Archaeological Desk Based Assessment of Land at Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE

Work Undertaken For Moor Bio-Energy

October 2015

Report Compiled by Paul Cope-Faulkner BA (Hons) ACIfA

National Grid Reference: SK 8864 4102

APS Report No: 94/15

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT SERVICES

Archaeological Project Services

ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Plates

1. SUMMARY ...... 1

2. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

2.1 Definition of Desk-Based Assessment...... 1 2.2 Planning Background ...... 1 2.3 Site Location ...... 1 2.4 Geology and Topography ...... 2

3. AIMS ...... 2

4. METHODS ...... 2

5. RESULTS ...... 2

5.1 Historical Data ...... 2 5.2 Cartographic Data ...... 2 5.3 Aerial Photographic Data ...... 3 5.4 Archaeological Data...... 3 5.5 Walkover Survey ...... 4

6. CONSTRAINTS ...... 5

6.1 Heritage Constraints...... 5 6.2 Other Constraints ...... 5

7. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ...... 5

8. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL AND SIGNIFICANCE ...... 5

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 6

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 6

11. ABBREVIATIONS ...... 7

Table 1: Archaeological sites and findspots within the assessment area ...... 8

Appendices

1. Glossary

Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

List of Figures

Figure 1 General location plan

Figure 2 The assessment area showing the proposed development site

Figure 3 Extract from ‘A Sketch of the township of Great Gonerby…’, early 19th century

Figure 4 Extract from the Great Gonerby Enclosure Award map, 1808

Figure 5 Extract from the Kelham Estate Book, 1858

Figure 6 Extracts from the 1905 and 1951 editions Ordnance Survey 6” maps

Figure 7 Aerial photographic data from within the assessment area

Figure 8 Archaeological sites and findspots from within the assessment area

Figure 9 Results of the walkover survey

List of Plates

Plate 1 View along the access track from College Farm

Plate 2 Gated access to Site

Plate 3 View looking northeast across the Site along proposed access route

Plate 4 View looking southeast across the northern part of the Site towards Bees’ Gorse

Plate 5 View looking southeast across the Site

Plate 6 View looking southwest along the eastern boundary of the Site

Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

1. SUMMARY 2. INTRODUCTION

A desk-based assessment was undertaken to 2.1 Definition of a Desk-Based determine the archaeological implications of Assessment proposed development of land at Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire. The An archaeological desk-based Site lies within open fields and encompasses assessment is defined as a ‘programme some 4.43 hectares. of study of the historic environment within a specified area or site on land, The assessment involved the compilation the inter-tidal zone or underwater that and synthesis of archaeological, historical addresses agreed research and/or and map evidence and was supplemented by conservation objectives. It consists of an a walk-over examination of the Site. analysis of existing written, graphic, photographic and electronic information Prehistoric remains include evidence for in order to identify the likely heritage Middle Iron Age (400-150 BC) settlement to assets, their interests and significance the south of the Site. To the west cropmarks and the character of the study area, show an area of rectangular enclosures including appropriate consideration of which have been described as prehistoric in the settings of heritage assets and, in origin or perhaps a Romano-British (AD 43- England, the nature, extent and quality 410) villa. There is a possibility that a linear of the known or potential parish boundary, which can be traced for archaeological, historic, architectural some distance and forms the northern edge and artistic interest. Significance is to be to the Site, may fossilise the route of a judged in a local, regional, national or Romano-British track. international context as appropriate’ (CIfA 2014). During the medieval period (AD 1066-1540) the Site lay within the open fields of Great 2.2 Planning Background Gonerby as evidenced by ridge and furrow in the southern part of the site. However, the Archaeological Project Services was general area, Gonerby Moor, would imply commissioned by Moor Bio-Energy to waste ground, perhaps used for seasonal undertake a desk-based assessment of grazing as evidenced by pasture and land at Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby, meadow field names in the vicinity.. Lincolnshire. The assessment is required in support of a proposed planning The Site was enclosed in 1808 and has application for an anaerobic digester remained in agricultural use, principally development at the site. pasture until recently when arable practices became the norm. 2.3 Site Location

