The Dema House in Attica Author(s): J. E. Jones, L. H. Sackett and A. J. Graham Source: The Annual of the British School at Athens, Vol. 57 (1962), pp. 75-114 Published by: British School at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30104501 . Accessed: 08/12/2014 15:38

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This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA

(PLATES 2I-31)

IN the course of a survey of the Dema Wall in Attica,I an isolated house of classical date was found situated immediately in front of a vulnerable section of the fortification. The question of the relation of this site to the wall and the interest of the building itself as a fifth-century B.c. house type demanded closer examination of it. This article sets out the results of its preliminary cleaning in 1958 and its complete excavation in 196o.2 For convenience the site is referredto as the Dema house.

DESCRIPTION Site. The Dema house occupied an isolated position on the watershed separating the Athenian and Thriasian plains, at the head of the easiest pass through it. The site was a narrow flat tract at the foot of the long northerly slopes of Mt. Aigaleos, lying below and west of the watershed crest and terminating on the north in a steep fall to a dry watercourse. The surroundings today are rugged and inhospitable, lacking water and shade, with the slopes eroded and boulder- strewn and the level ground in the pass only poorly cultivated (PLATE2 I),za The remains lie at 13 metres in front of the Dema wall which barred the pass and 50 metres north of the cart-road and Athens-Eleusis railway which utilize this convenient through route. Surfacetraces. Remains visible on the surface when found in 1955 suggested a large rectangular building, 22 x 16 metres overall, a courtyard house facing south on to open ground with its rear rooms lying on the edge of the scarp and its front eroded or ploughed away. The walls were lines of roughly fitted stones mainly flush with the ground, traceable along the north slope, on the west side to a rocky outcrop at the south-west corner, and on part of the east side where protected by a mound of field-stones.3 Preservation.Excavation has confirmed this indication of the state of preservation (FIG. I, PLATE2 I, b-d). At the rear and sides of the building the floors are preserved and the walls are con- tinuous. The latter form in places only a foundation of one or two courses, generally of rather small rubble and directly laid on the rock, elsewhere retaining several rough courses to a height of 50 cm.; they incorporate few large upright stones apart from door jambs, some face-picked orthostates in room VI, and a few natural boulders. However, the south wall of the house and

BSA lii (1957) 152-89, T6 Atpa: 'A Survey of the Aiga- American School of Classical Studies and Mr. B. Sparkes leos-Parnes Wall'. References to the house: 153-6, I61, pls. of the British School for their guidance on the sherds and 29, 30 (site); 171-2, fig. 6 (description and plan); 184-5 small finds. (discussion and date). Fieldwork in I958, limited by our permit to cleaning 2 We should like to express our gratitude to the following: operations and aimed at rescuing more of the plan, was Drs. Orlandos, Papademetriou, and Threpsiades of the carried out with two locally hired men, Aug. 28th-Sept. 4th. Greek Archaeological Service for granting permission to The site was completely uncovered, with the aid of four work and publish; the Director and Committee of the experienced Agora workers and two local men, in August British School for support and encouragement, and for the I960; the house was then left open to view but with earth use of field equipment; Professor Homer Thompson of the banked up to cover and protect all walls and features. Agora Excavation for encouragement and great kindness in 2a A visit in May I962 revealed that the municipal making possible the loan of equipment and the hiring of authorities of Athens have appropriated the area; a new skilled workmen from the Agora in 1960; Mr. Demetrios road has been bulldozed to the site itself, and the hollow Christodoulou of Ano Liosia for negotiations locally in 1958; below and north of the Dema house is very quickly being Mr. S. J. E. Jones for help on the site and with the sherds filled in with city refuse. in both seasons and for the plan in FIG.I; Miss Lucy Talcott, 3 BSA lii (1957) 172, fig. 6 gives a plan of the then visible Miss Virginia Grace, and Professor E. Vanderpool of the remains.

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30 V VI

VI

AND

V 25

ROOMS XI XII

BETWEEN

WALL o20 V V]I VII

SECONDARY

THE

IV SHOWS

15 INSET

THE

REMAINS: III VIII

10 EXCAVATED

HOUSE,

II DEMA

THE

5 I.

FIG. X IX I

1

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This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA 77 the floor levels of the central area have been much disturbed and the damage extends even to the front wall of the north range of rooms: unfortunatelythis destruction has removed some evidence vital for the planning and interpretation of the building. But extant remains indicate clearly a building with rubble socles (45 cm. thick on average) for mudbrick or adobe walls, floors throughout of packed earth, and roofs of heavy tiling. Stratification.The stratificationwas very simple. The floors lay nowhere very deep below the surface, from I5-50 cm. generally according to the preservation of the enclosing foundations. Below the surface of fallow reddish plough-soil came a layer of crumbly red earth-the dis- integrated material of the mudbrickwalls; both these layers contained sherds and tile fragments. Below them came the harder-packedearth of the floor, distinguishableby its texture and crusted surface and by the thicker layer of tile fragments upon it. The structural remains represent generally one phase of planning and building and one period of occupation; only in one small area did certain structural peculiarities, together with the sherd evidence, suggest later modi- fication or temporary re-use of the site. Plan. The complete plan of the remains in situ was recovered, supplementing the earlier im- pressionof a rectangularbuilding with a southerlyaspect, central court, and surroundingrooms. Reference to its parts will be by the numbers shown in FIG.I, and measurementsare tabulated below. The main rectangular block, the house proper, possessesa unity of plan and construction; it is well laid out with straight walls, almost rectangular corners, and with few errors. The northern range (I-V) shows one-a slight west-east narrowing, due to the front wall's not being quite parallel with the rear, or outer, house wall. The five rooms consistofa wide central room, two narrow flanking rooms, and wider rooms at the ends (PLATE22, a). Room I, the westernmost,was almost squarein shape, and was entered from the south through a m. wide, set west of centre 22, The door were doorway, I130 slightly (PLATE b). jambs single upright slabs, set only c. Io cm. deep below the ancient floor level (and now c. 50 cm. high and level on top with the modern surface) without any traces of raised threshold or continuous foundation between them; the westernjamb in particularshowed squared angles and smoothed surfaces on its three faces. Inside, the natural rock rose in places to the level of the earth floor and seemed to have been artificially levelled; just inside the doorway and elsewhere in the south half of the room faint traces of a whitish layer raised hopes of finding a plaster floor, but the friable nature of the substance suggested rather that the powdery rock which forms the local hard-pan had been mixed with or used as a top dressing of the packed earth floor. Room II, the narrowest, had an earth floor uneven and pitted in the north half with three irregular gouged-out depressions(perhaps recent), but fairly level in the south, with four small paving slabs near the front wall (PLATE 22, C). This south fagade was reduced to one course only and that robbed and disturbed, and lacking deep-set jambs of a well-defined door like that of room I; a short central gap in the ruined socle may represent a very narrow entrance, or if this was accidental there may have been a door built over a continuous foundation. Such a doorway probably existed half-way along the east wall, into room III: at m. from opening 2.05 the rear wall a heavy stone stretches across the full width of the wall, and beyond this the socle is 20 cm. lower and made of flat stones and small packing for 80 cm. with a depression as for another (missing) stretcher terminating this lower level. This feature suggests the north jamb and threshold foundation of a doorway c. 0o80m. wide. Room III was the largest of all, and wider than it was deep (PLATE 22, d). The floor was fairly smooth and hard-packed, and featurelessbut for the rock rising level with it at the two northern corners, with a thin localized red and black burnt layer round the rock in the north-west

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 78 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM corner. The surface was marked by a scatter of tile fragments, mainly of Corinthian rain-tiles (three of which fitted so as to restore the dimensions of the original), several lying undisturbed on the floor near the room's south wall, though that foundation had been considerably robbed. Here again the position of the doorway is not clearly defined. The narrow room, IV, had two features of interest (PLATES22, e,f; 23, a). The first was a shallow, flat-bottomed oval pit (87 x 60 cm. across x 20 cm. deep) sunk nearly in the centre of the earth floor, its sides lined with a single row of tile fragments and stones set on edge, its floor of earth, and its fill consisting mainly of a fine dark-grey silt; its use as a hearth was considered, but there was no sign of direct heat on the floor or lining, nor of fragments of coarse ashes or char- coal indicative of open fires. The second feature was a doorway in the south wall, marked by the vertical face of its well-coursed east jamb, a fall of rubble and tile fragments in the gap, and a large stone, possibly part of the west jamb, fallen face down across it; this jamb was prised upright on its end and the fall cleared, revealing on the west side a square-cut stone extending the full width of the wall, too deep-set to be merely part of a raised threshold and so probably to be regarded as the original base of the orthostat west jamb; if so, the width of the doorway between this square-cut stone and the west jamb would have been only 65 cm. Beyond this door, in the south-east corner, lay a very heavy thick and rather flat slab, protruding above the adjacent parts of the south and east walls, which (like the other two walls converging on this point) were reduced to a single course at most. Room V was interesting for the problem of its enclosing walls and the relation between it and the two adjoining rooms. Almost the whole of rooms IV, V, and VI had been filled and covered with a dump of field-stones, consolidated with a tangle of roots, difficult to remove; this accounted doubtless for both the general good preservation under deep cover and for some damage due to dislodging of stones. The west wall was a continuous but much damaged founda- tion; just inside it were some stones, 1*50 m. apart, superficially resembling supports, as for an inner step or bench, but resting on an earth fill and so evidently not an original feature, probably indeed a fortuitous one. The east wall in contrast was well preserved to a height of 50 cm., and was of single build from the north-east corner of the house to the south-east corner of VI, being constructed neatly of rather small rubble and clay, levelled on top in parts with smaller packing, as if the socle were almost undamaged and missing only the mudbrick superstructure (PLATE 23, e). The south wall exhibited neither neatness nor simplicity, and involved work of two phases. The wall revealed on removal of the dump was wider than the average elsewhere (60 cm.), crudely built with many large stones and one heavy upright boulder, and with ragged sides contrasting with the vertical faces of the east wall and perhaps in part due to disturbance by roots (PLATE 23, b-d). But this wall was founded 1i0-20 cm. above the floor of room V (and VI) and rested on earth containing tile fragments and sherds. When wall and earth were removed, there were seen the scanty and discontinuous remains of another foundation, 45 cm. wide, represented at the west end by a single course of two parallel stones set on edge in the floor and projecting 15 cm. (with the later stonework riding over them), in the centre by only a few pebbles and one flat stone in a gap which may point either to ruthless robbing or to the existence of a wide doorway, and at the east end by two low courses of stone, lying 35 cm. below the top of the adjacent east wall. Room VI, to the south of V, had several features of note. Its south wall and south-west corner made use in the outer face of some large split boulders set on edge and pick-faced with rough vertical lines, with a backing of smaller rubble; their weight and size would counteract the southward slope of the ground, heighten the socle, and allow VI to be built up as high and as strongly as rooms I-V, which lie on level ground. The west wall was interrupted north of

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA 79 centre for a door with large stone jambs and stone-and-clay raised threshold, preserved by a large block which had fallen acrossit; this was raised to its original position as part of the north jamb (PLATE 23, a, d). A heavy stone fall filled the room, especially on the east side. The floor below had been raised and levelled with earth to just under the threshold. Set into it were three flat stones in line, running in from the east wall for I 32 m. and parallel with the north wall at I 30 m. from it, cutting off the north-east corner of the room; they may have delimited a com- partment or strengthened a base of wood or brick, but the purpose of this feature was not self- evident. In the north-west corner of the room some stones lay on the floor, below threshold level; the most interesting was a long rectangular slab (85 X 28 cm. X Io cm. thick) lying obliquely and partly across the line of the doorway, and so probably not in situ; as one of the best dressed stones in the building (though it was quite plain and unsmoothed) it must have had some specific function; it is too long to fit as a threshold between the jambs of the near-by door, but may nevertheless belong to the entrance, as an inner step (or even lintel) or perhaps served as some kind of base, either on its own, or in connexion with the feature in the north-east corner. Room VII-an inner porch-was narrower again, having its east wall in line with VI and strongly built with large stones on the outside and small packing at their rear, but its west wall set back almost 90 cm. abutting against the south wall of VI and set slightly obliquely to it. The room had three doorways, two opening to the outside and one into the house (PLATES23,f; 24 a). The main outer doorway, on the south, was set in c. 60 cm. from the house fagade, which stopped and turned inwards in line with the west wall of VII. The door was 2'15 m. wide, between its two jambs, a deep-set squared upright on the west and a slab set vertically against the socle on the east, which stopped short in line with the doorway; as the socle itself terminated rather weakly with a vertical open joint in its end rather than with a single block sealing it, probably a short continuation southwards is to be restored. The other outside doorway was a side- entrance, m. wide, formed by the gap left between the south-east corner of room VI and 1.14 the east wall of VII. The inner door was less well defined, being marked by a gap of m. I133 in the foundations of the west wall. All three doorways were of the room I type, having no threshold or foundation between their jambs. The central court, VIII, as defined by the surrounding rooms, is the largest single element in the house, measuring I I 80 x m. and comprising one-third of the total area 18 sq. m.: Io'oo (i 355 sq. m.). It falls away to the south, has been considerably eroded, and lacks definite features. In its sheltered north-east corner, between rooms IV and VI, a thick deposit of red earth and sherds marked the disintegration of mudbrick walling. The distribution of sherds and frag- ments of tiles and pithos-rim below this and along the front of rooms II and III showed that the north portion of area VIII had a floor on a common level with the north rooms, while the south portion lay lower. No sharp step has remained, but the lie of the ground together with the sur- viving earth packing and the rocky slope suggests that the higher floor level could have extended as far forward as the south end of room VI. On that line no indisputable structural feature was noted, but only a sinking in the rock, 2 metres west of the corner of VI, and a rocky protruding boss lying just south of the line and almost in the centre of VIII and having one or two stones about it and a hollow in its east side. The south wall of the court and the house was very much disturbed and reduced to one course where not entirely missing; on the east it consisted of a rather wide foundation (60-75 cm.) of flat stones and on the west of heavy boulders, these parts having escaped dislodgement by the plough probably by reason of the lowness of one and the weight of the other. The south-west corner room, IX (PLATE 24, b), was founded largely on a fairly level outcrop, with the walling, in its western part, representedby pockets of small stones in the hollows of the

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 80 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM rock, and, in the eastern part, where the rock gave out, formed of large upright blocks outside and packing stones behind. The east wall was in line with the wall between rooms I and II; it had a doorway I io m. wide, in the north-east corner, but the northjamb of this, the termina- tion of the north wall, was not preserved. Inside, the floor correspondedto the variation in the side-walls, having two levels: the rear half lay on the outcrop, being roughly levelled with packing stones and rock chips and probably a cover of earth, since eroded away, while the front half must have been c. 50 cm. lower, since, though no convincing crusted floor remained, the lower level of it was indicated by the sherd deposit and the doorway interrupting the east wall (which would necessarily have been continuous had the floor been terraced to any level). Area X (PLATE24, b) was open-frontedwith no trace of walling joining up the east walls of rooms I and IX. In the south-west corner an extension of the outcrop in room IX cut across obliquely, isolating behind it a pocket of earth rich in sherds.Just north of this a massive boulder, too heavy to be moved readily from its position, lay on the floor; its presence is problematical: perhaps it was brought there at a later date by the builders of the Dema wall or by those of the railway, and left unused. At any rate its presence during the period of occupation of the house seems inconsistent with the fine workmanship of a feature found about I metre from it. This was a column base, cut from a squarishlimestone block sunk into the floor and resting on packed earth, with the protruding top made cylindrical, 30 cm. in diameter x c. Io cm. high, and for- merly supporting a wooden shaft (PLATE24, C). The base was in situ, being m. in from the 2"26 west wall, 4-30 m. south of the front of room I, and m. north of room IX (measuring to 2"72 column centre), and thereforein line with the south front of room VI across the court (PLATES 23f; 24, d). Tableof Measurements(in metres) House. Main block externally 22.05 x 16.io m. Rooms(width x depth,internally) I II III IV V

x 4'70 X x 4'70 x 470-60 3'70 x 460-35 4"60 2"55-60 4"70 5"60 2"85 VI VII VIII IX X

3'70-65 x x Io-oo x I I 80 X x 3"85 2.90-3.Io 4'90-5"15 2"40 4"60 7"10 4"60 Doorwaysin rooms,measured between jambs I IV VI VII IX

0o65 1.30 0.75 .14 I.Io 2

Annexes.Outside the main block of the house, on its east side, appendages to it were discovered (PLATE 24, a, e, f). The best-defined was a small room, XI, on the south-east, abutting against room VII, roughly square in shape but with oblique angles. Its front wall lay forward of the line of the main house entrance and level with the wall of the court; it was interrupted at the west by a gap m. across) for a door, but neither jamb was preserved, the western one (I.35

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probably having been formed originally by a prolongation of the house wall between rooms VII and XI, and the eastern one fronting the present ragged end of the wall (in which a glazed clay pipe, 14X 4 cm., was found embedded). The floor was the whitish hard-pan, with some earth packing to level it at the rear against the north wall (which had a slight external offset). Area XII, behind this room, had several features, not all readily interpreted. The main fea- ture was a long wall running north-south, roughly parallel with the east side of the house at a distance of 1i.50-I80 m. from it; this was preserved generally as one course of rather large stones with some packing and earth in between its ragged faces, founded at a slightly higher level than the house wall near by, and built both wider (50-70 cm.) and more hastily than that socle. The line was incomplete towards the north with a gap of I 20 m. due to robbing (if not left intentionally as an entrance), but seemed to curve round to join the house at its north-west corner. The enclosed strip was floored with hard-trodden earth and readily accessible from the house by the side-door in room VII. South of this doorway was a mass of stones and earth, with some sherds, filling a rough depression in the angle behind room XI, and with a layer of stones roughly kerbed with larger stones extending obliquely south-east past the corner of the room.

