TIN - M IN I N G I N SPAI N

PAST AN D PRESEN T

W M D B MA ILLIA COPELAN ORLASE, .

P arliamentar Secretar o tile Local Government B oa d 1886 y y f r ,

' den o the Stanna ze o o w A De ut War r s C rn all eti e H n Sec . p y f f ; Som m o . and M ember of tite Council of tie R oyal Geological Society of Cornwall ' ’ Antlzor o Helstorzcal Sketclx o tbe Ten Trade in ornwa l f f C l , ’ fi e Dolmens I reland etc. etc. of , ,

GEN ERAL MAN AGER OF SEVERAL TI N - RESERVATION S I N THE PROVI N CES

OF C UN AN D Z M I N SPAI N AN D TR - -M N T I N OR A A ORA , AS OS O ES W P TUGAL MEN TION ED I N THE F LL I N G P G . OR , O O A ES

LONDON PUBLIS D B" FFI G AM WILS H E E N H ON ,

11 A " A G E . RO" L E CH N E . C LONDON PRI T D B" T MAS M RI G AT THE DE M R PR SS N E HO O N , LA O E E

2 IG LB R w . c 5 H H HO O N , R O BERT BAN " LAV ER" E U I R E S , S" ,

WHOSE ENTHUSIASTIC

INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT HAS LED HIM

TO GIVE A

PRACTICAL STIMULUS TO THE DEVELOPMENT

OF THE TIN - INDUSTR"

B U W IN THE I ERIAN PENINS LA, THE RITER

INSCRIBES TH E FOLLOWING

D G IN " O F G . PA ES, TO EN SINCERE RE AR

'

lzrzstm as 18 . C , 97

I N LI ST OF I LLU STRAT O S .

FRON TISPIEcE Zamora.

CIN E n ient a San a . FA G PAG 3 . A c Cross ne r M rtinho

CI E I I Granite G a at FA N G PAG . orge on the River Esl

Ricobayo .

CIN E 12 Do uro a FA G PAG . Two Views of the River ne r

z Almara . CIN E 16 I h urch a a a FA G PAG . C of Vill deper , with Ossu ry

under the Tower .

’ 2 Miners Barracks at the San Finx

- Tin Mine .

CI E 2 z a P aalsta b FA N G PAG 4 . Five Bron e Implements c lled

Celts .

’ ‘ ’ CIN E 26 A Ga : Mur u ia s Ga a. FA G PAG . llego from g lici

AT EN D Geological Map of the Portion of the Iberian Peninsula which contains the

o - Stanniferous Z ne or Tin Belt .

O N OVER rm s o na a C The A of C ru , Pontevedr , Orense a d a n Zamor .

TI N - M I N N I N PAI N PA T AN D PR E EN I G S T. , S S

a 1 8 a at o f a N the ye r 54 , the d te which the hopes Sp in ,

a a ac z commerci lly spe king, were re hing their enith , the

- a a Ga a verse m ker Molin , in his metrical description of lici , a ra a as wrote the lines which I freely, though f irly, t nsl te follows ’ Add Ga a a a to lici s tre sures here dduced , a a a o ur a a Th t ye r by ye r Re lm h th tin produced,

SO a - plenteous, in the V le Of Monte Rey, That ores are dressed and smelted day by day; a o f a a The met l white , qu lity so r re , ’ Not even England s purest can compare ’ With that which holds the mart in each Medina s To this effusion is appended the following expanded comment in prose : “ Besides other mines o f many metals held in high ac c in " and a ount , which exist this ingdom , in which h ve been f and as a ound gold, silver, even precious stones, for ex mple , fine turquoises discovered in the lands of there is tin in abundance and o fexcellent quality which occurs in the

a - S V lley o f Monte Rey and the district surrounding . O con siderable is the quantity that in the chief fairs of Castile no

and fine a a in other kind is sold, so is the qu lity th t the t which a r a a a and is brought to Sp in f om Engl nd, Fl nders, Fr nce,

r" a t ma othe p r s, however highly reputed it y be , in no respect 4

o n ar a a a o s excels ours , but , the contr y, it is m int ined th t ur

all a a a r r o n excels the other, f ct which is pl in to eve y expe t ” this subject . ’ ‘” r as a Bo an s . In the following centu y, we le rn from MS

' fl zstor o Galicia a a - and y f , the country dj cent to Monte Rey

was a - n Verin still celebr ted for its tin mines , which were the me and a a an the nu rous, their produce reckoned more v lu ble th ” “ - a . are m a best imported met l Mixed , we told , with bell et l and a o f a a o f w h i h copper, pl tes superior qu lity were m de it, c o f a as as and the gentlemen C stile reckoned to be good silver , ” from which they ate . Some interesting names and traditions

a - a x a hung round this tin be ring district, which were still e t nt h d b n in the last century . It was believed that the m ines a ee " a a in worked by the nights Templ r, while with reg rd to some a o ne a a a a and a o r Penout , le gue e st of Vi n , nine le gues n th

a Of - a was a had b n e st Monte Rey, story current th t they ee n worked by the Carthaginian s . Se or Murguia tells us that in th e l 6th century there stood near Ribadavia o n the Minh o a

a a o f m a su tower c lled Torre de Osiris, picture which it y be p os had r a a a ar p ed been prese ved, since th t writer s ys th t he reg ds

i - - ts c u as . o f and onstr ction Semitic North west Monte Rey, t n a a and a a o f m a be wee th t pl ce Orense lies the h unted L ke Li i , o a a A as a an e therwise c lled Legun de ntel , bout which the str g tale was told that the swarms o f gnats which hovered around “ its Shores were the enchanted army o f"ing Arthur o fBritain" a a a a In less th n century from the d te when Bo n wrote,

o f - and o f these mines Monte Rey, indeed those the Province o f a a a a a s Orense in gener l , were ctu lly forgotten , so th t, tow rd the close of the eighteenth century they were spoken o f as 5

m a a a ove . a as being then disc red Str nge this y seem , it ppe rs

as ar far fi was that the re ons e not to seek . The rst the blow given to the home industries o f Spain by the incalculable fi a a a A a a n nci l dis ster which resulted from the wreck of the rm d , and the extravagant policy which had brought about its equip m and was ra o o f s ent, the second the concent ti n the best energie O f a a and a s the n tion , ment l physic l , upon the golden prospect which were open ing out in the trans -Atlantic dominions which w a and the ere "successively being subjected to Sp nish rule , c o nsequent wholesale immigration thither o f those who were e n gaged in developing home resources . It is not that the tin w as wanting or was poor but it was that gold had a glamour w h a a a ich the d rk met l l cked . o e a M S a s Ga a “ C rnid , in . ccount Of the product of lici , w 1 8 and R a a at M a ritten in 7 3 , preserved in the oy l Libr ry drid , m entions two tin mines in the vicinity o f Monte - Rey which h ad n re - and 18th bee discovered set to work in the century .

fi and a o ne was a o f Arcucelo s a The rst princip l th t , two le gues n o fM - fine o r a was orth onte Rey, where oxide Of tin , c ssiterite,

ar z a a was found in qu t lodes tr versing the gr nite . The work n car d o n a an n Do n d a a the rie by rr geme t with Pe ro de S ur , M n of a for " o f Ga a i ister St te the ingdom lici , under the

o f two s s was direction his on . The second mine called Villardeciervos from a village o fthat name situated o ne - and- a

a a u - a M - o f h lf le gues so th e st of onte Rey, in the interior the o a o f a a a m unt in Rios, h lf le gue from the Portugese frontier . This mine the native peasantry had been in the habit o f r and a o f wo king for themselves, , being je lous interference, care u c nc a d a o f e s In f lly o e le the f ct its undoubt d richne s . 6

a a 1 6 an a a a s of bout the ye r 7 3 , It li n , h ving ome knowledge

r a Pero nim o A n a 60 chemist y, c lled rgenti , drove a dit some

varas and a tin poles ( ) in length, succeeded in extr cting from it

as a b the described by Cornide embedded in s nd, from which , y

a as a a r h e had use Of his chemic ls, he st ted to th t w iter,

a a an o f s ed obt ined lso some silver, ingot which he pre erv

f o f an a in m o the weight ounce . Some s mples of the t fro

a a at M a w re this mine were pl ced in the Roy l Museum drid, he

' a o f P n szcal Geo ra h saw m Bowles, uthor the y g p y the , and affirmed that the mineral closely resembled tin from C om

a a a a a a o f the st w ll . The It li n ce sed his oper tions bec use co o f a i a a to obt ining some secrets of chem stry, which he ppe rs a a in h ve thought would h ve directed him to the lode which,

a o f had and a — ds his ignor nce mining, he lost, bec use his frien

- — refusing to co operate h e got tired of the undertaking. as as a o f Arcucelo s was Subsequently this mine , well th t , worked by the Royal Treasury lz a G a a a G v n Schu , erm n , ppointed by the Sp nish o er o f and 18 a a ment Inspector Mines , who wrote, in 35 , geologic l description of states that the oxide o f tin occurs at Villardeciervos in narrow viens traversing micaceous amphi

b o lifero us a . run ara e schist , of reddish colour These veins p ll l to o f and a st the direction the rock dip , like it does, lmo a a and a a are u artz perpendicul rly . The m trix ccomp niments q , and a A o f a and a ta es schorl , yellow mic . junction gr nite sl te k

a at a r fi a s pl ce the side of Vill rdecie vos, During the rst ye r o f o n a ar e the present century works of development, l g a e o n at G m n sc le, wer set foot the expense of the overn e t u a a a k and tin of Reg l r sh fts of consider ble depth were sun , 7

a was a superior qu lity produced . In very short time , how

” e e a a a I 8O a z ev r , they w re b ndoned ( bout 5), not , s ys Schul , “ a an a x a a bec use they were by y me ns e h usted , but bec use it was impossible that any mine could be made to pay a profit when the administration was so ostentatiously ex trava

” a an d a and a a g nt , the works so unnecess rily costly el bor te .