A visit to the Site recorded no Great Gonerby is located 4km northwest archaeological features and no artefactual of Grantham and 19km southwest of material present. The Site is suitable for Sleaford, in the administrative district of geophysical survey as an appropriate means South Kesteven, Lincolnshire (Fig. 1). of evaluating the site. Fieldwalking could also be undertaken, though would be The proposed development site is located dependent on surface visibility. a further 2.9km northwest of Great Gonerby, northeast of the A1, at National Grid Reference SK 8864 4102 (Fig. 2).

1 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

2.4 Geology and Topography the bibliography.

Local soils are of the Denchworth This research was supplemented by a Association, typically pelo-stagnogley soils walkover survey of the Site, undertaken (Hodge et al. 1984, 155). These soils to assess the current ground conditions, developed over a solid geology of fractured land-use patterns and to ascertain the and faulted Jurassic Brant Mudstone presence of any surface finds of an Formation (BGS 1996). archaeological character, and of features that might indicate the presence of The site lies at heights of c. 34mOD on a archaeological remains. slight slope down to the north. The proposed development area encompasses some 4.43 hectares. 5. RESULTS

5.1 Historical Data 3. AIMS Gonerby is first mentioned in the The purpose of the desk-based assessment is Domesday Survey of c. 1086. Referred to obtain information about the known and to as Gunfordebi, the name is derived potential archaeological resource of the from the Old Norse personal name assessment area. In addition to the above, Gunnvarthr and means ‘the farmstead or statutory and advisory heritage constraints village (bý) belonging to Gunnvarthr’ are identified. (Cameron 1998, 51).

At the time of the Domesday Survey, the 4. METHODS two manors of Great Gonerby were held by the Bishop of Durham and Walter de In the following text, the terms Site refer to Aincurt with sokeland held by the King, the limits of the application site and the the Bishop of Salisbury and Guy de Assessment Area encompassing a 1km Craon. Extensive arable land is recorded radius from the centre of the application site. along with 157½ acres of meadow and 5 watermills (Foster and Longley 1976, The research undertaken in the compilation 1/10; 3/31; 5/3; 31/2; 57/26). Gonerby of this archaeological desk-based assessment held seven gardens in Grantham (ibid. involved the examination of all available 72/21). sources relevant to the Site at Great Gonerby, and the immediate surrounding The southern part of the Site borders the area. These sources consisted of: Great North Road, a major route out of London since the medieval period. This • Historical documents, held in the was the earliest turnpike road trust in Lincolnshire Archive Office Lincolnshire, dating to 1726 and a toll • Enclosure, and other maps and plans, bar was located on the parish boundary held in the Lincolnshire Archive Office with Foston, northwest of the Site • Recent and early edition Ordnance (Wright 1993, 78). Survey (OS) maps • The Historic Environment Record, 5.2 Cartographic Data located at Lincolnshire County Council • Archaeological and historical books and The Site lies to the northwest of the journals centre of Great Gonerby. Historic maps of the assessment area were examined as A full list of the sources is contained within part of research carried out for this report. Extracts from these maps appear