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES Some low foundations lying south-east of the house against the Dema wall, and covered with fallen stones and scrub, were trenched. This revealed the outer side of a single foundation course, projecting west m. from the foot of the wall, turning north and running parallel 4"20 with it for m., then obliquely inwards for m. before all trace was lost. Entry was by 3"60 2.20 a gap, I o m. wide, left between the face of the Dema wall and a heavy upright block (perhaps a re-used facing stone from the wall). The building is obviously secondary to the Dema wall, built against it of re-used material (like many such enclosuresalong its course) and of uncertain date. Conduit.In the course of a search for the water-supply of the house (no well having been found inside it), attention was turned to the dry watercourse lying south of the house beyond the railway at the foot of Aigaleos, and cutting through the Dema wall just below Sallyport 7 (FIG. 2, PLATE 21I, a). Here, in front of the Dema, a rock-cut conduit, running from the stream- bed west down the pass, was seen and followed in 1955, and recognized as Milchhoefer's 'road with incised rut'.4 Search revealed a similar conduit leading from the opposite side of the stream northwards, and attempts were made to investigate it and follow its course (PLATE25). Near its source the conduit had been cut as a channel, 62-65 cm. wide and over m. deep, I.o with picked vertical sides and squared bottom, through the native rock for several metres; beyond, it was rock-cut on the upper (east) side and built with a retaining wall of rough boul- ders on the lower side; and further still, rock-cut again on both sides where tested in two places. The line was at first north-west, roughly parallel with the Dema (length 7-8), but opposite Sallyport 8 it turned north, following the rocky ridge also utilized by the wall, and veered towards the wall near Sallyport 9; this latter part was easily traceable from an unmistakable crop-mark, a line of luxuriant thistles which found depth for their roots in the rock-cut channel. The line was tested at four more places, and the edges of the channel found, converging with the wall and only I metre from its foot at the last point traced (6 m. south of Sallyport Io); as the rocky ground fell away sharply beyond this in front of the wall, the conduit could not have continued as a rock-cutting on the west side of the Dema, but must either have turned under the wall or continued as a raised channel of stonework or as a wooden trough. There were no surface indications behind the Dema to guide the spade and no sign of a channel 4 Karten von Attika: Text ii. 45; BSA lii (1957) i60. G

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HOUSES

R O C K C U CONDUITS T 0 500 1000oo . 1 I

C. R O P M A R

Rockcut

'GROSSES HAUS' 0 5 o10 o so m1 M

FIG. 2. GENERAL AREA OF DEMA HOUSE Position shown in relation to the Dema wall and conduits running north and south-west. Insets are a map of the southern pass marking the positions of the Dema house and 'Grosses Haus', and a plan of 'Grosses Haus'

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA 83 shown in section in the railway cutting; trial trenches cut across the ground north of the railway and west of the wall also failed to reveal a continuation and, finally, no reservoirin or close to the house was discovered. Association of the conduit with the house site is thereforenot proved, but is based on the following reasonable considerations: the conduit runs towards the house and its course was followed for half the distance to it (c. 115 metres out of a total 21o metres); the slope of its bed is from south to north, towards the house, with a total fall of 38 cm. in 79 metres;s its course particularly near Sallyport o10suggests that it antedated the Dema wall, and may well have been covered over by it. 'GrossesHaus'. To check the reasonablenessof this association of the conduit with the Dema house, the other channel running westwards, so similar in construction, was followed carefully and traced to a point just behind (south of) an ancient building (a little south-west of the modern shepherd's hut and sheepfold half-way down the valley), which is marked in Karten vonAttika6 as 'GrossesHaus'. The building was measured and planned (FIG. 2); its walls were of a thickness and build similar to those of the Dema house, and likewise made use of large ortho- static door-jambsin its sole preserved doorway; both jambs were squared at the facing angles and had dressedjamb-faces 50 cm. wide, the eastern one being in situ (90 cm. high x 50-70 cm. deep) and the western fallen outwards (8o cm. high X 70 cm. deep). In and round the building were scattered fragments of glazed Laconian rain- and cover-tiles and some coarse sherds (pp. 96 ff. below). This structure seems ancient, of classical date, perhaps even contemporary with the Dema house; and if it was served by the long westerly conduit, it seems equally possible for the northerly conduit to have served the other site.

SMALL FINDS Small finds were scanty, and hardly representativeof all the furnishingsand possessionsone might expect in a house of so considerable a size. They comprised fragments of terracotta roof tiles, a marble basin or louter, a terracotta louter, a terracotta bathtub, five pithoi, two loom- weights, two spindlewhorls, a terracotta pipe, a quernstone, and a small hammerstone. TILES.The two ancient systems of tiling in common use thian rain-tiles were the usual flat rectangular slabs of thick were represented in the tile fragments, the Corinthian by heavy fabric. The individual tile, as restored from three rain-tiles, the Laconian by rain- and cover-tiles.7 The total fragments from room III, measured cm. long X 55 cm. 68.2 numbers collected were over 600 Corinthian rain-tile frag- wide x 3-6 cm. thick; each tile had a ridge across its upper ments, some quite large; 165 Laconian rain-tile fragments, end, a hooked lower end (formed by a channel across the and 55 Laconian cover-tile fragments, mostly small pieces. underside) to overlap the ridge of the tile below, and flanged A, B. CORINTHIAN TILES (FIG. 3; PLATE 26, a, b). The Corin- sides to fit within narrow cover-tiles.8 Not all were from the

5 Levels were taken where the conduit was explored at 67 x 76 overall (Hesperiavi (1937) 36-37, 45); Roman tiles points along the southernmost o105m. of its known length from the Odeion (c. 15 B.c., and repairs c. A.D. 150) 67 x 56 of I 15 m. There is, to begin with, a total rise northwards cm. (Hesperia xix (1950) 49-52, 54, 125-6, pls. 37, 39);its of 5'5 cm. in the bed of the channel in the first 29 m. After marble tiles 79-83 x 60 cm. Cf. archaic tiles from the Athe- this there is a fall northwards of 44 cm. in the next 50 m. to nian Treasury, Delphi, 68 x 57 cm., and Temple of Aphaia the last point where the bed itself was exposed. This fall Aegina, 68x 58 cm. (BSA xlix (1954) 211); classical tiles northwards continues, for at the last level taken, 26 m. from Olynthus, 67 x 55 and 65(?) x 53cm. (Olynthusviii.232; farther on, even the top of the channel marked a further xii. 242-3, pl. 208 correcting text, and cover-tile suggesting drop of 4 cm. length of rain-tile, but note also a smaller size-50 x 49, 6 Curtius and Kaupert, Kartenvon Attika vi. 56 x 46, Olynthusviii. 232; xii. 82, 186). Cf. also the tile stan- 7 W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architectureof AncientGreece (1950) dard from Assos, 70 x 60 cm. (Clarke, Bacon, and Kolde- 43-44, fig. 16; W. K. Pritchett, Hesperiaxxv (I956) 281-6, wey, Assos (I902) 71, 73, 167-8), and tiles from Samos, for types and terms. 81 x 72 cm. (archaic Rhoikos temple, AM 1930, 88), from X 8 Published dimensions of Corinthian rain-tiles show a Priene, 64 53 cm. (Wiegand and Schrader, Priene 3o6), singular consistency over a long period in Attica: e.g. from Delos, 65x56 cm. (De'los viii. 319, fig. 196), and archaic tiles from Tholos kitchen drain (c. 470 B.c.) 67 x 53 Chios, 64 x 52 cm.-7ox 57 cm. (no apparent standard, cm. (HesperiaSupp. iv (1940) 76); classical tiles from Stoa Roman period: BSA xlix (1954) i70-I). of Zeus (c. 430 B.C.) 67 X 58 cm. rain- and cover-tiles in one,

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 84 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM same mouldor perhapsfrom the same tilery:the tiles varied inset fromthe edge, designedperhaps to fit the end-stopped in the curve of their flangedsides and undersidechannels, channels. The fabric varied in colour from yellow to red- most having channelsof uniformwidth (type A), but some brown,with darkgrit; manytiles had a buff-yellowwash on having channelsnarrowed at the ends by square stops to their upper surfaces.9These variationswould be natural in regulatethe amount of overlap (type B); again, to engage tilesdelivered from stock rather than specially commissioned. these hookedchannels, most had a raisedband along their No fragmentof Corinthianpeaked cover-tilewas recog- upper edge (A), but some a narrowerfree-standing ridge nized. There was found, however, one end fragment of

A

B C D

FIG. 3. CORINTHIAN AND LACONIAN TILES (Scale 1: 12)

a rather larger angular tile, with sides preserved for a length in number and more fragmentary, seemed to represent a of 30 cm., and width of 15-2o cm., set at right angles to smaller original quantity. No complete rain- or cover-tile was each other and having a raised external band, 6 cm. wide, found or could be restored; the largest fragments indicated at the undamaged end; this has been tentatively identified that the rain-tiles were 50-5I cm. wide with a shallow as a ridge-tile. concave profile (C), and the cover-tiles 20-2I cm. wide with C, D. LACONIANTILES (FIG. 3). The Laconian tiles, fewer a semicircular convex profile (D).ro Again slight variations

O As regards material and surface finish, it is interesting 84 x 17-22 cm.; he distinguishes two types of rain-tile, viz. that at Athens the Tholos (c. 470 B.c.) (HesperiaSupp. iv wedge-shaped and parallel-sided, and two sizes for sets (1940o)65 and coloured frontispiece), the Stoa of Zeus (c. of rain- and cover-tiles, a longer of 98 cm. and a shorter of 430 B.C.), and the Metroon (150-I125 B.C.)(Hesperiavi (1937) 84 cm. The Assos Laconian-tile standard shows one size cm. 36-37, I91-2, 195) had tiles of buff-yellow clay, with dark only, a rain-tile 93'5 x 41-49 and a cover-tile 93'5 x 20o- grit, and a yellow slip, whereas the later Odeion had buff 26 cm. (Clarke, Assos 71). The third such Laconian-tile stan- to brown-red tiles without slip or glaze. Olynthus produced dard known, a recent find from Messene, again illustrates some similar yellow-surfaced Corinthian tiles (Olynthusxii. the wedge-form (Ergon (1960) 168, fig. 182). Actual 242); by contrast, mid-5th-century-B.c. Corinthian tiles at examples of tiles from Athens include two rain-tiles and Assos were black-glazed (Clarke, Assos I67-8). a cover-tile of 5th-century-B.c. context, 87 X 52 cm., 85 X40 ro G. P. Stevens (Hesperia xix (I950) I74-88, pl. 82) cm., and g91x 17-2I cm. (Hesperia xx (1951) 174-5; xix describes an Athenian Laconian-tile standard of the Ist cen- (1950) 184-5, 179-80), and a rain-tile of 2nd-century-B.c. tury B.C. preserving a rain-tile 98 X 49 cm. and a cover-tile context, 98 X 46-50 cm. (ibid. 179-80, I84). Olynthian

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in form and fabric were noticed, but all fragments had on rim and exterior polished smooth, and the interior likewise their upper surfaces a red to black often very streaky glaze." for 5 cm. down from the rim, but the floor itself picked; E, F. LOUTERS (FIG. 4, PLATE 26, C, d). A marble basin or underneath was a scraped concentric groove (35 cm. louter (E) was represented by fifteen fragments widely diameter) and a smaller circle (30 cm. diameter) left rough scattered." Rim and floor fragments permit reconstruction. as a resting-place to fit the top of a pedestal; in profile it The basin was offine-grained white Island(?) marble, with was quite plain and shallow.'3 The dimensions were: ext.

E

F

G

FIG. 4. MARBLE AND TERRACOTTA LOUTERS AND BATH: PROFILES AND RECONSTRUCTIONS (Scale: marble louter 1:6; reconstruction I: 24; terracotta louter I: 12; bath-tub I: 6) examples include rain-tiles of 95 x 45-51 cm. and 96 x 47- in roughly equal numbers; and at Delos they were com- 50 cm. and cover-tiles of 95 x 19-2 I cm. (Olynthusviii. 232; mon. Illustrated Acropolis examples, having the shallow xii. I85). A smaller pattern was used in Hellenistic Dura- profile and picked floor of our louter, vary in size (65- Europos, 80 x 41-47 cm. and 80 x 19-20 cm. (ExcavationsoJ 12o cm. diameter), but are all decorated with reeded or Dura-Europos,Ninth Report, Io) and in late Roman Athens, moulded rims and/or carinated bowls and all but four are 80 x 35-41 cm. (c. A.D. 500, HesperiaSupp. iv (194o) 124). dated 530-480 B.c.; the few with plain rims have deep "' Red, brown, or black glazing on Laconian-type tiles bowls and polished interiors and are again pre-48o B.c. was common in Attica in the 5th and 4th centuries B.c.; cf. (A. E. Raubitschek, Dedicationsfromthe Akropolis (I949) 370- the Tholos kitchen, 2nd period (4th century B.c.), brown- 413.) Three illustrated examples from the public buildings glazed tiles, and red-black glazed tiles at the Leipsydrion of the Agora (Tholos area) have the shallow profile (64-76 fort and the Dema wall towers (BSA lii cm. diameter x I'5 cm. height) and roughened floor, (I957) 185). 9"8-I 22 Find places were as follows: I-I frag., III-2 frags., but again moulded rims; two are pre-500ooB.c. and one VIII--I frag., IX-9 frags., X-I frag., XI-I frag. probably c. 400 B.C.in date (HesperiaSupp. iv (1940) 142-3). '3 Such basins, originally supported on a separate central Olynthian marble basins (Olynthusviii. 31I7-20) described pedestal at waist height and used for washing, are com- and illustrated include (A) four with shallow profile, but monly found in ancient domestic and public buildings, and moulded rims and/or carinated bowls: (1) 85 cm. diameter also as dedications. At Athens houses in the Agora area x 12 cm. int. depth (Olynthusii.67, figs. 174, i75), (2) 62 cm. have produced few marble basins, more often terracotta diameter (Olynthusxii. 218, pls. I86, 2; 187, 2), (3) 84 cm. ones; at Olynthus marble and terracotta bowls, were found diameter (ibid. 242, pl. 2 I I, I), and (4) 90 cm. diameter x 7

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diameter 80-85 cm.; overall height cm.; int. depth red clay, I cm. thick, with a black to red glaze, much 8.I 5-2"o 6'5 cm.; width of lip cm.; thickness of floor i-6 cm. worn, on the rim and interior. The fitting fragments showed 2.6 Ten fragments have small drill holes (4-6 mm. across) that the out-turned flat rim was up to 8 cm. wide and the indicating ancient repair.'4 depth 40 cm., with a steep profile running to a flat bottom. A terracotta louter (F) was represented by four fragments One rim fragment from a corner has part of a lead clamp (from areas X and VIII); two joining fragments of a square in position, indicating an ancient mending.'6 base and two joining fragments preserving almost three- H-N. PITHOI(FIG. I I, PLATE30, d). Pithos fragments were quarters of the circumference of the pedestal top and part widely dispersed, being very scanty in rooms I-VII and of the lower bowl. The base was hollow, 44 cm. square x area X but numerous in rooms IX and XI and areas VIII 9"5 cm. high, slightly flared, and had on top a circular mould- and XII. Five separate pithoi were distinguishable from ing, merging into the hollow shaft. The shaft, known only rim fragments, three pithoi (H-J) with thick, heavy rims, from small projections below the bowl fragments, seems to no neck, wide shoulders, and perhaps globular bodies, and have been 21i cm. in diameter and decorated with ten facets two vessels (K, L) with thin rims and wide mouths, perhaps or shallow flutes. Above, there were a circular moulding, basin-shaped.x7 23 cm. diameter, and a flaring abacus, 23 cm. square x H. Four joining rim fragments, preserving 56 cm. of 3"7 cm. high, merging into the shallow curve of the bowl, of total circumference. Diameter, ext. cm., int. cm. 77"2 43"2 which 9 cm. were preserved, measuring up from the abacus. Rim flat-topped, 17 cm. wide, bevelled at upper outer edge; The basin was holed in the centre where it had presumably sides, ext. vertical, 9 cm. high, with deep groove below be- enclosed the top of the hollow pedestal, and was so much tween rim and body; int. oblique, 8 cm. high, sloping into abraded on top that the true curve and the surface finish curve of globular body. Wall cm. thick. Fabric 2"9-2"6 were obscured. The fragments allow a reconstruction, ten- unevenly fired, darker inside, red with dark grit, lighter tative as regards the total height and the form of the bowl.xs towards edges, with hard buff surface. The clay was brown-red, with dark grit, and a smooth I. One short rim fragment, cm. long, and broken at buff finish. bottom. Profile similar to H 8"5but smaller. Diameter, ext. G. BATHTUB (FIG. 4, PLATE 26, e). Twenty-five pieces of 64 cm., int. 38 cm. Rim flat-topped, 13 cm. wide; sides, ext. a terracotta bathtub were found, sixteen joining; too few in-sloping, cm. high, bevelled at bottom to break in 7"5 and fragmentary to allow reconstruction of its original form, groove between rim and body; int. out-sloping into body. too scattered to indicate its proper position, especially as Fabric coarse, pink-buff with brown grit. no hollow or bedding for it was found. The bath was of dark J. Eight fragments, two joining, giving Ii18 cm. (nearly

cm. X cm. int. depthx 1o cm. height (ibid. 246-7, pls. 218, 219; a square abacus, 37'7 square 25 cm. high, a bowl- 4th century B.c.); of these, three, (I), (2), and (4), had fluted shaped echinus, 35 cm. diameter tapering down to 20 cm., marble pedestals: 43, 52'5, and 68 cm. high respectively, a fluted column, 40 cm. high, and a spreading circular base, and one, (3), had a terracotta pedestal on a 43'5 cm. square 6o cm. diameter x Io5 cm. high. Other terracotta louter base; and (B) one basin (5) apparently with uninterrupted stands include a fragmentary hollow fluted shaft (ibid. 205, curve from bowl to lip, but also deeper, go cm. diameter pl. 173, 3), and four with columnar shafts on square bases: x 15 cm. int. depth (Olynthusviii. 319, pl. 78, 6); all five (i) 66 cm. high with flaring square base, 38-39 cm. had square tenons below (8-1o cm. square) to fit mortises sq. x I I'5 cm. high, rounded torus, c. 21 cm. diameter x c. in their pedestals, and two display a roughened circle 5 cm. high, and fluted column, c. 47 cm. high (Olynthusviii. around the tenon, (i) (32 cm. diameter) and (5). Examples 320, no. I7, pl. 78, 4); (2) 45 cm. preserved height, with at Delos illustrate both the low moulded profile (66, 63, flaring square base, 45 cm. sq. x 14 cm. high, with torus, and 71 cm. diameter; Ddlos xviii, Le MobilierDdlien 48, pls. I 8 cm. high, and fluted shaft, 30 cm. high (Olynthusii. 92, 148, 549, and also the deeper, unmoulded bowl (in figs. 200oo,204; viii. 320, no. 18); (3) square base, 45 cm. sq. i77) diameter and height: 60 X 15, 53 X I8, 50x 30 cm., ibid. with fluted shaft (ibid. 320, no. I9); (4) square base, 43 cm. pls. 223-4, 243, 244). sq. x 13 cm. high, with round shaft (Olynthusxii. 242). '4 Ancient repairs with lead clamps of marble and 16 For a brief discussion of ancient Greek bathtubs, terracotta louters, bathtubs, pithoi, and fine pots are fre- Greeceand Rome2vi (1959) 3I-41. Olynthian examples are quently found: e.g. Olynthian marble louters, nos. (I), (2), numerous; generally they are Ioo-125 cm. long, 70o-75 cm. and (3) in previous note, and complete Olynthian terra- wide, and c. 40 cm. high, flat-bottomed with a shallow cotta basin and stand in next note. They indicate the value basin, c. 35 cm. diameter at the foot, and steep-sided, of these objects and ancient frugality, cf. Cato, De Re higher at the back than the front, with out-turned rims Rusticaxxxix. (Olynthusviii. 200oo-I,pls. 53-54; xii, pls. 200oo,236); many Is The reconstruction depends, as regards height and were found in situ (Olynthusii. 46-50; viii. I99-204), fre- basin diameter, on Olynthian parallels. At Olynthus terra- quently in small compartments, some with cement floors and cotta basins were c. 85-90 cm. in diameter and shallower drains, clearly bathroom cubicles within a kitchen or living than the marble basins; some had tubular tenons to fit into unit (e.g. Olynthusviii, pls. 49, Io6, 87, 89; xii, pls. 14, 16, separate terracotta pedestals (Olynthusviii. 320), while at 202, 207), occasionally open in a utility room (e.g. Olynthus least one example was made in one piece with its pedestal. viii, pls. 28, 95; xii .55-56, pls. 44, 234), and, rarely, in small This (Olynthusxii. 229, pls. 191, 2; 219, 2) was 73'5 cm. isolated rooms (Olynthusviii, pls. 36, 97, house A vi 7). a basin 86 cm. diameter x cm. '7 Cf. viii. xx high overall, having deep Olynthus 312 ff., pl. 77; Hesperia (I95I) i80, int. x cm. high ext. with a triple-moulded7"5 rim, 4 cm. fig. 6. wide xII.5 8 cm. high, and a pedestal 62 cm. high, comprising

