning & Equipment Selection E-mail: [email protected] Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa Website: http://www.saimm.co.za Contact: Raj Singhal E-mail: [email protected] or E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.saimm.co.za

       
   
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Namakwa Sands (Pty) Ltd Namakwa Sands (Pty) Limited New Concept Mining (Pty) - Zondereinde Northam Platinum Ltd SA (Pty) Ltd Osborn Engineered Products Limited Outotec (RSA) (Proprietary) PANalytical (Pty) Ltd Paterson and Cooke Consulting Engineers (Pty) Ltd Thyssenkrupp Polysius A Division Of Ltd Industrial Solutions (Pty) Precious Metals Refiners Rand Refinery Limited Redpath Mining (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Rosond (Pty) Ltd Royal Bafokeng Platinum Roymec Tecvhnologies (Pty) Ltd Runge Pincock Minarco Limited Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited SAIEG Salene Mining (Pty) Ltd Sandvik Mining and Construction Delmas (Pty) Ltd Sandvik Mining and Construction RSA(Pty) Ltd SANIRE Sasol Mining(Pty) Ltd Scanmin Africa (Pty) Ltd Sebilo Resources (Pty) Ltd SENET Senmin International (Pty) Ltd Shaft Sinkers (Pty) Limited Sibanye Gold (Pty) Ltd Smec SA SMS Siemag South Africa (Pty) Ltd SNC Lavalin (Pty) Ltd Sound Mining Solutions (Pty) Ltd South 32 SRK Consulting SA (Pty) Ltd Technology Innovation Agency Time Mining and Processing (Pty) Ltd Tomra Sorting Solutions Mining (Pty) Ltd Ukwazi Mining Solutions (Pty) Ltd Umgeni Water VBKOM Consulting Engineers Webber Wentzel Weir Minerals Africa WorleyParsons (Pty) Ltd        Elbroc Mining Products (Pty) Ltd Elbroc Mining Products Company Ltd Engineering and Project eThekwini Municipality Exxaro Coal (Pty) Ltd Exxaro Resources Limited Fasken Martineau Ltd FLSmidth Minerals (Pty) Ltd Fluor Daniel SA (Pty) Johannesburg Franki Africa (Pty) Ltd Fraser Alexander Group Glencore Goba (Pty) Ltd Hall Core Drilling (Pty) Ltd Hatch (Pty) Ltd Herrenknecht AG HPE Hydro Power Equipment (Pty) Ltd Impala Platinum Limited IMS Engineering (Pty) Ltd JENNMAR South Africa Joy Global Inc. (Africa) Leco Africa (Pty) Limited Longyear South Africa (Pty) Ltd Lonmin Plc Ludowici Africa Lull Storm Trading (PTY)Ltd T/A Wekaba Engineering Magnetech (Pty) Ltd Magotteaux(PTY) LTD MBE Minerals SA Pty Ltd MCC Contracts (Pty) Ltd MDM Technical Africa (Pty) Ltd Metalock Industrial Services Africa (Pty)Ltd Metorex Limited Metso Minerals (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Minerals Operations Executive (Pty) Ltd MineRP Holding (Pty) Ltd Mintek MIP Process Technologies Modular Mining Systems Africa (Pty) Ltd MSA Group (Pty) Ltd Multotec (Pty) Ltd Murray and Roberts Cementation Nalco Africa (Pty) Ltd Company Affiliates Company    
 The following organizations have been admitted to the Institute as Company Affiliates to the Institute as have been admitted organizations The following xiv AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd AEL Mining Services Limited Air Liquide (PTY) Ltd AMEC Mining and Metals (Pty) Ltd AMIRA International Africa Ltd ANDRITZ Delkor(Pty) Anglo Operations Ltd Anglo Platinum Management Services (Pty) Ltd Anglogold Ashanti Ltd Atlas Copco Holdings South Africa (Pty) Limited Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd Aveng Moolmans (Pty) Ltd Axis House (Pty) Ltd Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine Barloworld Equipment -Mining BASF Holdings SA (Pty) Ltd Bateman Minerals and Metals (Pty) Ltd BCL Limited Becker Mining (Pty) Ltd BedRock Mining Support (Pty) Ltd Bell Equipment Company (Pty) Ltd Blue Cube Systems (Pty) Ltd Bluhm Burton Engineering (Pty) Ltd Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mining Company Ltd BSC Resources CAE Mining (Pty) Limited Caledonia Mining Corporation CDM Group CGG Services SA Chamber of Mines Concor Mining Concor Technicrete Council for Geoscience Library CSIR-Natural Resources and the Environment Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Deutsche Securities (Pty) Ltd Digby Wells and Associates Downer EDI Mining DRA Mineral Projects (Pty) Ltd DTP Mining Duraset L  EXHIBITS/SPONSORSHIP Companies wishing to sponsor and/or exhibit at any of these events should contact the -ordinator 
 conference co as soon as possible

SAIMM DIARY 2015 or the past 120 years, the N CONFERENCE Southern African Institute of World Gold Conference 2015 28 September–2 October 2015, Misty Hills Country Hotel and FMining and Metallurgy, has Conference Centre, Cradle of Humankind, Muldersdrift promoted technical excellence in N SYMPOSIUM the minerals industry. We strive International Symposium on slope stability in open pit mining to continuously stay at the cutting and civil engineering 12–14– October 2015 edge of new developments in the In association with the Surface Blasting School mining and metallurgy industry. 15–16 October 2015, Cape Town Convention Centre, Cape Town The SAIMM acts as the N COLLOQUIUM corporate voice for the mining 13th Annual Southern African Student Colloquim 2015 and metallurgy industry in the 20 October 2015, Mintek, Randburg N South African economy. We CONFERENCE Young Professionals 2015 Conference actively encourage contact and 21–22 October 2015, Mintek, Randburg, Johannesburg networking between members N CONFERENCE and the strengthening of ties. AMI: Nuclear Materials Development Network Conference The SAIMM offers a variety of 28–30 October 2015, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, conferences that are designed to North Campus Conference Centre, Port Elizabeth N bring you technical knowledge SYMPOSIUM MPES 2015: Twenty Third International Symposium on Mine and information of interest for the Planning & Equipment Selection good of the industry. Here is a 8–12 November 2015, Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg, glimpse of the events we have South Africa lined up for 2015. Visit our 2016 website for more information. N CONFERENCE Diamonds still Sparkle 2016 Conference 14–17 March 2016, Gaborone International Convention Centre N CONFERENCE The SAMREC/SAMVAL Companion Volume Conference 17–18 May 2016, Johannesburg N COLLOQUIUM New technology and innovation in the Minerals Industry Colloquium 9–10 June 2016, Mintek, Randburg N For further information contact: CONFERENCE Conferencing, SAIMM Hydrometallurgy Conference 2016 P O Box 61127, Marshalltown 2107 1–3 August 2016, Cape Town Tel: (011) 834-1273/7 N CONFERENCE Fax: (011) 833-8156 or (011) 838-5923 The Tenth International Heavy Minerals Conference E-mail: [email protected] 16–18 August 2016, Sun City, South Africa

Website: http://www.saimm.co.za

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a member of the