ARIYALUR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT DISTRICT

Introduction  came into existence by bifurcating Perambalur as per G.O.Ms.No.683 Revenue RA1 (1) Department dated 19.11.07. The new Ariyalur district is functioning from 23.11.2007  It is bounded on the North by Cuddalore, South by , East by Cuddalore and Thanjavur and West by Perambalur and  Ariyalur district consists of two Revenue Divisions viz., Ariyalur and , three Taluks viz., Ariyalur, Udayarpalayam and comprising of 195 revenue villages.  The District has six blocks viz. Ariyalur, Thirumanur, Sendurai, Jayamkondam, and T.Palur comprising of 201 Village Panchayats.  There are two Municipalities viz. Ariyalur and Jayamkondam and two Town Panchayats viz. Udayarpalayam and Varadharajanpettai. Geography

 Ariyalur is a town and district headquarters of Ariyalur district in the South Indian State of .

1  It is the smallest district headquarters in Tamil Nadu.  The town is located at a distance of 310 km (190 miles) from the State capital .  The district has an area of 1949 sq. km. It lies between 10°53' and 11°26' North latitudes and between 78°56' and 79°31' East longitudes. Topography

 Ariyalur district is centrally located in Tamil Nadu and is 310 km away in southern direction from Chennai. The district has an area of 1949 km. It is an inland district without coastal line. The district has Vellar river in the North and Kollidam river in the South. The district is fairly rich in mineral deposits. Celeste, Lime Stone, Shale, sand Stone, canker and Phosphate nodules are found at various places in the district. Soil Condition

 Loamy soil, Black soil, Alluvial soil, Sandy loam and Sandy clay are the soil types found in the district Climate

 The climate of Ariyalur district is sub-tropical.  The average rainfall which the district receives during Northeast monsoon is 485 mm and during Southwest monsoon is 357 mm respectively.

2  The normal onset of Southwest monsoon is first week of June whereas for Northeast monsoon is second week of October. Status of Human Development

 In Ariyalur district, Ariyalur (0.712), Sendurai (0.667) and Andimadam (0.635) blocks occupied the first three ranks. Thirumanur (0.633), T. Palur (0.534) and Jayamkondam (0.450) were in the last three ranks.  The range between the higher value and lower value was 0.262. It showed that within the district, the inter-block disparity among the blocks was high in terms of human development.  As Jayamkondam is an urban area, it was lacking in health and education, especially in health indicator, Jayamkondam occupied the last place among all six blocks. But at the same time, compared to other blocks, Ariyalur ranked high in human development, education and standard of living indicators. While analyzing the bottom three blocks, Jayamkondam occupied the last position, due to low accessibility of cooking fuel, toilet facilities and electricity in terms of the quality of life of the people in the block.  In Ariyalur district, Andimadam (0.039) , Thirumanur (0.040), and Sendurai (0.042) are in top 3 places in Gender Inequality Index and T. Palur (0.045), Ariyalur (0.087)) and Jayamkondam (0.100) are in the bottom three

3 places in GII. The range of disparity among the blocks in GII was 0.061.  Ariyalur and Jayamkondam blocks have high rate of maternal mortality rate with the rate of above 200 in 2013- 14.  Education plays an important role in gender equality. The female work participation rate is high in rural and agricultural based blocks such as T. Palur and Andimadam.  The CDI has two major dimensions such as, health and education. The health dimension has U5MR, child sex ratio and proportion of malnourished children as indicators.  Top Three blocks with higher CDI value are: Ariyalur (0.714), Sendurai (0.646) and Jayamkondam (0.575). Bottom Three blocks with lower CDI value were Andimadam (0.535), T.Palur (0.531) and Thirumanur (0.386)  Under the health dimension, T. Palur and thirumanur blocks are poor in U5MR and children in these bocks are severally affected by malnourishment.  The MPI of Ariyalur District showed that, Ariyalur (0.171), Sendurai (0.466) and T. Palur (0.530) has low MPI value in the district. Jayamkondam (0.532), Thirumanur (0.542) and Andimadam (0.609) has high MPI value in the district.