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA 87 half) of total circumference. Diameter, ext. 78 cm., int. O, P. LOOMWEIGHTS (PLATE 26,f). TWO loomweights, 57 cm. Rim roughly triangular in section, flat-topped, 9- truncated pyramids in shape, with single transverse hole Io cm. wide, bevelled at both edges; sides, ext. oblique, near the top, from room VI and near by in VIII: Base Io05 (O) cm. long to groove between rim and out-curving body, int. 4'3 x cm., ht. 6 cm., weight Io05grammes. Clay well- 4.2 c. sI cm. long, curving into body. Wall 1.75 cm. thick. fired, light orange; worn traces of black glaze on sides. Fabric unevenly fired, dull pink in lower part, to buff on Chipped at base. (P) Base x 3'5 cm., ht. 5 cm., weight 60 top, with brown grit. grammes. Sharper profile.3"5 Clay well-fired, pink, with faint K. Six fragments, three fitting, representing Io6 cm. traces of reddish-brown glaze on sides. Chipped at top.'8 (nearly half) of total circumference. Wide-mouthed vessel Q, R. SPINDLEWHORLS (PLATE 26,f). Two spindlewhorls, with in-curving body. Diameter, ext. 70 cm., int. 62*4 cm. almost identical in shape and size: conical form with Rim flat-topped, cm. wide, slightly bevelled on both vertical round hole through apex. Base flat, max. diameter 3"8 edges, decorated ext. with raised band, cm. wide, along 4 cm., height 3 I cm. Clay well-fired, buff with worn traces edge, and, at cm. below, an incised groove,5"2 2 mm. wide. of black glaze on exterior. Slightly I"5 chipped.'9 Wall cm. thick. Fabric with red-brown S. TERRACOTTAPIPE Short of I18 pink-buff grit; (PLATE 26,f). length pipe, traces ext. of buff wash. broken at both ends, found on south wall of room XI: L. One fragment preserving 28 cm. of circumference and length 14 cm., diameter ext. 3'4 cm., int. cm. a lug handle, of a wide-mouthed vessel. Diameter, ext. Slight indication of outward flare at each end.1I8-2.2 Clay pink, 77 cm., int. cm. Rim flat-topped, cm. wide, fine-grained, with red-black glaze on exterior. 66.8 4'7-5"0 bevelled at edges; ext. vertical side, 1"25 cm. high, then T. QUERN (PLATE 26,f). Part, roughly half, of a saddle oblique, cm. to body. Wall cm. thick. Handle, quern was found in area VIII. It was of grey, rough-grained 3"5 2.7-1.8 below rim, 18 cm. wide top, Io cm. wide bottom, 9 cm. max. stone, originally oval-shaped, flat-bottomed, and hog- height. Fabric, pinkish-yellow with brown grit, and hard backed, and, as preserved, 16 cm. long x 15 cm. wide x 7 smooth finish. cm. high. Such stones were used as grinders, with a stone M, N. Several wall fragments of orange-red coarse fabric, slab as a lower 'board', for grinding grain in small quanti- possibly representing a single pithos, but showing two forms ties.2o of decoration not found together on any single fragment: U. HAMMERSTONE (PLATE 26,f). A small grey stone, arti- M, with broad horizontal raised band having impressed ficially shaped, best understood as a hammerstone: it was decoration of central line of cord pattern between circles fashioned into a rounded cube, 4'3-5 cm. all round, and of arranged in echelon; N, with three narrow horizontal a size to fit into the palm of the hand, and had one side raised bands having faint oblique incisions forming a cord flatter and worn into a roughened hollow as from repeated pattern. blows.

THE POTTERY2I A considerable quantity of rather scrappy pottery was found, considerable especially in view of the depth of earth, nowhere more than 50 cm. The lack of significant stratification made it impossible to exclude stray intrusions from the surface, and the pottery must be looked at as a whole. The great majority of sherds confirm the date already suggested for the Dema house (BSA lii (I957) I84), namely a short period in the last quarter of the fifth century. There is, however, a small number of glazedzl"sherds from about the mid-fourth century. These are listed separately from the main body of pottery, and it is suggested that they are to be connected with the small traces of rebuilding observed in the wall dividing rooms V and VI (see p. 78 above). There are also fragments of two types of cup, normally associated with an earlier period, nos. io and 28. However, parallels to no. Io do occur in late-fifth-centurycontexts (see reference under no. io); and the presence of 28 (fragmentsof two cups)-if not an instance of survival- is consistent with the fact that scattered sherds going back to the archaic period have been found on the surface in this area (BSA lii (1957) 183).

's For similar loomweights, cf. Hesperiaxviii (I949) 340, a late 5th-century-B.c. example. Similar examples were no. 123, pl. IoI; Hesperia Suppl. vii 80 no. 4 (Type B); found at Olynthus (Olynthusii. 69-71, figs. I80, I86; viii. Olynthusii. 118-28. 326, ff. pl. 79) and Delos (Ddlosxviii, Le MobilierDilien I23 ff., '9 A common classical type; cf. Olynthusii, fig. 295. pl. xlviii f.). 20 The type extends from neolithic times onwards, along- 21 Especial thanks are due to Miss Christine Sapieha, side other and more complex forms of mill. Archaic and who did the drawings and profiles in FIGS.4-I I. classical mill-stones, all of saddle-quern type, were found 2'a It is likely that a small proportion of coarse sherds also in the domestic parts of the Agora public buildings (Tho- is from the later period. los area); see Hesperia Supp. iv (1940) 143-4, illustrating

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The pottery is published in full, since, although scrappy, it provides an interesting range, and is a representative inventory of most of the vessels to be found in an Athenian's country house during the late fifth century. The list is complete: where there are many pieces of the same type they have all been counted and listed after those selected for individual inventory. Sherds from the house served by the same water channel (Grosses Haus) are listed separately at the end (nos. 0ox-3). Our debt to the Agora staff has already been mentioned; the numerous references to their published works in Hesperiawill confirm this. Particular mention should be made of Miss Lucy Talcott's 'Attic Black-glazed Stamped Ware and Other Pottery from a Fifth Century Well' (Hesperiaiv, 1935), on material dated c. 430, and of P. E. Corbett's 'Attic Pottery of the Later Fifth Century from the Athenian Agora' (Hesperiaxviii, 1949), on material dated 425-400. broken away. This fragment is perhaps from a second Red-Figure krater. On the neck frs. a design of linked lotus buds and I. BELL-KRATER,frs., PLATE27, a-c. Diam. at mouth c. dots. These three motifs occur simultaneously on column o'48. Preserved are of rim circumference, one handle, one kraters over a wide period; for a parallel of c. 425 (the 0o27 B.c. small foot fr., and sufficient body frs. to reconstruct the ivy-leaf design framing the scenes), cf. JHS xxxviii. 33-34, scenes as A, symposium with kottabos, and B, maenad a column krater by the painter of the Louvre Centauro- and other figures. The fragments are scrappy and many machy (ARV 75o, no. 30); also CVA Louvreiv, France pl. defaced. The mouth is in three degrees, the upper one con- 224. 4, Richter and Hall, no. I37. vex, the middle concave with a laurel wreath, and the 3. LEBESGAMIKOS, frs., PLATE28, a. The diameter of the lower convex with egg pattern. The torus foot is reserved neck was c. oI 12, and of the lower wall c. 0o80. The mouth, on its outer side. Immediately below the rim on the inside neck, and foot are missing; there are a number of body frs., is a reserved circle. The egg pattern is repeated round the some too badly worn to be illustrated. Of five shoulder frs., outer side of the handle attachments. Below the scenes one has the start of a vertical handle, and three part of a re- meanders in groups of three separated by a saltire square served band with ray pattern, and the top of the vcenes. Two with dots. A, beside the handle two male figures recline to separate frs. have a woman (chiton, himation, fillet) stand- left on a couch with striped cushions; beside the couch is ing to front with arms outspread, in her left hand a basket a table with flowers, cf. Jacobsthal, G6ttingerVasen fig. 78 with offerings, cf. Deubner, Jahrbuchxl. 21off. Of one the and Richter and Hall no. 53. One is a youth, the other is face is missing, and of the other the neck and body. One bearded and holds a cup in one hand; both look to right. fr. has the top of a doric column decorated with flowers, Next is a kottabos stand, only the extreme top and foot are and part of the heads of two women standing to right; preserved, then a girl with chiton standing to right playing another has parts of two more female heads to right; five the double flute. To the right two more male figures reclin- other frs. have scraps of drapery, one with part of an ing to left on a couch with striped cushions, one twirling upper arm outstretched, one with right breast showing a kylix on his right forefinger (KorraPi~ov), cf. CVA Miin- through the transparent folds. The scene is the common chenv pl. 25I (4). B, a maenad stands frontal looking round one of women bringing offerings for sacrifice and perhaps to right (chiton, himation, and sakkos) and holding a thyr- gifts for the bride. The glaze is fired to a light brown in sus. To the extreme left a draped figure standing to right. most places. Thinned glaze for the decoration on the For the folds, narrow foot, and loop treatment of the ankles baskets. Relief-contour around at least one figure. Cf. ARV vi. no. 8 the of the Louvre 354 nos. 3, 4; Dugas, Dilos xxi, pls. 33, 34; 39, 91. Date cf. Hesperia 264, (by painter 91; Centauromachy). The glaze has fired red beneath the mid-fifth century, c. 460-430 B.c. handles. Thinned glaze for some anatomical markings 4. Other red-figure frs., PLATE28, b. One small fr. with and some of the folds and cushion stripes; the colour added drapery; one with part of a reserved circle on good black for the flowers has worn off. There are signs of careless work, glaze. such as a splash of glaze left over the flute-girl's breast. Other Ware Relief-contour round all the silhouettes. In the late Poly- Figured gnotan group; near the Cleophon painter; date 440-420 5. Two frs. from a cup(?), PLATE 28, b, one from the rim. B.C.21b Round the rim a band in black glaze; below, a bird(?) and 2. COLUMN-KRATER, frs., PLATE 27, d. Two small mouth a floral design in thin black glaze on a reserved ground. frs. and two from the neck. On one mouth fr. the inside and Rough 'home-made' ware perhaps by a local painter, or top are black-glazed, while the outer surface has a panther from Boeotia(?); cf. P. N. Ure, Black Glaze Potteryfrom standing to right in black silhouette on a reserved ground Rhitsonapl. 9, grave 76, no. 3. One other small fr. with with pink wash; on the other fragment, ivy-leaf decoration border of vertical lines and dots in black on a reserved to the side, black glaze above, the inner surface and wall ground, perhaps from a similar cup.

We are most grateful to SirJohn Beazley for confirming indebted also to Dr. R. Lullies of Munich who examined the this2.b attribution, as also for the references under no. 3, and first tracings of the RF frs. and gave us preliminary advice. for a number of other suggestions and corrections. We are

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14. Foot. H. diam. The foot is complete. Black Glaze 0o02I, 0o0o43. Shallow flaring ring foot. Good black glaze inside and out; 6. AMPHORA,rim fr., FIG.7. H. diam. c. A heavy the underside reserved with circle and dot. Miss Talcott's o"Io, 0"28. rim offset on the outside only; a small double groove where third type (ibid. 505-6, no. 32). it joins the wall. Worn black glaze inside and out, streaky i5. Other Corinthian skyphoi. Wall frs. of at least four red inside in a band down to c. 0o08 from the rim. A similar other Corinthian skyphoi were found, each having reserved (smaller) fr. from another amphora was also discovered. band with rays above the foot. Two body frs. were found, one with worn black glaze; one I6-25. BOLSALSand cuPs. plain with glazed horizontal circle. I6. SESSILE(or low-handled kantharos), foot fr., FIG. 5. 7-I2. ATTIC SKYPHOI, FIG. 5; PLATE 28, C. H. o0o21, diam. o0.0o64.Good black glaze inside and out. 7. Fr. of rim and body. H. o0I 15, diam. o 170o.About a third A ring foot in several degrees, with concave moulding of the rim circumference; the wall is broken off immediately beneath; two lightly scraped concentric circles in the centre above the foot, and climbs up steeply and straight. The rim of the underside. For a discussion of this type, cf. Hesperiavi is straight, with hardly any trace of turning out. Good (1937) 276. Date c. 425 B.c. black glaze everywhere, worn off at the rim. Cf. Agora P 17. BOLSAL,nearly halfmade-up, FIG.5. H. o'o48, diam. at 2297 (Hesperiaiv (1935) 505, no. 21). Date c. 430 B.c. rim o0II, at base 00o48. Thin-walled and fragile; the wall 8. Base. H. o0o035,diam. o*Io; the base is made up complete thickness is about o-oo2 below the rim, and 0ooo003above except for large chips. Worn brown glaze within, good the foot. The lip is finished off to a sharp edge. Good black black glaze on the outside, except on the foot at the resting glaze within, fired brown on the bottom; on the outside, place; the bottom is reserved with glazed circle and dot. patchy glaze badly peeled in one area; the underside re- From a skyphos similar to no. 7, but with lighter wall. served, with a pink wash (the centre is missing). Flaring Date c. 430 B.C. ring foot, with a shallow concave curve running up from it g. Fr. of base and body. H. o00o46,diam. o-o68; about'one- to a low ridge. Two well-stamped palmettes on the inside third of foot circumference. Good black glaze inside and are part of a circle of seven or eight as in no. g19(FIG. 6). out; the resting place and the foot and the underside For the profile, cf. Agora P 2296, Talcott, Hesperiaiv (I1935) reserved. The wall shows the double curve which was intro- 503, no. 14; for stamped palmette compositions of this duced late in the fifth century, cf. Hesperia iv (1935) 505, period, cf. ibid. 504. and xviii (1949) 317. Nos. 8 and g give the span of skyphos I8. BOLSAL base, FIG. 6; PLATE 29, a, c. H. oo I2, diam. shapes found,22 and suggest a range of date for the house of Flaring ring foot. Within, black glaze peeling off to scarcely one generation in the late fifth century. brown0"074. and four palmettes set closely on a grooved circle. Io. Rim and body frs. H. 0oo058,diam. o Io5; over half of On the outside a dull-brown glaze; beneath, a glazed zone, the rim circumference in three frs. not joining; the wall then three reserved circles and a dot, separated by a zone extends as far as the foot, which is missing. Worn black glaze and two circles of a pink wash. within, and black to brown glaze on the outside, except for Ig9. BOLSAL base fr., FIG. 6; PLATE 29, c. H. o-oi6, diam. a reserved band below the rim; the rim also reserved but 0o077; over three-quarters of the base. Flaring ring foot. decorated with groups of three transverse strokes. The rim Black glaze within, badly peeled and scarred, with a design is flattened. There are clamp holes in two places round the of eight palmettes (one to be restored) set round a circle; rim where the cup had been mended. This example shows the underside reserved with a pink wash, except for a glazed the survival of an archaic type of decoration, and was per- band and two circles. Black glaze elsewhere on the out- haps a favourite old family cup (cf. Hesperiavi (1937) 257 side. and n. 2). For a parallel survival into the late fifth century o20. BOLSAL base fr., FIG. 6; PLATE 29, C. H. diam. 0"029, cf. Agora P I7121, Boulter, Hesperiaxxii (1953) I 4, no. 198 0072; of foot circumference preserved. Flaring ring and pl. 29; see also the discussion ibid. 75, no. 31. foot as 0"077nos. I8 and I9g.The profile is identical with that of I1. Handles. Two horizontal handles, one with brown and no. 17, but this is a heavier cup. Good black glaze inside the other with black glaze, both worn. No other handles and out, except for a reserved circle on the underside. The survived intact. palmettes are very lightly stamped. I2. Other Attic skyphoi. Base frs. of at least fourteen others 2I. BOLSALbase fr., FIG.5. H. diam. 0o074; 0o062 of 0"026, were found, diameters ranging from c. o I 15 to 0oo60. On foot circumference preserved. Flaring ring foot. Red glaze most black or black-to-brown glaze, inside and out; frag- inside and out, except for a reserved circle on the underside ments of three show reserved circles on the outside (see no. next to the foot. The wall turns up steeply from the foot, io above), and one has the upper half in reddish glaze lacking the concave lower wall of our other examples. This (? due to stacking); the underside is variously treated, two may then be a little earlier than the others, c. 430 B.C. But in black glaze, two with brown, several reserved, and two see Corbett, Hesperiaxviii (1949) 331 f., on the variety of the with a pink wash, and glazed circle and dot. shape within the late fifth century. I3-15. CORINTHIAN SKYPHOI, FIG. 5; PLATE 28, C. The variety in treatment of the undersides is illustrated 13. Frs. of base and wall (not joining). H. o-o18 and 0-032, in PLATE29, C. diam. 0oo7; about half of foot circumference. Flaring ring 22. BOLSAL, base and wall frs., FIG. 5; PLATE 29, C. H. 0"028, foot. Black glaze within, and on the foot; a reserved band and 0-047, diam. 0-o090; about half of the foot circumfer- with rays above the foot; the underside reserved with traces ence. The wall fr. overlaps but does not join; the centre of of a glazed circle (the centre missing). Cf. Agora P 2298, the base is missing. Flaring ring foot with a groove; shallow Talcott no. 22, Hesperiaiv (1935) 505. Date c. 420 B.c. concave moulding above and below. Badly worn and peeled

