Index

Abel, Richard L. 14 Agreement on Trade Aspects of Abrams, R. 48 Intellectual Property (TRIPS ACE inhibitors 82 agreement) 130, 141, 167, 173, ACTA (Anti-Counterfeiting Trade 235, 244, 258 Agreement) 140–1, 151 agricultural technology 168–70 activation, of social entrepreneur 43 AIA (Leahy-Smith America Invents Adams, Abigail 192 Act), 2011 132 Advocacy strategy 51 Alinsky, Saul D. 33, 54 affirmative action policies 76, 88, 89 Allman, Larry 142 African Agricultural Technology Alperovitz, G. 34 Foundation (Kenya) 176 Amazonlink.org (Brazilian NGO) 180 African Americans American Bar Association 133 African-American business American Intellectual Property ownership, in 21st century Lawyers Association 138 66–7 Anatomy of Racial Inequality, The dehumanization 9 (Loury) 91 economic progress 23–4, 65 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Emancipation Proclamation, effect (ACTA) 140–1, 151 9 antitrust law 36 emigration to Pepper Coast of Antons, Christoph 243 Africa 12 Aouads, Salah 184 hypertension in 85 Argentina 141 Jim Crow racial discrimination laws assimilation 92 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 87 Association of Black Cardiologists 80 lack of recognition and support for AT&T 104–5 IP achievements 2, 6 Attanasio, John B. 87 and legal services 129 Aufderheide, Patricia 19, 271, 278 as musicians 219 avian flu, patent landscape report on see also Motown, case study 181 race specific drugs 80 social equality goal 25 Babson College 47 Talented Tenth see Talented Tenth backward planning, and forward (educated blacks) execution 48 see also blacks; Jim Crow racial Baker, Lewis J. 98 discrimination laws; Kauffman Band, Jonathan 194 Firm Survey (KFS), start- Banik, Mark 88 ups; marginalized groups and banking system 36 communities, historical; slavery bankruptcy protection 36 African Artists Collaborative (AAC) Barnett, Jonathan 122 180, 181 Baumol, W.J. 36–7 Agar, Nicholas 87 Bayh-Dole Act (1980) 106, 107

­281

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Bell, Thom 218 Bullard, Sara 13, 14 Bell Laboratories 104–5 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Ben-Atar, Doron S. 246 Employment Dynamics 35 Bennett, Alan B. 155 Bush, George W. 39 Bennett, Lerone 9, 10, 13 Business Employment Dynamics, Bentham, Jeremy 216 Bureau of Labor Statistics 35 Berne Convention 246, 258 business intelligence 111 BiDil, case study (colorblindness) business ownership 79–86, 89 African-American, in 21st century FDA rejection of application for 66–7 marketing 79–80 intellectual property ownership by bigotry, in marketplace 77 new business owners 67–9 biodiversity 170–1 Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) biopiracy 177–8 African American business owners biotechnology 168–70 70, 72 PIIPA case studies 176, 177 background 67 black market distribution networks findings 73–4 260–1 innovators subset 69 blacks 9–13, 10, 13, 23–6, 48, 56 mergers and acquisitions 71 “black patients” 81, 82, 86, 87, 88 revenue and licensing activities business ownership in 21st century of new business owners 66–7 71–3 educated (Talented Tenth) see survival rates 70–1, 74 Talented Tenth (educated multiple owners 68 blacks) primary owner 68 and intellectual property as essential business schools 34, 35, 46 business asset 64, 65 Butler, John Sibley 9, 21, 24 see also African Americans; Bygrave, William D. 22, 47 marginalized groups and communities, historical; racial Cantillon, Richard 36 discrimination; slavery Cao, Lan 93 Block, F. 34 Capacity Building strategy 51 Bovard, James 250 capitalism 34, 55, 214, 215 Bower, Joseph L. 194 Carnegie, Andrew 36, 45 Boyle, James 122, 147 Carpenter, Megan M. 17, 64 Bradford, Harry 278 CBD see Convention on Biological Braithwaite, John 148 Diversity (CBD) Branson, Richard 45 CDIP (Committee on Development Brasco, Christopher J. 105, 114 and Intellectual Property) 175 Brauneis, Robert 233 Center for Economic and Social Justice Brazil 141, 151 213 BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, Center for International Environmental India, China and South Africa) Law (CIEL) 186 159, 240 Chander, Anupam 270 as sui generis development model Charity strategy 51, 52 244–5 China 151, 244 Brooke, Peter 48 Cho, Albert 44 Brookfield, Stephen 55 Chon, Margaret 20, 123, 267 Brown-Nagin, Tomiko 8, 23 Christensen, Clayton M. 194 Buffington, Kirk W. 95 Cibinic, John 114