” u a a a o f It wo ld not be miss , he dds , considering the c use “ a a a r a set their b ndonment , to h ve fu ther investig tions on foot , and a survey prepared in order to see whether these deposits i fi a a m ght not be worked pro t bly, if proper economic l methods a a prev iled . The lesson t ught by this mine should not be

a a has thrown aw y . The f ult is one which been repeated in a a the c se Of other tin mines in Sp in in more recent times . Schulz clearly thought highly Of the producing capabilities of r a and Of ua and a the mine , if properly t e ted, the q lity v lue of

. rva a and is the tin The rese tion is now in English h nds , it to be hoped that before long the advice given by the German

- m a a and a a mining engineer y be t ken , th t economic l develop ment m ay commence .

- Of Besides the tin mines just described , the Province Orense contains two other districts in which the mineral

fi s th e a occurs more or less plentifully. The rst i in e stern

a o f Of a and am p rt the province , in the hills Penout R ilo , two a a o f a a and to le gues e st Vi n , close the borders of the Province

H z a a a o f a a. a Z mor ere , ccording to Schul , the c ssiterite ppe rs

a m asses a . e either in sm ll lumps ( ), or in n rrow veins Som times a a a a de co m it is dissemin ted through the gr nite , often p rti lly a a posed . Sometimes the veins tr verse the mic ceous schist

a . r which is contiguous to the gr nite The conditions , in sho t, 8 closely resemble those under which the mineral is found in f a a and a as the neighbouring province O Z mor , in th t of Tr

- - a s as . Os Montes in Portug l , some forty miles to the outh e t The discovery of it is said to date from th e close of the last

r and a a b ut centu y , some ttempts were m de to develope it , these were abandoned at the same time an d for the same

- . has as z a s reason as those made near Monte Rey It , Schul dd , a a a a 18 was n never received f ir tri l , lthough in 49, it givi g suffi ciently remunerative results to the peasantry Of the sur

a it as trib uto rs and d it rounding vill ges , who worked , ressed

o wn a . by their own crude process, on their ccount The remaining stanniferous district in the Province of

a z a o ne in the Orense, st ted by Schul to be the princip l , lies mountains o f Montes an d Avion on the border line o f Ponte

a and a w Of a . The vedr , p rtly ithin the limits the l tter province re lodes in Couso de Avion are characterised as rich . They we

a a t e - a ar discovered , or r ther perh ps discovered, bout the ye 18 0 and Of had d 3 , works development upon them commence 1 in 835 . Their importance increased until more than thirty lodes had been opened out within an area Of three square

a . are a a an d of le gues Some of the veins Of gre t regul rity,

a as 1 20 r in consider ble richness, me uring from to centimet es “ wi and z as a e dth , producing tin which Schul describes m ssiv ”

as . a a a z and oxide , c siterite It is ccomp nied by white qu rt

a. a as a a us yellowish mic The veins tr verse , usu l , the mic ceo a a a In mphiboliferous schist , close to its cont ct with the gr nite . 18 had r 35 , their development not been suspended since thei h ad a f discovery , but it not then been llowed the ull scope it

rv a Of a Of a a the dese ed, by re son the bsence ro ds , the isol tion Of 9

i a and at s tu tion , the low price which English tin could then be a a a a a Obt ined in Sp in . Ro ds h ve Since been m de ; the district h as and o n been opened up , the import duty ingot tin from England is so heavy that it should cause the Spanish people to

look to their home production .

a z a fine a In this st nniferous district, so Schul dds, s mples

a o f a an d are of tungst te Of lime , wolfr m , of blende, found

a a and a a a . bund ntly, occ sion lly white emer lds

a A is Two le gues north of Couso de vion Pesqueiros , in

Of a and the Province Pontevedr , district of Montes , where the geological and mineralogical conditions are Similar to those

a ua was just described . Tin in consider ble q ntity found here

e an about the year 1834 . It occurs in v ins d stringers in the

a a a at a a mic ceous b s ltic gneiss , Short dist nce from the line Of ” a a . Pres ue iras a junction of the l tter with the gr nite In q , s ys “ z an a w as a and Schul , ttempt m de to work these prospects, ” the undertaking paid its expenses . The work of development was and a a not , however, prosecuted with the energy pplic tion “ a which such things require . Not only, however, dds this “ e o a writ r, d es this prospect deserve ttention , but other new

can a th e e tin - belt ones be lso found in dir ction of the , which is

ea e as is a of gr t ext nt , proved both by the frequent indic tions

o re and a of the existence Of the in this vicinity, by the f ct that a at A such rich lodes h ve been worked Couso de vion . I have myself been shown in Alcanices beautiful museum specimens of amber- colored crystals Oftin brought by miners “ A and lz a a u from vion , Schu tells us th t four le gues f rther a a and a a a a south from th t pl ce , , pproxim tely spe king, in the s me

i Balsidro n a ar a a - d rection , in Monte , qu ter of le gue south east 10

o f a a a had x c - f Rib d vi , he found e ellent tin ore mixed with wol ram an d a a a z and a to the schorl , in m trix of qu rt gr nite , close “ a a . a ds tr nsition of the l tter into gneiss This point he d , a h deserves some investig tion which cannot be costly . Sout o f a o n o f o ect Monteforte , lso the line junction , is the tin pr sp o f a was En sh Do de , which , I believe , if it is not now, in gli ‘ a h nds .

as to - a find n of P sing now the south e st, we , in the Provi ce Zam ora fi a considerable number Oftin prospects o n the bo rders o f o f a - - and a few the Portugese province Tr s OS Montes, not

a m be in the latter district itself . Among those in Zamor ay

a A a a as - - ast mentioned th t of rciller , bout 4 kilometres e t south e

fAl an at a an a a a h as a en o c ices, point where uphe v l of gr nite t k place in the Cambrian strata. This mine h as two shafts of

a a a a . consider ble depth, sunk origin lly by French Comp ny It

at a and nt. is present in English h nds, in course Of developme

A - - and in bout seven miles to the south south west Of it,

a are - o f and Portug l , there two tin prospects , those Codeso a a a o f San a n ame R poso , ne r the vill ge M rti ho, which the s

English Company is also working . These are near a junction

a - r - es o fthe granite with mic ceous schist . To the west no th w t o f a a a a and a e this pl ce , in the direction of Br g nc , lso, therefor , a o f a a o in th t Vill rdeciervos in Orense, of which I h ve previ usly a o f has ced spoken , is the reserv tion Coelhoso which produ a a and a f a a a to the much v lu ble tin lso wol r m . Returning g in

a a a - at ra a es Province Of Z mor , we h ve tin prospects B ndil n ,

are A a and San a t n which , in common with rciller M r inho , bei g a 6 es developed by English enterprise . These lie bout mil a Of San art and are a of e st M inho , , like it , ne r the junction

‘ The lo calities Of these and th e o ther tin- mines in th e Province Of O rense are indicated in th e ma at th e end of t ese a es and in th e Table p h p g , i acco mpanying t.

als . 1 in ra . S ee o p 9, f

G RA N I T E G O RG B O N T HE R I V E SL AT R Ic nAvO ER A o .

I 2

Am a Villarde era ong the tin prospects of this district, th t of p

calls fo r al a - defined fissure speci ttention , both from the well

has a ffi and vein which been p rtly, but insu ciently developed ,

a o h from the quality Of the cassiterite which it cont ins . S ut

a Of a a fl e e st this, on the right b nk Of the Douro , bove its con uenc

a OfA a az are a so with the Esl , lie the tin properties lm r , which l in course Of development under the same English Co mpany

at A a a a an d San which is working those rciller , Br ndil nes, a a a a M rtinho, bove mentioned . The whole group be r in

S E and N W direction . . .

Tin - mining has been extended as far south - east as the

o f a a a a a a a er Province S l m nc , where the miner l ppe rs und

a a as a Of a lluvi l conditions , it does lso in the provinces Beir

d - - an and Of a Os r a . Minho, in portions Tr s Montes in Po tug l ‘a’ Eschwege discovered itin the sands as well as in the gran ite

a o f and a r e Of V longo , north the Douro, ne r Opo to , wher Cambrian and Silurian strata occur side by side with the

a and a a - met morphic rock the gr nite . Stre m works were set

o n a a e foot here with consider ble success , but the unsettled st t o f the country is said to have brought the enterprise to a a m a st ndstill . The for tions in which the mineral occurs in

a are a a av s gener l in the Portugese provinces either lluvi l gr el ,

o r - a o r - a u z stock works in the gr nite, tin be ring veins of q art a in the Older sl tes .

Tin - mines were worked in Portugal in the time of ‘9’ A a and a a a - a was gricol , the sm ll n tive bl st furn ces , in which it

- are . a a a a is smelted mentioned Tin stre ming, on sm ll sc le ,

Of t r one the Oldes industries of the count y . Two e ws O R T HE R I V ER DO U R O

N EAR AL M ARA Z .