22 See, however, under nos. 1o and 94.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 21 90 94 95

14

10 88 17

I:2) 89 (Scale

BOWLS

13 AND

92

9 16 91 ONE-HANDLERS,

BOLSALS,

SKYPHOI,

OF

PROFILES

11 5. 8 FIG. 27

22

7

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91

18

19

95

25

20 88 FIG. 6. STAMPED PALMETTE PATTERNS (Scale I: I) black-to-brown glaze inside and out. This cup has no close 25. Other BOLSALSand cuPs. Base frs. from at least eight Agora parallel, but was probably a type of bolsal. other similar bolsals were found, one with finely stamped 23. Wall fr. ofcvP, PLATE29, (b). Small fr. with start of a ring palmette decoration, FIG.6; PLATE29, c. There were also handle. Good black glaze inside and out; a line in red is one kylix stem and handle fragments from four kylikes (or drawn obliquely below the handle. Cf. Corbett, Hesperia stemless cups), and base frs. from at least ten small bowls, xviii (i949) 320, no. 28, and pl. 85. mostly with reddish glaze inside and out. 24. Rim fr. of stemless cuP, PLATE29, (b). Diam. c. 26-29. ONE-HANDLERS, FIG. 5; PLATE 28, d. o'oI2. A small fragment of offset rim, from inside a handle, with 26. ONE-HANDLER.H. diam. of rim o*I25, of foot o'o44, reserved area where protected from the glazing brush by the 00o63. One half preserved, the handle missing. Simple ring handle. Elsewhere good black glaze. Cf. Agora P 21882, foot. Profile as no. 27, but a little heavier and deeper. Worn Boulter, Hesperiaxxii (I953) 77, no. 36, a mid-fifth-century black glaze inside and out. Cf. Olynthusv, pls. I78-80; example. Agora P 23Io, Talcott, Hesperiaiv (I935) 507, no. 37, fig. I,

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33

I I 3(

34 6

39 40 38 41

97 99 42 43

FIG. 7. BLACK-GLAZED, VARIOUS SHAPES (Scale 1: 2) and discussion there. A type common in the late fifth HesperiaSupp. iv. 37-38, fig. 30, a, and P 1385, Hesperiaxv century. (I946) 320, no. 252. of at least fourteen 27. ONE-HANDLER.H. o0o38, diam. of rim of foot 29. Other ONE-HANDLERS.Fragments About two-thirds of the rim, with handleo'I24, and wall other one-handlers similar to nos. 26 and 27 were found. 0o063.down to the foot, and about one-quarter of the foot. Low 30-45. VARIOUS SHAPES. rim. Brown-to-black inside and out, 30o. MYKE, three rim frs., one not joining, FIG. 7. H. ring foot; flattened glaze 0.039, largely worn off outside; a reserved circle on the underside. diam. 0o084; about three-quarters of the rim. Simple flaring the 28. Base of semi-glazed ONE-HANDLER. H. 0'034, diam. rim and narrow neck, with slight ridge at the start of on the rim and of 0o068; the foot complete but a fragment of the floor body. Reddish-brown glaze upper part missing. Broad ring foot. Black glaze within, with reserved the neck, inside and out. A similar fragment from another circle at the centre; the outside reserved with bands of myke, with band in good black glaze was found. Cf. Cor- black glaze a little above the foot, on the outer and inner bett, Hesperia xviii (I949) 334-5, pl. 96; Amyx, Hesperia faces of the foot, and on the under-surface. A base fragment xxvii (1958) 208. from one other similar cup was found and is also illustrated 31. RIBBEDJUG, frs., PLATE29, b. Two small body frs., with of the neck. Broad ribbing ending in arcs at the top; (PLATE 28, d). Mr. Brian Sparkes informs us that this form part was obsolete by the last quarter of the fifth century; for a rope-like mould at the upper limit of the body. Peeled inside and out. late fifth parallels from the early fifth century cf. Agora P 12233 black to brown glaze Date, century.

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Cf. Corbett, Hesperiaxviii (1949) 332, no. 8i, and the dis- 41. LEKANISCOVER, rim fr., FIG. 7. H. oo026 to o0032, diam. cussion there. c. of circumference preserved. The rim is turned 32. RIBBEDJUG, frs., PLATE29, b. One small fr. from the base in,0"20; and 0"095its edge is irregular and chipped. Traces of black and one from the body. Base diameter c. o-o7. Tiny ring glaze on the outside, and worn red glaze within. Cf. Olynthus foot, with two grooves above. Peeled black glaze on the out- xiii, pl. 243. side, and brown within. Narrower ribbing than no. 3x. 42. SALT-CELLAR, fr., FIG. 7; PLATE 29, d. H. 0o0o25, diam. Cf. Corbett, ibid. nos. 79-80. at rim c. 0o06, at base c. 0o0o6.Small fr. complete from rim to Fragments of at least two other similar jugs were found. base. No foot, flat bottom with four scraped grooves; black 33. Mouth of upright LEKYTHOS,FIG. 7. H. o-oi8, diam. to brown glaze everywhere. Cf. Agora P 2345, Talcott, 0o035. The mouth is complete, broken off at the neck. Black Hesperiaiv (1935) 508, no. 46. glaze inside and out, mostly peeled off. A fr. of one other Fragments of three other similar salt-cellars were found. similar lekythos was found. 43. LAMP(type 24A), fr., FIG. 7; PLATE29, d. H. 0o029, max. GLOBULARLEKYTHOS, rim and neck frs., FIG.7. H. diam. Over half of the less than a of 34. 0"029, 0o0o66. base, quarter and diam. at rim c. The frs. do not join. of the handle. The rim has two o'o2I, 0o066. the rim with the start Flaring rim with flat top turned in; narrow neck with drip- grooves; there is a low base ring. Good black glaze inside ring. Cf. Boulter, Hesperiaxxii (1953) 80, no. 47. The Agora and out; the underside reserved with glazed band, circle, example P 1000Iooo2(ibid. pl. 31, no. 201) provides a late-fifth- and dot. Cf. Howland, The AthenianAgora iv, GreekLamps century parallel. Fragments of one other similar lekythos 63. Date, last quarter of the fifth century. were found. 44. LAMP(type 24A), fr. H. 0o024, diam. About one- 35. OLPE,base, PLATE29, d. H. o0oI9, diam. o0o38. Flat base third, the handle missing and the rim 0.082.chipped off. Poor projecting slightly, reserved beneath. Black glaze on the black glaze inside and out; the base is raised and the under- outside only. One other similar base was found. For Agora side reserved, cf. Howland, loc. cit. parallels, cf. Talcott, Hesperiaiv (I935) 5I0. Date, late fifth Fragments of at least six other similar lamps were found, century. four with raised bases and reserved undersides, and two with 36. OINOCHOAI(Type III), frs. Not illustrated. Small frs. of base rings and decorated undersides. One was previously at least two oinochoai ; trefoil rim frs., one with red, the mentioned, BSA lii (1957) 184, in reference to the dating other with black glaze; part of a handle with central rib of the Dema wall. and red glaze. Also part of a strap handle with black glaze, 45. ASKOI,spout frs., PLATE29, b. Two askoi are repre- and small base frs. of eight closed vessels of this or similar sented; one fr. shows the start of the handle, turning up shape. from its mouth. Spout lengths and Cf. Hesperia 0o030 0"025. 37. PYXIS(type III), frs., FIG.7. H. c. 0o0o8,diam. at rim c. xviii pl. 85, no. 19. o, at base 15; preserved are of rim circumference, (7949) o. o.I 0oo9 oI 133 of base circumference. Three frs. not joining, two of Semi-glazed Ware rim, and one of base. The rim is flanged to receive a lid on FIG. 8; PLATE 29, the outside; the wall is concave, flaring out at the base; 46-52. LEKANAI, e. Rim and H. diam. Black to brown beneath, a low ring foot, with concave moulding on the 46. body fr. o0o03, and on the o.24.on the outside one underside. Good black glaze within, on the flange, and also streaky glaze within, rim; horizontal band in black and a circle where the on the underside within the foot; red glaze elsewhere on the glaze, handle the wall. P outside. A common fifth-century shape. Cf. Richter and (missing) joined Cf. Agora 2355, Talcott, Hesperiaiv 494, no. 71. Milne, Shapes21, and fig. 142. (I935) FIG. H. c. diam . Two frs. 47. Rim fr. with horizontal handle. H. oo72, diam. c. 38. PYXISLID, frS., 7. c. oI05. 0o40. not joining, one at the rim and0"35, one with the handle. A flat Buff micaceous clay. Streaky brown to black glaze within, and on the on the outside a brown band immediately lid, with only a slight indentation at the rim on the upper rim; below the handle. surface. Good black glaze above; the inside reserved except for a central dot. 48. Rim fr. with start of handle. H. diam. c. o.142, 0"39. Light buff clay. The rim is turned downwards, and is 39. LEKANIS(type A), rim frs., FIG. 7. H. and 0"054 0.044, decorated on the surface with groups of transverse lines; diam. (at flange) c. o0'24; of rim circumference pre- o.II a brown band below served. Two rim frs., not joining, with flange to receive lid black glaze within, and on the outside the handle. outside, and one with the start of a horizontal handle, with spur to the side. The wall curves in strongly. Brown glaze 49. Body fr. H. o 151, diam. c. o028. Dull reddish-brown within, and a peeled black glaze on the outside. Date, third glaze within; one brown to black horizontal band on the quarter of the fifth century. Cf. Richter and Milne, Shapes outside. From a vase similar to no. 47, but smaller. fig. 149; CVA Oxford ii no. II; Young, xx 50o. Base and body frs. H. diam. Buff gritty pl. 65, Hesperia o'I25, o.I62. (1951) 220, no. 6 (a decorated example) and the discussion clay. Worn black glaze within, and on the outside a brown there. band on the foot. 4o. LEKANIS-PYXIS,rim fr., FIG. 7. H. diam. c. 5i. Foot. H. o00o44,diam. o0.1i68.The ring foot, slightly 0o029, o"II; 00o31 of rim circumference preserved. Small rim fr. with flaring, is complete, but the centre of the base missing. Poor flange for the lid. Under the flange is a scraped groove. black glaze within, and on the outside brown bands on the Red glaze within, and a worn black glaze on the outside. foot, and on the wall immediately above. From a vessel Cf. Corbett, Hesperia xviii (1949) 326, no. 48; Young, very similar to no. 48, but slightly smaller. Hesperiaxx (195 I) 220, no. 5. Date, last quarter of the fifth 52. Other semi-glazed lekanai, surviving only in fragments, century. numbered at least twenty-seven; rim and foot profiles of

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50 1:2)

(Scale

LEKANAI 52 52 48 SEMI-GLAZED

OF

PROFILES 8.

FIG.

47

46

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56

57

53

FIG. 9. PROFILES OF SEMI-GLAZED LEKANIS AND LIDS (Scale 1:2)

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a few of these are given to show the range represented in 67. Rim with handle. H. diam. all but a frag- o-I7I, o.I56; a span of about twenty years. ment of the rim circumference. Light-buffclay. Broad flat 53-57. LEKANISand LIDS,FIG. 9; PLATE29,f. rim. Short handle very slightly turned in, with finger im- LEKANIs,fragmentary. H. diam. Slightly pression at the lower end. For the heavy rim, cf. Hesperia 53. o'o95, 0o24. over half is preserved, but one handle missing. The handle xviii (1949) 337, fig. 7, nos. io6 and 166. is slightly turned up from horizontal. There is a gently This piece was found, along with fragments of at least flaring rim, flanged inside to receive the lid. Dark-buff clay; three other similar amphorae, in the make-up of the court on the inside and rim surface a streaky brown glaze, much surface, near the south-east corner. peeled, spiralling at the centre of the base; on the outside, 68. Base of a small amphora. H. o0o38, diam. o'o39. Light- brown bands below the handle and on the foot. Cf. Agora red clay. Low base with little spread. P 1oo04, Hesperiaxviii (1949) 334 no. 87, pl. 96. 69. Base. H. o0o60, diam. o0o053. Light-red clay. Base 54. Flanged rim fragments of two other semi-glazed leka- almost vertical, slightly rounded beneath, with shallow de- nides were found. pression. Perhaps the fabric matches with nos. 62 or 63. LID, about three-quarters complete. H. diam. 70. Base. H. diam. o0o84. Buff to pink clay. Thick 55. 0o052, o0o53, o0I76. Micaceous dark-grey fabric, with uneven and worn flaring ring foot. black glaze on the outside. In the handle is a conical de- Base. H. diam. Chocolate-brown mica- 7I. o0Io3, 0oo76. pression. Horizontal ridging on the upper half. ceous clay, fired dark grey under the surface. Low spreading 56. LID,a little over half preserved. H. diam. base, with shallow depression beneath. Very poorly made, 0"229. Gritty micaceous red-brown fabric; a worn0"063, brown to black with the floor inside set dangerously to one side. The fabric glaze on the outside. The handle is set slightly off centre. matches with rim no. 66. 57. LID, little more than half preserved. H. diam. 72. Base. H. diam. Light chocolate to 0o048, 0o079, o0o76-o'o52. oI 196. Coarse, gritty brick-red fabric, with traces of dull-red red clay. Low spreading base, slightly higher and more glaze on the upper surface. slender than no. 71. The fabric goes with that of rims 62 and 63. Cf. Agora SS 1838 (Hesperiaiii (1934) 303, no. I, CoarsePottery and 202, fig. I, no. I) for a late-fifth-century parallel, from Chios. The lines of this example are midway between 58-76. AMPHORAE,FIG. PLATE30, a, b. IO; nos. 72 and 75. of at least sixteen were found, and Fragments amphorae 73. Base. H. o Io6, diam. o0o69. Pink to buff micaceous a representative selection of these is listed, with profiles, to clay, with yellow slip on the outside. Higher flaring base, the of in use in one house over a short suggest variety shapes with a depression beneath. Cf. Agora P 2375 (Hesperiaiv period. (I935) 514, and 496, fig. 17, no. 88). 58. Rim fr. with start of handle. H. diam. o0I25, 74. Base. H. o0079, diam. oo50. Light-brown to red mica- about one-half of rim circumference. Gritty and micaceouso.I3; ceous clay. Narrow rounded foot. The fabric matches with brick-red clay; simple rim rounded almost to oval. Cf. rim no. 6I. Agora SS (Hesperiaiii (1934) pl. 2, no. I), which I839 3Io0, 75. Base. H. diam. o0o68. Gritty red clay with yellow is Chian, third quarter of the fifth century. o0o95, Slender base with shallow be- Rim fr. H. diam. of rim circumfer- slip. spreading depression 59. 0oo07I, 0o096; 007o0 highest base ence. Light-pink clay slightly micaceous. Simple, slightly neath; the of this series. 76. Other amphorae. A considerable number of similar rounded rim, turned out a little, and marked off beneath fragments were found, including nine bases and twenty- by a shallow groove. nine handle fragments, complete at the lower end; of these 6o. Rim fr. with part of handle. H. o0o63, diam. c. o0o095; twenty-four had finger impressions, and the other five were 0o05 of rim circumference. Very coarse, gritty brick-red too poorly preserved to tell. clay, slightly micaceous. Rounded rim turned back in hook shape. 77-81. MORTARS, FIG. I I; PLATE 30, C. 61. Rim fr. with upper part of handle. H. diam. c. 77. Rim fr. with spout. H. ext. diam. 0.252, int. diam. o.I2I, 0-045, micaceous. The rim is o0I3; of rim circumference. Light-brown to pink clay, 0.220. Light-buff clay, slightly 0o073 turned down almost to vertical. The broadens slightly mnicaceous.Simple flat rim. sharply spout 62. Rim fr. H. o0o72, diam. c. 0oo78 of rim circum- from 0o02 to at the mouth. This may well be from the o.Ig; 0.04 ference. Gritty light-red clay. Rounded rim, turned out fourth century; see refs. under no. 79. 78. Two rim frs. with handle. H. ext. diam. obliquely. 0o039, o0252. 63. Rim fr. H. o0o070o,diam. of rim circumfer- Gritty orange-red clay, deeply abraded inside. Simple flat o.I2; o'o92 ence. Light-red clay. Wide rounded rim. roll of clay added as handle, and flattened at the side. Cf. 64. Rim fr. with handle. H. diam. o0I24; nearly half Hesperiavi (1937) 299-300, no. 191, for a late-fifth-century of rim circumference. Pink slightlyo.I56, micaceous clay. Flat rim, parallel. turned down to the outside. Finger mark at the lower end 79. Rim fr. with handle. H. oo52, diam. at lip o0'306,ext. of the handle. diam. o0348. Pink to buff clay, slightly micaceous. Large 65. Rim fr. H. o0o64, diam. nearly half of rim down-turned jutting rim, with rounded lip; at the lower circumference. Light chocolate micaceouso.I53; clay. A high rim edge of the rim, a handle or grip made with an applied offset on the outside. strip of clay to fit the fingers. Cf. Olynthusii, fig. 254 for 66. Two rim frs. H. o0o55 and diam. o0I2 of a fourth-century parallel. A buff fabric appears to have been 0o053, o.I30; rim circumference. Light chocolate highly micaceous clay. used from the fourth century, cf. Talcott, Hesperiaiv (1935) Flattened rim slightly turned out, and marked off by 513. A similar profile occurs in the later Hellenistic period, a groove. cf. Agora P 3396 (Hesperiaiii (i934) 416). This piece may

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75 71 66

65

74 :3) I 64

(Scale

70 63 PROFILES 62 AMPHORA

IO.

