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1 Identifying Effective Mediation of Ethnic IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE MEDIATION OF ETHNIC CONFLICT WITHIN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science at the University of Canterbury by Kurt James McLauchlan University of Canterbury 2015 1 Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 8 Chapter One: Introduction and Defining Ethnicity ....................................................... 9 1.1. Introduction and Rationale ................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Defining Ethnicity .................................................................................................................. 11 1.3. Ethnic Conflict Manifestation ............................................................................................. 16 1.4. Ethnic Conflict Resolution ................................................................................................... 20 1.5. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 23 1.6. Chapters Outline ................................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Two: Models of Mediation ................................................................................. 26 2.1. Mediation Phases .................................................................................................................. 27 2.2. Mediation Strategies ............................................................................................................ 36 2.3. Mediator Type ....................................................................................................................... 40 2.4. Party Type .............................................................................................................................. 41 2.5. Problem-solving .................................................................................................................... 41 2.6. A Model For Mediation Behavior ..................................................................................... 43 2.7. Conclusions and Hypothesis ............................................................................................... 46 Chapter Three: Case Study of Bougainville .................................................................. 48 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.2. Ethnic Conflict Manifestation ........................................................................................... 49 3.3. The Peace Process ................................................................................................................. 53 3.4. Burnham I .............................................................................................................................. 53 3.5. Burnham II ............................................................................................................................ 58 3.6. Cairns ...................................................................................................................................... 62 3.7. Lincoln .................................................................................................................................... 65 3.8. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 68 Chapter Four: Case Study of Sri Lanka ........................................................................... 71 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 71 4.2. Ethnic Conflict Manifestation ........................................................................................... 72 4.3. The Peace Process ................................................................................................................. 75 4.4. Round 1 ................................................................................................................................... 75 4.5. Round 2 ................................................................................................................................... 80 4.6. Round 3 ................................................................................................................................... 83 4.7. Round 4 ................................................................................................................................... 85 4.8. Round 5 ................................................................................................................................... 87 4.9. Round 6 ................................................................................................................................... 90 4.10. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter Five: Case Study of East Timor ......................................................................... 95 5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 95 5.2. Ethnic Conflict Manifestation ........................................................................................... 95 5.3. Peace Process ......................................................................................................................... 98 2 5.4. Round 1: ................................................................................................................................. 99 5.5. Round 2 ................................................................................................................................ 103 5.6. Round 3 ................................................................................................................................ 105 5.7. Round 4 ................................................................................................................................ 107 5.8. Round 5 ................................................................................................................................ 110 5.9. Round 6 ................................................................................................................................ 112 5.10. Round 7 ............................................................................................................................... 114 5.11. Round 8 ............................................................................................................................... 117 5.12. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 118 Chapter Six: Case Study of Aceh ..................................................................................... 122 6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 122 6.2. Ethnic Conflict Manifestation ........................................................................................ 122 6.3. Peace Process ...................................................................................................................... 126 6.4. Round 1 ................................................................................................................................ 127 6.5. Round 2 ................................................................................................................................ 132 6.6. Round 3 ................................................................................................................................ 135 6.7. Round 4 ................................................................................................................................ 138 6.8. Round 5 ................................................................................................................................ 141 6.9. Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 143 Chapter Seven: Conclusions ............................................................................................ 146 7.1. An Examination of Ethnic Conflict Manifestation .................................................... 146 7.2. An Examination of Mediation Behaviour within Each Case Study ....................... 148 7.3. Limitations of the Model of Mediation Behaviour ..................................................... 153 7.4. Final conclusion ................................................................................................................. 154 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................
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