13

Speaking o f the presence o f the mineral generally in

a and al m a a to a a Sp in Portug , it y be s id run in bro d “ o r a a an a a belt b nd, p ssing , like her ldic bend cross the

a Co rufia - Peninsul from the Province of , in the north west , to

a a and - a a those of Z mor Salamanca in the south e st . The princip l r a rive s which intersect this belt are the Douro, the Esl , the

a and a all are Limi , the Minho, the T mbre , of which fed by

a a r a a a all stre ms c r ying , some of them , good he d of w ter the a u and f ffi a ye r ro nd, most o them a su cient supply to keep Pelton -w heel or Turbine for a crushing mill at work at from nine

n o ut Th e al as a to seve months of the twelve . miner , is the c se

a C a o f a lso in ornw ll , follows the junction the gr nite with the

as o r a . a z kill schist, which is Often highly mic ceous The qu rt ,

ar especially ne the confluence of the Esla with the Douro , strikes the gold -miner as singularly like gold- quartz and should

as a n a Villarde era be tested such, especi lly since it is know th t p

was a u a 16 and a ct lly producing gold in the th century, th t the

art a a a and C h gini ns, Rom ns Moors successively worked gold

m in S a “ a the ines p in . The s nds of river Sil in the Province of

are a and - Leon known to be uriferous, gold mines were worked a was in that district in the 17th century . The curious f ct

a t a a a and has st ted o me by gentlem n resident in Sp in , who

a Of i explore d the mount ins Leon , where most prim tive modes

a and o f a a - a a of life prev il , where the flocks pe s nt f rmers h ve still to be protected from wolves by the aid of lanterns and the

at a - cries of the shepherds night , th t the stone troughs, hollowed out for the purpose of conveying water for the gold - washings

a o f a a by the sl ves the Rom ns , h ve been brought into requisition 14

n a a o f a u en ever si ce , whenever reviv l the ncient ind stry, ev wn a a has a a do to few ye rs since , t ken pl ce . I have still to speak o f the tin -bearing districts at the

- a n north western end of the belt, n mely those in the Provi ce of

Co rufia. z a a Schul , to whom I h ve sever l times previously

a 18 a had fine and a e referred, st ted in 35 th t he found l rg

a o f - o n ank o cryst ls tin oxide opposite Porto Mouro, the left b f

J a at a 2 a a a u the T mbre , spot 5 le gues from S nti go . They occ r,

sa in in a and a z a sa a he ys, veins feldsp r qu rt , th t is to y perh ps, ” a or a s . in the goss n , decomposed gr nite , which forms the uper f a stratum o the hard gr nite below . Pliny describes the whole district from the Pyrenees to “ as a and tin . the Douro full of mines of gold, silver, iron , le d, “ In another passage ) he tells us that tin is a product of a a and Ga a and a a ab e Lusit ni lici , in third, since I h ve referred ov m a add a a A a Ga a and to gold, I y th t he spe ks of sturi , lici a a as a a Lusit ni together furnishing nnu lly lbs . of that “ ) precious metal . Schulz in a paper on a kind o f stamni ferous - pyrites which he terms ballzlsteroszte gives us very a o f a A a a d curious ccounts two ncient mines in the sturi s, situ te at Salab e o n a a a a a a an d a respectively the C nt bri n co st , le gue a a a r ofthe h lf to the e st of Rib deo , in the dist ict , so he thinks , a Artab ri was and tribes c lled , from whose ports tin exported ,

at Ablaveda a a a and as o f , one le gue south of S l s seven e t

o n a a n fi th e Oviedo, the b nks of river which he ide ti es with a N o elus a la a n N lon or of the ncients , on which ythe f mous tow of l a at Salab e Argento ea. The oper tions were conducted by

a a - a z o n me ns of huge open working , sunk, ccording to Schul , a deposit oftin occuring in plutonic rock in the centre o fclay I S

- l n to slate schists be ongi g the Cambrian system . The ex cavators

o re so val a a o ut so found the u ble th t they took it bodily , that not o f l h as even a trace a ode been left behind . More than cubic métres were removed from a pit 20 metres dee o o f a o f p, the b ttom which is now covered by deep bed turf . Three adit levels for drainage purposes were bored at various e f sea a and p riods through the cli f to the , the l st lowest being ’ alm o n a l l i h a a i i ost eve w th t e w ter, so th t t s mouth is flled A r . a a u eve y winter with pebbles tortuous queduct, three le g es ks a a o r in length , brought to the wor the w ter necess ry f the treatment Of the ore which was broken by manual labor o n hand- mills Of quartz and the mineral subsequently melted in a number o fsmall furnaces enclosed in a fortified area formed d by a double vallum an ditches . at A la a ta i The works b ned , on the side of the moun in , n a a are as a n the Devoni n form tion , described no less sto ishing H h a a at Salab e . l o r a th n those ere t ree ch nne s queducts , s r a a z o ne to a kilfully cut in ve y h rd qu rt ite, from three le gues a in length , brought in the supply of w ter requisite for the w and too a a o r a has ork, here bed of turf forming bog l goon a f a a A ccumulated at the bottom o the exc v tion . vein o farsen ical and copper pyrites traverses the diorite which rests on the z a l granite a little to the south , but Schul c me to the conc usion “ ” a a l al and al a a from m ny indic tions geo ogic miner ogic l, th t the o f was primary and special object the miners tin. Stanniferous pyrites is found in the middle of the argillac eo a a and Mondo nendo and l a us schists ne r Rib deo , the pecu i r

’ a ballisteroszte Sefio r z Ballistero s form of it n med , from Lope , a f o n La Of a was uthor o a work the Mining ws Sp in , found two 16 leagues south of the former place in the mountains of Vidal and a a a a a w ar es and Tr b d in rgill ceous schists, mixed ith ordin y pyrit ,

z dis near the junction with the ones of plutonic rocks . The co very of its true nature was made by a village blacksmith while

- experimenting in his forge with the pyritous schists for gold. Perceiving that he extracted white malleable metal he at first h thought it was silver until he proved it to be tin . Whet er it a a i could ever be made p yable commerci lly s very doub tful.

a a o f r a c ns M . considers it the m teri l which ce t in oi

a and as a in old Of white met l other objects such l mps, found

r fi a a e . fo ti ed sites ne r mines in Sp in , were form d

- o f Ga a and m e Returning to the tin mines lici pure Si pl ,

are a o ne a a a a there reserv tions , the ne r Noy (prob bly the N oel “5’ o f o ar Pliny, in the c untry of the Celtici), the other ne al a Santiago to which I would c l ttention .

fi o f Co rufia al ed The rst, which is in the Province , is c l

San Finx San the M a a General de Es a na , or Fix (in fi p ,

adrid 1 2 a a s M , 79 , sheet from river of th t name which fall

Ba o a is into the y f Noy . It situated at an elevation of 250 et a sea a m res bove the level , ne r the summit of a divide in the

a Barb anz a a a a mount ins of , which sep r te the B ys of Arosa and a and a and Noy , termin te in the wild rugged promontory the ex o f Falco eira a treme point which is . Th t this was one Of the most ancient and notable of the tin districts of Ancient Spain

I think a a a a is , , f ct which sc rcely needs demonstr tion . It is

a far to the district of the Celtici th t , with greater probability

a an we m a a “ th n to y other district , y ssign the Celtic tin

r an s mentioned by the pseudo Ve y cient working ,

I 7

s a all al a l too , consi ting of open c sts ong the b ck Of the ode, exist fi and at San P . t inx The lode itself is ex remely well de ned, developments now taking place show the quantity o ftin -oxide to b e a a a at very consider ble , while the qu lity surp sses th in A a 10 o ut M ost any stanniferous district . s mple of tons cut om no a a a a fr the lode, in by me ns p rticul rly rich portion Of it ,

a an a a a a il a - g ve ver ge Of ne rly 3 per cent bl ck tin , wh e h nd picked stufl contain s as much as 75 to 80 per cent of tin ready for the

N O a - smelter without need o f dressing . ste m power need be used for dressing - plant as the water in the stream is suffi cient

m . A a has for the ill ro d, too , just been completed from the

to Terra o na Ba A a a can mine g on the y of ros , whence b rges convey the black tin to the gates of the smelting - house at a C rril o n the opposite side . The other Galician tin - reservation to which I referred is “ ” ca T and and a ar a lled yre Sidon , is Situ ted ne the vill ges Of

F a and z a t a a and ont o Mer , in the dis rict of C rbi , Province Of a 8 a an a Pontevedr , kilometres from the ro d from S ti go to Orense , and 40 from the former of these places . To the south of the

m is z a a a U a ines the river De , tribut ry of the ll , which flows

Ba A a. As a San Finx into the y Of ros in the c se of , these mines a to were worked by the ncients, the method being open u a a a a p trench or c st on the b ck of the lode , thus forming pile ’ t as was a “ on either side , jus the c se in the old men s ” ar a l As as e c a . a workings , they lled, in Cornw l in the l tter a a country lso, c vernous workings were sometimes resorted “ to . From the outcrop at the river the lodes at Tyre and and Sidon can be traced and worked for feet in the

mountain side . The more modern system of operations has 18

een to s nk all w s a s and to ake s a s o r b i sh o h ft , m m ll drive

- e cast wo k . Ox de o f len f as a is f am op n r s i tin is p ti ul, lso wol r , b ut n o miner-like attempt h as ever been made to develope th e

prospects by tapping the lodes in depth . “ and ha It is, seemingly, to these Tyre Sidon mines, t t

‘ ‘ f” - Si. a Co rtaz ar sa a the tin z n D niel de refers when he ys th t o e,

far as w z a so he knew it , commenced in the to nship of Mer in n m a and the orthern li it of the Province of Pontevedr , , crossing th at Of Orense by the watersh ed o fthe mountain Te steiro and

th e S a S d rta t cu ierr de ui o, where the most impo n deposits oc r

s r c o f a z and A A t e e in the di t i ts Be ri bion ( vion), hence d flect d

as wa s a a a as a - an d e t rd by Rib d vi , Fre de Eir s, Monte Rey,

Villardeciervos to the frontier line Of Portugal . Speakin g of the Province of Orense this writer says that the tin occu rs there under two distinct conditions . Either small particles o f

cas a a a are distri siterite, in comp ny with rsenic l pyrites , found h a a t has a a a c and buted throug the gr nite , which l t er the ppe r n e a a e t t t r a s fi ch r ct ris ic s ruc u e of gneiss , or the miner l show itsel n

la ar z a a d w a th e rger bunches in qu t lodes ccomp nie by olfr m , which lodes at times pass out of the granite and across into th e a and a f i an mic ceous t lcose schist, without, however, su fer ng y a h sensible ch nge either in their direction or composition . Sc o rl and l a a i a a a a tin ye low mic lmost nv ri bly ccomp ny the oxide of . “ Works which are described as impo rtant were carried o n in this province down to a date shortly before Co rtaz ar wro te ( 1873) by an English Company styled the Medina United Tin i s a ar an a a o fte n M ne , who, for period of ten ye s, exploited re i pertinenc as in the districts of Gom esende and Freas de Eiras. Their energies were principally con centrated o n two m ines I 9

calle San l mo and San cut five d Guil er Pedro, where they

ical a not 0 vert qu rtz lodes , exceeding 5 centimetres in width, d a a . W an bea n S . all a E . a d . ring N , impregn ted with tin rsenic l

an d a a e a . are the a pyrites, v ri bl in v lue These lodes in gr nite,

passing into the schist which adjoins it o n the northern side .