2 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY as Figures 3 to 6. previously for aerial photographic data as part of the National Mapping The earliest map examined is entitled ‘A Programme, the results of which have Sketch of the township of Great Gonerby been incorporated into the HER and are and Little Gonerby cum Manthorpe in the shown on Figure 7. County of Lincoln’ which is dated to the early 19th century and likely to be before Earthworks of ridge and furrow were 1808 (Fig. 3). The map is of a large scale mapped to the north and northwest of the and was possibly executed in advance of the Site in the adjacent parish of Marston. subsequent enclosure mapping. The Site An area of cropmarks, comprising occupies the northern part of a large field rectangular enclosures has been termed Cow Pasture, with areas to the west identified to the west of the Site. named as Meadow Ground and Mickle Ing (LAO BNLW 16/33/6). The field names are The heavy soils of the Denchworth all indicative of meadow or pasture grounds Association have recorded some with Mickle denoting a large field (Field cropmarks, though these tend to occur 1972, 136). over thin bands of ferruginous limestones within the parent geological The first detailed map of the Site is the 1808 unit (Carter 1998, 98). enclosure award map (Fig. 4). This shows the Site occupying most of a single field 5.4 Archaeological Data which belonged to a certain Robert Kelham (LAO Kesteven Award 35). The Kelhams Records of archaeological sites and finds were a notable local family having lived at within the assessment area are held at the Great Gonerby since the early 15th century Lincolnshire County Council Historic (Schmidt 2000, 96). Environment Record (HER) and are shown on Figure 8 and detailed in Table An estate book of the Kelham family, dating 1. to 1858, shows the field encompassing the Site having been divided into five smaller Prehistoric areas (Fig. 5). Each of the smaller fields has Located to the northwest of the Site is been named, though all are related to the the area of cropmarks mentioned in the Cow Pasture commented upon previously preceding section (Fig. 8, No. 1). The (LAO Kelham 5/11). HER records them as comprising settlement with peripheral enclosures and The next available map is the 2nd edition trackway. However, given their Ordnance Survey 6” map of 1905 (Fig. 6a). rectilinear layout, it is possible that they The Site encompasses the same arrangement are cropmarks of a Roman villa (Winton of fields as depicted in 1858 with little 1998, 52). change having occurred, with the exception of the planting or establishment of Bees’ To the south of the Site is a possible Gorse to the east. The subsequent 1951 Middle Iron Age settlement (No. 2) as edition (Fig. 6b) shows no change to the Site evidenced by ditches and gullies or its environs. It is not until 1982 that recorded during archaeological works alterations are recorded, when internal along the A1. boundaries of the Site had been removed and some modifications have occurred to the Romano-British Great North Road/A1. Roman features were also revealed in the archaeological works associated with the 5.3 Aerial Photographic Data A1 (Fig. 8, No. 3). Ditches and a large ‘feature’ were identified. The assessment area has been examined

3 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

The northern boundary of the Site lies along investigations along the A1 have also the parish boundary between Great Gonerby revealed undated features (Nos. 13-15). and Marston, which also served as the boundary between the wapentakes of Previous archaeological interventions Loveden and Winnibriggs. Its course is There have been several previous fairly straight and as parish boundaries interventions within the assessment area. sometimes followed earlier features, it may Most of these have been associated with mark the position of a hitherto unknown road improvements to junctions along Roman road or track (No. 4). If so, this track the A1 (e.g. Matthews 2006; McNicol can be traced following parish boundaries 2008), the results of which have been fed and lanes between Old Tollbar House (the into the HER and discussed above. A1, following the Great North Road bends Archaeological investigations have also at this point, potentially taking the route been undertaken to the east of the Site, further to the west), southeast towards during water main replacement. Of the Gonerby Grange, across Belton Park and archaeological features encountered terminating at Ermine Street just east of along the route of the water main, only Welby. If this route was projected further to ridge and furrow to the northeast of the east, it would join with the Salter’s Way College Farm falls within the assessment (a known Roman thoroughfare following the area (Tann 1998, 3). A52) close to the Haceby villa site. 5.5 Walkover Survey Saxon There are no Saxon sites recorded at the The site was visited on the 30th HER as located within the assessment area. September 2015 in order to assess the ground conditions, to identify any Medieval potential archaeological features and to Medieval entries at the HER are dominated note any constraints to further work. The by ridge and furrow (Fig. 8, Nos. 5-8). conditions were dry and bright. The These demonstrate the extent of the open results of the survey are shown on Figure fields of Great Gonerby and Marston during 9 and Plates 1 to 6. this period. Access to the Site was gained via a track Post-medieval leading from College Farm, alongside There are three entries for the post-medieval the A1 slip road to the southern part of period at the HER. These relate to a recent the Site (Plate 1). This track has a gate English Heritage project recording historic closer to College Farm and a second to farmsteads in Lincolnshire. Two of these are gain entrance to the Site itself (Plate 2). extant (Fig. 8, Nos. 10 and 11) and the third was located to the west of the Site (No. 9). The boundaries for the most part are The farmsteads are all believed to date to the hedged and well maintained. There is no early 19th century following enclosure of boundary fixed along the eastern side of Great Gonerby. the Site.