4 Employment, Income and Poverty

 The per capita income of Ariyalur district was 19467 in 2012 and Rs.16559 in 2011 and was much below the State average. The per capita income of Ariyalur district was the lowest among all the districts in the State.  The share of tertiary sector in terms of the GDDP was high, with 52.95 % followed by the primary sector 34.30% and secondary sector 12.75 % respectively. Most of the income was generated from services or from business in this district.  Main workers constituted 70% and the remaining 30% were marginal workers in Ariyalur district. Among all the blocks, the share of total workers was 48 % in Thirumanur and Sendurai blocks, remaining all blocks were having 47 %.  Due to the industrial setup and possibility of travelling to Trichy or Villupuram by train, the share of main workers was high in these blocks. The share of non-workers was nearly 53 % of the total population; it is a big problem in Ariyalur district.  Jayamkondam, Andimadam and T. Palur are the blocks that has high share of marginal workers (29%), due to agricultural business in the kollidam delta. Ariyalur and Thirumanur has low share of marginal workers.  According to 2011 census, work participation rate in Ariyalur district for male was 59.07

5 which was same as the State WPR (59.03) and females in WPR, the district was that 40.15 which was well above the State average (31.08). T. Palur has high WPR for female among all the six blocks with 42.63%.  The registration of employment increased in three years. In 2009, it was just 575, in 2010, it rose to 12505 and in 2011 it was 14722. But the placement was very low of 25, 384 and 91 in respective years. The rate of placement was very poor compared with the registration rate.  In 2013 – 14, the total amount spent in the MGNREGA was Rs.11134.95 lakh with the highest amount spent in Sendurai and Jayamkondam blocks. The average wage rate was Rs. 129 /- per man day in Ariyalur district.  In Ariyalur district, 34 percent of the district total population was below poverty category. The highest BPL level prevailed in Andimadam and T. Palur blocks with 38 percent followed by 34 percent in Jayamkondam, 32 percent in Ariyalur and 31 percent in Thirumanur and Sendurai. Among the total 59884 households who were in poverty in the district, 25048 (41%) belonged to the under very poor households. Demography, Health and Nutrition

 In 2011, Ariyalur had population of 754,894 of which male and females were 374,703 and 380,191 respectively. As per 2001 Census,

6 Ariyalur had a population of 695,524 of which males were 346,763 and remaining 348,761 were females. There was an increase of 8.54 percent in the population in 2011 Census compared to Census 2001.  The density of population of the district in 2011 was 389 per sq km from 358 in 2001 which is less than in the State average of 555 per sq km.  In 2011 census, child sex ratio was 897 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 949 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data. Ariyalur and Andimadam were the two blocks whose sex ratio was below the district average, which declined to 1001 in 2001 and was 992 in Ariyalur and at Andimadam which had child sex ratio of 1018 in 2001 declined to 1010 in 2011.  Sex ratio of Ariyalur stood at 1015 in 2011 when compared to 2001 census figure of 1006.  In Ariyalur block, the MMR was 224.2, which was far above the State level. Ariyalur, and Jayaknondam were having very high MMR with 224.2 and 281.8.  The total institutional deliveries registered were 11697 in 2013 – 14 with 97.97 %, including the two town Panchayats of Ariyalur district. In this around 25.34 % of deliveries were in primary health centers, 45.75 % in Government Hospitals and 28.88 % in private hospitals.

7  The still birth rate of Ariyalur district was 9.2 in 2014 and it decreased from 15 in 2011 and 11.2 in 2013. Except Sendurai, in all blocks the still birth rate was above the district level.  In the district, 96 percent of the children below 5 years were immunized. Immunization was successfully achieved in Thirumanur at 102% and T. Palur it was 97 %.  Underweight children were more in Thirumanur block with 27%, in this MUW was 26.69 %. Apart from this, Andimadam, Sendurai and T. Palur blocks had more underweight children in the district. The percentage of MUW and SUW in Ariyalur and Jayamkondam blocks were below the district level.  In Ariyalur district, IFA tablets were provided nearly to 85% of women in the district. Among the blocks, Thirumanur tops the list with the 103.6% coverage and Sendurai came last in the list with only 61%. 86% of adolescent girls took IFA tablets in the district.  In T. Palur block, 92% of habitations covered by the access to drinking water followed by Ariyalur and Thirumanur with 90% and 98%. Since these blocks were in the Kollidam river belt, they had good ground water level.  The percentage of households, provided with toilet facilities was very low with just 25%. In block wise, Jeyankondam, T. Palur and Sendurai were the blocks which had higher rate than the district rate. Thirumanur and