61 FIG. 73 69

60

59

58 68

72

X

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82

87a

87b 77 87tb 87c

86

78 79 80

100 102

L

K J H

FIG. I I. PROFILES OF KITCHEN WARE AND PITHOI (Scale 1:2, except pithoi H, J, K, L, and Io2, which are I:4)

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belong rather with the small group of fourth-century glazed a trait of the mid-fourth century (cf. Corbett, Hesperiaxviii sherds, nos. 88-98. (I949) 324). Peeling brown glaze inside and out, except for 8o. Base fr. H. diam. o0I28. Gritty yellowish-buff a thin reserved band on the lower wall beside the foot; the o'o29, clay, slightly micaceous. Simple disk base probably from resting-place also reserved. Crude stamped palmette design, a mortar similar to no. 77, but larger and thicker walled. cf. Olynthusxiii, pI. 236, no. I (first half of the fourth cen- Two further similar bases were found, one fragmentary; tury). There was a deterioration in the standard of palmette diams. and stamping in the fourth century, cf. Corbett, ibid. 303-4, and o"I27 o.216. 81. Fr. of spout from large mortar. H. o0o46, length of Hesperiaxxiv (1955) 172ff. spout Gritty pink clay. 89. BOWL(or plate), base fr., FIG.5; PLATE29, H. 0o083. C. 0o023, 82-87. OTHER KITCHEN WARE, FIG. I I. diam. o0o075;o-o59 of foot circumference. High ring foot, 82. CASSEROLE,rim and body fr. with stub of handle; also a with shallow grooves on the outside. Poor black glaze fr. from a lid that fits. H. (of rim fr.) 0oo058,diam. o0I84; inside and out, but reserved circles at the junction of foot lid diam. Rim circumference preserved and and body (on both sides), and the central zone of the under- o-I60. 0"298, of lid Brown clay with fine grit, and a black crust side reserved, with glazed circles (the centre missing). Poor 0"055. on the outside. High flaring rim, flanged within to receive design of large palmettes, very lightly stamped. the lid. Other fragments, not joining, include of rim, go. BOWL,base fr., FIG.5. Small fragment of high ring foot 0.20 and a small upturned spout, of diam. oo02 (at the mouth). similar to no. 89; one stamped palmette, of better standard; For a late-fifth-century parallel, cf. Agora P 2359-60 scraped groove at the resting-place, as in no. 88. (Hesperiaiv (1935) 513, and fig. 16). 91. BOLSAL,base fr., FIGS. 5, 6; PLATE 29, a, c. H. o0o28, 83. Other casseroles. Flanged rim fragments of at least six diam. oI 15; about half the bottom, but only a small frag- other casseroles were found; the fabric is brown to red, ment of the foot. Heavy flaring ring foot. A dull-black glaze micaceous to various degrees, and with fine grit. Profiles of inside and out. Stamped inside, round a central circle, are two rim fragments are given, one a shallow lopas. Cf. Agora five palmettes linked by elongated curves, and surrounding P 14655 (Sparkes and Talcott, Pots andPans 44). them a circle of heavier glaze, much peeled (a result of 84. LIDs. Fragments of six lids with no trace of glaze were stacking?). This is a fourth-century design, cf. Talcott, found: two of gritty brick-red fabric, one of diameter o016, Hesperia iv (1935) 487, and no. 115. There are reserved the other of diameter o 18 and with turned-down rim; one bands, inside and out, at the junction of foot and wall; the of micaceous red-brown fabric, diameter o 15 with pointed underside is decorated with glazed band, circles, and dot, conical handle; one of a grey fabric, similar to no. 55, with several scraped grooves. diameter one larger, ofmicaceous brown fabric, with 92. BOWL, rim fr., FIG. 5. H. diam. of o.I4; 0.028, regular undulations on the underside; and another, larger rim circumference. Simple turned-in rim. Redo-132; glaze o-I3o within, and heavier, of pink gritty fabric, diameter rim thick- and on the outside three glazed bands, red above dull 0.28, ness 0o023. brown to black; above, full black glaze (a result of stacking). 85. HYDRIA(?), base fr. H. 0o0o33, diam. o I 15; about half of Cf. Olynthusxiii, no. 759- the foot circumference preserved. Thin brown to grey 93. KANTHAROS,small fr. with moulded rim. Not illustrated. fabric with fine grit. High spreading ring foot, turned in Only the start of the moulding is preserved at top and slightly at the resting place. The lower part of a strap bottom, the rest having peeled off. Cf. Hesperiaxxiii (I954) handle of similar fabric may belong. 73, no. I; Olynthusxiii, pls. 184-5. Mid-fourth century. 86. LARGEBOWL, rim fr. with start of handle. H. o0o8I, 94. Small SKYPHOs,base fr., FIG. 5; PLATE 28, C. H. diam. Light-brown to buff micaceous clay. Full diam. about half of the base. Small ring foot,0"023, with o'278. 0oo036; rounded rim, with horizontal handle, somewhat upturned. the wall rising steeply in a concave curve; dull red-brown 87. Other kitchen frs. (a) Thin brown to grey fabric: rim glaze; the underside reserved with a glazed circle. Cf. P. N. fragments from four vessels (rim diams. c. Ure, Black Glaze Potteryfrom Rhitsona 17, no. 4, from o'I2, o*Io, o-Io, pl. and the largest is illustrated (FIG.I I) and was per- grave 30, dated to the second half of the fourth century 0"093); haps a two-handled chytra;23there are neat vertical paring B.C., and Olynthusv, nos. 965, 979 (pls. I84, I85). It is marks on neck and shoulder; the others are similar but Mr. B. Sparkes's opinion that this example is slightly later smaller vessels. Cf. Agora P 21947 (Hesperiaxxii (1953) pl. than the Olynthian skyphoi, dated to before 348 B.C. 35, no. I I5. (b) Coarse red fabric, micaceous and with fine 95. Low BOWL,base fr., FIGs.5, 6; PLATE29, a, c. H. 0o0o26, grit: at least seven vessels, including three thin-walled diam. c. o I20; oo'062of foot circumference; the centre of cooking pots (rim diams. o0I2, and o.II), one bowl the base is missing. Thick flaring ring foot, with wide o.I8, (rim diam. c. 0.24), and perhaps three jugs. (c) Light-buff to scraped groove at the resting-place; another groove around yellow fabric: some five vessels, a large bowl (rim diam the wall o0oI6 above the foot. Dull black glaze everywhere, .o.28, rim thickness 0o024), two vessels with upright strap handles, but the resting-place reserved. Four concentric circles of perhaps oinochoai, a smaller jug with double rolled handle, transverse lines rouletted within, and a faint trace of one and one other. palmette; cf. Olynthusxiii. 778 (from which the central palmette design in FIG.6 is restored). Rouletting was intro- duced in the second of the fourth Fourth-centurySherds quarter century (Corbett, Hesperia xviii (1949) 304). 88. BOWL(or plate), base fr., FIGS.5 and 6; PLATE29, a, c. Two small fragments from another smaller plate, with H. diam. c. o0o4I of foot circumference. High similar foot and rouletting, were found. o'o2I, 0o07; ring foot, with scraped groove at the resting-place. This is 96. KANTHAROS,foot fr. Not illustrated. Small fr. with the

23 We are grateful to Miss Lucy Talcott for this suggestion; and also for the reference under no. 1oo below.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 100 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM floor and foot broken away; slight traces of rouletting inside, yellow-brown at surfaces. The rim is flat on top, with and a ridge outside. elaborate profile on the underside; cf. Hesperia vii (1938) 97. Low BOWL, rim fr., FIG. 7. H. o'oI7, diam. c. o.I55; 197, fig. 32. o00o41of rim circumference. Simple flat rim, with inner lip This piece was found in making a trial trench near the curving in. Good black glaze, worn off on the outside. Cf. Dema wall, some 20 metres south of the house, in an Olynthusxiii, pl. 226, no. 862, and others. attempt to locate a water channel there. 98. Low BOWL,wall fr., PLATE29, a. Small fragment with concentric grooves, and palmettes linked by curving lines; cf. no. 88 above. Date, mid-fourth century. Potteryfrom 'GrossesHaus' Add here also nos. and 77, 79, 85 already catalogued. 0ox. Semi-glazed CASSEROLE,rim fr. H. o000oo3,diam. c. of rim circumference. High flaring rim, with Potteryassociated with theDema wall flangeo.I6; 0.075inside to receive the lid; profile midway between the 99. SALT-CELLAR,FIG. 7; PLATE29, d. H. diam. examples from the Dema house (FIG. I I, no. 83), but here 0"027, o~o8I; about three-quarters complete. Good black glaze. The there is none of the return curve of the body preserved, and sharpest curve comes at the top, not lower down as in the the wall is thicker, 000oo5-7. A patchy and cracked dull late-fifth-century examples, cf. Thompson, Hesperia,Supp. glaze or wash, black to brown in colour, on the outside, and iv (194o) 133-4, fig. 98 d; Corbett, Hesperia xviii (I949) inside down to the flange. 329-30. Date, mid-fourth century. This piece was found 1o2. PITHOS, rim fr. with lug handle, FIG. I I; PLATE 30, d. built into the rubble fill of the Dema wall, and substantially H. 0o086, diam. uncertain. Coarse pink gritty clay, with confirms our previous dating (BSA lii (I957) 186). signs of burning. Smaller than the example from the Dema house (L), but with a similar profile. outsidethe house Potteryfrom 1o3. Other frs. included parts of two amphora handles and Ioo00.PITHOS, rim fr., FIG. I I; PLATE 30, d. H. 0o0o65, diam. of the feet of two large coarse vessels, diam. c. 0o20 and c. ext. 0o493, int. 0.380. Coarse grey fabric, with white bits, o.I4. Both have a low ring foot slightly flaring.

From the above list we can produce totals which represent roughly the quantity and range of domestic ware used by this one household, very likely a typical prosperousAthenian family, over perhaps one generation. Tableware included two fine kraters,two amphorai, some twenty- four skyphoi, four kylikes and a kantharos, some fourteen bolsals, eighteen one-handlers and four other cups, up to ten small bowls, four ribbed jugs, two olpai, two mykai, two to eight oino- choai and two askoi, three to six lekanides, and four salts. Fine pots possibly for ornamental and personal uses were a lebes gamikos, two pyxides, four lekythoi, and eight lamps. Pottery for every- day kitchen, cooking, and storing purposesincluded some half a dozen jugs, three large bowls, thirty-four lekanai, sixteen amphorai, up to seven mortars, seven casseroles, perhaps one hydria, and at least seven thin-walled chytrai or cooking-pots. For a survey of domestic pottery and its uses with full illustrations, see Pots andPans of ClassicalAthens, by B. A. Sparkes and Lucy Talcott.

DATE The date previously proposed for the site on the indication of sherds found earlier on the to be confirmed the additional evidence now available. The bulk of surface24 appears wholly by the pottery is characteristicof Attic ware of the end of the third and of the fourth quarter of the fifth century B.c. These time limits have to be considered, along with the structural and stratigraphic evidence from the house (such as it is), in the context of known historical events. These limits then exclude the possibility of construction and occupation before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war in 431 B.c. The sherds which could themselves be of earlier date are few in number; to interpret these literally as implying activity on the site before 43I B.c. would -if due weight be given also to the main ceramic dates and the implications of the Peloponne- sian invasions-involve two occupation periods rather than one: occupation would have been interrupted by a destruction at the hands of the Spartans who passed the site when marching from Thria to Acharnae in 43I B.c.,25 and by a prolonged abandonment by reason of the vulnerability of any house here on a good invasion route. Such a literal interpretation of the 24 BSA lii (I957) I84. 25 Thuc. ii. I9. 2.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA 101oi

earlier sherds is by no means consistent with other evidence. First, there was no sign of that refurbishing and raising of floors which a reoccupation after destruction and abandonment would lead one to expect. Secondly, the find-spots of some of the sherds which might prompt that literal interpretation instead convincingly related them to the final abandonment of the house; thus, fragments of the bell-krater were found on the floor of room I and on the hard surface of the court just inside the inner doorway of the vestibule (VII). The Periclean policy of the withdrawal of the country population into the city and the repeated invasions of Archidamus rendered the construction and occupation of a house in such an exposed situation extremely improbable at any date during the next ten years, 431-421 B.C. Construction and inhabitation of the house during the second phase of the Peloponnesian war is equally improbable for the very same reasons; the danger of pillage was permanent not seasonal after the capture of Decelea in 413 B.C. and the campaign of destruction was more thorough. These circumstances are more likely to have occasioned the termination of occupa- tion rather than have provided a fit time for its inception and the construction of an imposing country house. These general considerations suggest that the likeliest period within the limits of the ceramic dating was the interval between the Archidamian and the Decelean wars, a period when the rural population would again have been free to reclaim and develop its outlying possessions. It was the breath of fresh air and freedom brought about by the peace of Nicias in 421 B.c. which was the occasion for the building of this large house, perhaps by a well-established family. It is extremely likely that the family which built it would have brought to their new home vases which they valued (e.g. bell-krater and lebes gamikos) and which may have been made ten years or more earlier. A date, then, of around 430 B.C. for some of the figured ware would not be at all inconsistent with the construction of the house c. 420 B.c. The life of the building was relatively short and was terminated, perhaps abruptly and violently, in the course of the Decelean war.26 A second and independent phase of occupation on the site is indicated by a group of fourth- century sherds. The relative scantiness of this material implies no very long and intensive occupation, and its probable context is that of the localized and rough rebuilding at the east end of the house (represented by the poor wall between rooms V and VI). The ceramic and structural evidence together would indicate the re-use, after a considerable interval and rough rebuilding, of one small part of the ruins of the Dema house, and a reoccupation in a small way about the mid-fourth century B.c. The rebuilt structure would have been quite certainly demolished for tactical security by the builders of the Dema wall. The significant sherd (no. 99) which was found in the rubble of the Dema wall was possibly carried with the building material from the site after the second demolition. This sherd con- firms the fourth-century date proposed earlier for that fortification and is consistent with the particular occasion (the crises of 337-6 B.c.) then suggested for its construction.27

DISCUSSION It now remains to consider the house as an architectural type and relate it to contemporary modes of building. It is, however, imperfectly preserved and many parts are featureless and

26 Perhaps, as noted earlier, the paucity of the finds at the the smallest scraps, were found, and these gave on the site is evidence of the wholesale plundering of property by ground an impression of a very thin scatter. The majority the Thebans, extending even to structural elements such as of the tiles have plainly disappeared, together, doubtless, beams and tiles (Hellenica Oxyrhynchiaxii. 4, cf. CP xxi with other re-usable structural features and furnishings- (1926) 346-55). It is calculated (p. I13 below) that 720 perhaps looted by the men who destroyed the house, or sal- Corinthian roof-tiles would be required for the restored vaged later. pastas-block of the house, but only 600 fragments, including 27 BSA lii (I957) 186, I89.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 102 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM not self-explanatory. Uncertainty both about a number of crucial points and about details necessitatesour arguing to some extent from general parallels-an illuminating though poten- tially misleading method; in domestic architecturewe are hampered by a lack of Attic examples, and are helped mainly by other Greek examples remote from our site in space or time.2s As regards the general purpose of the building, there is nothing to indicate a distinct special function, and we propose (as before) that it was a private residence. It was, then, a large, free- standing country-houseof the late fifth century B.c. and one, we must assume, to be more appro- priately compared with other substantial country and town housesin Attica, unfortunatelybetter known to us from literary than archaeological evidence,z9than with the cramped houses of the older parts of Athens.30It was probably a farmhouse, but it is not so termed as no subsidiary

2s For general discussion of domestic architecture see containing two stone bases for wooden columns and an oval B. C. Rider, The GreekHouse (1916); RE vii (I912) cols. hearth (c. I o x 0o6 m.) ringed with a thin wall and provided 2523 ff.;RE Supplb.vii (1938) cols. 224 if.; D. S. Robertson, with adjacent pithos-reservoir, and behind this room at Greekand RomanArchitecture (1945) 297-302; R. E. Wycher- a higher level, two smaller ones, one plain (4'4 x 25 m.), ley, How the Greeksbuilt Cities (I949) 175-97; W. B. Dins- the other containing a corridor and bathroom with mosaic moor, The Architectureof Ancient Greece(1950) 21I, 252-3, floor of tile-fragments, plastered cylindrical basin against 262-3, 322-5; R. Martin, L'Urbanismedans la Griceantique the rear wall, and tile drains; adjacent, to the west, further (I956) 220-52; H. Plommer, History of ArchitecturalDevelop- 5th-century-B.c. structures with a wine-press and vat (BCH ment i, Ancient and Classical Architecture(1956) 114, 123, lxxx (1956) 246-8; Ixxxi (1957) 515-17; lxxxii (1958) 68I); 202-5; and A. W. Lawrence, GreekArchitecture (1957) 240off. (c) an isolated house in the Mesogaia, at Karellas to the 29 Several authors imply the existence of fine country right of the Liopesi-Markopoulo highway, and itself now houses: Thucydides, ii. 65. 2 (describing popular reaction covered by a branch road, still shows razed remains (socles, to the war in . . . floors, and stone column of its six northern Peloponnesian 430 B.C.): llQ 5) lOiras~'T- plaster base) 6 p&v d' AQT4- rooms, 32 paces wide over all, lying parallel but not aligned plaaovtuwrro5v-ro, iipos 6"&ri acCa6vcovyppcIpEVO; 01 KT1 piyro KOi B5 Ka& pTorraKorr Ttv Xj pav at the rear, rather falling into three blocks set back progres- TO0-rTOV, BU&VrTO " olKOBOpialS.E K12 TroUTrE~aOl KorrTooKevaiS CrTrOC3?EK6TES. Isocrates, sively to the east and measuring (east-west, width and depth Areopagiticus52 (in the role of laudatortemporis acti): Tory&p- as far as the superimposed roadway, in paces): 6 x 9; 6 x 6, 0rol raora iiyov, and 5 x 6; 3 x 3, 7x 3, and 3'5x 3 (excavated by A. D. 1 IMT(&"oaoto{rr"S oaqochsiaS coars Kai2doUs Elval Kal Kl T7XSKaraoKEVZIS Tr&s Keramopoulos); mentioned, but not described, along with ToJUTEfpaS( T76SOlK T Cr' the partial publication of another country-house, of Roman rCv dyp~A)v i r7s fvrbs aEiXous, Kai"no7o0oS -rT2v "rohlr(Tv ELIS s EaS o-ru Oaiv1V, d' alp ioGIa firT and early Christian date, on the coast at Punta, in PAE top-rs KcTa( LwVEy paWov ij And the 1919, 32: 7 oiKiaS(i.e. 7ois i8iots dycaOols 7AV KotvCV TOtco'lyvW. Eixn rpoTylirl &va'KaGqOtn 00a -roof0lr Historian conditions in Attica TIS iv KapEX7 Oxyrhynchus (describing 6ypoTIK1L OIKia) rjts &rpXaias T'atavfaS T-fS1-rrGwvEp0Ev; before Theban and Spartan raids from Decelea in 413 B.C.; (d) a large homestead(?) rt. of the Koropi-Vari road, showing Ox. Pap. v (1908), no. 842, xii 5, with Bury's restored surface traces of a large rectangular enclosure (c. 4o x 70o readings ibid. 230-I; cf. Hellenica Oxyrhynchia,ed. V. Barto- paces) with several enclosures and buildings on one side, letti (Teubner, 1959) 25 on xviii (xii) 5)observes: ... r6rE B5 concentrated in one corner, and a cistern in the opposite as Hellenistic; site "r&V'Aclvayv 4 XGpaTrouararraa r EEd7os KaoTEoKEO-aaTo" corner (cistern reported unexcavated). Errw6veElydp plKp6 KCIGKC5V TiS &lA~oais015 TaiS Elrrpooev iorr6Tmv We owe the references to sites (b)-(d) to the kindness of rr Professor Homer Thompson and Professor E. Vanderpool; AaOKEG(ItOVicV,iW6 ToV"iAOrViilV O'ro;CS i1iK)Txro Kal S1TTET6V- 'TroKO([O' O'E]pP5oarlv Xcbpcasiv oi]8Av Trap' a~rois trr6[parov, (e) the 'priests' house' of 6th-century-B.c. date associated 6[o- o]iKaEl[5 B6KOi K6&AlOVIKO8O0pITfIaVOaS f Tna[pd& To]is 6?Ahols[ with the temple at Cape Zoster, Vouliagmeni, has a large slXov. enclosed court, with colonnades on two sides, and its But no such house has yet been clearly identified. Known main room on the south, fronted by a colonnade (AE domestic buildings of classical date in Attica include the 1938, I-3 I). None of these sites parallels the Dema house following: (a) some homesteads in South Attica character- fully. ized by sturdy round or square towers, probably humbler 30so Pseudo-Dicaearchus, De Graeciae Urbibus frag. i. I; farming or industrial establishments, as they are without Demosthenes iii. 25-26, xiii. 29, xxiii. 207 (stressing the trace of large luxurious houses (Hesperiaxxv (1956) 122-46); essentially modest nature of 5th-century-B.c. town houses, (b) a deme settlement at Draphi in the south foothills of Mt. even those of eminent Athenians). Archaeological evidence Pentelikon, having houses terraced into the hillside, built comprises (a) small irregular houses on the fringe of the of adobe on stone socles, and preserving both large fitted Agora, e.g. Simon the cobbler's shop, of late-5th-century facing blocks with short picked striations and quadrangular B.C. date (Hesperiaxxiii (1954) 51-55; Archaeologyxiii (1960) blocks alternating with stackwork (cf. Hesperiaxxviii (i959) 234 f.); (b) a residential and industrial quarter south-west pl. 20; Olynthusxii, pls. I2, 243); especially noteworthy is of the Agora, preserving house plans of irregular shapes and house A of the 4th-Ist centuries B.c., measuring x sizes, predetermined by previous occupation, in particular 7"5 I2"5 m. (? an eastern wing of a larger complex), and comprising the complete plans of two houses (C, D) of pre-45o-B.c. paved anteroom (6.3 x m.), main room (6.3 x m.) date; these, built of adobe, with earth floors throughout and 2.1 4.0

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA lo03 structures or furnishings directly connected with agriculture (e.g. sheds, stockyard, olive-presses, treading-floors) were located.3' For comparison the most useful sites outside Attica are the following: Olynthus in the Chal- cidice with its cramped old town and its grid-planned new town (c. 432-348 B.c.) of square standard-sized houses of variable but characteristic pastas-type, and some larger oblong-shaped 'villas';32 Priene 33 and Colophon34 showing respectively a grid-plan and a haphazard layout of houses (fourth century B.c. in date) of the different oikos-prostastype, possibly a survival of the megaron; Delos, perhaps reflecting Athenian practice with many prosperous but cramped town- houses of later date;3s and also, providing isolated examples of significant houses, Dystos,36 Eretria,37 Pella,38 and Seuthopolis in Thrace.39 A number of house plans are illustrated in FIG.12.