O a z ra r l to a a ther qu rt lodes run t nsve se y them , th t is, in d W . and t a e . irection E ., but hese r unproductive The m ethods employed in the development Ofthese pros

ects as w as a c in the p , ell in dressing the ore seem to h ve omb ed na n tive Spanish ones with those more modern a d approved . a a was 80 m étres and i Thus sh ft sunk, deep, levels dr ven , but, w n a r an d O a he these f iled in results, trenches we e dug pen c sts ma a a h de upon the b cks of the lodes . The ore, fter being crus ed, was a - and a and ca h nd sorted, w shed in sieves, in ses where it

was a m a a a was a . was cco p nied by rsenic l pyrites, it c lcined It fi a a fi a a n n lly c ught on xed t bles, the product obt i ed from which is stated to have been 40 per cent o f black tin which was ex to an a a ported Engl d to be smelted . The mines were b ndoned in 18 1 and a r a S a h a 7 , were t ken ove by p nis Comp ny . The rest of the tin reservations in the district were worked at

rr a al au — a a fo s ecker i egul r interv s by un thorised persons pe s nt s s, who pilfered the tin . I m ay here quote what the same writer tells us o f the m a a o f a a. 18 a s ines in the dj cent province Z mor In 44 , he s y , ac to n z a - o f a a a cording Se or E querr , the tin mines C rb jos , Pino de and Villarde era as as a Oro , p were exploited, well the nti m a i ony mines of Los cio . The tin is descr bed as occuring in o o f ar z - an a and ana l des white qu t , semi tr sp rent, logous to some

e m and Asturianso at a u o b tween Mo buey , j nction f highly 2 0

a u i a . a a E . mic ceo s gneiss w th gr nite They be r in direction N . an W d S. . and are r a . n , ve tic l They form a extensive paralle l

a six and are a b e series, more th n kilometres in length, pl inly to

two ru a o f seen in the gged b nks the river Douro .

The richest deposits have been found to be those o f

Villarde era o f a th e p . The oxide tin is dissemin ted through

ar z r a a a as a qu t i regul rly though bund ntly, but owing, we h ve

f has as et seen , to the unintelligent modes o working, it not y been made to produce the important results which true min er e a lik methods should certainly chieve .

186 a c d a o f v In 3 , c or ing to the mining st tistics the pro ince,

a A a az and besides the reserv tions just mentioned, those of lm r

A a had a a tw o rciller been set to work, but during th t ye r only

distn are The a mines in the ct quoted as producing tin . bl ck tin was at that time smelted in a small Spanish furnace fro m

was a 1 1 cwt al was an d which obt ined 5 . of met which sold used in the province . In the following year there were three reservations in the same country o n which prospecting wo rk fo r a tin was being c rried out . Having had occasion several times to allude to the an ti

uit - a can a to add q y of tin mining in the Peninsul , I sc rcely omit a word o r two on the subject o fthe claims of that country to be use z al considered the producer of the tin in , for bron e especi ly, th e a a carliest a o f and in Mediterr ne n in the ges commerce , a a as a a e lso to h ve been , some h ve contended, the verit bl

Cassiterides - a in a , or tin isl nds mentioned the most ncient and a l a a writers, v gue y loc ted somewhere in the oce n beyond the Straits o f Gibraltar . 2 1

The question of the whereabouts o f the Cassiterides has

r she a a a o wn al fu ni d lmost liter ture of its , the controversi point be f a i. e . a a O ing whether Brit in , , Cornw ll with the Isl nds Scilly, was al a o r was and the loc ity indic ted , whether it the western no rthern districts of the Peninsula. Into the details of this I need no t enter . It will be suflicient to say that among the ad v f ocate s o a a . the British theory were C mden , Borl se , Sir C Ha and G a and a o n wkins , Dr . eorge Smith of C mborne , th t the S a s a had z and p nish ide we h ve Cornide , Pere "uintero , , more re a z Harduin cently , Murgui , while Flore , like , did not believe

t a h s a . a a h t suc i l nds existed Cert inly, if they were indeed isl nds , there is not now nor ever was a suffi cient quantity of tin in Scilly to justify the application of the name tin - islands to that and a ac a al a little group , the s me f t pplies equ ly to the isl nds under

Co rrib edo and a a l Salb o ra in the B ys south of Finisterre , n me y A a Carta ada G and as Cicas a a ros , g , rove , the Cies , Sci , or B yon

. a a ar o f Isles In the Isl nd of Ons lone, ne the mouth the river ” of d a z o n a Cileniw Ponteve r , or Lere , the b nks of which the of are a a Pliny supposed to h ve been settled, some indic tions of tin- a z o and a a qu rt were found, so C rnide tells us ; he dds lso that he had surveyed the neighbouring coast and observed a substratum of ferruginous sand very similar to that in which

- the tin o fMonte Reyoccurs . M urguia has connected the name ofthe a at Ba A a a three isl nds the mouth of the y of ros , n mely

Cicas an n a it the Cies or (supposing to be introduced, m king

Ginea s as a x Fix a and a , in for , bove mentioned, m ny more lac a w a w the p e n mes) , ith the ncient ord for tin found in G an Zin C na 8150 . He a a erm , Polish y , points lso to the n me Cin a a a a tin and a s c pplied to v lley where is found, l o to the 2 2

a o f o f Cinania i a a o f B ear n me the city , the C t ni riteiros, n

G a ae n art a n as uim r s , recently explored by Se or M ins S rme to, a u derived from the s me so rce . Such etymologies, however, are and la a h a very doubtful , I y no stress on them , lthough t t o f Cic s art a th e the a is worth noting, p icul rly in connection with

a and u a a a . at st tement of Cornide Murg i th t in MS Oviedo,

a I tacia a a rt a a v n c lled , cont ining wh t purpo s to be copy of di isio

s a a was a as a e of Bi hoprics by W mb , but which reg rded forg ry 12th t a a e is in the century, the dis rict ssigned to the See of C l “ from Alb ia as far as Lo sala and from Olmos to the I slas ' ” a a nal of Can terides . I h ve not been ble to consult the origi ’ Lo a sa s a ez this, but in y edition , in which th t writer, like Flor , s a a a a a s in eems to follow copy by Mor les , the n me Sol st nd a an a all a ed pl ce of In y c se , th t could be deriv a a a at from such st tement would be the supposition th t , the ’

a . was a d te when the MS written , notion existed in the writer s mind that these islands in the Bay of Arosa were the tin i a o f a a a Old a Gali ia sl nds the cl ssic uthors . Simil rly, in m ps of c “ Cicas are ar I ns ulae Deorum es o f the the m ked , the Isl ” G a” e a a a te a a ods . Murgui notic s lso th t the isl nd of Cor g d , in

Ba o f A a a o n ar l at the y ros , which is ccessible foot from C ri s - a a and e o f an pring tides, cont ins sh fts oth r evidences cient At o f h . t e mining, which he believes was for tin the foot

o a Barb anz a u neighbouring C rdiller of the , however, iron is fo nd, a th so that possibly that was the mineral sought for . This u or does not seem aware of the existence of the tin - mines o f San P nx A a al a a a . t i in the upper p rt of this s me r nge cert in loc i y, sa twe a a and e rves he goes on to y, be en C rreir Corrubedo pr se

he ifi an o n . Sa m e n t sign c t name of Campo das Minas . D P r i to

24

as a at u laz in A Basque Provinces , for ex mple Eg i

a a a a is a ar a most rem rk ble fe ture bout them th t , while they be family likeness to the series o f megalithic structures of the

a a a ex act counter art dolmen cl ss in gener l , they h ve their p and a a e in both in the number rr ngement of the ston s , which is

a a at l ar a re itself peculi r, in monument Cloverhi l , ne the gre t p historic cemetery o fCarrowmore in the country o f in

an a o n the Irel d, structure which , judging from sculpturings a a ma interior f ces of some of the stones of the ch mber, we y probably assign to the latter period o f the Bronz e Age (say

B C . But the points for comparison which Arche ology and Ethnology hold out to us between West Britain and Ireland on

a and Gal ia are fi the the one h nd, ic on the other, not con ned to o f to megalithic remains . No object antiquity is better known a a z a e th e antiqu ry th n the bron e pa lstab celt . In its Simpl a m a a form , or with single loop , it y be s id to be found every

h t and of e. where t roughou the north , west , centre Europ an a and ar m There is , however, extremely r re peculi for of it, a tw o and a has in n mely with loops , th t been found exclusively a and i a in Cornw ll Devon (in the mining distr cts especi lly),

a and and - rt f the Irel nd, in the western north western po ion o

Iberian Peninsula. "See illustration for ex amples ] “ In my work on the Dolmens of Ireland I have given five a o f a om ex mples these implements, t ken respectively fr a a and a and Alemte o in Cornw ll , Devon , Irel nd , Mont legre y a w art a and a of Portug l . Where , ho ever, p icul r peculi r types

z w are her bron e implements occur , hich not common to ot u t b ut are t l s ila a he co n ries, , never he ess, so closely im r th t t y F e B ro nz e m e men s iv I pl t called Paalstab Celts.