Modern The field had recently been harvested No modern entries are recorded within the with the ground obscured by stubble. assessment area. There are a number of hay bales spread across the field (Plates 3 to 6). Undated Undated entries at the HER include the No archaeological features were apparent cropmark of a linear feature with an and no artefacts were observed on the associated enclosure (Fig. 8, No. 12) to the field surface. Geophysical survey would north of the Site. Archaeological be an appropriate means of evaluating

4 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY the Site, though fieldwalking could also be The proposed development will entail employed if soil visibility was improved. the construction of ponds, silage clamps, feed digesters and various ancillary structures. These will be concentrated in 6. CONSTRAINTS the north of the Site against the western boundary. A proposed access road will 6.1 Heritage Constraints traverse the southern part of the Site to connect with the current access. These There are no Scheduled Monuments are all likely to entail excavation into protected by the Ancient Monuments and below ground deposits and could Archaeological Area Act of 1979 (HMSO) potentially impact archaeological present within the assessment area. deposits, if present.

No listed buildings are present within the assessment area. There are also no 8. ASSESSMENT OF conservation areas or registered parks and POTENTIAL AND gardens. SIGNIFICANCE

All other archaeological remains within the Information collated in the production of assessment area are protected only through this document has allowed an assessment the implementation of the National Planning of the known and potential Policy Framework which identifies the archaeological resource. historic environment as a non-renewable resource (DCLG 2012). Its fragile and finite Remains associated with later prehistoric nature is a particularly important and Romano-British settlement have consideration in planning. The effect of an been identified in the vicinity, though application on the significance of a heritage none are recorded from the Site itself. asset or its setting is a material consideration Despite this, potential is considered to be in determining the application. low to moderate for remains of these periods being present. 6.2 Other Constraints There is a possibility of a Roman No specific checks were carried out to trackway, following the line of the parish determine the presence of services (gas, boundary to the north. If present, water, electricity etc.) at the site. elements of the route (eg. roadside ditches, borrow pits etc) would be If further archaeological intervention is affected by the construction of the required, the excavation of trenches would northernmost lagoon. entail a certain degree of risk which would be enhanced by the use of a mechanical Medieval ridge and furrow has been excavator. recorded in the vicinity of the Site and there is some potential that furrows may survive at depth and artefact spreads 7. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT from manuring scatters may exist on the field surface. The principal past impact on the Site has been agricultural since at least the post- A walkover survey identified no surface medieval period. This is likely to have been indications of archaeological interest pasture until relatively recently. Ploughing throughout the area of the Site. may have impacted archaeological deposits if present.

5 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS map

Archaeological Project Services would like OS, 1982 SK 84 SE, 1:10,000 map to acknowledge the assistance of Heather Jones of Future Biogas for commissioning Secondary Sources this work on behalf of Moor Bio-Energy. The work was coordinated by Gary Taylor BGS, 1996 Grantham: Solid and drift who edited this report along with Denise edition, 1:50 000 map sheet 127 Drury. Neil Parker undertook the archive research and the walkover survey. Thanks Cameron, K, 1998 A Dictionary of are due to Richard Watts of the Lincolnshire Lincolnshire Place-names, English Historic Environment Record for providing Place-name Society Popular Series 1 HER information. The staff of the Lincolnshire Archive Office and Lincoln Carter, A, 1998 ‘The Contribution of Central Library also provided invaluable Aerial Survey: Understanding the help. Elizabeth Bates kindly permitted Results’, in RH Bewley (ed), access to the library maintained by Heritage Lincolnshire’s Archaeology from the Air, Lincolnshire. Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 11, pp96-104 HER information used in this report is copyright of Lincolnshire County Council. CIfA, 2014 Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessments

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY DCLG, 2012 National Planning Policy Framework All of the following references were consulted in the research. However, as some Field, J, 1972 English Field Names. A of them duplicated evidence given in others, Dictionary or proved not to be relevant to the assessment, not all of them have been Foster, CW and Longley, T (eds), 1976 specifically referred to in the text. The Lincolnshire Domesday and the Lindsey Survey, The Lincoln Record Primary Sources Society 19

LAO BNLW 16/33/6, A Sketch of the township Hodge, CAH, Burton, RGO, Corbett, of Great Gonerby amd Little Gonerby cum WM, Evans R and Seale, RS, 1984 Soils th Manthorpe in the County of Lincoln, early 19 and their Use in Eastern England, Soil century Survey of England and Wales Bulletin

13 LAO Kelham 5/11, Robert Kelham Estate Book, 1858 HMSO, 1979 Ancient Monuments and LAO Kesteven Award 35, A Map of the Parish Archaeological Areas Act of Great Gonerby and Manthorpe cum Little Gonerby in the County of Lincoln, Enclosure Matthews, B, 2006 A1 Peterborough to Award map, 1808 Blyth Separated Junctions Scheme. A1/B1174 Gonerby Moor Interchange, OS, 1814 Lincolnshire Sheet, 2” drawing Lincolnshire: Archaeological Evaluation Report, unpublished OAU report OS, 1905 Lincolnshire Sheet CXIII. N.E, 6” map McNicol, D, 2008 A1 Peterborough to Blyth Separated Junctions Scheme. OS, 1951 Lincolnshire Sheet CXIII. N.E, 6” A1/B1174 Gonerby Moor Interchange,

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Lincolnshire: Archaeological Watching Brief Report, unpublished OAU report

Schmidt, AJ, 2000 ‘From Provincial to Professional: Attorney Robert Kelham (1717-1808) in Eighteenth-century London’, The London Journal Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp96- 109

Tann, G, 1998, Great Gonerby Fortes Café Pumping Station and Rising Main [Great Gonerby PS to Marston STW]: Archaeological Monitoring, unpublished LAS report 299

Winton, H, 1998 ‘The Cropmark Evidence for Prehistoric and Roman Settlement in West Lincolnshire’, in RH Bewley (ed), Lincolnshire’s Archaeology from the Air, Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 11, pp47-68

Wright, N, 1993 ‘Turnpikes and Stage Coaches’, in S Bennett and N Bennett (eds), An Historical Atlas of Lincolnshire, pp78-9

11. ABBREVIATIONS

APS Archaeological Project Services

BGS British Geological Survey

CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government

HER Historic Environment Record

HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office

LAS Lindsey Archaeological Services

OAU Oxford Archaeological Unit

OS Ordnance Survey

7 Archaeological Project Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK BASED ASSESSMENT OF LAND AT GONERBY MOOR, GREAT GONERBY

Table 1: Archaeological sites and findspots within the assessment area

Map National Grid HER No. Description Period No. Reference 1 82409 Settlement - cropmarks Prehistoric SK 8783 4137 2 97725 Ditches and gullies - excavated Iron Age SK 8850 4021 3 97722 Ditches and other feature Roman SK 8851 4044 4 - Possible road or track Roman - 5 82368 Ridge and furrow Medieval SK 8917 4001 6 82410 Ridge and furrow Medieval SK 8862 4069 7 85848 Ridge and furrow Medieval SK 8808 4173 8 85849 Ridge and furrow Medieval SK 8850 4171 9 - Farmstead (site of) Post-medieval SK 8789 4072 10 - Farmstead Post-medieval SK 8842 4033 11 - Farmstead – College Farm Post-medieval SK 8885 4011 12 80016 Linear feature with enclosure Undated SK 8842 4201 13 97721 Field boundary - excavated Undated SK 8853 4006 14 97723 Pit and ditch - excavated Undated SK 8850 4047 15 97726 Pit and ditch - excavated Undated SK 8849 4021