8 Andimadam were the poorest blocks in providing toilets facilities with 22% and 23%.  Compared to the year 2007, the HIV positive incidence among the male decreased from 195 to just 88 in 2011. Like that in female HIV positive cases the number declined from 169 in 2007 to 135 in 2011.  Ariyalur had 144 TB patients in 2011 and 147 patients in 2014. Jayamkondam had 187 patients in 2011 but that numbers decreased to 156 in 2014. Andimadam, Jayamkondam and Thirumanur blocks reported more number of leprosy patients than other blocks.  It is significant to note that T. Palur block brought down the number of leprosy patients from 18 in 2011 to 1 in 2014. LITERACY AND EDUCATION

 Average literacy rate is 71.34 in 2011 compared to 64.08 of 2001. Gender-wise male and female literacy were 81.23 and 61.74 respectively. In 2001 Census, these figures stood at 77.19 and 51.15 respectively in the district.  The overall literacy rate of Ariyalur district was 71.03 percent on which, the male and female literacy rate was 81.2 percent and 61.7 percent respectively during 2011 census. The gender gap in the district in literacy rate was high, when compared to State level. The female literacy rate was very low in the district with 61.7 %.

9  There was 100% enrolment at primary level in the district.  The overall completion rate in the district during 2013-14 and 2014-15 was 97.16 percent. The boys and girls completion rate had no change during these years.  As per the 2013-14 and 2014-15 data, the dropout rate at primary level decreased from 1.38 percent to 0.99 percent. Sendurai, Jayakondan and T. Palur Blocks had high dropout rate with more than 1 percent.  The gross enrolment in upper primary education in Ariyalur district was 98.16 percent in 2012-13 and 95.72 in 2013 -14. Thirumanur had higher GER in upper primary with 100 percent.  In Ariyalur district in 2014-15, the transition rate from primary to Upper primary was 98.92 percent in 2013-14 and 99 percent. Except Thirumanur and Jayankaonadm, all other blocks had 99 percent transition rate in the district.  The completion rate of upper primary in the district was 96.82 percent. In T.Palur block, the completion rate was less than the district rate 95.22 percent.  In 2013-14 the dropout rate was 0.92 percent and it was the same in the next year too. Girl’s dropout rate was higher than that of the boys in 2014-15, it was 1.02 in this year.

10  In T. Palur block, there were only 19 upper primary /middle schools, but there were 67 primary schools in the block. Like this all other blocks except Sendurai, had big difference in primary school numbers were upper primary /middle schools.  The total number of primary schools in the district is 370, in which Jayamkondam has more primary schools. In upper primary, the district had 228 schools, Jayamkondam, Ariyalur and Thirumanur had more upper primary schools. High schools are more in number in Ariyalur and Jayamkondam blocks.  In primary level and upper primary level the teacher–student ratio is in good condition. In primary education it was 1:34. In upper primary, the ratio was 1:20  The enrollment ratio in secondary level is 91 percent. T. Palur was very poor in secondary education with 80 percent and below the district level. Even Jayamkondam had more number of schools in the district, lacks in secondary education with only 90 percent and below the district level enrollment ratio.  In that Andimadam (5.53), Thirumanur (4.73) and Jayamkondam (4.48) were above the district level. In the entire district, dropout rate of boys is high, especially in Andimadam is very poor rate 8.02, which was above the district level.