1 re and 2. C o rnwa 3 De vo n 4. Po r u a 5 . Po r u a . . I l ll . t g l t g l

2 5

m a ha c o ut o f sam a ight lmost ve ome the e mould, proof is

aflorded as as a as we can v a a a the , re on ble e er hope to tt in , th t ha a o f two ar in bit nts the respective districts , in which they e o ca f und, were in communi tion during the period when the

m s e e . a z a i plement w r in use Now, th t bron e celts were m nu facture in r l a and a d West Co nwa l I h ve evidence to show, th t they were also manufactured in the Peninsula I see no reason to a a the fa a doubt. My proof s to Cornw ll consists in ct th t “ o u o fs te a as and r ugh l mps mel d tin , loc lly known Jews Tin ,

a a o f - lso of copper, which l tter bore the form the stone bowl into wh had ich it been run , were found side by side with spoiled paalstabs and socket- celts in the embankment o f a cliff- castle ’ at Cape Cornwall near the Land s End . z l f as a d Bron e ce ts o this cl s belong, ccor ing to the eminent "4’ Sw a ae Mo ntelius o f edish rch ologist , to the best period the

B z A e a a a ron e g in Northern Europe, the pproxim te d te of which h 0 B At a e estimates at from 1250 to 10 5 C . th t period then the very period to which has been assigned the foundation o f — Gades by the Phoenician merchants Cornwall and the Western

oas o f a a a a a c t Sp in were lre dy in communic tion with e ch other, and a and a a both were producing the miner l , from th t the met l ,

n r a a a ecessary for the fo m tion of implements, the origin l loc lity of the prototype o f which it would be foreign to o ur present ur p po se to attempt to discover . A ae a n a It is not, however, rch ology lo e which le ds us to the c a a was onclusion th t, in remote ges , there intercourse between th - a e tin bearing portions of Britain and the Peninsul . The likeness of certain Galician ethnic types to certain Irish types has often been commented o n ; but the likeness o f Galician 26

’ a rn a a e a is f ces to Co ish f ces , in the L nd s End district esp ci lly,

a and a a om even more m rked , is indeed unmist ke ble . In going fr

Terra o na Barb anz a a a a a of g into the r nge I p ssed, ne r the co st

A a Ba a ma a and w a mea ros y, s ll vill ge , sitting do n to h ve my l o f a and a a - re ere c kes red wine in l rge grocery sto , where th

a a a had for were m ny buyers , I could h ve decl red, it not been

Ga atois and r a f u that l the llego p ce t in di ferences in cost me ,

her was once more at home in a Cornish village . On the ot hand I could point o ut Cornish miners now employed in Spain

a the who would pass for n tive Gallegos . In the case of

a a in women , oddly enough , the likeness is more m rked th n

a a fi one th t of the men , but the resembl nce is not con ned to

am a a . d or two ex ples , but is lmost univers l Into the detaile characteristics o f the types space does not permit me here to

. a a as a " e enter The Short d rk type , known in Irel nd erry typ , a k a an with sh rp twin ling grey eyes , spl y noses d nostrils mark edl a and a a nc l y in evidence , low forehe d sw rthy f ce, is disti t y

a as are a . to sa e recognis ble , others lso It is enough y that th y are types totally distinct from those ordinarily met with in the

a a o f a and a a a vill ges of other p rts Sp in Portug l , lthough they m y be observed here and there in the larger towns to which a a G llegos often go as serv nts . One trait in their character at east these people possess in common with the Irish and

a and Cornish , n mely their intense love for their little holdings

to a a The their desire s ve money to purch se the freeholds .

o f Ga a a akes legends lici , too, especi lly those connected with l ,

o f a a as e as the people th t district sh re with the Irish, w ll s uerstitio ns a and p in reg rd to witches the like . A G A L L E GO

’ P RO M M U RG U I A ‘ G AL I ’ s GIA.

2 8

Being unaware that tin had ever been raised in any appro

ciab le a a a Dr. qu ntity in the Peninsul , I followed the le d of

a o f a and a broch ure n o e Willi m Smith , C mborne, , in pri ted m r

a a An Alistorical Sketch o th n twenty ye rs since, entitled f ” the Tih Tra e i Cor wall an x a s a to d n n , I used e h u tive rgument Show that Cornwall alone could have supplied the commodity A to the merchants from the days of the Phoenicians onward.

a - a u a study of the mines long the tin belt in the Iberi n Penins l , pursued with the aid of such works as have been published on

- the mineralogical features of north western Spain and o f MS. ” a at a h as a e e uthorities M drid , , however, I freely dmit , compl t ly a ltered my views . The ancient tin - workings o f Galicia alone prove to b e of

a a a in situ enormous extent, while the ctu l ore which rem ins and a and as unworked is not only plentiful in qu ntity , e ily a a a al a and a r nwa tt in ble, but in qu ity unriv lled, , wh teve Cor ll

a a a a a o fthe m y h ve produced in the p st , superior to the ver ge a at a a miner l present r ised in th t county .

a was a and a r N a Th t it from the b ys estu ries of Fe rol , oy , A a a and as as an and ros , Pontevedr , Vigo, well possibly from isl or a a a a fi wa the two long th t co st , th t tin rst found its y into

a a o n oasts Mediterr ne n I feel no doubt, when women the c which lay over against the o r the predecesso rs of

a r a a ask cen th t t ibe , were prob bly w shing it in wicker b ets , turie s a a in uch before Rom n writer spoke of the process, m the same fashion in which I have watched them washing it at

da a e the present y, only th t littl birch brooms are now

lo o re a has b e - n emp yed to brush the , fter it en hand b roke

w as a n e bet een two rough stones, it is c rried dow o ver th 29 bed-rocks o f some stream into Shallow artificial basins scooped in the a o f a a to r , by w ter which is llowed su f ce the ( stone escape gradually from little dams o f turf drawn across the u co rse . rnwall ma was far a Co , we y be sure, not behind Sp in in point of time in contributing her proportion o f the metal to au m a a m a co n g ent the supply, f ct which y be inferred from s de a a a a a ae al i r tions of n vig tion , but especi lly from the rch ologic

r ofs to a a e o f - a n p o , which I h ve bove ref rred, inter communic tio havin g existed between the two districts at a period coeval

w t not a r r to a o fGa s. i h, if nte io , the found tion de “ ” As to th e Tin - a s Cassiterides n v Isl nd , the , they e er ,

eo ra cal a had a fi o . i e g g phi ly spe king, xed p sition L k the mysterious floating islands o fturf on certain Irish lakes they

wer h a o f o n o ne o n a . e e rd now shore, now nother Their nam was a and a and a o ne e delusion myth, veryconvenient , in w i as in a o f a a and h ch web goss mer, the merch nt princes ’ ship s- captains could envelope each and every stanniferous coun as s d o ne a t r a try, they di covere them f er the othe , long the or s o f r ur ambre sh e weste n E ope from the Douro to the T , the latt r in c r o f Tamarini and amar ( e the ount y the ), from the T to S in Britain ro und the evem e Sea. Lo oking forward no w to the days in which we live from

hes an i s n a ar a a G e ks t e c ent time whe Phoenici ns, C th gini ns, r e , R mans and G and a als w at o , Moors, oths V nd ere successively rac a no s al a a a h t ted to Sp in , in m l me sure by her miner l we lt , “ the questio ns naturally present themselves : Will the ancient ” prestige o fthis country in this respect never again return i z “ “ Is the su l ex hausted ? If it not and if aniards pp y is , , Sp 30

are e no will not develope these resources themselves , ther

a r a o f o ld find enterprising str ngers, who, like the Ty i ns , will a as a a a w h me ns to work the mines, commerci l specul tion , it suffi cient prospect o ffair returns The mining industry in the Peninsula seems indeed to a a a h ve shown unmist k ble signs of rejuvenescence o flate years.

at a at a re - a r on Iron Bilb o, copper Rio Tinto h ve sse ted their l g a a a a for dorm nt cl ims to consider tion , with results which spe k i . ? s themselves Why should tin be left behind My answer , and I speak from personal experience of some o fthe principal mines upon the belt which I have inspected and the adminis f a o f a a a r tion which is committed to my ch rge, th t the miner l a a a e has not had f ir pl y. In past times the Operations h v been carried o n both extravagantly and unintelligently " — extravagantly firstly by persons connected with the Mining ar n at a a r and Dep tme t M drid e rly in the present centu y, m a and al secondly by Co p nies, French , Dutch English , gener ly

- a a iz at a : n over c pit l ed , v rious periods since u intelligently a a and a a b often indeed by the p rties just n med, inv ri bly so y

a wineb u ers and asa r a ed the f rmers, y , pe nt y who h ve content themselves with surface scratchings and small Open cuts at

o fa a e e points where the outcrop lode seemed encour ging . W r fully equipped Companies to attempt to work according to these

as has ce methods it would cost them , been proved by experien ,

0 r 20 o f ess fully 4 / for eve y / worth tin produced . The proc f a a a e s o dressing the ore , too, dopted by the pe s nt tribut r involves a loss o f certainly considerably over a third o f the m a a a o f e black tin . It y be s id, indeed, th t none those simpl rules of good- mining which are h ousehold words among 3 1

' h ave ever b n kn u h ut Cornish min ers , ee own to , m c less p in

a r a a pr ctice by those who , unfo tun tely for the industry, h ve a conducted the operations in Sp in .

n as o f a a and un I the c e the Comp nies, costly, intric te , suitable machinery h as been set up at vast expense for dressing a a the ore before the prospects have been dequ tely developed . ’ a t a a a a has To put the m t er met phoric lly, gener l s uniform

e a a h as . b en bought for the inf nt, before the inf nt been born W n n here this is the course pursued in mi ing, the o ly persons who can po ssibly look confidently to a profit are those who