Lateef Mtima - 9781783470259 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/23/2021 06:30:01PM via free access Index ­283 civil disobedience 13 case law civil rights and empowerment Batson v. Kentucky 88 case law Grutter v. Bollinger 88 Brown v. Board of Education 11, KSR v. Teleflex 85 13, 77 Shelley v. Kraemer 88 Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v. Canada case studies 79–86, 87, 89, 94 11 color of money 77 Murray v. Maryland 11 controversy 76 Plessy v. Ferguson 9–10, 11, 76 and diversity 76–7, 92, 93–4 civil rights social action platform inclusive marketplace 94 11–14 lessons for social economic empowerment 1–29 entrepreneurship and market economic justice economic theory 86–94 empowerment and civil rights liberal theories of race 90, 91, 93 213–15 pragmatic approach 92 historical perspective 22–7 and pragmatism 92 Intellectual Property Empowerment, Committee on Economic, Social and achieving 5–8 Cultural Rights 149 social justice centred-law and civil common heritage of mankind 158 rights activism 5–8 Competition in Contracting Act see also intellectual property (CICA) 1984 103 empowerment competition principle, public Civil Rights Era, US 5, 8, 24 procurement 101 Civil Rights Movement, US 21, 272 confrontation 54 civil protest strategy 13, 20 Congress of Racial Equality 13 gains of 26 Constitution, US 15 Houston as legal architect 10–11 Thirteenth Amendment 78 and Intellectual Property Fourteenth Amendment 50, 86 Empowerment 5, 15 colorblindness principle 76, 77 intersections 8, 9–14 patent and copyright laws 122–3 and intellectual property social Consultative Group on International justice theory 64 Agricultural Research (CGIAR) three-pronged strategy (legal action, 179, 185 social activism and individual Convention on Biological Diversity empowerment) 64 (CBD) 147, 166, 167, 170–1 classical entrepreneurship, social Global Environment Facility 174 entrepreneurship distinguished Nagoya Protocol on Access to 25–6, 39–40 Genetic Resources and the clinical trials, inclusion of race and Fair and Equitable Sharing gender in 80, 83 of Benefits Arising from their Clinton Administration 249 Utilization 171 cloud computing 111 Conway, Danielle M. 4, 96, 100, 105, Coady, Moses 55 109, 113 Codified Change 50 Coombe, Rosemary J. 149 Cogar, Elizabeth 25 cooperatives 38–9 Cohn, Jay 79, 80, 85 Cooter, Robert 121, 127, 134 collaborative action 28–9 copyright xvii–xviii, 18 collateral policies 98 balancing public interest and private collective entrepreneurship 39 ownership 165 colorblindness principle 76–94 economic rational 233–4

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fair-use privilege 151 Stockholm Protocol Regarding intellectual property rights 121, 122, Developing Countries 158 124 training and education 151–2 ‘killing’ 194, 196, 201 Development Agenda (WIPO) 150, reasons for 205–7 152, 155, 161, 162 making money 196–203 empirical research 156 monopoly pricing 194, 198 Old Development Agenda 158 ‘NoCopyright Party’ 196, 200, 202, recommendations 141–2, 157 203, 205, 206, 207–8, 275 see also World Intellectual Property and public domain 195, 199, 202 Organization (WIPO) registration 123–4 Development as Freedom (Sen) 38 termination rights 203–5 development policies 128–9 terms 191–208 Diana Project 44 beneficiaries of term extensions Diepeveen, Stephanie 243, 247 193–4 Digital Divide Network 175 call to action to restore terms to Digital Millennium Copyright Act 180 original 195–6 digital technology 178–9 capping of 195 Disney, Walt 45, 195 shortcomings of present system distribution agreements, complexity 193, 195–6, 199 127 ‘worth more dead than alive’ 194 diversity, value of 76–7, 92, 93–4 corrective justice 93 DoD see Department of Defense Crawford, Francine 192 (DoD) Creative Class 37 domain name registration service Creative Economy 37 system, development for Internet 1 “creator/destroyer” entrepreneurial double patenting 81 activity 23, 24 Dougherty, Sean M. 156 Creed, Linda 218 Douglass, Frederick 54 Cross, John T. 146 Drahos, Peter 148, 245 Crouch, Robert A. 83 Drayton, Bill 39 Du Bois, W.E.B. 12, 13, 23, 25, 213, Daly, L. 34 214 Danzon, Patricia 258 Dubin, Jon 134 Datadyne (US-based consultancy) 178, Dunning, John H. 242 185 Dutfield, Graham 166 de Beer, Jeremy 142, 149, 159 duties of care 137–8 de jure racial discrimination 11 deadweight loss 198, 199 economic development, and innovation deal lawyers 127, 129 120–8 Declaration on the Rights of economic empowerment, and civil Indigenous Peoples 149 rights 1–29 Dees, Gregory 39, 46 economic justice 23, 213 Def-Jam Recordings 222–5 Economic Structure of Intellectual Dell, Michael 45 Property Law, The (Landes and Department of Defense (DoD) 111 Posner) 216 “rule of two” 108, 109 eDiscovery 111 developing countries Edison, Thomas 17, 45 defense of IP 243–4 education Development Agenda (WIPO) IP Educator 42 144–5 legal 135–7