ORIENTATION The orientation of the Dema house, which faces south and has its entrance and court on this tile roofs of several pitches, had a corridor-entrance, a small houses: ancient streets traced on Akte, perhaps belonging plain inner court, off-centre to the south, and various rooms to a 4th-century extension, imply the existence of some of undifferentiated use; despite extensions c. 400 B.c. both insulae40 m. across (Judeich, op. cit. 430) and some 6o m. remained plain, gaining as new amenities, the one only across, accommodating an average of two houses in this a single-columned verandah and pebble flooring in its width; two such houses, part planned, are large oblongs, court and the other pebble terrazzo floors in court and two wider than deep from front to rear, with courts on the rooms (?bathroom and shop) (Hesperiaxx (I95i) i35ff. sunny east-south-east side backed by a range of rooms esp. 187-252); (c) comparable houses on the Areopagus next to the street (Milchhoefer, Karten von Attika, Text i. slopes, also laid out pre-450 B.c., but more regularly as a 55-56 (plan but no scale)). Probably closely related also to block, c. 25 x 22 m., of four modest rectangular houses in Athenian town-housing is the building block (c. 27 x 30 m.) pairs against a party wall, the eastern pair being square within the Eleusis sanctuary walls, which includes a 5th- (Ix II*IIO-II*4O m.); all had a small court, generally century-B.c. house and, next to it, a 'state residence', the cobbled, and earth-floored rooms of undifferentiated func- Prytaneion-an oblong structure (c. I5'5 xIo'5 m.) with tions, apart from one store-room with embedded pithoi, high socles and pebbled floors, inner vestibule, and a small a possible andronwith pitching as for a cement floor, and southerly court surrounded on three sides by small rooms one certain example of a rudimentary portico, with a single and probably roofed over in its northern half by a portico central stone-based column (Hesperiaxxviii 98-1o3); fronting two larger dining-rooms m. square), each for (1959) (4"5 (d) irregular streets and houses near the Pnyx, preserving seven couches (PAE 1955, 62 ff.; BCH lxxxi (I957) 509-il; notably two rooms identifiable as dining-rooms (andron), AJA lx (1956) 267-8). one with a raised cement border, pebble-mosaic centre, and 3' Sites reasonably claimed as farmhouses or the nuclei anteroom, the other similarly with a raised cement border, of rural estates include, for example, (a) the rural sites in and dated to the 4th century B.c. (W. Judeich, Topographiec South Attica, having enclosures, store-towers, grain-mills, vonAthen (i93i) 290, 299; Olynthusviii. I80-I); cf. another and threshing-floors (Hesperiaxxv (1956) I22-5, I33-43); mid-4th-century-B.c. bordered example on the Pnyx hill (b) some comparable sites on Siphnos, again with round (Hesperiaxii (1943) 312, 333); (e) houses of the 5th and 4th towers, enclosures, outbuildings, olive-presses (AJA lx centuries B.C. on the south slope of the Acropolis, the plans (1956) 51-54); and (c) an isolated rural site at Delphinion, of which, on account of later disturbances, were not fully Chios, with house and outbuildings (BSA li (1956) 49-51). recoverable; one had rooms grouped round a court (Ergon 32 For invaluable information about Olynthian and other 1957. 5-7; I959. 157; BCH lxxx. 232; lxxxii. 657, 660-I; Greek houses, cf. D. M. Robinson and J. W. Graham, lxxxiv. 622-4); (f) a classical house (4th century B.c.) Excavationsat Olynthusviii, The Hellenic House (I938), and lying north of the Olympieion; the incomplete plan sug- D. M. Robinson, Excavationsat Olynthusxii, Domesticand gests a large oblong with rooms along its north side (AJA Public Architecture(1946), referred to in this article as Olyn- lxiv (196o) 267-8; BCH lxxxiv (1960) 632-5); (g) a 5th- thus viii and Olynthus xii. Supplementary discussions in century-B.c, house recently located not far within the Hesperia xxii (i953) 196-207; xxiii (i954) 320-46; xxvii ancient walls, revealing part of its west side-wall and a peri- (I958) 3'8-23; BCH lxxx (1956) 483-506. style with a column in situ (BCH Ixxxiii (i959) 574). Doubt- 33 T. Wiegand and M. Schrader, Priene (1904); M. less there were more luxurious late-5th-century-B.c. town Schede, Die Ruinenvon Priene (1934). houses: cf. the house of the rich Callias, large enough for a 34 Hesperiaxiii (1944) 91 ff. school of sophists, with outer porch, inner court, a peristyle 3s J. Chamonard, Explorationarchdologique de Ddlos viii or at least two facing colonnades, one accommodating five (I922-4); BCH lvii (1933) 98-169; lxxvii (i953) 444-96. strollers abreast (3-4 m. wide or more), and ground-floor 36 AM xxiv (I899) 458-67. store-rooms (Plato, Protagoras314-315 D). Xenophon (Sym- 37 ADelt i (I915) I24-3i; Olynthusviii. I48-50. posiumI. 2) locates Callias' house in the Peiraeus. Certainly 38 PAE 1914, I33-48; I915, 237-44. the new 5th-century-s.c. Hippodamian grid-planning of 39 Antiquityxxxv (1961) g I-io2. Peiraeus would have encouraged the building of spacious

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PLANS at Erotes, Comedian, theTwin Pastas-house RES of COMPARATIVEthe 4. 5 L (Io) MET of I2. House

3.0 (3) Delos; FIG. House (7) s Colline, Olynthus; o.0 Olynthus; Villa,

1.5 SouthESHI,

120 (2) 1 ;1 3 House s House;(6)

0 Dema (i) Olynthus;

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA Io5 side and its main rooms on the north, corresponds to ancient precept and practice. Xenophon describes the convenient house as one cool in summer, warm in winter, facing south so that the low winter sun shines into its porticos while the vertical sun of midsummer casts a grateful shade, and, to allow all this, having the parts facing south built up higher to trap the sun and the parts exposed to the north lower to escape chilling winds; elsewhere he adds that the living rooms in particular were sited for winter warmth and summer coolness.40 At Olynthus we find that the houses faced south, had their living rooms in the northern half, forming a roofed transverse block, often two stories high, fronted by a colonnade (pastas) and gallery above, and in the south half an open sun-trap court.4I At Priene the same principle is found, with the dominant megaron block of porch, main-room (prostas, oikos), and side rooms in the north, and court and minor rooms in the south.42 In both cases the location of the entrance was determined by the position of the house in the block and did not affect the general orientation. The houses at Eretria,43 Pella,44 Colophon,4s and Seuthopolis46 conform to the same practice; so also do the two courtyard houses in the industrial district of ancient Athens47 and, to a lesser extent, those on the slopes of the Areopagus.48 In the case of the Dema house the prescribed orientation is combined with a good use of the site, the northern side being pushed back to the edge of a slope and the south facing an expanse of open ground and probably also on to an ancient track or road through the pass.

SIZE Even the razed remains of the building suggest at once a large, indeed an imposing,residence, and comparisonwith other houses bears this out. Although there was no necessarylimit to size here other than the resourcesof the owner or builder, whereas in cities existing buildings or a master plan also governed sizes, some interesting coincidences are to be noted (FIG. 12). The first impression confirms the prosperous and commodious character of the house, for in size it re- sembles the larger 'villas' of Olynthus49and also (to take a different comparison) the two Bouleuteriaat Athens, both intended for use by state councils of 5oo men.soA second impression is that the house bears comparison with others which occupied house-plots laid out as simple multiples of a Greekfoot. Thus our house approximatelycorresponds in depth to the majorityof Olynthian houses fitted into an 'ideal' 6o-foot-squareplot,s' in width to some oblong Olynthian

47 40 'Apd(yE -rov pLhov-ra oIKitvi,oiv Xp', EXelvroO-ro SEi prXaV&- Hesperia xx (1951) 204, fig. Ii. xxviii oaal, 6"rro~SSorn "r ESvlcarXaceal KtalXPllCrr&TT a~oral; 48 Hesperia (1959) pl. 17. ... The Dema house x would fall mid- OoKOiOV f168iplV 0 pouS VuXEevIVXEwV, i680 68 XEIaVOS cAsEiviv; 49 I6-Io m.) in a series of the (22"05 houses in ooKOOvtv raiS rrp6spear1lpppiav PAETrosataS olKlal; ToO PivXEtILAvo way oblong Olynthian arranged 6 TOO 6i iipv order of size: Row A 1-5, (to city wall fijoS EiS "r65"Taacrao8ccS Cro&IpTrEi, s s"rrp I1-13 20'5-2I'O njrCTV OPSVu6pEVOSUKi&V Tap(XE1. OKOKOV,Ei ye x I6-5c-16-70 m.), South Villa I68i80 m.), House of Kai T" (21.o KaG$SiX>e oOrrcoyiyVE~C0t, OiKOBOSEiv6Ei ihJi6TEpT p v the Comedian (?22 x 16-20 Row A6 (20.50 x m.), 'ra'ora T"r mn.), 22"0 rrp6s peaQpIPplav, Iva 6 XeIpepwiVbs6ioS p XOapaAcbC- House of the Twin Erotes (22-45 x m.), House Av6 &roOKeiTlra~I, 7-1"5 reOpa8 d& rrp6 &pcrKTOV,iVa ot YVXpoi &V6epo ..., 16-85 m.), Villa of Good Fortune pIrtpri'rcoaTV (2550ox (2570ox I6-90 and again, Kal -rTOiTsdVpcGbTTOIS m.), House ESHI 8~IrIrrT)ipia B EEiKVVOV oTi-r (27.80ox I6-Io mi.). pV iXE)IV O St 50so The old Bouleuterion 6th measured KaKXhOTCr1riava TOo l uXAV&, XEiCavo5 (late century B.C.) . OpoVu eeEeVi KQi 8 OIKiOV OaTCi X 23-30 m. over its foundations and c. 23.30 x 22-76 m. apwarTrTv T"lV tTtsEiaa 6"i 'rrp6 23"80 V , elvaol, 6-1 Xe1l$vos over its walls, with the meeting hall proper c. .ieorlpppCv 'vardrraTCraI6oa-re EOs8hov ldv measuring Esnli6s to-ri, roe0St 0tpouSE0oUiOS. Memorabilia iii. 8. 8-9 and 22-76 X 16-40 m. externally and 21-26 x 15'70 m. internally. Oeconomicusix. 4. Cf. Aristotle Oec. I. vi. 7 (1345a) ;Aeschylus The New Bouleuterion (last quarter of the 5th century PV 450-3; Eupolis 378 (Kock). B.c.) measured 22-50oX 17-50 m. at foundation level, c. 4" Olynthusviii. 142-6; fig. 4 on p. 99 shows a reconstruc- 2 1-50 x 16-90 over its walls, and 20o IoX 15-6o m. internally. tion model of a terrace of houses illustrating the advantage Cf. Hesperia vi (1937) 128, 133, 142, pls. 6, 8; Hesperia Supp. of this southerly aspect. iv (I940) 82, fig. 62. 42 Wiegand and Schrader, Priene, figs. 298, 316, pl. 21. s" The ideal plot, 60 (Ionic) feet square (I 7-70ox 770 43 Olynthus viii. i5o, fig. 7. 44 Ibid. 149, fig. 6. m.) was reduced, owing to the requirements of streets and 45 Hesperia xiii (1944) pls. 9, Io. alleys, to actual building plots 58 feet square (i7-0o5x 4 Antiquity xxxv (1961) fig. 2, pl. Io. 17-05 m.) which would have an internal area (plot less wall

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Io06 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM houses, particularlysome 75-foot houses,5zand in overall size to houses covering the 80 x 6o-foot plots of Priene.s3Hippodamian planning in the fifth century B.c. tended to introducestandardiza- tion on any one site, and perhaps, through the acceptance of convenient proportions,norms into planning in general. We find not only uniform house-plots in use at Olynthus but also some coincidences in the dimensionsof house-blocksat Olynthus, Miletus, and Priene.s4Possibly the Dema house correspondsto some idea of an optimum size for a 'superiorresidence'.ss CONSTRUCTION The Dema house was founded on rubble socles, built up of mud-brick, furnished with timber elements, and roofed with durable tiles: it corresponded exactly to Xenophon's definition of a proper houses6 and to a structural tradition long rooted in Attica.s7 The width of the socles (45-50 cm.) resembles closely that of other house-foundations in Attica and elsewheres8 and was sufficient for a one- or two-floored house.s9 The slightly narrower (40 cm.) wall of room XI would seem appropriate to the penthouse annexe it must have been. But the above-average width (60 cm.) of the scanty remains of the outer walls of areas VIII and XII is more surprising, for these were probably only boundary, not structural, walls. Perhaps the foundations here were low 'rafts' of boulders, regarded as sufficient for yard walls; but it may have been thought that the court wall required anchoring against the build-up of earth within, and that walls unsupported and exposed to the weather on both sides needed extra thickness to be firm. In general, the socles are inferior in neatness to those ofOlynthus, lacking their combination of small rubble and good ashlar details (bases, thresholds, stair-bases, &c.) and resemble those of Athenian town houses of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. They have the same rough execution of details, the same variety in styles and construction of doorways, thickness) of about 55 feet square x m.), with of 60 x 70, 80 x and I20 X (Ionic) feet. The Peiraieus (I6.o5 i6"o5 100oo, I40 sides equivalent to the depth of the Dema house; the use grid-plan is not known, but the ancient streets (Judeich, of party walls instead of separate side walls increased the Topographievon Athen 430, 451) suggest blocks with at least individual frontage very slightly. Cf. Olynthusviii. 29-36, one side measuring I20 (Doric) feet (c. 40 m.). esp. 33-34, 47. Variations in ground measurements (ibid. ss It is interesting, for example, (a) that the Maison de la pls. 94, 95, 99) merely show that minor inexactitudes could Colline at Delos, though larger over all (I8.89 x I856 m.), occur without invalidating the general scheme or the had an internal area equivalent to the ideal house-plot at architect's original conception. Olynthus (i7.7 m. square); (b) that the Pella house re- s52 The Olynthian houses exceeding the standard 60-foot sembled the Dema house and Olynthian villas in size; plot were not necessarily of accidental or unconsidered (c) that at Seuthopolis the pastas house was of the same class dimensions. Measurements in Greek feet can be given to (20 x 16 m., equivalent to the interior of the Olynthian the houses listed in n. 49 above in accordance with the South Villa) and the peristyle house was even larger evidence for the use at Olynthus first of the shorter Ionic (22 x 28 m.); and (d) that the early Athenian house-block and then the longer Doric foot. Thus, Row A houses would on the Areopagus measured 22x 25 m., so that its two measure 70ox 56 (Ionic) feet, but no. 6 be exceptional at quarter-block houses, at II m. square, had half the length 70 x 75 feet. The South Villa had walls centred at 70 X 55 and two-thirds the depth of the Dema house. (Ionic) feet. Terrace house Av6 was extended during con- 56 Memorabiliaiii. I. 7. struction (employing the longer foot) to an internal width of s7 Some examples of adobe building in Attica are: the 75 (Doric), feet. Finally, two free-standing houses, the Villa geometric period 'Sacred House' in the Academy (Ergon of Good Fortune and ESHI measured respectively 80 x 52 I958, 5-7), the archaic houses and public offices on the (50 internally) and 85 x 50 (Doric) feet. Cf. Olynthusviii. west side of the Agora (Hesperia vi (1937) I 7-18, 121; 15-17, 20, 27-28, 34-35, 45-51, 55, 69, 92, pls. 84, 89, 96, HesperiaSupp. iv (I940) 15-19, 34-36), the classical houses 105; Olynthusxii. 259-60. by the Agora, in the industrial quarter, on the slopes of the 53 Priene insulae measured x 35'4 m. or I20O Areopagus, and in the deme centre at Draphi (described 47"2 I6ox Ionic feet. Most held varying numbers of houses of different in nn. 29 and 30 above), and classical public buildings such sizes, but some were quartered, having four houses built as the law-courts (Hesperiaxxiii (I954) 58-61) and the South up against party walls. These houses occupied therefore Stoa I (ibid. 39-45). plots of 80 X 60 Ionic feet (23.6 x 1777 m.); they measured sS8Hesperia vi (1937) 18 (42 cm.), 121 (50-53 cm.), 122 internally about 75 x 55 feet (22.2 x 16.2 m.). (40 cm.); Hesperiaxx (1951) I71-2, I91, I93, I97, 202, 207, s4 Olynthus had blocks of 300 x I20, 240 x I20, and 239 (45-50 cm.); Olynthusviii 223-9 (45-50 cm.). I20X 120 (Ionic) feet; Priene, blocks of I60ox 120 (Ionic) s9 Vitruvius ii, 8. I7; Olynthusviii. 214 ff., 227-8. feet; and Miletus, with two main but variable sizes, blocks