- su a . a a pply the m chinery W ter power, where it might h ve

bee z has a a n utili ed, been neglected in f vor of ste m , involving

an a . h as outl y for fuel , in some districts very costly This naturallyhad the effect o f restricting the paying - ore to such alone as h as contained an abnormally heavy percentage o f

a o f a m o re tin, the result being th t tons good gener l illing a a a fi a h ve been left untre ted , which might h ve been pro t bly ea f had tr ted , together with the richer stu f, the process been s m an i ple d inexpensive . Experience having pointed o ut such

e ro can r rs, there now be no excuse for their repetition . If

on - k and and a a ly miner li e methods, proper re son ble economy

be is a a a employed, there no re son why l rge proportion o f the p a - a a rospects long the tin belt should not be m de h ndsomely,

em a . are at no r uner tive There , the present moment fewer ha Co rufia and a a t n seven distinct prospects between Z mor , c two in a o f in luding Portug l , in course development by

En a a are a glish Comp nies, while sever l others bout to be s a e I n t rt d . the case o f four o ut o f the seven the indications of a rn are c e in a o he good retu ex ell nt , while th t f t others 3 2

a sufficient depth has not been attained to justify a forecast o f

their worth . “ a a a es not o The st tement, sometimes m de , th t tin do g ” a is an ca o n its ac own deep in Sp in , error which rries f e its n N o t a the c s confutatio . only is there no re son why ondition under which the mineral occurs here should differ from those a r a s which obt in in othe st nniferous district , but in the deep f as a had a v gorges o the Douro , I h ve myself occ sion to obser e, it occurs both o n the tops o f the hills and close down to the ’ 0 0 a ma lie w water s edge, some 5 feet below, while wh t y belo f it m the level o the river beds , the most likely depth , be re em at find u fi u an u k w bered, which to tr e ss re veins, is still n no n ” a so . quantity since no sh fts, sunk deep , exist a t and ff rs to Tin there is, then , in qu nti y, she o ers he elf a ra s the intelligent miner under the most f vo ble condition ,

al a u s. being, in gener , exception lly free from those imp ritie Of and s difi cult which make the processes . dressing melting — a s are low 2 ta i.e. and costly. W ge exceedingly , pese s, a and d can be per man per diem . Contr cts for sinking riving ra At entered into at most advantageous tes . the risk of b ur dening these pages with details from my experience I will give the following as an example : To deepen a shaft on a reservation

- - a o f a o ed in the Province o fTras Os Montes in Portug l , the ppr v o f e 6 u o c tra dimensions 9 f et by , thro gh tough schistose r k versed by quartz veins cost o n contract less than 5 per fatho m. A depth o f30 feet was sunk by hand labor alone within 11

s and a a o o days . Thi is good working, it is f ct w rth menti ning in proof that the native Spaniard is a good miner. The offer u l s his c nt a kl na urall of a small bon s, if he comp ete o r ct quic y, t y 33

i a o ne. a a s makes him a better Wh t is essenti l , however , th t he should be guided by firm and intelligent supervision . As to the kind of dressing- plant to be employed on these ffi d ntl fi a di e . Span ish mines I spe k y, though with con dence “ ” Having shown a suffi cient quantity of o re at grass to justify

o f a a the commencement oper tions , I would venture to dvise , a ar a a all a not that an el borate mill , w r nted to s ve the tin , de ling and n a exhaustively with the slimes, costi g perh ps

a a fo r a co n should be set up , but th t simple process co rse n ffi at fi l a n centration should be co sidered su cient rst, e vi g the s a and n sa a limes lone , costi g y including the freight ge,

- and a a ground levelling, the structure cont ining the m chinery,

no u but t including the Pelton Wheel or Turbine , (for it sho ld

a - o f - a be worked by w ter power) , nor, course, the over he d rope way which might be required to bring the ore down to the

. a a a requisite level For these extr items, ccording to c lcula a 1 0 0 0 tions before me , nother J£ , would be quite enough to

A a a as an o ne add. t dressing pl nt , obt ined such could be, a m a a fi a a o f a this co p r tively low gure , would be c p ble de ling with

0 - and b e at an 5 tons in twenty four hours , it could y time added as a fi to occ sion might require , until the results justi ed the o f a a a and a erection C liforni st mps , the tre tment of the Slimes .

a a a We should, in short , proceed from sm ll ende vours to gre t , and never take another forward step until the one on which we

w as firm and stood rendered sure . far a diffi dence a With gre ter , though I h ve worked the a problem out with c re , I now proceed to give very briefly my idea o fwhat the cost should be o f developing a given tin a a and reserv tion in the Peninsul , the prospect of its making 34 a good return if handled o n the strictly economical methods I and as has o ut m a so have described, which , been pointed , ybe sharply contrasted with those which have been previously in

o f sa or a to vogue . A sum , y, would , ccording a a fi calculations I h ve m de , suf ciently cover not merely the cost

a o f of the o fgeneral development for period six months, but

- a s a - small dressing pl nt, upposing w ter power to be employed, which might then be requisite to deal with the ore brought to the surface . a a a e Supposing, then , the initi l st ges to h ve been gon and to a a a through, the mine h ve been pl ced in the position of “ ” rn a o fo re a e s going conce , with continuous supply in re din s ,

- a a a fi a and the dressing pl nt in pl ce, wh t pro t, it will be sked, can be expected with confidence from the sale o f the black tin ? Say that the cost of mining and milling the 5 0 tons of as a a em ore which, bove mentioned, the mill could tre t per di ,

at : Add to a a es worked out 7/ per ton this est blishment ch rg , s ra o re a and a m ne salarie , insu nce, b gs, the freight ge from the i a fo r 1 to n of a a ha to Engl nd, the 1 bl ck tin which ( llowing t t

‘ I here sho w that o re yielding a} pe r ce nt of b lack tin wo uld pay and pay Th ra e ie d o ever in man kno n r se r e . e ave e rvatio ns is fa w ll g y l , h w , y w s I take th e San Mart n o ros ects as an ex am ab o ve th i . i h p p ple q u h 18 th e to nna e raised at Co deso s o ed th e ol o in J ly 7t , 97, g h w f l w g resu?ts First class o re (picked stufl) 7 to ns ; estimated value ab o ut 50 per cent nd 3 6 SeCO n i n n n

20 1 “ Thlrd n i n n A n a r f 1 r cen Th n This wo uld show an ve age o 4 pe t. e to nn e raised o b o Co deso and Ra o so to Dece mb er 18 s o s to e er an aver th p 97, h w g

e of ro m 1 to 1 er cent. T s est mate is as I ree admit far ag f 4 5 p hi i , f ly . ab o e the enera a era e and is heno minal b ut — e n se eral v g l v g , p ; , giv v rese rvat ons take n to et er - I do no t t nk t at er c nt ou d be i g h , hi h 4 p e w l era e to o high an av g .

36

a a a and a a bm m re son th t I c nnot do so now, th t I h ve to su it y a and a a a — a conclusions tent tively from p per c lcul tions, is th t, a a a and a n pr ctic lly spe king , from the true economic st ndpoi t, h as and r o f a e there never been mining milling, wo thy the n m ,

a . as a a h as h ad the in existence in Sp in Tin , I s id bove, never a a f ir tri l it deserves .

As a a a me to wh t should be done in the future , it ppe rs to

a a a a a a of th t sm ll p rent syndic tes should be formed , the c p it l ea o ne o f a fo r o f ch which need not be l rge , the purpose proving and a a d developing e ch respective reserv tion . These shoul no t o ut o f a one be wholly touch with e ch other, but under c a and r o f a a h entr l unifo m system m n gement , from which mig t result the formation of a Tin Corporation for Spai n with

ffi a a - a r ed su cient c pit l to work the entire tin belt I h ve desc ib , and a a a a en since Cornish m n gers , underground c pt ins , p itm , and - a d ow tin dressers would be l rgely in requisition , it woul foll that the two great tin - bearing districts of the Atlantic would

a as a a e once more be brought into cont ct, I h ve shown th t th y were in days that are long gone by .

fine e a a a e In , I fe l sure , th t tin in Sp in is product w ll f fa a a a d worthy o the most vor ble ttention of the commerci l worl , o f an d m and that if only the ordinary rules economy good ining, see a al which I have been accustomed to pr ctised in Cornw l,

a a - can a in are applied in the Peninsul lso, tin mining be m de

no t a to to the latter country only to p y expenses , but produce

a a a . those who are eng ged in it , eminently s tisf ctory results

FINIS . N OTES.