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and training see training and equal opportunity, and education entrepreneurship 78 Education strategy 51 Equal Protection Clause, Fourteenth Edwards, Harry T. 23 Amendment 86 effectuation 47 Equality through Economics Einhorn, Bruce 243 philosophy see ETE (Equality Electronic Frontier Foundation 175 through Economics) philosophy entertainment and media 218–33 equivalents doctrine 87 music business 218–25 ETE (Equality through Economics) entrepreneurial state 34 philosophy 25, 26, 48 entrepreneurs applying to other IP empowerment classification 36 contexts 28 intellectual property start-up 16 Etheredge, Kim 16 IP Entrepreneurs 42, 43–4, 45 opportunities, identifying 42–3 fair use, judicial application 19 role and qualities 41–4 Fairlie, Robert W. 68 entrepreneurship fair-use privilege 151 applying entrepreneurship approach Farley, Christine Haight 273 48–56 farmers best practices for entrepreneurial court challenges against 169 economic development 235–62 global food security and livelihoods as a business practice 37 of 183 definitions 34, 119, 212 Federal Technology Transfer Act embracing 20–22 (1986) 107 entrepreneurial exploitation xx Finger, J. Michael 150, 273 and equal opportunity 78 Fink, Carsten 156 future, considerations for 58–9 Florida, Richard 37 hegemony 54, 55 Fogarty Center (US), National history 36, 38 Institutes of Health 181 intellectual property social justice, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) achieving 33–63 denial of approval for marketing of “middleman” 21, 25, 278 BiDil patent 79–80 model of social change 50–51 Modernization Acct (1997) 80 policies 125–6 Ford, Henry 45 reasons for 34, 37 foreign aid 248–51, 258 refining the roles and qualities of the forward execution, and backward entrepreneur 41–4 planning 48 resistance 54 Foundation for Ethnic Understanding social see social entrepreneurship (FFEU) 223 and social justice 128–33, 211–13 Framework Convention on Tobacco status quo, impulse to change 43, Control (WHO, 2003) 173–4 44–6 free trade agreements (FTAs) 97 steps in entrepreneurial process Frieire, Paolo 55 46–8 From Goods to A Good Life (Sunder) strategies for social change 51–3 217 Theory of Change 53–4 Froomkin, A. Michael 159 unintended consequences 55, 56 Funding strategy, and social change 52 Entrepreneurship (Bygrave and Zacharakis) 47 Gacel, Rafael A. 155 EpiSurveyor project 178 Gamble, Kenny 218–21

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Ganga Library, Inc (global digital Harvest Plus (CGIAR program) 179, library for public access to Nobel 185 Prize Winners’ materials) 183–4 Hassan, Emmanuel 243, 247 Garvey, Marcus 12, 23, 25, 211, 213, Health Alliance for Austin Musicians 214 (HAAM) 233 Gates, Bill 45 health care 172–4 gender, inclusion in clinical trials 80 Hefler, Laurence R. 129, 131 Genencor International 177 Heimes, Rita 17, 124, 130 General Accounting Office 114 Helfer, Laurence R. 20, 148 genetic modification 169 Henderson, Gina 2, 27 genetic resources (GR) 166 Henley, Raymond 84 Geographical Indicators (GIs) 130, 165 hierarchy of needs theory 44 geospatial, non-relational database Hip-Hop Summit Action Network management systems 111 (HSAN) 224 Gerafi, Jonathan 194 Hirschman, Albert 77 Gervais, Daniel J. 153 historically marginalized groups Gibbons, Llewellyn Joseph 4 see marginalized groups and GIS 111 communities, historical GIs (geographical indications) 130 Historically Underutilized Business Glivec (cancer drug) 19 Zone (HUBZone) 104 Global Environment Facility 174 HIV/AIDS pandemic 145, 172, 173, Global Fund for AIDS, Malaria and 176 Tuberculosis 173 Höffner, Eckhard 246 global information society 2 Holder, Eric 65 Global Internet Liberty Campaign 175 Holte, Ryan T. 277 Goldstein, Jorge 186 Horten, Monica 141 Gollin, Michael A. 157, 164, 168, 169, Horton, Miles 55 170, 171, 176 Houston, Charles Hamilton 10–11, 13, Google Books Project 19 15, 18, 23 Gordy, Berry 57 as Special Counsel of NAACP 14 Goto, Akira 145 Howard Law School, Washington Gouvin, Eric J. 21, 23 137 Government Accountability Office 114 Howell, Aaron D. 95 Government Procurement Agreement Huff, Leon 218–21 (GPA) 97 human capabilities, improving 128–9 Gowers, Andrew 140 human capital 47 Grameen Bank, India 28, 39 human rights, and intellectual property Gramsci, Antonio 54, 55 129–33 Grant, Joanne 9, 23 hydralazine 79, 81, 82 Grassroots Mobilization strategy 51 Greene, K.J. 6, 269 Ibero American Science and Grieff, Edward D. 84 Technology Education Grigsby, Tyrone 2 Consortium (ISTEC), Americas gross national product (GNP) 95 and Iberian Peninsula 178–9 Ibis Reproductive Health (Zimbabwe “hackathons” 75 and South Africa) 176 Hamilton, Neil D. 169 Ibrahim, Dariam M. 119 Hammond, Allen S. 14 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Happy Birthday song 195 Assigned Names and Numbers) Hart, David M. 125 2, 159