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA Io7 a similar tendency towards large masonry in places, but not the same care in shaping and fit- ting;60 the builder's material, however, was not quarried and his method was modified The difference in build between the north end of the east wall of the house and its southtoo end, the south-west corner of room VI, and the south wall of room IX is explained structurally by the need for greater weight and solidity on a slope.6' Verticalstriations on some large orthostates were basically the result of picking the face vertical, but may have served also to hold in place a form of stucco, as suggested of similar marking in Athenian town houses.62 Of the brick super- structure no trace remains in situ nor of any clay or plaster covering, internal or external, which may have existed.63But it is safe to assume that the walls were lime-washed externally to make them weatherproof--a precaution not omitted by the Spartans in building even a temporary siege-wall,64 and periodically adopted by the Athenians for their public buildings.65 Considering the largeness of the house, one might think the treatment of the floors dis- appointingly simple and contrast its plain earth floors with the varieties of surface found in the more pretentious Olynthian houses;66 there mosaic, cement, cobble, paving, or earth was used according to the function of the room. These forms of surfacing were common techniques also later in Priene and Delos, and cement and tile-mosaic even occur in one or two Attic rural sites.67 Against this it must be remembered that at Olynthus, Priene, and Delos the commonest floor was still of earth, that at Athens all the known city houses in the fifth century had only earth floors and sometimes cobbled courts and their use of cement, mosaic, and terrazzo was a later innovation, and finally that even many public offices, courts, and dining-rooms ofAthens had earth floors at that same date.68 The column base is by far the most carefully fashioned stone left on the site; whatever the exact form of the penthouse roof this column propped up (discussed below), the position of the base shows it cannot have been the sole support, and its survival proves that others existed but have vanished (stolen or salvaged perhaps along with every other piece of good dressed stone). In the use of columns for its portico rather than pillars this house differs from the normal prac- tice of Olynthus69 (exemplified also at the two northerly house-sites of Pella and Seuthopolis) and follows that of Delos, Priene, and Attica itself. The base is of a rough-hewn type found in Athenian contexts of the sixth to fourth centuries B.C.70oand in diameter correspondsto others in classical houses, including columns known to have supported an upper story.7' It held

60 Cf. Hesperia xx (195s) pls. 63b, 67a, 68d, 75c, d; Hesperiaxxiii (1954) 39-45 (South Stoa, with andronsall clay xxviii (1959) oI0, pl. 1o; also, for earlier work, Hesperia vi floored), 58 (law courts); xx (195I1) 172 (Poros Building). (i937) 17, 119, 125; Hesperia Supp. iv (1940) 9, I9, 36. 63 Olynthusviii. I65-6, 239-48. 6i Hesperia xx (1951) 240-1 draws attention to walls in 70 Column bases occur at the rural Attic sites Draphi, a contemporary Athenian house, showing stylistic differ- Karellas, and Vouliagmeni (n. 29 above) and, in the city, ences in work of the one period, caused less by structural in the archaic Prytaneion complex (HesperiaSupp iv (1940) needs than the whim of the masons. 15-17, 20-21, 23, 36) and in houses of the industrial quarter 62 xx Hesperia (195I) I77; xxviii (1959) lOI. (Hesperia xx (1951) 205, 222, pl. 71a) and on the Areopagus 63 Both stucco (previous note) and clay or mud plastering (Hesperiaxxviii (I959) Ioo). are known to have been applied, at least sometimes, to 71 The published Athenian column bases (previous note) adobe at Athens (Hesperia,Supp. iv. 9, 19; Hesperiavi (I937) had diameters of 3o, 35, 36, and 40 cm. in various parts of the 18; xxiii ( 954) 58). Cf. Olynthusviii. 226-7, 291If. Prytaneion complexand 30 cm.in the houses.The fewcolumns 64 Thuc. iii. 20. noted in Olynthian houses have base diameters ofup to 35 cm. 65 Demosthenes iii. 29; xxiii. 208; IG ii2. 1672, 11. 83-84, with two of 4o cm., and capital diameters of 13-35 cm.; these 203. 66 Olynthus viii. 158, 281 if. sizes agree well with the average pillar sizes (4o x 25 cm. 67 e.g. Draphi and the Karellas houses, n. 29 above, sites maximum). The wooden shafts may have been c. 2 m. high (b) and (c). (cf. two surviving monolith pillars, each m. high). The 68 For the houses, n. 30 (a)-(d) above and Hesperiaxx occurrence of columns along with stair-basesI.82 in some houses (1951) 19I, 205, 206, 208, 215-16, 218, 229; xxviii showed that these, no less than pillars, might support galleries (1959) IoI; for earth-floored archaic public buildings, Hes- overhead. Cf. Olynthus viii. 71, 74, 80-82, o109-1o, I 19, 166, iv peria Supp. (I940) 5, 8, 12, 15, I7, 19-20, 24, 34, 36, 240-I, 247-8, pls. 5i, 58, 66-68, 88, 89, 97, 0Oo;xii. 40-44, 39; and for 5th-century public buildings ibid. 59 (Tholos), 236, 241, 244-5, 293, pls. 26, 34, 38, 202, 209-12, 243.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Io8 J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM a wooden shaft, though it had not the mortise hole in its upper surface which in some examples is the conclusive proof of this. The roof would have been constructed of timber beams and covered with tiles. The large number of Corinthian tile fragmentsfound suggests that for the main roof area-the northern rooms-Corinthian tiles were used; the absence of Corinthian cover-tiles (if this is not due to the chances of salvage) suggests further that here Corinthian rain-tiles were combined with Laconian covers, while the presence of Laconian rain- as well as cover-tiles points to the use of the full Laconian system for subsidiary roofs. Corinthian tiles for reasons of economy and perhaps because of their greater weight were less often used than Laconian tiles in domestic or unpretentiousbuildings, and their discovery here reinforcesother indications of wealth.72

PLAN Damage to the main structure, the loss of some of its finer and smaller details, the absence of fixed furnishingsand varied floor surfaces, and the paucity and dispersal of the small finds combine to make a close interpretation hazardous and a resort to parallels necessary. The Dema house, in its southward orientation and northerly rooms facing on to a court, has elements common both to the pastashouse of Olynthus, Delos, Pella, and Seuthopolis and to the oikos-prostastype of Priene and Colophon, but in its shape, broader than deep, and with its long row of northern rooms it resembles far more the former group (FIG.12). This resemblance, and the knowledge that a portico of some form did exist in the house, prompts us to restore a pastas in the northern half of the house extending as far forward as the south wall of room VI and the column-base which are in direct line. The following considerationsmake this a probable inter- pretation. First, a court extending fully up to the northern rooms would have a size dispro- portionate to the house and pointless in itself, a useless vacuum which would leave the north rooms a series of independent cells and expose them directly to the sun and rain rather than provide shade and diffused light; to roof over its northern half would give more room space generally, and unity and sheltered intercommunicationto the northern rooms.73Secondly, the position of the single column-base makes any reconstructionof porticos within area X alone almost untenable, and a reconstructionof a colonnade running from room VI across the court, with a return south to the north-east corner of room IX, very compelling.74 Finally, the walls

72 Corinthian-type terracotta tiles roofed the imposing 318-19) and their cost, two or three times greater than secular buildings at Athens in classical and hellenistic times, that of Laconian tiles, is clear from the Eleusinian state e.g. the Stoa of Zeus, Philo's Arsenal, the Metroon, the contracts (IG ii2. 1672, 11. 71-72, 188). Odeion, the Middle Stoa, and the Stoa of Attalus (IG ii2. 73 The open area VIII, at I I8o x Io m., is 1I8 sq. m. 1668, 1. 58; Hesperia vi (I937) 36-37, 54, I91-2; xix in extent or 33 per cent. of the total area of the house (355 sq. (1950) 50-55). Laconian tiles, general in Athenian houses, m.). This is far larger than the proportion noted elsewhere were used also in some utilitarian public constructions, e.g. (Olynthusviii. 157, with percentages of 5-12 per cent.; cf. the Parabyston law courts, the Poros Building, the Tholos Priene house 33 with 18 per cent.). A pastas with the depth kitchen (2nd period), and the coping of the city walls of room VI would be c. deep within the colonnade (e.g. 3"80 (Hesperiaxxiii (I954) 60-6I; ibid. xx (195I) I72-4; Hesperia the norm at Olynthus was 3-4 m., ibid. 163) and would cut Supp. iv (1940) 75, 78-79, IG ii.2 463, 1. 69). Contempo- down the open court to c. 65 sq. m. or per cent. of the 8I; 18"2 raneously at Olynthus most houses used the narrow Lacon- total area. ian rain-tile exclusively, the more prosperous used the more 74 If there had existed the one column alone, it could only regular Laconian system of broad and narrow tiles, but only have been a prop for (i) a small portico, x 3 m., in the 2"5 the public buildings and a very few houses used Corinthian south-west angle of area X, (2) a portico, x 4'5 m., in the 2"5 ones, and the latter only to edge their eaves (Olynthusviii. north-west quarter of X, or (3) a portico, x 7 m., along 2"5 232-4; xii. 90, I86, 242-3). The more common use of the west wall of X. But the first would be a ridiculously Corinthian tiles for houses at Delos and Priene is later in small portico in an already shaded corner on the north side date. The occasional use of Corinthian tiles in classical Attic of a room, having no apparent special function to justify it, houses is indicated by their inclusion in the list of the con- such as roofing an altar or hearth (Olynthusviii. 321 ff., fiscated properties of the Hermocopids (Pollux, Onomasticon Hesperia xxii (I953) I96-8; xx (I95I) 222); the second x. 157, 182; Hesperia xxii (I953) 282; xxv (1956) 283-4, would be, besides ungainly, structurally unsound, as the

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA log were sufficiently thick in proportion to the area to be roofed to support a single broad gable roof over the whole northern area, with its outer slope over the northern rooms and the inner extending south to the alignment of the base and room VI.7s The transverse pastas-block thus formed would occupy rather more than the northern half of the house, and comprise the now sheltered rear rooms and a corridor opening to a smaller court. This interpretation of the building as a pastas-house would make this the first proper example to be recognized in Attica and confirm earlier conjectures and claims concerning the distribution of this house-type.76 As regards the other individual elements in the house, consequent on the above interpretation of the general plan, similarities in particular to the Olynthian pattern suggest some tentative identifications. The rooms north of the pastas would be the diaiteteria or main living-rooms. At Olynthus these frequently included (a) the andronor dining-room, a large, usually squarish room (4.5-5.0 m. square generally) set for preference away from the door and in a corner position behind the pastas, and provided often with an anteroom;77 (b) the oikos or kitchen- complex comprising a very large, usually oblong room as living kitchen (mostly 5-7 m. x 4-5 m.) with earth floor and plain or plastered walls, and a second narrow compartment (2-25 m. wide X 4-5 m. deep) divided sometimes into a bathing cubicle against the outer wall, with terracotta bath or basin, and a cooking cubicle, with earth, flag, or cobble floor;78 and (c) one or two reception- or living-rooms or bedrooms, in some cases one large and one narrow room, the latter an anteroom or annex, and in other cases two more independent rooms of more equal size; occasionally one or other of these features was located not behind the pastas but in the east or west wings which were the normal locations of work- or store-rooms. In the Dema house the division of the rear range into a square room and apparently two sets of large and small oblong rooms certainly suggests a similar arrangement. Room I, a squarish room, aloof from the others and in the favoured position, suggests itself readily as the andron.Its lack of a decorated floor and an anteroom is no bar as is clear from some simpler Olynthian androns,from the two andronsof the Eleusis Prytaneion, both only pebble- floored and opening directly into a portico, and from the dining-rooms of South Stoa I in Athens, clay-floored and open to a colonnade. Further, in the position of the doorway, off-centre to the left as one enters, this room resembles both the latter two examples and the majority of column is in line with the doorway of room I and the weight survivor of a row of columns extending to the corner of room of the architrave would bear down on the door lintel, not VI. Measured from its centre to the centres of the walls, the on solid wall; finally, the third combines this structural base is distant m. from the west house wall and 2"5 15 m. weakness with an improbable off-centre position for its sole from the west wall of VI, or 6 x m. Five bases may be 2"5 support (cf. Hesperiaxxviii pls. 16, As the restored to the east of it, giving six columns in all with inter- (I959) Ioo00, I7). one column is exactly half-way between the west wall of the axial measurements of m. (cf. Olynthusviii. for the 2"5 I65 house and the projection of the east walls of rooms I and IX, spacing of pastas pillars at Olynthus, which averaged it is not overbold as a second step to restore another column This east-west colonnade would be 2"20-2"75m.). logically at m. east of the first. These two columns allow of completed by a return southwards from the second column 2"5 (I) a portico, 3 x 5 m., against the north wall of room IX, to the north-east corner of room IX, a distance of just over (2) a portico, 4'5 x 5 m., in front of room I, or (3) a portico, an intercolumniation; this would cover an otherwise use- 5 x 7 m., covering the whole of area X. The objection to lessly small open area and draw an otherwise isolated corner these arrangements are that the first, while not structurally room into an organic relation to the northern rooms, sug- impossible, is improbable for the same reasons as (I) above, gested in the first place by the common alignment of its being a small unnecessary north-side penthouse protecting east wall with that of room I. nothing; the second is an unbalanced arrangement, having 75 Olynthusviii. 227-8. an interval column on the south and none on the east; and 76 Olynthusviii. i5i; Hesperiaxx (I95I) 226-8; ibid. xxviii the third is unsatisfactory because a portico planned merely 103. (I959) to cover X would have its two columns set centrally be- 77 Olynthusviii. I67-9, 171-85; Hesperiaxxii (i953) 199- tween rooms I and IX or, better, side by side on the east 203. front of X to form a distyle portico. The position of the one 78 Olynthusviii. 185-204; xii. 369-98; Hesperiaxxiii (I954) base is, however, perfectly intelligible if it is regarded as the 328-46; xxvii (1958) 318-23.

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions IIO J. E. JONES, L. H. SACKETT, AND A. J. GRAHAM the Olynthian ones. This peculiarity supports our identification, for it reflects the method of setting the diners' couches so that their heads would be clear of the corners, and it would allow seven normal couches (c. i80 cm. long x 80 cm. wide) to be fitted into this room.?9 Room III suggests itself as a living kitchen, being a large room and of oblong shape. But whether room II or room IV was regarded as its annexe is not clear, for the numbers and positions of doorways in rooms II-V are not satisfactorilyknown. There is at least some indica- tion of a door in the socle between room II and III, and none evident in that between rooms III and IV, while room IV had its own separate entrance to the pastas-but so had many of the narrow rooms forming parts of Olynthian kitchens. Room II preserved slight traces of paving in its south-west corner but no deposits or discoloration to suggest cooking fires--yet this is true again of rooms accepted as kitchen annexes at Olynthus.s8 Certainly there is no trace of the pillared partitions nor of the division of the narrow annexe into bathing and cooking cubicles, seen in the most developed Olynthian examples. Perhaps the combination of rooms II-III is likelier than that of III-IV, for the first links the narrower cubicle with the largest room, while the second would leave room II unrelated and independent and it seems to be too small to be of much use on its own. But there is not the evidence to press the point. Room IV is the only room with a definite feature to aid its identification: the central oval pit would seem to be a hearth. It is unlike the hearths, square in shape, of Olynthus,s8'but very similar in outline to the oval hearth of Draphi,82 which had a narrow wall built around it, and not dissimilar to the round plastered hearths found in most rooms at Seuthopolis.83 The filling, however, provided no final corroboration; open fires might be expected to leave ashes and dis- coloration, whereas the fine deposit found suggests at most the use of the pit as a stand for a brazier.84Whether room IV gave access to V is difficult to decide from the state of the inter- vening socle, for the door in room VI admits the use of raised thresholds.ss A link between room IV and a corner room would give a pair superficially resembling a pair of reception rooms similarly positioned in the Villa of Good Fortune. But that V was originally a separate corner room is extremely doubtful. The rough wall between V and VI overrides an earth fill sealing exiguous foundations on the same line and is therefore not part of the original layout. If the lower foundations represent a proper partition wall, it is difficult to reconcile its utter demolition with the preservationof the east house wall.86 79 The significant points are (I) the door off-centre to the abut against the left-hand side row, i.e. the right-hand left, (2) the length of the right-hand wall, I80 cm., just suffi- wall would have to be at least I8o cm. long and the left- cient to fit a couch against it, and (3) the size and shape of hand wall at least I80+80 cm. or 260 cm. the room. Diners reclined on their left sides on couches set 8o The Villa of Good Fortune (FIG. I2) has two rooms, end to end along the walls with the foot end of the first one large and one small, next to the andron, earth-floored couch in each row set into a corner and the head of the last but without trace of fires and cooking. But if the kitchen couch in the adjacent row abutting against its right side. identification is rejected for this reason, the Villa is robbed In the average andron, 4'5-5 m. square (such as Dema of its only claimant, and surely it had a kitchen. House room I, most of the Olynthian androns,and the rooms sz Olynthusviii. I86-8. 82 12. in South Stoa I and the Eleusis Prytaneion), the side and See n. 29 above; BCH Ixxxi (1957) 515, fig. rear walls would accommodate two couches in a row and 83 Antiquity xxxv (1961) 98, pl. I Ia. the front wall could take one couch only, extending from 84 Cf. PAE 1914, I14-15, fig. I I; Olynthus viii. 186, pl. 52. the right-hand corner up towards the door, but only if the 8s Cf. Olynthusxii. 377. doorway were set to the left to allow 18o cm. at least to the 86 It might be argued that a continuous partition between right-hand wall. For illustrations, see Hesperiaxxiii (i954) rooms V and VI would require slighter or no founda- 39-45, 4; J. Travlos, tions, being an interior wall not even indirectly exposed to fig- olEOBeo~olKdiEE -r~v AO4ev7Gv (1960) 63, figs. 29, 30 (South Stoa I); PAE 63, fig. the damp, and that the requirements of the roof were no I955, I (Prytaneion at Eleusis). Some few Olynthian androns(e.g. counter-argument because the eaves of the gable roof would the Villa of Good Fortune) have doors off-centre to the right, rest both to north and south on solid walls rather than on but these were large enough to take two couches against the wall to north and colonnade to south. But Olynthian and front walls, the right-hand couch running up from the cor- Athenian practice, while admitting rather slighter socles, ner to the door, the left-hand one running from the door to does not omit foundations altogether.