1 The two Medxnas su ose a Med na de R oseco and Med na del Cam o o in ( ) I pp th t i i i p , b th

th e Pro ince o f Va ado d and at eac o f w c a rs were e d are n ended. Th e v ll li , h hi h f i h l , i t ' o e a L cenc ado Mo n I verses occur in Deserwa n del R yna de Gaha by th e i i li a ; edit . ,

Madr d 1 1 fo l. x v. i , 55 , xi (2) Valdrbrres : El Barco de Valdeérras is in the north-eastern part of the Province o f

O rense.

h Historia de Galicia an i M u in is . 6 se Th e MS. of oan o r o s uo ed ur a . (3 ) B , B h , q t by g i , p 5 q ’ " S V Am r “ The haun ted lahe Laura . Fo r s see th e w o r of i. a Cas o Ga c a (4) of thi k ill il y t , li i , ' ’

Dolmens I reland o l . Ant r aédades Lu o . and th e w r er s o v . . g , g , p 75, it f , ii , p 595 ’ h co is en ed Memorsa sohre h s Minas de sd s MS. f s a e ad a made (5) Corn e O thi I h v py . It titl

- : D e h Cornsde chada en Monde d 2 8 de A sto de 1 8 is : n s a t" os e o o . General fi ad p . j p y f g g 7 3 It s 2 in R A la H o r a o io MS. of 18 a e le . th e o eca de la eal cadem a de st a f l p g , g 9, Bibli t i i i

(M adrid). Widram Bowler Ofth e w or of s ndefa a e na ural s who was a nat ve o f o r fl) k thi i tig bl t i t, i C k,

b ut w ho w ro te in an s severa ranslatio ns ave een made. Th e o nes ha e Sp i h, l t h b I v b e o re me are th e rd ed io n of th e o r na " anis w o r r n ed at Madr d in 1 8 f 3 it igi l Sp h k p i t i 7 9, and th e a an ra ns a o n r n ed at Parma tn 1 8 co n a n n a o ra cal no ce It li t l ti p i t 7 3, t i i g bi g phi ti Th e an s ed t o n ears th “ r H o f th e autho r. Sp i h i i b e title lnt oduccio n {I la isto ria N atural

i isiea de s ana. rd o ra a P E See . . y {I la Ge g f p 3 edit p . 35 Schulz Don Gu llermo Descri ta on eo ndstica de R eina de Gal c a acon afiada de an ma a (7) , i p g g i i , gfi fi etro ra hieo de esta als or Don Gu llermo Schub ins ector de minas ar S M indi uo d p g p p , f i , p p , d c varias Sociedades cientificas : publicada de real 6rden ; M adrid : imprenta de lo s — edero s de Co ado 18 to . 2 2 o as randes e adas co n una a a her ll ; 35, 4 vi , 5 pp ; h j g pl g T bl de al unos terminos eo néstico s usua es en la rnineria nu Catélo o de la coleccio n g g g l , y g ’ See Do n osé V l a- at geo gné stica de Gali cia. J i l Ami]y Castro s C alogo srktemético y crltsco r e tratan de Gahab Madr de al n os lih os n d 18 . See no e 1 e o w . g o , i , 75 t 3, b l ' - ’ A han e : " arsten s rchie 18 . 22 1. (8) Esc g , 35 , p A Tr atis on D t - P . Arthur. e e Ore e osi s 2nd edit o n t e wr ten and r (9) W , 1 p , i , it g eatly

A. n H n u s M . Lo n o 1 6 16 ar ed e r Lo d 8 . . en l g by y i , , 9 , p 5 to Gold-minin in the Peninsula under Phwmcians R omans 6 m Presco Ferdinand and ( ) g , , ; tt

I sabella ed . vo l. . 8 sa s : e o re th e disco er of Am er ca a n was to , it 5 , i, p 33 ) y B f v y i , Sp i th e res o f Euro e w a h er co o n es a e s nce e come th e rea s ur f t p h t l i h v i b , g t o ce o mineral

w ea t . Th e Car a n ans and the Ro mans a erw ards re u ar drew ro l h th gi i , ft , g l ly f m h er large

masses o fth e rec o us me a s. P n who res ded so me ime in th e co un r re a es p i t l li y, i t t y, l t

t c a . a hree f h er r Hs . . o o n N at. ces Astur a Gallz cia and ( i Bk xxxiii , h p th t t p vi ( i , , Lusitania) were said to have annually yielded th e i ncredible quantity o f sixty-thousand

f o d. Presco t ere a ears to a n o an erro r P n po unds o g l ( t h pp f ll i t . li y do es no t say that eac ro nce e ded w en - o usand w c wo u d ma e the s - o usand b ut h p vi yi l t ty th , hi h l k ixty th , ’ t a th e hree o e er e ded twent -thousand ounds we ht the roduce o Astan a h t t t g th yi l y p ig , p f

rm in the ma or a t. Th e Ara s w e r usua act ene ra ed n o ose fi g j p ) b , ith th i l ivity, p t t i t th w A undan races o f e r a o urs ar s arcana o f ealth . b t t th i l b e till to b e met w ith alo ng th e barren ridge o fmo untai ns that co vers the no rth o fAndalusia; and th e diligent Bo w les has enumerated no less than five tho usand of their ex cavations in the kingdo m o r dis ’ ’ Histo ire N a ur rod. al elle d l E ct of aen. n e s a ne Par s 1 6 . 1 tri J (I t t p g , i , 77 , p 4 38

It has been o bserved that th e principal reaso n why th e Suevi eame to Galicia was

its m nera w ea in o d s er and o er m e a s. i l lth , g l , ilv th t l

H s 11 P113 N at . t Bk. c a . . ( ) ], i , iv, h p 34 d 12 I d. i . . c a . . ( ) Bk xxxiv, h p 47

Schulz Guillermo La Ballesterosita Memo r a so re el rec en e descub rimento de una (13) , ; i b i t ' ri a estariifera ue se encuen ra en los es u s o s arc osas de las cercanias de Rivadeo pi t , q t q i t ill

Adr n Pallets . Bo l. de la ociedad o D erm o ch u z D. a o de Mo ndo fied o r . Gu y , p ill S l y i ( S m n Geo lé iea vo l. i and ser es Par s 18 . c ulz w as th e ns ec o r of es g , v ii , i , i , 49, p S h I p t i - n In a in th e Asturias and Galicia; Adrian Pallets o r Paillete was a Mining Engi eer. d sed c u z to th e o c é é Geo lo i ue de France Ma oth 18 a letter ad res by S h l S i t g q , y 3 , 34, th t o of ‘ hree uarters w riter gives th e best acco unt I have met w ith o fth e geo l gy Galicia. T q o fth e sur ace o fth e n do m a is all th e wes ern o r o n are co m osed o f r mar f ki g , th t t p ti , p p i y

ro cks th e o urt ar n to the eas resen n n ermed ar de o s s. Th e a e s , f h p t, lyi g t , p ti g i t i y p it v ll y and so me o f th e a ns are co ered w a u a de o s s anc en and modern and pl i v ith ll vi l p it , i t , um f r n W th e e ce o n o f a s n e vein of there is a small n ber o tertia y basi s. ith x pti i gl

asa t ere are no vo ca n c roc s. b lt, h l i k

“ The r mar o rma o ns co ns s o f ran e ne ss m ca-sc s aco lum e alcose p i y f ti i t g it , g i , i hi t, it it , t sc s c o r e-sc s am o c and ser en ne roc s in rea var e in add on to hi t, hl it hi t , phib li p ti k g t i ty, iti

m masses o f eur e and sma uant fi es o fd o r e . so e it , ll q i i it “ The ran e is so me m es o r r c and in a case the sur ace is co e ed g it ti p phy iti , , th t , f v r w oc s w c at o nce a rac th e e e —a ea ure w c occurs r nc a in ith bl k hi h tt t y , f t hi h p i ip lly

eastern Galicia. “ The ne ss is er var ed. o en asses n o ranito ide ro c and er fre g i v y i It ft p i t g k, v y -s is s a er o rma o n ss s i n o - nd quently i nto m iea ch t. Thi l tt f ti pa e n turn i t talco se schist a -s s chlo rite chi t . “ Th e aco um e and a cose uar z e is ver w el c arac er sed and occurs in it l it t l q t it y l h t i ,

f al c a. is ei er w s o r e o w s in o ur th e no rth o G i i It th hiti h y ll i h col . Th e arn hib o litic ro c s are d s r u ed in our ar e a c es o ne o f w c is near p k i t ib t f l g p t h , hi h

an a o and ano er at Ca e Or e a . e are in laces co ns dera m x ed wih S ti g , th p t g l Th y p i bly i t

uartz e ds a c o r e arne s &c . and orm num ero us unc o ns m o re es ec a q , f l p th , hl it , g t , , f j ti , p i lly roc s and ne ss w ith chlo ritic k g i . er en ne ca a e o f e n wo r ed acco m an es in man aces th e roc s us S p ti , p bl b i g k , p i y pl , k j t

m entio ned and is assoc a ed w eau u ar e ies o f s ea e . , i t ith b tif l v i t t tit is f r rar Eupho tite o g eat iety. “ Eur e ar a o r r c occurs amon the r mar and n erm d it , p ti lly p phy iti , g p i y i t e iary rocks o s w c co n a n a so sma r o ns o f d o r fo rmati n hi h t i l ll po ti i ite .

“ en e is scarce and no t we c aracter sed. To th e so u of a e r e a]a Si it , ll h i th C p O t g , r n ne co n a ns a e n o f c o se - ra ned w e mar se pe ti hill t i v i l g i hit ble .

A e n o f asal occurs in o r r c ne ss to th e eas o f an a o in the cen re v i b t p phy iti g i t S ti g , t

o f Ga c a. I t o ds its co urse w o u r s n n o a ea b ut th e o rma n is r d li i h l ith t i i g i t p k, f tio ea ily r d ro en Th disti nguished by c ystals o fperido te an py x e . e remarkable co ne of the Pico a ro w its e o n a ed cres m easurin a m e and a a in en and ra d b S g , ith l g t t, g il h lf l gth, t verse y th e r er U la is co m osed o f w e se m -c r s al ne uart z and ua - r z a n. iv l , p hit i y t li q , q t hy li

The ar aceo us sc s is su o rdina e to th e r mar roc and nno be gill hi t b t p i y k, ca t s n u s ed rom sch s s in rans o n di ti g i h f i t t iti . 539