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Imperial Broom company 24–5 reorientation toward principles of impulses 40 social justice 4 inclusive marketplace 94 social empowerment, ensuring 274 India social interoperability, facilitating Grameen Bank 28, 39 275 Intellectual Property Appellate and socio-political economy 267–70 Board 19 transactional support exchange 231–2 training and educational programs Western perspectives 3, 7 151 see also unified theory of IP social inertia 54 justice information economy 66 Intellectual Property Appellate Board, information sector 65 India 19 information technologies 175 Intellectual Property Empowerment innovation 119–39 achieving 5–8, 107 and economic development 120–8 benefits 4–5 empowerment and other social as civil and human rights in the 21st justice considerations 114–16 century 14–15 facilitating entrepreneurship in and Civil Rights Movement 5, 15 110–16 intersections 8, 9–14 intellectual property rights 121–5 collaborative action 28–9 and law 120–28 communal socio-economic progress roles in innovation industry 116 goal 27 and social change 52 implementing 28–9 of social entrepreneur 43 legal theory 15–20 social utility objective 5, 18 and procurement 96–7 targeted support for IP realization 7 empowerment in 114 social action platform 8, 20–22, 28 innovative entrepreneurs 36 and social entrepreneurship 22–7 Institute for Intellectual Property social objective of 107 Social Justice 59 see also civil rights and integrity principle, public procurement empowerment 101 Intellectual Property Institute, William intellectual capital 47 Mitchell College of Law 136–7 intellectual property intellectual property rights (IPRs) balancing public interest and private enforcement 153, 154 ownership in 165–6 innovation 121–5 basic education 230–31 strong 123 birth of modern regime 245–8 utilitarian 254–5 conventions and agreements 144 intellectual property social justice 3, definitions 66 15–20 digital context 3 and Civil Rights Movement 64 dynamic nature of IP legal ensuring 274 frameworks 166–7 entrepreneurship approach to as essential 21st century business achieving 33–63 asset 64–75 social justice gap 43 global public interest IP sectors theory 5–6, 20 168–75, 185 training and education for 140–62 and human rights 129–33 intellectual property social platform see imperialism 7 social action platform, intellectual litigation support exchange 231 property

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Intellectual Property Training and IP Lawyers 41, 45, 58 Education: A Development IP Policymakers/Activists 41–2, 45, Perspective (de Beer and 58 Ogamanam) 142 IPRs see intellectual property rights International Alpaca Association (IPRs) (IAA), Peru 177 isosorbide dinitrate 79 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) 182 Jaffe, Adam B. 131 International Centre for Trade and Jamar, Steven D. 17, 18, 20, 64, 131, Sustainable Development 142 134, 193 International Code of Conduct on the Japan 159, 239 Transfer of Technology 158 Jaszi, Peter 19, 271, 278 International Cooperative Biodiversity Jefferson, Thomas 191–4, 195, 207 Groups (ICBGs) 181 Jim Crow racial discrimination laws 10, International Covenant on Civil and 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 87 Political Rights 149 Jobs, Steve 45 International Covenant on Economic, Johns, Adrian 235 Social and Cultural Rights 149 International Maize and Wheat Kapczynski, Amy 19, 140 Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) Kappos, David 128, 134 176 Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS), start- International Roundtables on WIPO ups Development Agenda for African American business owners Academics 140, 143 70, 72 International Symposium on Digital background 67 Libraries 178, 179 findings 73–4 international technology transfer innovators subset 69 incentives 251–3 mergers and acquisitions 71 International Treaty for Plant revenue and licensing activities of Genetic Resources for Food and new business owners 71–3 Agriculture (ITPGRFA) 147, 166, survival rates 70–71, 74 182 Kauffman Foundation 35 International Union for the Protection Keller, M.R. 34 of New Varieties of Plants Kelty, Christopher 275 (UPOV) 166, 169, 182 Kennedy, John F. 211 Internet Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) access to 3, 175 177–8 domain name registration service Kerrigan, Jack E. 105, 114 system, development 1 Kesan, Jay P. 88 Internet Corporation for Assigned Kharas, Homi 259 Names and Numbers (ICANN) King, Martin Luther 13–14, 20, 65, 2, 159 195, 213, 215 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 180 Kingston, William 237, 242 inventions, racially tailored 85 Kirton, Raymond Mark 100 investor-owned firm (IOF) 38 Kneller, Richard 241 IP Business Entrepreneur 41 knowledge IP Creators 41, 45, 49, 56, 58 access to 22 IP Educators 42, 58 traditional 171–2 IP Entrepreneurs 42, 43–4, 45, 49, 58 see also traditional knowledge and IP Innovators 56 cultural expressions (TKE) of