8 Archaeological Project Services LINCOLNSHIRE 100km 20km

Gainsborough Market Rasen Louth

Horncastle Lincoln Skegness

GREAT Sleaford GONERBY Boston

Grantham

Bourne Spalding

Crowland Stamford

Figure 1 - General location plan 42 Proposed development area

The assessment area

0 600m N

HER data © Lincolnshire County Council

Archaeological Project Services

SK Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby 88 89 Scale 1:12500 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 2 - The assessment area showing the proposed development site N

Archaeological Project Services 0 600m Project Name:Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

Scale 1:12500 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 3 - Extract from 'A Sketch of the township of Great Gonerby...', early 19th century N

Archaeological Project Services 0 400m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

Scale 1:7500 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 4 - Extract from the Great Gonerby Enclosure Award map, 1808 N

Archaeological Project Services 0 200m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

Scale 1:5000 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 5 - Extract from the Kelham Estate Book, 1858 N

1905

1951 Archaeological Project Services 0 400m Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

Scale 1:8000 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 6 - Extracts from the 1905 and 1951 editions Ordnance Survey 6" maps 42 Proposed development area

The assessment area

Cropmarks

Ridge and furrow (extent and direction)

0 600m N

Archaeological Project Services

SK Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby 88 89 Scale 1:12500 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 7 - Aerial photographic data from within the assessment area 42 Proposed development area 12

The assessment area

Prehistoric site (extent of) 8

7 Roman site (extent of)

Possible Roman thoroughfare

Medieval site (extent of) 4

1 Post-medieval site

Undated site (extent of)

9 6

10 HER data © Lincolnshire County Council 2 15 11 Archaeological Project Services 13 SK Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby 88 89 Scale 1:12500 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 8 - Archaeological sites and findspots from within the assessment area 5

1 Camera viewpoint

3 2

0 200m N

Project Name: Gonerby Moor, Great Gonerby

Scale 1:4000 Drawn by: PCF Report No: 94/15 Figure 9 - Results of the walkover survey Plate 1 – View along the access track from College Farm, looking southeast

Plate 2 – Gated access to Site (right), looking northeast

Plate 3 – View looking northeast across the Site along proposed access route

Plate 4 – View looking southeast across the northern part of the Site towards Bees’ Gorse

Plate 5 – View looking southeast across the Site

Plate 6 – View looking southwest along the eastern boundary of the Site

Appendix 1

GLOSSARY

Cropmark A mark that is produced by the effect of underlying archaeological or geological features influencing the growth of a particular crop.

Domesday Survey A survey of property ownership in England compiled on the instruction of William I for taxation purposes in 1086 AD.

Geophysical Survey Essentially non-invasive methods of examining below the ground surface by measuring deviations in the physical properties and characteristics of the earth. Techniques include magnetometry and resistivity survey.

Iron Age A period characterised by the introduction of Iron into the country for tools, between 800 BC and AD 50.

Medieval The Middle Ages, dating from approximately AD 1066-1500.

Manuring Scatter A distribution of artefacts, usually pottery, created by the spreading of manure and domestic refuse from settlements onto arable fields. Such scatters can provide an indication of the extent and period of arable agriculture in the landscape.

Post-medieval The period following the Middle Ages, dating from approximately AD 1500- 1800.

Prehistoric The period of human history prior to the introduction of writing. In Britain the prehistoric period lasts from the first evidence of human occupation about 500,000 BC, until the Roman invasion in the middle of the 1st century AD.

Ridge and Furrow The remains of arable cultivation consisting of raised rounded strips separated by furrows. It is characteristic of open field agriculture.

Romano-British Pertaining to the period dating from AD 43-410 when the Romans occupied Britain.

Saxon Pertaining to the period dating from AD 410-1066 when England was largely settled by tribes from northern Germany.

Turnpike Roads Turnpike trusts were established for many principal roads. An Act of Parliament of 1663 allowed them to levy tolls to pay for their maintenance.