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Possibly the foundations in situ represent intentionally short projections, left low and not built up as normal socles, supporting adobe piers or timber framing designed to shorten the span across the room and thus strengthen the main house frame along the gable line formed farther west by the fronts of rooms I-IV. The secondary wall is a refurbishing, and the absence of repairs elsewhere suggests that this was not related to the house as a whole and postdated its main occupation period. Originally then rooms V and VI would seem to have been one long compartment with perhaps some fixture within representedby the embedded kerbing of stones and the displaced stone slab. Its form suggests a utility room or work-room, and possibly the discovery of one or two spindlewhorls and loomweights in its area is a hint of its past use. In the porch, the main entrance of the house resemblesin some respects the Olynthian auleios thyra;it is recessed,forming a very shallowprothyron, it is of a width to have been a double door, with two leaves, and had an internal hall, rare at Olynthus but common later at Delos.87 The size and two floor levels of room IX made it clearly a room of limited general use. The presence of bathtub fragmentsin it may indeed be due to chance, yet could conceivably indicate its former function. The position differs from the Olynthian norm, with the closer association of bathroom with kitchen, but there also is at least one example of a house with the bathroom on its own in a corner.88That room IX was not an isolated cubicle under its own separate roof is suggestedby the alignment of its east wall with room I, and the proximityof the pastasindicates a link between room IX and the northern block through a short southward extension of the portico. Thus the room would not be a corner penthouse but an end room in the west wing of the pastasblock. The open area enclosed by the pastasand its west wing on two sides, and by the porch and a blank wall on the other, was the cib?\l or private court, a feature usually free of structuresbut containing often an altar and a well or cistern. Traces of neither were found (unless the rocky protrusionin the middle of the court was turned to advantage and used as an altar platform). Town houses of necessity would have their private wells in the court, but a country house might have its water-supply not within its walls but close by.89 The external featuresXI and XII are clearly appendages of the main constructionand repre- sent respectively a lean-to room, perhaps a porter's lodge or store-room,and a utility enclosure behind, open to the sky, or, if roofed, not with tiles but with light materials such as thatch or boughs, and possibly holding a stock of material (e.g. fuel) for the needs of the household.

RECONSTRUCTION In passing from plan to elevation, and in attempting to reconstruct the original appearance of razed and robbed remains (FIG. 13), one must be bold in interpretation and cautious in urging one's conclusions. The question most vitally affecting our reconstructionis whether or not there was an upper story.90In restoring an upper floor we regard the following as deciding factors. First, the formula for adobe building would allow our whole pastasblock to be built up with perfect safety to a sufficient height of 8 metres.9' Secondly, there is no ground-floorpro- vision for bedrooms:whereas a good-sized house like this one might be expected to have a dining- room, a kitchen, a work-room, a store-room,perhaps other reception rooms, and the bedrooms as well,92the Dema house (irrespectiveof identificationsmade earlier) provides only three large

87 Olynthusviii. 152-6, 249-63. At Olynthus, Row AI, 90 Olynthusviii. 214-19, 267-80 ; Hesperia xxiii (i954) 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, and Io have rather similar rooms inside the en- 32 1-8. trance, regarded as roofed forecourts rather than vestibules 91 See Olynthusviii. 227-8. The pastas-block, Io m. wide proper; ibid. 78, I53, pls. 88-90. or about 35 ft., could by that formula attain a height of 88 Olynthusviii, pl. 97, house A vi 7. 25 ft. with walls less than o045-o050 m. thick. 89 Cf. p. Io02,n. 29 above, site (d). 92 Plato Prt 3I5d describes the use in an emergency of

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elevation. C D E in

wing removed. west XII of with

walleast,

withfrom east

TRES from HOUSE ME Cross-section .5 E, DEMAelevation OF End C, elevation. in

VII 10 removed. RECONSTRUCTIONand wall 13. VI court FIG. rooms O with with 15 IV elevation across A B Front B, west,

.t1 from Plan. A,

Cross-section D.

n

This content downloaded from 137.22.1.233 on Mon, 8 Dec 2014 15:38:57 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE DEMA HOUSE IN ATTICA II3 rooms (I, III, V-VI) or four at most, if the east end were partitioned, to serve between them as andron,kitchen, and utility room (or work- and store-rooms),leaving four narrower compart- ments (II, IV, VII, and IX), of which three at least seem, quite apart from their smallness, especially disqualified from use as bedrooms-one room with a hearth, another a vestibule behind the front door, and the third one having an inconvenient floor on two levels. There must have been bedrooms and these, therefore, were upstairs. Thirdly, that there was found no in- disputable example of a stairbase-often the only structuralevidence for an upper story-is not conclusive evidence against the existence of one.93The argument ex absentiais weakened by the disappearance also of column-bases and roof-tiles, which implies looting or salvage. Finally, there are the promptingsof archaeologicalparallels and of literary evidence; several Olynthian houses, the Pella and Seuthopolispastas-houses, and houses at Priene, Delos, and Dystos show that upper stories were not rare elsewhere, and Athenian writers show that they were common also in Attica.9* The height of the two floors can be only very approximately conjectured. The common pro- portion of I:6 between base diameter and column height would give a stone column standing on the surviving base a height of I 80 m. That in itself would be low for a practical ceiling, but to this figure must be added the height of the base (o. Io m.), of the wooden entablature, and perhaps some extra height in the shaft itself due to the slimmer proportions of wooden columns. A of m. would be feasible for the floor colonnade and and height 2.25-2'50 ground rooms, per- haps a similar height for the upper story.s95The plan of the upper story over the north block probably duplicated that of the rooms below,96 with an open gallery over the pastas and a broad east-west gable roof. The gable roof would have been of low pitch, perhaps 120 or a little steeper, and its length and height would demand nine overlapping rows each of forty Corinthian rain-tiles to cover the north slope, and a similar number for the south slope over the pastas.97 a ground-floorstore-room as a bedroom,implying clearly ;limmerstone columns in Delianhouses, e.g. the houseof a makeshiftarrangement. Aristophanes Th. 478-89 and Hlermeswith proportions of I :8 in bothground-floor and Lysiasi. 9-o10indicate that bedrooms upstairs were normal. apper-floorcolumns, BCH Ixxvii (i953) 457, fig. 6, 462ff., 9s A possibleinterpretation of the kerbingand the dis- t80-i, fig. 13. placedslab in roomVI is thatthey are part of a staircase, 96 Lysias, i. 9 and 23 mentions first this duplication of theformer representing perhaps the limit of an adobe-built room area, and then in particular a case of dining upstairs. landingfor a two-flightstaircase and the slab a stairbase, Here the master of the house had temporarily moved his slighterthan the Olynthianaverage but, at 0o85m., long quarters upstairs, interchanging with the women; probably enough;it lacksthose cuttings which, being found on a few there was no regular dining-room but a room usable as an examples,identified all stairbasesat Olynthus.This identi- andron,perhaps over the downstairs one. fication,however, lacks conclusiveevidence. Olynthian 97 The roof pitch of the Stoa of Zeus was calculated to be staircaseswere usually located in thepastas or in the court :. 120 (Hesperiavi (1937) 36); this is very close to that of the (Olynthusviii. 271), but sometimes within a kitchenor utility south-east angle tower of Aegosthena, which has its gable- room(e.g. houses A v 9, A vi 5; ibid.96, pls.95, 97; Hes- ends preserved (cf. Plommer, Ancientand ClassicalArchitecture periaxxiii (I954)327-8, fig. I). Menanderdescribes what 197). The Olynthian roofs were restored with a pitch of wouldbe a parallelto thistentative suggestion of a staircase r. 180 (Olynthusviii. 236-8). The length of the Dema house in roomV-VI, namelyan Athenianhouse with a double roof from east to west would be c. 22-40om., and the length room, the antechambercontaining the staircaseand of its slope from eaves to gable at least 5'50 m. The effective women'slooms and the inner chamber being a store-room, size of each rain-tile was 56 cm. in width x 62 cm. in length Samia(Loeb, 1921) 11. 17-21: (allowing for 6 cm. overlaps), so that 40 tiles would be &' TIS needed to cover the length and 9 the slope, or 360 tiles for KorrITa1lv' OTirTEpjou yuV voeEv "ro5IrrpOaOTrooi J y p TlS T the north rooms and 720 for the whole pastas-block if it was "rais.(8)iov oiKopa"rVyx6&VE oa(scTv V I0 r dvdlaCcis -orn61id roorovur6 re TapItaToy fipiv. a plain rectangular roof. These figures represent the mini- 94 Cf. Antiphon,i. 14; Aristophanes,Eccl. 607-9; frag. mum needed to roof to the edge of the house walls. Over- 133 (K); Aristotle,Ath. Pol. 50, 2; Oec.ii. 2, 4 (1347a); hanging eaves (protegismata),common in Greek houses and HeraclidesPonticus, De rebuspublicis i. io (FHG). very likely a feature here also, might necessitate extra rows 95 Olynthus,viii. 278-9 notestwo stonepillars zi82 m. of tiles front and rear, according to the projection. The hori- highand suggests columns c. 2 m. highon basesof 0o35m. zontal extent of pastas eaves at one Olynthian house (A Io), diameter,or a totalceiling height of 2"25-2'5om. Cf. the calculated from sheltered uncobbled areas below, would I

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The roof system of what we restore as a west wing ofthepastas (IX with the south end of X) is not straightforward. If we restore a ground floor only, we find that a roof sloping eastwards into the court or west to the exterior would make an awkward junction at its north end with the hori- zontal entablature of the pastas, but that a roof sloping south from the entablature to the south wall of room IX would be the best solution, giving just sufficient height at the north end of IX to clear the doorway. A possible objection to this arrangement is that the gallery above the pastas would be open to its full width of m. and so too exposed. In preferring to restore an 17"5 upper floor in the south-west corner we create a more unified scheme, with a west wing balan- cing the pastas-block and giving a more fully enclosed and sheltered effect. At the east end the roof of the vestibule (VII) presents less obvious difficulty. The position of the main door, set to the right as if to allow clearance by the roof, would indicate a low pent- roof sloping westwards into the court and abutting at the north against the blank south wall of room VI. This appears to be the simplest solution and is adopted in FIG. 13 and PLATE31 a. On the other hand, a higher gabled wing would certainly give a more balanced appearance to the house. But there are two difficulties. The first is the non-axial position of the door in its recess, not structurally inevitable in the absence of a low one-pitched roof and incongruous in a gable-end. The second is the non-alignment of the west wall of the porch with that of room VI, which might seem to lessen the likelihood of the porch's being organically related to the pastas-block to the north, unless a functional reason for the inset porch wall is adducible. The objections inherent in the ground-plan can be met only by conjectural arguments: it may be suggested first that the non-axial doorway would allow sufficient room in the recess for a herm, and secondly that the angle between rooms VI and VII would permit building there a stair- case running northwards, set against the blank face of the porch, supported by the solid corner of room VI at ground-floor level, and opening above to the gallery which would necessarily be longer than the pastas below and extend to the line of the porch wall. This more ambitious reconstruction is sketched in PLATE31 b. PLATE31. In restoring from utter ruins the former appearance of what was once a commo- dious and comfortable country house, we must allow also for other physical changes. Present- day conditions in surroundings bleak, eroded, waterless, and deserted disguise the former pleasantness and advantages of the situation. The house enjoyed a high, well-drained site, shel- ter from east winds, wide prospects to the west, proximity to a natural route, and surely a wooded and well-watered locality. The streams below the site and away to the south of it were probably not in ancient times winter torrents only: the elaborate buttressing of the later Dema wall on the banks of the first98 and the use of the second for an aqueduct point to permanent surface supplies of water, implying a deeper, retentive soil and thicker vegetation on the surrounding hills. Classical reference to the woods of Aigaleos99 and traces of terraces on its flanks and the hills of the pass, visible on the ground and in air photographs,Ioo support this view and suggest a more likely basis than present conditions do for the presence here and the prosperity of the Dema house. J. E. JONES L. H. SACKETT A. J. GRAHAM be c. 1.25 m. in front and perhaps up to 2 m. at the rear Aigaleos, c. 500 m. south and south-east of the Dema house (Olynthusviii. 238, pls. 88, 90). Possibly at least one extra site; cf. the evidence of intensive cultivation and denser row may be restored in the Dema house, thus making the population on the slopes of Hymettus, J. Bradford, Ancient total for the north slope Io rows of 40, or 400 tiles. Landscapes(1957) 29-34, pls. 7-1o; AntJ (1956) 172-81. Cf. 98 BSAlii(I957) 16I. 99 Statius, Theb. xii. 618-21. also for an ancient description of erosion in Greece, Plato, 00oo See BSA lii (I957) pl. 30 for terrace lines visible on Cri. III b-d.

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(a)

(b)

(c) (d) DEMA HOUSE: SITE AND GENERAL VIEWS

(a) AIR PHOTOGRAPH OF THE SITE, WITH DEMA HOUSE SUPERIMPOSED, NORTH TO TOP, AIGALEOS AT BOTTOM. (b) DEMA HOUSE FROM THE EAST, LOOKING SOUTH-WEST TOWARDS SALAMIS BAY. (c) VIEW OF THE HOUSE FROM SOUTH-EAST. (d) VIEW OF THE HOUSE FROM THE SOUTH-WEST.

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(b)

(a)

(d) (c)

(e) (f)

DEMA HOUSE

(a) NORTH RANGE OF ROOMS FROM THE WEST; THE SUMMIT OF THE PASS BEYOND. (b) ROOM I FROM THE NORTH. (c) ROOM II FROM THE SOUTH. (d) ROOM III FROM THE SOUTH-WEST. (e) ROOM IV SHOWING BLOCKED DOORWAY AND CENTRAL FEATURE. (f) ROOM IV SHOWING THE DOOR AND CENTRAL FEATURE CLEARED OUT.

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(b) (a)

(c) (d)

(e) (f) DEMA HOUSE

(a) ROOM IV, CENTRAL FEATURE, CLOSE UP. (b) ROUGH WALL BETWEEN ROOMS V AND VI. (c) ROOM VI SHOWING DOORWAY BEFORE CLEARING, FROM INTERIOR. (d) ROOMS IV, V, AND VI WITH DOORWAY IN VI CLEARED. (e) ROOMS V AND VI SHOWING EAST WALL OF HOUSE FROM OUTSIDE. (f) VIEW FROM EAST, SHOWING SIDE-DOOR IN ROOM VII, AND SOUTH WALL OF VI IN LINE WITH THE COLUMN-BASE IN X.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f) DEMA HOUSE

(a) ROOM VII SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF EAST SOCLE, AND THE HIGHER FOUNDATION WITH EXTERNAL OFFSET OF ROOM XI. (b) WEST END OF HOUSE FROM THE FRONT, WITIH ROOM IX IN FOREGROUND. (c) STONE COLUMN-BASE IN AREA X, CLOSE UP. (d) NORTHERN PART OF AREA VIII, SEEN FROM THE WEST. (e) ROOM XI AND AREA XII FROM THE SOUTH-EAST. (f) AREA XII SEEN FROM THE NORTH.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d) DEMA HOUSE: THE CONDUIT

(a) VIEW OF CONDUIT AREA LOOKING NORTH FROM DRY STREAM-BED AT FOOT OF AIGALEOS TOWARDS THE HOUSE (ARROWED) WITH PARNES TN DISTANCE. (b) ROCK-CUT CHANNEL NEAR SOURCE. (C) DETAIL OF SAME SECTION OF CHANNEL. (d) SECTION ACROSS CON- DUIT FARTHER NORTH. SHOWING THE ROCK-CUT CHANNEL AND THE CROP-MARK RUNNING TOWARDS THE DEMA WALL.

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(a) (b)

(d) (c)

(e) f)

DEMA HOUSE: SMALL FINDS

(a) CORINTHIAN RAIN-TILE, UPPER SIDE. (b) CORINTHIAN RAIN-TILE, UNDER SIDE. (C) MARBLE LOUTER: ON LEFT UNDER SIDE, SHOWING LINE DEFINING RESTING-PLACE; ON RIGHT, UPPER SIDE SHOWING POLISHED RIM AND PICKED INTERIOR. (d) TERRACOTTA LOUTER: ON LEFT, FRAGMENT OF PEDESTAL BASE; ON RIGHT, FRAGMENT OF PEDESTAL TOP, SHOWING FACETED SHAFT, SQUARE CAPITAL, AND UNDER SIDE OF BOWL. (e) BATH-TUB: JOINING FRAGMENTS PRESERVING WALL HEIGHT FROM RIM TO FLOOR. (f) OTHER SMALL FINDS: QUERN, HAMMERSTONE, LOOMWEIGHTS, SPINDLE WHORLS, GLAZED PIPE FRAGMENT.

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OF

BANQUETKRATER, DETAIL FRAGMENTS.

WITHBELL (b) NECK KRATER,

AND (c) KRATERSLEFT. FRAGMENTSBELL (d) RIM TO (C)

BODY

HOUSE: KRATER, ANDMAENADS SCENE.

RIM AND

DEMA COLUMN BANQUET RIGHT(d) KRATER,OF ON

BELL

(a) SCENEDETAILS MAENAD.

(a) (b)

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::::

FRAGMENTS.

(b) (d)

WARE.SELECTED

FIGURED 5 WARE OTHERONE-HANDLERS,

(b) (d)

GLAZED

AND

FIGURED

i HOUSE:

DEMA 8

FRAGMENTS

(c) 3 (a) FRAGMENTS. 9* GAMIKOS

LEBESSKYPHOI,

(a) (c) : :

i

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i

:: :::::i::::-:::::::::::::::::i::::::::::::i:iii:i-iiiiiiiisi-:i_:::::i:::::::::::::::::::::::-:-::::-:::::::::::::::::::-:::: iiii:i-i:i:i~iii-i:iai:iiii: ::::::::-i:::_-:::::::::::::::-:::_;:::: :

4

!iiii!ii:ii: (b) (a)

19 88

(c) (d)

47 48 iii7i7iiiiiiiiiiiiii $6 55

51

46

50 33 :.::....:::::::::::::::::~:::::i::::: (e) (f)

DEMA HOUSE: GLAZED AND SEMI-GLAZED WARE

(a) BOLSAL AND BOWL FLCOR PATTERNS. (b) ASKOI, CUPS AND RIBBED JUGS. (C) BOLSAL BASES, UNDERSIDE PATTERNS. (d) SALTS, LAMP, AND OLPE. (e) LEKANAI: SELECTED FRAGMENTS, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VIEWS. (f) LEKANAI, LEKANIS, AND LIDS.

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U m m m m

m mE (c) (d)

BASES.

SELECTED

WARE

U FRAGMENTS. m m AMPHORAE: (b) I COARSEPITHOS (d)

LARGEHANDLES.

AND

FRAGMENTS. RIMS HOUSE: F U MORTAR U SELECTED Im DEMA(c)

AMPHORAE: m (a) 5 al (a) (b)

I[;m m / Z m m

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DEMA HOUSE: RECONSTRUCTION SKETCHES

A. VIEW FROM SOUTH-EAST SHOWING PENTROOFED PORCH. B. VIEW FROM SOUTH-WVEST SHOWING ALTERNATIVE FORM OF PORCH.

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