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indigenous peoples, Western litigation 134–5 misappropriation litigation support exchange 231 Kozinski, Alex 90 Locke, John 233, 266 Krattiger, Anatole 146 Lodha, Ritu 145 Kroc, Ray 45 Logic Model 53 Kull, Andrew 90 “lone wolf” intellectual property Kymlicka, Will 93 entrepreneurship 24, 27 Kyoto Protocol 174 Lopez, Ian Haney 76 Loury, Glenn 91, 92 LaBelle, Patti 219 Love, James 147 Lacey, Mark 178 laches, equitable defense of 228–9 Mackey, John 45 Lacy, James V. 114 MacLeod, Adam 34 Lahiri, Sajal 250 Madison, James 191 Laird, Sarah A. 171 Maine School of Law 136 Lall, Sanjaya 235 Malcolm X 213 Landers, Amy 146 Marable, Manning 12 Landes, William A. 124, 216 March on Washington for Jobs and Lassiter, Wright L. 215 Freedom (1963), 50th anniversary law (2013) 64, 65 and innovation 120–8 marginal costs and losses 257–8 legal education 135–7 marginalized groups and communities, legal theory of Intellectual Property historical 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 20 Empowerment 15–20 intellectual property rights, property 121 protection 16, 18 social justice centred-law and civil see also African Americans; blacks; rights activism 5–8 Jim Crow racial discrimination social justice vs. law and economics laws; slavery 215–17 market capitalism see capitalism law schools 46, 133, 134, 139 market efficiency, piracy as 253–8 Law strategy 51, 52 Market Exchange strategy 51, 52 Lawson, James 13, 20 marketplace lawyers 120, 124–5, 139 bigotry in 77 deal lawyers 127, 129 and colorblindness 77–8, 94 transactional lawyering, US 127 inclusive 94 Leahy-Smith America Invents Act Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access (AIA), 2011 132 to Published Works by Visually least developed countries (LDCs) 236, Impaired Persons and Persons 238 with Print Disabilities (2013) 19, Lerner, Josh 125, 126, 127, 131 162 Lessig, Lawrence 105, 111 Marshall, Thurgood 10, 11 Leval, Pierre 19 Martin, Waldo E. 214 Levi, Wendy 16 Maskus, Keith E. 154, 156, 251 Levine, Robert S. 214 Maslow, Abraham 44, 207 Levinson, Justin D. 6 Mason, Gilbert R. 214 liberal theories of race 90, 91, 93 Mayfield, Mark Steven 211 Liberia, founding of Republic 12 McCadney, Jennifer 113 licensing agreements 72–3 McCrudden, J. Christopher 100 Lincoln, Abraham 52 McCue, Clifford P. 95 Litan, Robert E. 122 McHenry, Emmit J. 2

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McNeil, Genna Rae 9, 10, 11, 23 see NAACP (National Association McPherson, Isaac 192 for the Advancement of Colored Means, Benjamin 24 People), US MedCo Research Inc. 79 National Institute for the Defense Medicine Patent Pool 173 of Competition and Intellectual Melendez-Ortiz, Ricardo 142, 152 Property (INDECOPI), Peru mergers and acquisitions 71 179–80 Mertha, Andrew 156 National Institute of Health 83 Mezirow, Jack 55 National Institutes of Health Mighty Three Music 218 Guidelines on the Inclusion of Mill, John Stuart 216 Women and Minorities in Clinical Millennium Development Goals Research (1994) 83 (MDGs) 149 National Science Foundation 1 MIRA (Methods for Improving Natural Law theory 233 Reproductive Health in Africa) Navajo language digital preservation 176 project 183 Mireles, Michael 146 negotiation skills 155–6 MIT Technology Licensing Office, Negro Business League 214 University of Alabama 49 neo-mercantilism 246 Mixed Chicks, case of 16–17, 24 Network Solutions, Inc 1–2 Model Rules of Professional Conduct New Venture Creation (Timmons and 133, 134 Spinelli) 47 monopolies 191, 194 New World 2, 12 monopoly pricing, copyright 198 New York City 209 Montgomery Bus Boycott 13 Nexavar (cancer drug) 19 motivation, of social entrepreneur 43 Niagara Movement 13 Motown, case study 57, 225–33 Nitromed, case study (colorblindness) Movements strategy 51 79–86, 87, 94 Mtima, Lateef 3, 7, 17, 18, 20, 64, 131, nitrous oxide, medical use in 134, 193, 266, 270 hypertension and heart disease 79 Mueller, Milton L. 159 Nollywood (Nigerian film industry) Munzer, Stephen R. 4 164, 180–81 music business 218–25 Non-Communicable Diseases, Motown, case study 225–33 multilateral agreements on 174 Philadelphia International Records non-obviousness requirement, 218–21 modification of inventions 84, 85 Mycoguild (international non-profit non-profit organizations 38 corporation) 177 Normative Change 50 mycotechnology 185 normative legal action 6–7 North, Douglass 36, 50 NAACP (National Association for the North American Industry Advancement of Colored People), Classification System (NAICS) 69 US 10, 13, 23, 224 Houston as Special Counsel 14 Obama, Barack 34–5, 65 Nanda, Nitya 145 Cairo speech (2009) 39 Narula, Rajneesh 242 O’Connor, Sean 127 Nash, Ralph C. 114 Odagiri, Hiroyuki 145, 159 Nashville, Tennessee 221 Office of Technology National Association for the Commercialization, University of Advancement of Colored People Alabama 49