The cr stal ine sc s s and the ne ss o f Ga c a a e enera s ea n a no r y l hi t g i li i h v , g lly p ki g, th m and so u s r e w a ver ar ed di to th e west. e are o und o under and th t ik , ith y k p Th y f b th

over th e granite . Th e intermediary fo rmation ofthe eastern part o f Galicia is compo sed o f argilla ceo us sch s reen s o r ac s in co o ur of s ra fied uartz of rauwacke in sma i t, g i h bl ki h l , t ti q , g ll uan and of r d es o f c a o r o fmar e in co ns dera e num ers The s r e o f q tity, i g h lk bl i bl b . t ik "

n ermed ar de os s is nor and so u and e r di mar ed b ut ar a e . the i t i y p it th th, th i p k v i bl W re ard to the ert ar roc s the w r er s a es a he h ad not w en he w ro e ith g t i y k , it t t th t , h t , In tw r as ns n fin ished his researches. o la ge b i belo ging to th e potamographic system o f the a e ere is an or z o n al de os ofvar e a ed mar w c clo se resem es C b , th h i t p it i g t l, hi h ly bl the "eu er and is su er m osed u o n a sand de os e er rosea e o r reen s in p , p i p p y p it ith t g i h

hue. is art a mar ar ose d sa re a ed and ar l a reen ar l aceo us mar It p ly ly k i gg g t , p t y g gi l l , n u e o The u er r io n o f co vered by ancie t all vial d p sits. pp po t th i s bed occurs also in man o er laces in Gal cia so met mes n under the a u al de os ts and so me y th p i , i lyi g ll vi p i , v r times unco e ed. “ In the val e o f arr a h ese de o s s are mo re ealeareo us and o rm in en a a l y S i t p it , f g er l c u z adds a he had n er een a e to d sco er white c halky marl . S h l th t ev b bl i v any trace o f

oss ls in em . See arro s Les Terrains de la Galiee So c. Geo ]. du N o rd: L e f i th { B i , , ill ,

vo l. ea n m nera o ca he no es a th e n erior o r o n resem the Sp ki g i l gi lly, t th t i f p ti bles "eu er de os s w e th e u er oo s e reen sand b ut he co mes to the co n p p it , hil pp l k lik g , elusio n that they are tertiari es bearing so m e affinity perhaps to certai n reco gni sed the so uth rn oo o fth e s ern P renees tertiary beds at e f t ea t y . In o er aces in Ga c a ere are sands and er ar c a s conta n n cons th pl li i th t ti y l y , i i g ider a e uant fies of n te b ut sum has not e en o und in e bl q i lig i , gyp b f th m. “ ere are numero us anc en a uv a de o s s in th e va le s and o n the a ns Th i t ll i l p it l y pl i . I n the w es tern po rtio n of th e district they co me into co ntact with th e intermediary fo r - mat on . I n ese aces was a th e Ro mans had e r o d was n s Al ern i th pl it th t th i g l hi g . t ati ng w th e a u a de os s is cur o us to ind so man sand eac es w s d ith ll vi l p it , it i f y y b h ith i es sharply esm r ed and on so me ri ers not far ro m th e sea and a e to be co ered the p , , v , f li bl v by f u h m u o f th rea n tides immense deposits o m d. T e i p lse e g t curre t of th e Atlantic and ofth e Bay ofBiseay should do ubtless be co nnected w ith the producing ca use o f such i depos ts. n h il ere d In t O t e S th are very rich aurifero us eposits . he transitio nal fo rmatio n ere occur ex ens e and e treme r c ou cro s of ro n- dra e as w e as so m th t iv x ly i h t p i hy t , ll e

eins ofar en ero us a ena. The r mar roc s and es ec a l the mieaceous v g tif g l p i y k , p i l y gneiss and th e ran e are ra ersed r c ve ns and s r n ers o fmass ve ox de oftin g it t v by i h i , t i g i i . Th e commun ca o n to th e Frenc o c e rom w c ave tram lated th e a i ti h S i ty, f hi h I h bo ve ’ em odies all the m o r an o nts in Herr c u z s an s a er m n io ned e in no e . b i p t t p i S h l Sp i h p p , t t 7 1 tte m H wr H. Paide en o ned in th e rev o us no e. e o e severa wo r s o r ra er ( 4) ti p i t t l k , th ass s ed o ers in wr in em on th e earbo nifero us s ra a of th e Astur as the ro n i t th it g th , t t i , i m n in th es e same d s rict &c. &c i i t . , .

1 m N at Hist . c a ( 5) y, . , Bk. iv , h p . 34. “ " I 6 Aristotle Ce c Tin D M Au 0 e ra sc. c a . ( ) , lti , i b . h p . 5 I Certdear Dan e de See his two art c es Da o s Geo o co-M nero s de la Pro ( 7) , i l i l t l gi i vincias d Z mora rense 6 nd r Zamora and 1 r e a O P u e . u e . nder O ens in vol. 1 o f y , ( , p 4 ),

‘ the Boletin de la o mis o n de M Geo lé ico de Es ria C i l aps g pa . 40

Hist Bk. iv. cha . . 18 Plin N at. ( ) y, , , p 34

' rea es a ns to d sco er an Oo e t er u s ed or in M S ( 19) I taeso I have taken the g t t p i i v y py i h p bli h , t name I sles Casitersdes as at ofo ne Of th e o fthe o rigi nal in w hich Co rnide fo und h e th - i he s ur ous documen a r ut f Ca e s.e. Po r u ca e n t e d bo undaries o f th e dio cese o l " t l ], p i t tt ib

I tacia is the e o fa MS. in a oo ca ed Ovetense at to Wamha w ho se date was 704~ titl b k ll a ears ha ro essed to b e a co n nua o n ofth e ro n cle of Idatius Oviedo . It pp t t it p f ti ti Ch i ee F orez o w ever has no co nnec io n b ut in name . (S Es . acr. vo l. with w hich , h , it t l , p S

Mo rales had ull descr ed in a MS w ch MS. F o rez used. Loa as v p . 1 f b , y i , p 95 y i it hi l

m to a e o o w ed Mo ra es See Es . ho see s ac r. Hs . . 1 se w Co ncill. i ( p (Co ll . p , p 35 , q), h v f ll l S u 1 es the Dwisio Sediam a r u ed to Wam a, b t in s do no t find vo l. iv, p . 97) giv tt ib t b thi I “ - s Th assa e reads Po rtucale ha s tenet: de Ibdia us ue Loso lam the name Castleside . e p g q de Olmos usque So lam . - r uia Manuel : See his Historia de Galicia o s. 1 and 2, Lu o 186 8 and h is 20) Mu g , , v l g , 5 ;

a ne ofth e o umes o f Es aiia sus m onumen os ar es arcelo na 1888. Calid , o v l p t y t , B ,

’ A c eo o ia de Pen. er en L s o n 18 8 S? A E mlas : See Introduc ao a r , F . (21) g e h l g Ib i , i b , 7 ; by ' “ ” Do mens of reland vo l. . 6 . mo s . 2 : a so m 7 Si e , p 9 l y l I , p 4 ’ ” “ “ d o ne Mo numen s o f reland and m Do mens o f I r (22) See Wood Marti n s Ru e St t I , y l e " 1 1 ot at E u az and arro wmo re the s o ne w c c osed th d vo l. . . e lan , i , p 4 B h g il C t hi h l

nd made th e e e en is a sent. entrance a l v th , b “ ’ ” “ ’ lts : See Cartaillac A es réhist. de l Es a ne Evans s Bro nz e A e and m (23) Ce , g p p g ; g , y " o mens o f re and vo l. . . 6 . D l I l , ii , p 73

- Montelies : See m Dolmens of reland vol. . 2 26. (24) y I , p 5 3 5 " “ I slands : Fo r A an s see P a o maeus and Critias fo r th e slands of th e (25) tl ti , l t Ti I se : f r th e estr m nides A H m . 6 o O see Fes us vienus o ds see o er 0 d . Blessed (G ) , iv, 5 3 q y t

torical Shetch the Tin Trade in Cornwall P mo u Brendo n 18 . (26) His of ; ly th , , 74

: 2 Artabri ra o . . ed . Falc . vol. i. . 1 . ( 7) , St b , lib ii , it , p 59

28 De th o Sha s: The dee es s a ts u no w n to me are o se o f Arc era 0 ee and ( ) p f fi p t h f k th ill (33 f t), Pr v ce o f rense sa d to b e e ween 200 and 00 ee d e so me in the o in O i b t 3 f t e p . Accordi ng to th e R evista Minera ere w ere in anuar 18 2 ree r nc al om an es w or n , th J y 9 , th p i ip C p i ki g - - tin co ncess o ns in the Pro nce o f rense viz . : The San Francisco at Av o n the Tin Viso i vi O , i ; Com an L m ted and th e Ga c a Tin Maatscha i th e ro er ies o fw c la er p y, i i ; li i pp j , p p t hi h tt ' w ere at Pentes near Guadiiia w hich should be placed in my map a little to th e so uth

eas o fth e e ers L and M Peno u a and Ram o . In the Pro v nce o f alamanea tw o t l tt t il ) i S , o m an es w ere en m n n for tin —th e a amanca Tin-M n n o m an L m C p i th i i g . S l i i g C p y i ited;

and th e Deu sc e Gese sc a fur er au in an en. I n 18 0 accord n to th e t h ll h ft B gb Sp i 9 , i g Hansel de la le s sbn D A w i lac de Mums . . el a ere ere 1 tin co ncess o ns at w o rk g , by J b l , th 5 i , re resen n a total area of 2 h ectars em o n 2 2 w o r eo e w an o u u o f 8 p ti g 53 , pl yi g 7 kp pl , ith tp t 4

tons valued at ese as. , p t

‘ d t w r w wo In ad iti on o th e o ks r. e quo ted there are at least t which I have not been a le to o a n o o f w c rea o ftin-m n n in a n : 1 Desm ion de k s mi b bt i , b th hi h t t i i g Sp i ( ) pc nas de

ti: Promim a de Zamora 18 6 D. Lu s de la Escosura 2 M meria sohre k s Mirna: b , 4 , by i ; ( ) 1 ’ estafio sstx adas en las Pr ias de Pontevedra e Madr ovinc Orens d F. Cutali. y , i . by Afull list o f all wo rks relating to the geo lo gy and mineralogy o fGali cia will b e ' o und in M . Chas. arro s Terra ns genesens des Asturias et de la Galice wh c orms v f B i , i h f o l.

. ofth e Memor es de la Soc. Geol. du N ord Lille 1882. II i , ,