11  The district has more than 300 schools in middle level, high school level. They had only 53 schools that had hostel facilities and benefited by 3044 students.  In Ariyalur district there are four Arts and Science colleges. This included government, government aided and a private institution. All these colleges had a strength of 4885 students.  In Ariyalur there are 5 engineering colleges. There is 1 government engineering college and the remaining 4 are private colleges and the total student strength was 3424. Besides, Ariyalur district had 4 polytechnic colleges with the strength of 2581 students. GENDER

 The share of women in Ariyalur district is 380191 and it constituted to half the total population. The sex ratio was 1015.  The literacy rate of women was 61.73%. But the total district literacy rate was only 71%. The MMR was very high (89.6) than the State level (85). The share of female workers in the non-agricultural sector was only 16.04 percent. It was very poor compared to all other districts.  The total number of SHG’s running in the Ariyalur district was 723 with the total members of 10250. The average member size in each SHG is 14. As of 2011, the credit availed by the SHG’s was Rs.732.27 lakh for

12 723 groups with an average of Rs. 1.01 lakh and each member avail Rs10000/-.  The highest number of SHG’s was observed in Thirumanur block. Andimadam had only 48 SHG’s in the district.  In Ariyalur district, the female work participation rate did not show a huge change. In 2001, the female participation rate was 42% in the district, but in 2011 it slightly decreased to 41%.  Participation of female agricultural workers is higher than that of male agricultural workers. The percentage of female agricultural labourers was 58 % whereas the percentage of male agricultural labors was 28%.  Female cultivators (25) were lower than the male cultivators (33). In the case of non – agricultural sector, male and female household workers were equal. In Ariyalur district, male participation in other works was higher than women participation.  In all the six blocks, the female participation in this district was 33%. In all levels of the political setup from local bodies to State Assembly. SOCIAL SECURITY

 In the total population of 671100, T.Palur had the least population aged above sixty with 12437 compared to the other blocks of the

13 district. Jeyankondam had the highest population aged above sixty with 14102. Total female aged above sixty in the district was 40329 and which was higher than the male population aged above 60 in the district.  Financial assistance was provided to 35632 old age people followed by 511789 destitute widows, 679 destitute deserted wives and 5023 differently-abled persons in the district.  Around Rs.292.28 lakh was spent for 2749 differently-abled people under various schemes. In this, Rs. 232.44 lakh was provided to 1937 mentally retarded persons. Apart from this Rs. 33.72 lakh and Rs.12.00 lakh were spent for physically handicapped persons as financial assistance and educational assistance.  Totally 125 cases were registered under the crime against women in the district in 2011. In this, molestation cases registered were as high as 47, followed by 17 kidnapping and 16 rape cases. It was important to note that only one case was registered under dowry deaths in the whole district but 11 cases were registered under dowry prohibition act. INFRASTRUCTURE

 The roads in Ariyalur districts are of four types, Mud, Water Bound Macadam(WBM), Bacillus thuringiensis (BT), Cement Concrete Roads (CC). It had 2584.619 km BT roads among the total road length of 4241.705 km. Ariyalur

14 had more length of BT roads in its total length of road. Out of the total length of roads, around 1232.060 km roads were mud roads and only 203.866 were cement concrete roads.  Ariyalur district is well connected with electricity; in this district around 190 revenue villages, 710 hamlets were covered under electrification. Due to the cement factories situated in Ariyalur and Sendurai blocks, they had more street lights compared to other blocks. T. Plaur block had only 5230 street lights and only 124 hamlets were covered in the block.  Ariyalur district had 25 telephone exchange offices spread around the district by providing 8119 land line connections and there were 49 mobile phone towers.  In total population of more than 6 lakh, only 303352 account holders were there in this district, including cooperative and commercial banks. In this, 54 commercial banks only had 108091 account holders, and the 64 cooperative banks had 195261 members, which was nearly twice the workers of account holders in the commercial banks.  In Ariyalur district there are only two insurance branches, which had only issued 17953 policies so far.  Ariyalur is well connected by train and bus facilities. In Ariyalur district, totally four railway

15 stations are available in Ariyalur, Sendurai, R.S. Mathur and Echankadu. Among these, Ariyalur railway station is the major railway station where nearly 8 major express trains stop.  Totally 202 buses are operated in the district and carry 175904 passengers daily. More buses were operated regularly to Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Perambalur and Trichirrapalli from various parts of Ariyalur district. Conclusion

 The District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Ariyalur district provides details on every aspect of the district, covering major areas of human development such as employment, education, health, income, poverty and social infrastructure.  Though the district was still backward with gaps and challenges in achieving the Human Development aspects, significant changes were observed on many human development aspects. The report presents the achievements made in various sectors and other development aspects of the district and also suggests ways for overcoming the current challenges. a

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