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Office of Technology Transfer, US PIIPA see Public Interest Intellectual National Institutes of Health 184 Property Advisors (PIIPA) Oguamanam, Chidi 142, 149, 159 PIPA (PROTECT IP Act) 141 O’Jays, The 218, 219 piracy 239 Okediji, Ruth 151 BRIC countries, as sui generis One Million Cups (Kauffman development model 244–5 Foundation) 35 developing countries, defense of IP 1207 Program (DoD) 108–9 243–4 O’Neill, Jim 159 development stages 240–3 open and inclusive society, goal of 92 as efficient development modality Open-Source technology 175, 178 255–7 as market efficiency 253–8 PAE (patent assertion entity) 276–7 “pitch competitions” 75 Parenti, Christian 113 Plant, Sir Arnold 216 Pareto efficiency 257 pluralism, racial 78, 93, 94 Paris Convention 158, 258 Porter, Eduardo 119 Parks, Rosa 13 Posner, Richard A. 124, 216 Patent and Trademark Office, US 67, Potoski, Matthew 95 81 poverty 65, 129, 149, 163, 248, 267 patent assertion entity (PAE) 276–7 global 261 patents xvi–xvii, 36, 81, 131 and public procurement 100, 104 first-to-file system 132 Powell, John A. 90 first-to-invent rule 132 Pozen, David E. 21, 23, 39 free and open access to 106 preferences 103 intellectual property rights 121, 122 private ordering 126–8 law 83, 88, 89, 122 pro bono obligations 133–5 race neutrality 83 Procter & Gamble 177 racial categorization 88, 89 procurement see public procurement terms 82 product development, complexity 127 see also BiDil, case study productive entrepreneurs 36 (colorblindness); Nitromed, profit maximization motive 46, 77 case study (colorblindness) property law 121 Patry, William 18, 270 PST (professional, scientific and Paul, Billie 219 technical) services 69, 70, 72, 73, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire) 55 74 Pelosi, Nancy 65 Public Interest Intellectual Property Pendergrass, Teddy 219 Advisors (PIIPA) 167–87 Perdue, Donna 186 background 167–8 performance based specification 115 beneficiaries 168 personalized medicine 80, 86, 94 case studies 176–84 Petrella, Paula 228 African Agricultural Technology pharmaceutical drugs, access to 22, 87 Foundation (Kenya) 176 see also BiDil, case study Amazonlink.org (Brazilian NGO) (colorblindness); Nitromed, 180 case study (colorblindness) Datadyne (Sub-Saharan Africa) Philadelphia International Records 178, 185 218–21 Fogarty Center (US), National Phillips, Tito 212 Institutes of Health 180, 181 Phillips, Victoria F. 27 Ganga Library, Inc 183–4 Pigou, Arthur Cecil 216 Harvest Plus (international) 179

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Ibero American Science and human development and intellectual Technology Education property book 181–2 Consortium (ISTEC), pro bono services 164, 168, 185, Americas and Iberian 187 Peninsula 178–9 work on global public interest Ibis Reproductive Health added value of a global public (Zimbabwe and South interest IP network and Africa) 176 clearing house 185 intellectual property audit for global community of public four selected Colombian interest lifelong volunteers agricultural businesses 183 185–6 International Alpaca Association public procurement (IAA), Peru 177 achieving intellectual property social Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) justice 110–16 177–8 budgets 112 Latin America and the Caribbean business development program 108 (LAC), intellectual property case law and R&E in 182 Adams v. Robertson 110 liquids, device to safely mix in Adarand Constructors, Inc v. Pena global health sector 184 108, 109–10 Mycoguild (international) 177 empowerment and other social National Institute for the justice consideration in Defense of Competition procurement of innovation and Intellectual Property 114–16 (INDECOPI), Peru 179–80 entrepreneurship Navajo language digital definitions 108 preservation project 183 facilitating in innovation industry Nollywood (Nigeria/US) 164, 110–16 180–1 obstacles to 108–10 PIIPA human development and promotion of and strategic social intellectual property book entrepreneurship 107–10 181–2 Federal government, role 104–7, 111, World Intellectual Property 114 Organization 181 inclusion of small, disadvantaged dynamic nature of IP legal business in procurement frameworks 166–7 markets 107–10 global public interest intellectual innovation-implementation chasm property sectors 113 added value of a global public intellectual property illustration interest IP network and 104–7 clearing house 185 performance based specification 115 agricultural technology 168–70 and power of the purse 99–100 biodiversity 170–71 preferences 103–4 health care 172–4 purpose and goals 101–2 information technologies 175 set-asides 103–4 internet access 175 small disadvantaged business open-source 175 certification program, technology transfer and controversy 108–10 environment 174–5 and social justice 103–4 traditional knowledge 171–2 socio-economic impact 97–100

