Table S1. Vertebrates with disease mimicking phenotypes. Time since split from Disease- Genome Genome humans Organ mimicking Phenotype available on annotated (millions of vertebrates NCBI? on NCBI? years; timetree.org) Pangolins Teeth 96 Myr No teeth Yes Yes (Pholidota) Baleen whales 96 Myr No teeth Yes Yes (Mysticeti) Narwhal (Monodon 96 Myr No enamel No N/A monoceros) Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales 96 Myr No enamel No N/A (Kogia spp.) Anteaters 105 Myr No teeth No N/A (Vermilingua) Sloths (Folivora) 105 Myr No enamel Yes No Armadillos 105 Myr No enamel Yes Yes (Cingulata) Aardvark 105 Myr No enamel Yes Yes (Orycteropus afer) Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis 105 Myr No enamel No N/A gigas) Echidnas 177 Myr No teeth No N/A (Tachyglossidae) Birds (Aves) 312 Myr No teeth Yes Yes Turtles 312 Myr No teeth Yes Yes (Testudinata) Egg-eating snakes 312 Myr No teeth No N/A (Dasypeltis spp.) Toads (Bufonidae) 352 Myr No teeth No N/A Carps, minnows, loaches and 435 Myr No teeth Yes Yes relatives (Cypriniformes) No cones, Blind mole rats Eyes 90 Myr degenerate Yes Yes (Spalacinae) eyes No cones, African mole rats 90 Myr degenerate Yes Yes (Bathyergidae) eyes Baleen whales 96 Myr No cones Yes Yes (Mysticeti) Sperm whales 96 Myr No cones Yes Yes (Physeteroidea) Beaked whales 96 Myr No cones No N/A (Ziphiidae) Sloths (Folivora) 105 Myr No cones Yes No Armadillos 105 Myr No cones Yes Yes (Cingulata) No cones, Golden moles 105 Myr degenerate Yes Yes (Chrysochloridae) eyes Marsupial moles Degenerate 159 Myr No N/A (Notoryctes spp.) eyes Burrowing snakes (Typhlopidae, Leptotyphlopidae, 312 Myr No cones No N/A Anomalepididae, Anilius scytale) Montpellier snake (Malpolon 312 Myr No rods No N/A monspessulanus) Geckos (Gekkota) 312 Myr No rods Yes Yes Blind cave No cones, salamander 352 Myr degenerate No N/A (Proteus anguinus) eyes No cones, Caecilians 352 Myr degenerate No N/A (Gymnophiona) eyes Blind cave fish No rods, (Astyanax fasciatus, 435 Myr degenerate Yes Yes Amblyopsidae) eyes Deep sea bony fishes (e.g., Conocara spp., Bathysaurus spp., 435 Myr No cones No N/A Coryphaenoides spp., Hoplostethus spp.) Deep sea cartilaginous fishes (e.g., Chimaera monstrosa, 473 Myr No cones No N/A Hydrolagus mirabilis, Bathyraja richardsoni) Lack Toothed whales Olfaction 96 Myr capacity for Yes Yes (Odontoceti) olfaction Lungless Lungs salamanders 352 Myr No lungs No N/A (Plethodontidae) Platypus Stomach (Ornithorhynchus 177 Myr No stomach Yes Yes anatinus) Lungfish (Dipnoi) 413 Myr No stomach No N/A Pufferfish 435 Myr No stomach Yes Yes (Tetraodontidae) Platyfish 435 Myr No stomach Yes Yes (Xiphophorus spp.) Zebrafish (Danio 435 Myr No stomach Yes Yes rerio) Medaka (Oryzias 435 Myr No stomach Yes Yes latipes) Chimaeras 473 Myr No stomach Yes Yes (Holocephali) Red blood Ice fishes No red 435 Myr No N/A cells (Channichthyidae) blood cells No hind Limbs Whales (Cetacea) 96 Myr Yes Yes limbs Manatees and No hind 105 Myr Yes Yes dugong (Sirenia) limbs Limbless or Snakes (Serpentes) 312 Myr degenerate Yes Yes hindlimbs Limbless or Skinks (Scincidae) 312 Myr degenerate No N/A hindlimbs No Pygopodids forelimbs, 312 Myr No N/A (Pygopodidae) degenerate hindlimbs Limbless or Seps (Tetradactylus 312 Myr degenerate No N/A spp.) hindlimbs Limbless or Worm lizards 312 Myr no hind No N/A (Amphisbaenia) limbs American legless 312 Myr Limbless No N/A lizards (Anniellidae) Caecilians 352 Myr Limbless No N/A (Gymnophiona) Females limbless, Dibamidae 352 Myr males No N/A degenerate hind limbs Grass lizards Degenerate (Chamaesaura 352 Myr No N/A limbs spp.) Limbless or Bachia 352 Myr degenerate No N/A limbs Limbless or Glass lizards 352 Myr degenerate No N/A (Ophisaurus spp.) hind limbs Sharks, skates, Bones rays, chimaeras 473 Myr No bone Yes Yes (Chondrichthyes)