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strategic Rockefeller, John D. 36, 45 expanding role 99 Rodrik, D. 34 in furtherance of social justice Roffe, Pedro 145 101–7 Rohter, Larry 57, 226 and promotion of IP social Rosen, Mark D. 88 entrepreneurship 107–10 Ruel, Michael D. 83 structural changes to a government’s Russia 244 industrial contractor base 104–7 subcontracting incentives 103–4 Sally Beauty Supply, LLC 16 Supreme Court, role in Adarand case Sandel, Michael J. 87 109–10 Santayana, George 158 targeted support for IP Sarasvathy, S.D. 47 empowerment in innovation Say, Jean-Baptiste 36 industry 114 SBA (Small Business Administration) wealth distribution 108 108, 109 publicity rights xix–xx, 165 Scafidi, Susan 93 Putnam, Jonathan D. 123 Schechter, Roger 233 Schmidt, Charles W. 237 race Schooner, Steven L. 101 assimilation 92 Schramm, Carl 33, 41 civil construction of a nation’s Schuck, Peter H. 90 shared purpose and racial Schuler, Philip 150, 273 categories 91 Schumpeter, J. A. 33, 41 inclusion in clinical trials 80, 83 SDBs (small disadvantaged businesses) liberal theories 90, 91, 93 108, 110 policy evaluation and racial Selfa, Lance 214 categories 91 self-empowerment 21 policy implementation and racial Sell, Susan K. 140 categories 91 Sen, Amartya 38, 77, 128, 129, 267 racial discrimination 11, 12, 65 separate but equal principle, race 76, and racial categorization in patent 77 law 88, 89 service and professionalism separate but equal facilities 76, 77 duties of care 137–8 see also Jim Crow racial legal education 135–7 discrimination laws pro bono obligations 133–5 racial equality movement 13–14 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) “rainbow republicanism” 92 111 Rawls, Lou 219 service sector 65 redistributive justice 20 Seschillie, Krytle 183 Reedy, E. J. 69 set-asides 103 Reitz, John C. 265 Shah, Sonali K. 69 remedial justice/action 18, 230 Sharp, Ken 220 rennin-angiotensin system 82 Sherman Rogers, W. 8, 21, 212 replicative entrepreneurs 36 Shirk, W. Bruce 111 revenue and licensing activities, new Shuchman, Lisa 16 business owners 71–3 Sidebottom, Diane M. 105 Rhythm & Blues Foundation 221 Simmons, Russell 222–5 risk assessment 47 Singapore 159, 239 Robb, Alicia M. 68 Sinjela, Mpazi 142 Robinson, David T. 68 Sirolli, E. 43

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Sisman, Eugene 132 social justice centred-law and civil Slater, Derek 3, 274, 278 rights activism 5–8 slavery 78, 103, 104 strategic public procurement in chattel 9, 15 furtherance of 101–7 economic empowerment and civil see also intellectual property social rights 12, 15–16 justice; unified theory of IP and entrepreneurship approach, social justice applying 52, 56 Social Network, The (film) 48 Sluby, Patricia Carter 6, 16 social utility objective 5, 18 Small Business Act, Section 8(a) 108 socio-political economy, and Small Business Administration (SBA) intellectual property 267–70 108, 109 SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) 141 small disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) South Korea 159, 239 108, 110 Southern America, Reconstruction 9 Smart Grid 111 post-Reconstruction era 12 SMEs (small and medium-sized Spear, Roger 27 enterprises) 100 Spinelli, S. 47 Smith, Adam 216 Springfield, Illinois race riot (1908) 13 Smith, D. Gordon 119 Startup America initiative 34–5 Smith, K. Carl 215 status quo, impulse to change 43, 44–6 Smith, Robert J. 6 Statute of Anne (1709) 193 Smith, Van 16 STEM (science, technology, social action 7–8 engineering, mathematics) 49, 75 social action platform, intellectual Stevenson-Wydler Technology property 7, 8 Innovation Act (1980) 107 Intellectual Property Empowerment Stiglitz, Joseph E. 267, 273 8, 20–2 stigmatizing, designation of racial social capital 47 categories as 88, 89 social change 46 Stockholm Protocol Regarding model 50–51 Developing Countries 158 strategies for 51–3 Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) 141 social contract theory 193 Streitz, Wendy D. 155 social entrepreneurship Striga (witchweed) 176 classical distinguished 25–6, 39–40 Strom, R.J. 36–7 and colorblindness 94 Strong, Barrett 33, 57–8, 225–33 ETE, applying to other IP Stuckey, Kent D. 1 empowerment contexts 28 subcontracting incentives 103 and Intellectual Property Sullivan, Otha Richard 22 Empowerment 22–7 Sunami, Atsushi 145 social justice Sunder, Madahavi 7, 64, 130, 217, 269, vs. collateral policies 98 275 definitions 212–13 Survey of Business Owners (SBO), and economic justice 213 Census Bureau 66, 72 and entrepreneurship 128–33, 211–13 Takagi, Yo 142 innovation industry 114–16 Talented Tenth (educated blacks) 12, intellectual property social justice, 26 achieving 33–63 Talented Tenth Economic Uplift 23, vs. law and economics 215–17 24, 25 and public procurement 103–4 tangible assets, ownership 65

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Tansey, Geoff 145 Travis, Hannibal 14, 19 Taussig, Frank William 216 Trinity of Management 43 tax shelter/trust advice 232 TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on technology transfer and environment Trade Aspects of Intellectual 174–5 Property) 130, 141, 167, 173, 235, ten Kate, Kerry 171 244, 258 Tepperman, Andrew B. 123 Trotter, Monroe 13 termination rights, copyright 203–5 Troutt, David Dante 131 Thadeusz, Frank 239, 247 Trubek, David M. 14 Thelen, Christine 247 TSM (teach, suggest, motivate) test 85 Theory of Change 53–4 Three Degrees,The 219 UNCTAD (United Nations Timmermann, Cristian 17 Conference on Trade and Timmons, J.A. 47 Development) 158 TIPGRFA (International Treaty for unemployment, African Americans 65 Plant Genetic Resources for Food UNESCO Convention on the and Agriculture) 166 Protection and Promotion of the Tolentino, Paz Estrella E. 256 Diversity of Cultural Expressions trade secrets xv–xvi 149 Trademark Electronic Application UNESCO Convention on the System (TEAS) 124 Safeguarding of Intangible trademarks xviii–xix, 131 Cultural Heritage 149 balancing public interest and private unified communications 111 ownership 165 unified theory of IP social justice definitions 67–8 265–79 intellectual property rights 121, 122, action, empowering 274–7 124 applying 270–3 PIIPA case studies 177 changes, making 277–8 purpose of laws 238 intellectual property and socio- traditional knowledge and cultural political economy 267–70 expressions (TKE) of indigenous see also intellectual property; social peoples, Western misappropriation justice 6–7, 21, 273 unintended consequences, traditional knowledge (TK) 165, 171–2 entrepreneurship 55, 56 training and education, IP United Nations Conference on business insights 157–8 Environment and Development, economic analysis 156–7 Rio (1992) 170 global awareness 159–61 United Nations Conference on Trade historical appreciation 158–9 and Development (UNCTAD) 158 limitations 146–8 United Nations Framework negotiation 155–6 Convention on Climate Change redesigning of programs 143–54 170, 174 skills and perspectives 155–61 United Nations Security Council transactional lawyering, US 127 (UNSC) 245 transactional support exchange, United States individual 231–2 Constitution see Constitution, US Trans-Pacific Partnership Free Trade as developing country 159 Agreement 196 inequality in 119 transparency principle, public IPR regime 123 procurement 101 legal system 127

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private property rights regimes Williams, Juan 11, 13, 14, 20 121–2 Wilson, Valerie R. 65 training and educational programs Winston Smith, Sheryl 69 151 WIPO see World Intellectual Property United States Patent and Trademark Organization (WIPO) Office (USPTO) 67, 81, 124, 128, WIPO-Green 174–5 132, 134 Wong, Mary W. S. 268 Law School Clinic Certification Pilot Wong, Tzen 166 program 136 Woods, Granville T. 17, 24 Universal Declaration of Human worker-owned cooperatives 39 Rights 149 World Health Organization (WHO) unproductive entrepreneurs 36 Essential Drugs and Medicines UPOV (International Union for the Policy 172 Protection of New Varieties of Framework Convention on Tobacco Plants) 166, 169, 182 Control (2003) 173–4 USPTO see United States Patent and World Intellectual Property Trademark Office (USPTO) Organization (WIPO) 170 utilitarian intellectual property rights Committee on Development and 254–5 and Intellectual Property 175 Development Agenda see Venable LLP (US law firm) 186, 187 Development Agenda (WIPO) venue of change 50 formation as UN specialized agency Veteran’s Administration (VA) 79 158 Vetter, Greg R. 276 General Assembly (2007) 143 Viagra 79 Intergovernmental Committee Vinson, Robert Trent 214 on Intellectual Property and virtualization 111 Genetic Resources, Traditional vision, of social entrepreneur 43 Knowledge and Folklore visual impairment, and copyright laws (WIPO IGC Committee) 166, 18 171 Vivas-Eugi, David 145 International Roundtables on WIPO Development Agenda for Warner-Chappell 220 Academics 140, 143 Washington, Booker T. 12, 23, 52, 213, Secretariat 172 214 World Intellectual Property Report 156 Equality through Economics World Trade Organization (WTO) 170, philosophy 25, 26, 48 247 wealth maximization 92–3, 123 TRIPS Agreement 130, 141, 167, see also profit maximization motive 173, 235, 244, 258 Weijer, Charles 83 Wozniak, Steve 45 Weisbrot, Robert 9, 11 write of certiorari 109, 110 Weiser, Phil 35–6 Wruuck, Patricia 3, 274, 278 Welton, Michael 55 Whitman, John 26, 27, 38 Yaqub, Ohid 243, 247 Whitney, Eli 56 Yu, Peter K. 141, 144, 146, 147, 148, Wildavsky, Aaron 46 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159 Wilhelm, Anthony G. 3 Yunus, Muhammad 39 William Mitchell College of Law, Intellectual Property Institute Zacharakis, S. 47 136–7 Zuckerberg, Mark 45

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